Doe 9150-AN/899

STOLPORTMANUAL

SECOND EDITION - 1991

Approved by the Secretary Generaland published under his authority

INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION

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Stolport Manual

Doe 9150-AN/899

Second Edition - 1991

QQAC/O0

0

AMENDMENTS

The issue of amendments is announced regularly in the ICAO Journal and in themonthly Supplement to the Catalogue of ICAO Publications and Audio-visualTraining Aids, which holders of this publication should consult. The space belowis provided to keep a record of such amendments.

RECORD OF AMENDMENTS AND CORRIGENDA

AMENDMENTS

No. Date Entered by

CORRIGENDA

No. Date Entered by

1 10/6/94 ICAO

ii

Foreword

This manual provides guidance for the planning andestablishment of stolports, unique airports designed toserve aeroplanes that have exceptional short-fieldperformance capabilities. While "stolport" and "STOLaircraft" have not been precisely defined by ICAO, it isrecognized that the capability of certain aeroplanes tooperate safely in areas constrained by limited space,restricted terrain or both, offers economic and socialadvantages provided there are dedicated airports available.

A stolport is an airport whose physical characteristics,visual and non-visual aids and total infrastructure arecreated to support safe and effective public air transport inand out of densely populated urban areas as well as to andfrom rural areas with difficult terrain.

As no Standards or Recommended Practices for stolportsexist in any of the ICAO Annexes, this manual covers allthe aircraft operating aspects of stolports except non-visualnavigation aids. The airport terminal building andgroundside operations are not addressed.

The material in this manual is based on adaptations ofconventional airport practices and on the experience ofStates that have operated stolports or complete STOLsystems. It should, however, be noted that stolport

specifications included herein are not applicable toaltiports which are constructed in mountainous regions,though some of the STOL aircraft in use today aredesigned to operate from altiports. An altiport may bedefined as a small airport in a mountainous area with asteep gradient runway, used for landing up the slope andfor take-off down the slope, thereby making use of onlyone approach/departure area. On the other hand, thelongitudinal slope of a STOL runway is flatter than eventhat prescribed for a runway designed for the operation ofconventional aircraft and generally has approach!departure areas at both ends of the runway.

Contemporary "short-field" aeroplanes fall into a rathernarrow range with respect to size and performance. Theguidance in this manual caters to that fact. The future ofcivil STOL aircraft development is uncertain, but shouldprogress in this area lead to larger aeroplanes, a revision ofsome of the material in this manual will be required.

It is intended that the manual be kept up to date. Futureeditions will be improved on the basis of experience gainedand of comments and suggestions received from users ofthis manual. Therefore, readers are invited to give theirviews, comments, and suggestions on this edition. Theseshould be directed to the Secretary General of ICAO.

iii

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Table of Contents

Page Page

Chapter 1. General 1 3.5.3 Strength of aprons 83.5.4 Slopes of aproas 8

1.1 latroduction 11.2 Applicability 11.3 Site selection 1 Chapter 4. Obstacle Limitation Surfaces 10

4.1 General 10Chapter 2. Stolport data 4.2 Take-off aad approach surfaces 10

2.1 General 4.2.1 General 104.2.2 Take-off and approach surface

boundaries 10Chapter 3. Physical characteristics 4.2.3 Take-off aad approach

surfaces/slopes 123.1 General 4.2.4 Dimensions of take-off and3.2 Runways approach surfaces 12

3.2.1 Number and orientation of 4.3 Transitional surfaces 12runways 4

3.2.2 Runway length 4.3.1 General 123.2.3 Stopways and clearways 4.3.2 Characteristics of a transitional3.2.4 Runway width 6 surface 123.2.5 Longitudinal and transverse

slopes 6 4.4 Inner horizontal surfaces 133.2.6 Strength of runways 63.2.7 Surface of runways 6 4.4.1 General 13

4.4.2 Characteristics of an inner3.3 Runway strips 6 horizontal surface 13

3.3.1 General 63.3.2 Runway strip width and length . 73.3.3 Graded areas 7 Chapter 5. Visual Aids for Navigation 143.3.4 Longitudinal and transverse

slopes of runway strips 7 5.1 General 143.3.5 Objects on runway strips 7 5.2 Markings, general 14

