STI trends in OECD countriesGiorgio SirilliResearch Director

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Outline

The OECDTrends in science, technology and innovation in the OECD countriesSome reference to the Russian FederationUse of OECD reports:

STI Review, STI ScoreboardCountry Reviews

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Located at La Muette in Paris

La Muette

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La Muette

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La Muette in the times of Louis XV Montgolfier - 21 November 1783

La Muette

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The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

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The NESTI Group

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The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Established in 1961

Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States of America.

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The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Based in ParisFounded in 1961The OECD originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), to help administer the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II.MembershipThere are currently 34 members of the OECD. The list includes 21 of the 28 European Union member states, all except Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, and Romania.The European Commission participates in the work of the OECD alongside the EU Member States.Currently in accession talks: Russia, Colombia, LatviaLikely to open accession talks in 2015: Costa Rica, Lithuania

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The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

The OECD’s core values

Objective: Our analyses and recommendations are independent and evidence-based.

Open: We encourage debate and a shared understanding of critical global issues.

Bold: We dare to challenge conventional wisdom starting with our own.

Pioneering: We identify and address emerging and long term challenges.

Ethical: Our credibility is built on trust, integrity and transparency.

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The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

The mission of the OECD is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world.

The OECD: -provides a forum in which governments can work together to share experiences and seek solutions to common problems, - work with governments to understand what drives economic, social and environmental change, - measures productivity and global flows of trade and investment,- analyses and compare data to predict future trends,- set international standards on a wide range of things, from agriculture and tax to the safety of chemicals.

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The OECD role and operation

The OECD acts by peer pressure to improve policy and implement "soft law"—non-binding instruments that can occasionally lead to binding treaties. In this work, the OECD cooperates with businesses, with trade unions and with other representatives of civil society. Collaboration at the OECD regarding taxation, for example, has fostered the growth of a global web of bilateral tax treaties.

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The structure of OECD: The Directorates

Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local DevelopmentCentre for Tax Policy and AdministrationDevelopment Co-operation DirectorateDirectorate for EducationDirectorate for Employment, Labour, and Social AffairsDirectorate for Financial and Enterprise AffairsDirectorate for Science, Technology, and IndustryEconomics DepartmentEnvironment DirectoratePublic Governance and Territorial Development DirectorateStatistics DirectorateTrade and Agriculture DirectorateGeneral SecretariatExecutive DirectoratePublic Affairs and Communication Directorate

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The structure of the OECD

The OECD's structure consists of three main elements:- The OECD member countries, each represented by a delegation led by an ambassador. Together, they form the OECD Council. Member countries act collectively through Council (and its Standing Committees) to provide direction and guidance to the work of Organization.- The OECD Substantive Committees, one for each work area of the OECD, plus their variety of subsidiary bodies. Committee members are typically subject-matter experts from member and non-member governments. The Committees oversee all the work on each theme (publications, task forces, conferences, and so on). Committee members then relay the conclusions to their capitals.- The OECD Secretariat, led by the Secretary-General, provides support to Standing and Substantive Committees. It is organized into Directorates, which include about 2,500 staff.

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The OECD budget

The work of the secretariat is financed from the OECD's annual budget, currently around US$510 million (€342.9 million). The budget is funded by the member countries based on a formula related to the size of each member's gross national product. The largest contributor is the United States, which contributes about one quarter of the budget, followed by Japan with 16%, Germany with 9% and the UK and France with 7%. The OECD governing council sets the budget and scope of work on a two-yearly basis.

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The OECD statistics and publications

StatisticsThe OECD is known as a statistical agency, as it publishes comparable statistics on a wide number of subjects.OECD statistics are available in several forms:- as interactive databases on iLibrary together with key comparative and country tables,- as static files or dynamic database views on the OECD Statistics portal,-as StatLinks (in most OECD books, there is a URL that links to the underlying data).BooksThe OECD releases between 300 and 500 books each year.MagazineOECD Observer

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The OECD: a consensus organisation

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Criticisms to the OECD

The OECD has been criticised by several civil society groups and developing countries. The main criticism has been the narrowness of the OECD because of its limited membership to a select few rich nations. In 1997–1998 the draft Multilateral Agreement on Investment was heavily criticized by several non-governmental organisations and developing countries. Many critics argued that the agreement would threaten protection of human rights, labor and environmental standards, and the least developed countries. A particular concern was that the MAI would result in a 'race to the bottom' among countries willing to lower their labor and environmental standards to attract foreign investment. Also the OECD's actions against competitive tax practices has raised criticism. The primary objection is the sanctity of tax policy as a matter of sovereign entitlement.

