stoics and epicureans
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Stoics and Epicureans. Two Philosophical Schools of Thought. History of Stoicism. Stoics S tarted by Zeno 33-261 BC “The Reason why we have two ears and only one mouth is that we may listen more and talk less”. Stoic Philosophy. Education is divided into three parts: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Stoics and Epicureans
Two Philosophical Schools of Thought
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History of Stoicism
Stoics
• Started by Zeno 33-261 BC
• “The Reason why we have two ears and only one mouth is that we may listen more and talk less”
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Stoic Philosophy
Education is divided into three parts:
– Physics ( How one sees the world)
– Logic ( How one discovers the world)
– Ethics (The Science that distinguishes between Virtue and Vice-How one ought to live)
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Stoic Philosophy is like a Garden
• Physics is like the soil
• Logic is like the fence around the garden
• Ethics is like the beautiful trees and flowers that grow in the garden
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Physics:Types of Matter in the Universe
Active Passive is is
REASON OR FATE EVERYTHING THREE- DIMENSIONAL
OR OR
GOD MATTER
ABSTRACT CONCRETE
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How is the Universe Organized?
• Well- arranged according to a Master Plan created by God, a Perfect Being
• Logical and Rational
• The Laws of Nature keep the Universe together
• The Universe is a perfect sphere “Cosmos”
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Why Do Things Happen?
• Everything that happens must happen- it is Fate or Destiny
• “Everything happens for a reason”
• We can predict what will happen by understanding Fate
• “Action/ Reaction”
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Logic
• Everything can be discovered by Logic and by the use of the Rational Mind
• By using your Reason, you can discover what is True
• The Purpose of Logic is to discover what is True and what is False
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Ethics
• The most important thing to remember is to live in a natural way
• What enables us to live in a natural way?
VIRTUE
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What are the most important Virtues?
• Wisdom
• Courage
• Justice
• Temperance
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What are the most dangerous Vices?
• Foolishness
• Cowardice
• Injustice
• Lack of restraint
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What is Good and Bad?
• THE ONLY GOOD THINGS ARE VIRTUES
• THE ONLY THINGS THAT ARE BAD ARE VICES
GOOD= VIRTUE BAD= VICE
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What if Something is not ”Virtue” or “Vice”
All that is neither Virtue nor Vice is indifferent(riches, pleasure, material goods, health, life,
death etc)
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WHAT GUIDES THE GOOD PERSON?
DUTY to live in accordance with Nature
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WHAT GUIDES THE BAD PERSON?
Pleasure, Self –interest and Vice
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WHAT ABOUT EMOTIONS?
• Emotions are judgments
• Negative Emotions are illogical
• The most dangerous emotions are sadness, fear, desire and pleasure
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THE WISE PERSON
• Can never be sad
• Why? It is Illogical to be sad
• The Wise person follows Virtue and Virtue is always Good
• “ No use crying over spilled milk”- It is illogical to feel pain over something that cannot be changed
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THE WISE PERSON
Believes in God and sees that God is the Creator of the Cosmos
Is Never Wrong- because he/she does not believe what he/she does not know to be true
Only Speaks the Truth
Is Guided by Reason- use of the logical mind
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THE WISE PERSON
• Is only interested in Virtue as an end in itself, not as a means to attaining the Good
• Knows that Virtue signifies living according to REASON
• Since REASON tells us that everything that happens must happen, VIRTUE consists in accepting with eagerness anything that happens
• He is foolish who desires anything other than what happens
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The Bottom Line
• There is no middle ground between Virtue and Vice
• The “line” between the two is “straight, not crooked”
• There is no such thing as being “ a little bit just” or “somewhat guilty”
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WHAT DOES ONE NEED TO BE HAPPY?
VIRTUE
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Epicurean Philosophy
• Divided into three parts
• Physics
• Standards
• Ethics
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Physics
• The world is made of matter
• Matter is nothing but atoms
• Therefore, the universe is random, comprised of atoms
• There is not master plan of organization in the Universe
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Standards
• The only way to find out what is TRUE is by the senses
• The only things that are REAL or TRUE are those things that can be touched, tasted, heard or seen
• “What you see is what you get”
• “This is all that there is”
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Ethics
• The way to a happy life is to seek pleasure and avoid pain
• The Goal of Life is to be Happy
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Epicureans Believe
• Good and evil only come to us through our senses
• One need not fear death- when we die we no longer sense things
• After we die we no longer feel pain
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Epicureans Believe
• To get a greater pleasure in the long run we may undertake a smaller pain in the short-run
• “Pleasures” are not bad or hedonistic: pleasure is to be reasonable, calm, careful and free from pain
• CAREFULNESS IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN VIRTUE
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EPICUREANS BELIEVE
• FATE destroys our freedom of action
• Things happen by chance
• There is no need to worry