5.3 Runway markings 143.4 Taxiways 7

5.3.1 Stolport designation marking ... 143.4.1 General 7 5.3.2 Threshold marking 14

5.3.3 Runway designation marking ... 143.5 Aprons 7 5.3.4 Runway centre line marking.... 17

5.3.5 Runway side stripe marking .... 173.5.1 General 7 5.3.6 Touchdown zone marking 173.5.2 Size of aprons 8 5.3.7 Runway exit marking 17

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vi Stolport Manual

GeneralDangerous and confusing lights.Light fixtures and supportingstructuresLight intensity and controlStolport beaconApproach lighting systemVisual approach slope indicatorsystem

5.6.8 Runway lead-in lights5.6.9 Runway threshold identification

lights5.6.10 Runway edge lights5.6.11 Runway threshold lights5.6.12 Displaced runway threshold

lights5.6.13 Runway end lights5.6.14 Combined runway threshold and

runway end lights5.6.15 Stopway lights5.6.16 Runway touchdown zone lights5.6.17 Taxiway and apron lighting5.6.18 Aircraft control of lighting

GeneralMandatory instruction signsInformation signs

5.8.1 General5.8.2 Unpaved runway edge markers..5.8.3 Edge markers for snow covered

runways5.8.4 Unpaved taxiway edge markers

1717

1721

21212121

2224

242427

2727272929

3030

3030

31

3131

32

3232323232

34

343434

3435

36

363636363737

Page

5.4 Taxiway marking5.5 Wind direction indicator5.6 Stolport lighting

Page

5.6.15.6.25.6.3

5.6.45.6.55.6.65.6.7

Chapter 6. Visual Aids for Denoting Objects

17 6.1 Objects to be marked and lighted6.2 Marking and lighting of objects

Chapter 7. Visual Aids for Denoting RestrictedUse Areas

7.1 Closed runway and taxiway marking7.2 Unserviceable-area marking7.3 Movement area unserviceability lighting..7.4 Pre-threshold area7.5 Non load-bearing surface marking

Chapter 8. Equipment and Installations

8.1 Secondary power supply27 8.2 Monitoring27 8.3 Fencing

8.4 Siting and construction of equipment andinstallations on operational areas

8.5 Stolport vehicle operation

Chapter 9. Emergency and Other Services

29 9.1 Stolport emergency planning9.2 Rescue and fire fighting

29 9.3 Disabled aircraft removal29 9.4 Maintenance30 9.5 Bird hazard control

9.6 Apron management service30

Appendix A. Definitions

Appendix B. Aeroplane types

5.7 Signs

5.7.15.7.25.7.3

5.8 Markers

39

41

Bibliography 44

Chapter 1

General

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 This manual provides general guidance onstolport site selection, physical characteristics, obstaclelimitation surfaces and visual aids that should be providedat stolports, as well as certain facilities and technicalservices normally provided at an aerodrome.

1.1.2 A stolport is a viable alternative in caseswhere runway length, location, and departure andapproach path obstacles would prohibit the establishmentof a conventional airport. As with a conventional airport,the physical characteristics of a stolport will depend uponthe size and performance capabilities of the stolport designaeroplane. The type of operation envisaged at the stolportwill depend upon community needs, available resources,and location. Depending on the operational requirementsof the stolport, it can be designed for use in all meteorological conditions, or only in visual meteorologicalconditions; by day and night, or by day only.

1.1.3 For the purposes of this manual, the stolportdesign aeroplane is assumed to be an aeroplane that has areference field length of 800 m or less. In size, the stolportdesign aeroplane is assumed to have a wingspan of up to26 m and a main landing gear measurement of up to 9 m.Moreover, in light of the evident lack of commitment oflarger civil STOL aircraft to production, it is assumed thataeroplanes thus described are probably the viable STOLoption. Accordingly, the guidance in this manual rests onestimates of what constitutes a practical set of criteriacomposed on the basis of available data. It does notconsider additional characteristics that might be thoughtsuitable for more demanding aircraft.