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Impact of the OECD

Reputation (a reliable organisation)Output under-exploitedLanguage

Economic outlookPISA

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A broad approach of innovation policy

Universities and public research

Business sector

Government

The actors: the knowledge triangle

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Universities and public research

Business sector

Government

InnovationSkills TechnologyScientific discovery

Social outcomeEnvironmental outcome

Economic Growth

Input/output and outcomes

A broad approach of innovation policy

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Universities and public research

Business sector

Government

InnovationSkills TechnologyScientific discovery

Social outcomeEnvironmental outcome

Economic Growth

Glo

balisatio

nco

nd

itio

ns

Fra

mew

ork

IPRs econom

ic

conditions

Macro

The context

Conceptual model

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Universities and public research

Business sector

Government

InnovationSkills TechnologyScientific discovery

Social outcomeEnvironmental outcome

Economic Growth

Glo

balisatio

nco

nd

itio

ns

Fra

mew

ork

IPRs econom

ic

conditions

Macro

A friendly guide through complexity…

Conceptual model

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The great challenges

Maintaining jobs and economic growth in open economies requires greater competitiveness (48 million people unemployed in the OECD)

The transition to a low-carbon economy and the preservation of natural resources is a major challenge

Ageing will dramatically increase pressure on economic performance, social and health care, and public finances

Income inequality has increased during the crisis. ICTs offer opportunities to support inclusive innovation. Education and training policies will be essential to avoid exclusion.

=> Calling for a “new deal” for innovationRaises the status of innovation in the policy portfolio, while seeking to

- leverage private funding for innovation and - increase the impact of public action

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OECD publications in the area of STI

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STI Scoreboard

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Thank you for attention

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The OECD publications? The Holy Bible?

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The use of indicators

A rhetoric device: a plethora of figures and graphs

“In the various studies on productivity and the New Economy the OECD constantly reminded the reader that the links between science, technology and productivity have not been demonstrated”.“A large series of graphs and figures could persuade the reader of the seriousness of the study. Although no statistics could be used to prove the emergence of the New Economy, graphs and figures nevertheless served the purpose of empiricism”.(Godin, 2004)

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The use of indicators

A rhetoric device: a plethora of figures and graphs

The rhetoric of numbers Policy prescriptions based on shaking statistical evidence (New Economy)The “umbrella” concept, slogans, buzzwords, which shape new ways to arrange old indicators

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R&D in the world

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Mega trends

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Tangible and intangible investment

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Tangible and intangible investment

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Citizens are confident in science and technology, but …

Surveys carried out across a large number of countries indicate that the public has a mainly positive view of the impact of science and technology on their personal well-being. However, the surveys do find that a significant fraction of the population has mixed or critical opinions as regards the balance of the beneficial and harmful effects of scientific research.They also suggest that non-European countries tend to have more positive views of science and technology.

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Citizens are confident in science and technology, but …

Surveys carried out across a large number of countries indicate that the public has a mainly positive view of the impact of science and technology on their personal well-being. However, the surveys do find that a significant fraction of the population has mixed or critical opinions as regards the balance of the beneficial and harmful effects of scientific research.They also suggest that non-European countries tend to have more positive views of science and technology.

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R&D intensity

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Performers of R&D

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R&D by type

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Innovation in the crisis

Annual growth rate of GDP and GERD, OECD, 1993-2013 and projections to 2014 and 2015

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Innovation in the crisis

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Diverging Europe: ambituous targets

National R&D spending targets and gap with current levels of GERD intensity, % of GDP, 2014

Source: OECD estimates based on OECD MSTI database, June 2014.

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The restructuring of the public R&D system

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Public research as a % of GDP

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Public budgets are levelling off or receiding

Public R&D budgets (GBAORD), as % of GDP, 2013 compared to 2011

Source: OECD estimates based on OECD MSTI database, June 2014.

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Knowledge-based capital

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Knowledge-based capital

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Innovative firms and modes of innovation

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Colaboration in innovation

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EU Innovation Index: four groups

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EU Regional Innovation Index: heterogeneity

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Public financing of firms

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Role of multinationals in national R%D

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Increasing international collaboration in science

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Scientific production

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International flow of scientific authors

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International flow of scientific authors: the US

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Patents by technology fields

Patents in ICT, health and biotechnologies account for the majority of patent applications worldwide, although their relative importance has decreased from almost 72% in 2000 to 54% in 2011. Patents in nanotechnologies and the environment in 2000 accounted for about 6% of all patents, show an increase to 10% in 2010

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Patents by technology fields

Patents in ICT, health and biotechnologies account for the majority of patent applications worldwide, although their relative importance has decreased from almost 72% in 2000 to 54% in 2011.Patents in nanotechnologies and the environment in 2000 accounted for about 6% of all patents, show an increase to 10% in 2010

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Government funding of business R&D

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Basic research in the public sector

62 6262

Industry financing of R&D of higher education and PROs

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Hot issues in the Russian Federation

- Reforming and improving the public research system (including the university research)- Improving returns and impact of science- Improving the education system- Encouraging innovation in firms and supporting entrepreneurship and SMEs

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Russian federation

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Russian Federation

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Russian Federation

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OECD et al.

Thank you for attention