1.1.4 In order to ensure regular service to a stolport,operations under the instrument flight rules may berequired. Given the runway length and steep approachangles, operating minima for the stolport are not likely tobe less than Category I aerodrome operating minima.‘When all the relevant factors are considered, the operatingminima for the stolport may need to be considerably higherthan the lower limit of Category I approach landing

operations. However, in order to provide operationalflexibility, when it is intended that a stolport be providedwith a precision approach, that stolport should be designedon the basis of a precision approach runway Category I.

1.1.5 The guidance in this manual is not intended tolimit or regulate the operation of aircraft.

1.2 APPLICABILITY

1.2.1 The guidance material provided in this manual ismeant for the use of stolport planners and the appropriateairport certifying authorities in examining the feasibility ofstolport operations at existing aerodromes or other sitesand in the planning, design and approval of stolports.Interpretation of the material requires the exercise ofdiscretion and the making of decisions, particularly by theairport authorities.

1.2.2 Although the specifications of Annex 14,Volume I, Aerodrome Design and Operations do not applyto stolports, much of the guidance material in thismanual conforms to the International Standards andRecommended Practices set forth in that Annex. The userwill find it necessary, therefore, to refer to the Annex inconjunction with this manual. Also useful for guidance arethe Aerodrome Design Manual Doc 9157, the AirportPlanning Manual Doc 9184 and the Airport ServicesManual Doc 9137.

1.3 SITE SELECTION

1.3.1 Before a commitment of resources is made toestablish a stolport or system of stolports in an urban area,there should be recognized social, environmental,economic, and operational advantages over existingtransportation systems. These advantages hinge on thepotential of greatly reducing trip time by providing servicefrom one urban centre to another. In addition, advantages

1

2 Stolport Manual

accrue from the decreased coagestioa ia major terminalareas, from the smaller amount of land required and fromthe low environmental impact of the take-off and approachcapabilities of STOL aircraft.

1.3.2 To maximize the advantages offered by a STOLsystem, a stolport should be located as near as possible tothe market it is intended to serve. Ideally this locationshould be close to passenger destinations and provide an airservice that is integrated with convenient surfacetransportation.

1.3.3 While the utility of a stolport in serving acommunity is largely determined by its location in denselypopulated areas, and its consequent convenience oflocation to the businesses and residents served, stolportsare also useful in serving outlying areas where terrainprecludes conventional air traffic.

1.3.4 The short runway of a stolport, the requirementfor less airspace in the terminal area than needed byconventional air transport and the practicality of steepobstacle limitation surfaces allow greater flexibility inlocating the site.

1.3.5 The ideal location for a stolport in many cases island whose economic, recreational or aesthetic valueoutweighs the advantages accruing to a STOL system. Inaddition, the attitudes of nearby residents may result instrong community opposition to air operations making anotherwise suitable location politically unfeasible. In thisconnexion, noise sensitivity is a main cause of resistance sothat stolport site selection may depend, in part, on therelative quietness of the stolport design aeroplane. In anyevent, site selection often requires a compromise involvingthe various elements of convenience, requirement forspace, and economic utility. On the other hand, in manysituations the location of a stolport need not encroach onsensitive areas. For example, suitable urban sites that offerconvenience without disrupting community affairs havebeen operated at a disused metropolitan airport, a riverside

parking lot, a landfill site and in an abandoned dockyard.Beside these examples, land allocated to surface transportation corridors may be found to be compatible withnondisruptive use.

1.3.6 It is also practical to locate a stolport at anexisting airport, particularly where the STOL service is afeeder-line service. Although a stolport runway could beincorporated into existing runways, it is preferable that aseparate runway be devoted to STOL operations. In thelatter case, three dimensional navigation equipment andsuitable approach aids would permit stolport users discreteaccess to busy airports without seriously interfering withconventional traffic.

1.3.7 Once a stolport site is provisionally selected,planning authorities will have to consider the details ofconstruction and application of stolport specifications.This consideration might include a series of demonstrationflights. The flights would serve several purposes. Theadequacy of noise avoidance plans would be tested; thecommunity would be reassured about the safety andcompatibility of STOL operations; the effects of airturbulence caused by nearby structures could be tested; androute structures and ATS separation standards could beestablished.

1.3.8 At the same time, the site would be examinedwith respect to the provision of convenient groundtransportation, without which some advantage is lost.Another important consideration governing site selection isthe nature and composition of the soil and subsoil uponwhich prepared surfaces will be supported and, inparticular, the adequacy of drainage. Detailed guidance onairport site evaluation and selection is given in the AirportPlanning Manual, Part 1.

1.3.9 Lastly, having established a stolport location,planners will turn to the design using the descriptionsprovided in this manual to define the physicalcharacteristics, obstacle limitation surfaces and visual aids.This guidance is contained in the following chapters.

Chapter 2

Stolport Data

2.1 GENERAL determined and reported as part of the conventionalairport’s aerodrome data.

2.1.1 Annex 14, Volume I, Chapter 2 sets forth detailsof aerodrome data to be determined about aerodromes and 2.1.3 Where the use of a stolport is restricted to areported to the appropriate aeronautical information particular aeroplane type, the appropriate aeronauticalservice. Where applicable, these requirements should be information service should be informed.met for a stolport.

2.1.4 Specifications on the manner in which stolport2.1.2 Where a stolport is established as part of a data should be reported are prescribed in Annexes 4

conventional airport, the stolport data should be and 15.

3

Chapter 3

Physical Characteristics

3.1 GENERAL

3.1.1 The planning of a stolport comprises thedevelopment of suitable physical characteristics to providethe necessary operating elements for service by the stolportdesign aeroplane or similar aeroplanes. In addition,capacity or the forecast rate of utilization should beconsidered by the planner. The maximum rate of use isdependent on such factors as demand, weather and airtraffic control capabilities as much as on stolport features.Although the characteristics described in this chapter aremeant only to provide safe and effective field lengths andclearances, it is likely, in light of such external factors, thata stolport whose physical characteristics conform to thischapter could handle any forecast frequency of service.

3.1.2 Where appropriate, the physical characteristicsdescribed in this chapter have been adapted from thespecifications set forth in Annex 14, Volume 1.

3.2 RUNWAYS

3.2.1. Number and orientation of runways

3.2.1.1 Based on the degree of usability required, thetype of operation of the stolport needs to be determinedprior to making a decision regarding the number andorientation of runways. Attention should be paid inparticular to whether the stolport is to be used in allmeteorological conditions or only in visual meteorologicalconditions, and whether it is intended for use by day andnight, or by day only.

3.2.1.2. In light of space and resource constraints, it islikely that the configuration for most stolports would be asingle runway usable from either end and an associatedtaxiway see Figure 3-1.

3.2.1.3 A scarcity of urban stolport sites may lessenthe opportunity for an ideal runway orientation in the

direction of the prevailing wind. Nevertheless, stolportdesign should aim for maximum usability and theorientation of the runway should ensure that the usabilityfactor as governed by the wind distribution is not less than95 per cent for the stolport design aeroplane. Thus, indetermining the allowable crosswind component toestablish a usability factor, the crosswind limitation of thedesign aeroplane must be taken into account. Guidance onfactors to be taken into account in the study of winddistribution is given in Annex 14, Volume I, Attachment A,Section 1.

3.2.1.4 The decision on runway orientation shouldalso take into account areas over which traffic will operateon approach, missed approach and departure so thatobstructions in these areas or other factors will not undulyrestrict operations.

3.2.2 Runway length

3.2.2.1 The length of a stolport runway should bebased on take-off and landing data obtained from theaeroplane flight manual of the stolport design aeroplaneand considered together with the following factors:

a whether the approaches are open or restricted;b longitudinal slope of the proposed runway;c elevation of the site;d temperature and humidity of the site; ande nature of the runway surface.

3.2.2.2 The length of a runway does not necessarilyhave to provide for operations by the design aeroplane atits maximum mass. Rather, the aeroplane mass selectedshould be the mass required to carry out its allocated taskand different take-off and landing masses may bedetermined for each site served by the design aeroplane.

3.2.3 Stopways and clearways

Where a stopway or clearway is provided, an actual runwaylength less than that suggested by 3.2.2.1 may be

4

Chapter3.

PhysicalCharacteristics

5

Figure3-1.

Typicalstolport

configuration

6 Stolport Manual

considered satisfactory. In such a case any combination ofrunway, stopway and clearway should meet the take-offand landing requirements of the stolport design aeroplane,taking into consideration the same factors as in 3.2.2.1.The guidance on the use of stopways and clearways givenin Annex 14, Volume I, Attachment A, Section 2, isapplicable to stolports.

3.2.4 Runway width

A runway width of 23 m has been considered generallysuitable for aeroplanes like the stolport design aeroplanedescribed in Chapter 1, for use in visual meteorologicalconditions. However, the width of a precision approachrunway for such an aeroplane should be not less than 30 m.

3.2.5 Longitudinal and transverse slopes

3.2.5.1 Any excessive longitudinal slope on a runwaywill adversely affect both the landing and take-off roll ofan aeroplane. For this reason wherever possible, thelongitudinal slope of a stolport runway should be held to1.0 per cent or less, not to exceed 2.0 per cent. Thelongitudinal slope of a runway can be obtained by dividingthe difference between the highest elevation and the lowestelevation along the centre line by the runway length.

3.2.5.2 In cases where the longitudinal slope of astolport runway exceeds 2.0 per cent, it may be necessaryto advise the operators that operations are restricted tolanding uphill and taking off downhill.

3.2.5.3 Longitudinal slopes of runways shouldconform to relevant Annex 14 specifications for runwaycode number 1.

3.2.5.4 To promote rapid drainage a stolport runwaysurface should either be cambered or sloped from high tolow in the prevailing direction of wind associated with rain.A transverse slope should not exceed 2 per cent. For acambered surface the slope on either side of the centre lineshould be symmetrical.

3.2.5.5 Transverse slopes should be substantially thesame throughout the length of the runway except at theintersection with a taxiway where an even transition shouldbe provided while maintaining adequate drainage.

3.2.5.6 Guidance on transverse slopes is given in theAerodrome Design Manual, Part 3.

3.2.6 Strength of runways

3.2.6.1 A runway should have a bearing strengthcapable of supporting continual traffic of the stolportdesign aeroplane along the length of the declared take-offrun or the declared landing distance, and throughout itsfull width.

3.2.6.2 A normal landing may impose little or noimpact load on the landing surface. However, the loadfactors arising from an emergency or a badly controlledlanding should be considered.

3.2.7 Surface of runways

3.2.7.1 The surface of a stolport runway should beconstructed without irregularities that would affectaeroplane performance during take-off or landing. Surfaceunevenness that would cause vibration or other controldifficulties of an aeroplane should be avoided. Guidanceon runway surfaces is given in the Aerodrome DesignManual, Part 3.

3.2.7.2 The texture of the surface of a stolport runwayrequires special attention in view of the short-field landingrequirements. A rough texture surface that is conducive tobraking should be used. Where hydroplaning is anticipatedto be prevalent, considerations should be given to groovingthe runway surface. A grooved surface has been shown tobe effective in providing braking action on wet runways.Guidance on methods used to measure surface texture isgiven in the Airport Services Manual, Part 2, whileguidance on grooving runways is contained in theAerodrome Design Manual, Part 3.

3.3 RUNWAY STRIPS

3.3.1 General

3.3.1.1 Each runway should be included in a runwaystrip. The purpose of a runway strip is to provide for thefollowing operational considerations:

a a graded area for aeroplanes accidentally running offthe runway;

b a cleared area for aeroplanes drifting from the runwayafter take-off;

c a cleared area for aeroplanes carrying out a missedapproach initiated from a very low altitude;

Chapter 3. Physical Characteristics 7

d an area for the installation of essential visual and non-visual aids; and

e an area for drainage and run-off from the runway.

3.3.2 Runway strip width and length

3.3.2.1 A stolport runway strip width of at least 45 mon either side of the centre line is adequate for day-timeoperations in visual meteorological conditions. However,for operations at night or in instrument meteorologicalconditions, a width of 75 m on either side of the centre lineis recommended.

3.3.2.2 A stolport runway strip length of 60 m beyondthe end of each runway or stopway is recommended inorder to provide for the considerations outlined in 3.3.1.1.

To provide for a in 3.3.1.1, the portion of a runway stripoutside the runway and within a distance of 40 m from thecentre line of the strip should be graded. The surface ofthat portion of the runway strip that abuts the runway orstopway edge should be flush with the surface of therunway or stopway. To protect a landing aeroplane, therunway strip should be prepared against blast erosion to atleast 30 m before a runway threshold. Drainage ditches,where required, should be located at the end of the gradedarea. To further reduce potential damage to an aeroplanethat runs beyond the graded portion of the runway strip,the drainage ditch should be contoured.

3.3.4 Longitudinal and transverse slopes ofrunway strips

The longitudinal and transverse slopes on runway stripsshould conform to those specified in Annex 14, Volume I,for a strip associated with a runway with code number 1.

3.3.5 Objects on runway strips

For safety considerations, no object, unless essential as anaid to air navigation, should be installed on a runway strip.Air navigation equipment that must be located on a runwaystrip should be marked, be of minimum mass and height,and frangibly designed so as to constitute the minimumhazard to aircraft. Frangibility requirements are set out inAnnex 14, Volume I, Chapters 3, 5 and 8.

3.4.1 General

3.4.1.1 As mentioned in 3.2.1.2, the likelyconfiguration of a stolport is a single runway served by asingle taxiway. A runway should have sufficient entranceand exit taxiways to expedite movement of aeroplanes toand from the runway. Guidance on layout of taxiways isgiven in the Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 2. Where theend of a runway is not served by a taxiway, it may benecessary to provide additional pavement at the end of therunway for aeroplanes to turn.

3.4.1.2 A taxiway should be designed so that when thecockpit of the design aeroplane is over the taxiway centreline markings, the clearance distance between the outermain wheel of the aeroplane and the edge of the taxiway isnot less than 3 m.

3.4.1.3 As previously mentioned, many of theguidelines in this manual conform to the specifications inAnnex 14, Volume I. Insofar as specifications foraerodrome taxiways have been established based on thewing span and outer main gear wheel span of theaerodrome design aeroplane, the same specifications areapplicable to stolport taxiways. When designing taxiwaysat a stolport, the specifications should conform to theStandards and Recommended Practices described inAnnex 14, Volume I, Chapter 3.

3.4.1.4 It will not normally be necessary to allocatestolport space to holding bays but, where warranted bytraffic volume, holding bays should be provided. If theyare provided, they should conform to the specifications inAnnex 14, Volume I, Chapter 3, Section 3.10.

3.5 APRONS

3.5.1 General

It will be necessary to provide an apron to permit theloading and unloading of passengers and cargo as well asaircraft servicing without interfering with stolport traffic.The distance from the edge of an apron to the edge of arunway strip should be sufficient for an aeroplane parkedon the apron not to penetrate the transitional surface.

3.4 TAXIWAYS

3.3.3 Graded areas

8 Stolport Manual

3.5.2 Size of aprons

3.5.2.1 The necessary stolport capacity to handleplanned or predicted stolport traffic will be the maindeterminant in establishing an apron’s size. A stolportapron’s size should be sufficient to contain an adequatenumber of gates or parking spaces to cater to the stolport’straffic volume at its highest level.

3.5.2.2 As the number of gates or parking spacesrequired will depend, in part, on gate occupancy orturnaround time, aircraft operators intending to use thestolport should be consulted with respect to scheduling andother matters that affect the time an aeroplane needs tooccupy the apron.

3.5.2.3 The size of an apron will also be governed bythe size of the stolport design aeroplane and the parkingmethod selected for use on the apron. While nose-inparking uses less space, economy and convenience will

probably dictate self-manoeuvring, angled nose-in orangled nose-out parking. Figure 3-2 depicts a typicalstolport apron.

3.5.3 Strength of aprons

An apron should have sufficient bearing strength tosupport the mass of the stolport design aeroplane, keepingin mind that parts of the apron will be subject to higherstresses owing to slow moving and stationary aeroplanes.

3.5.4 Slopes of aprons

3.5.4.1 Slopes of an apron should be sufficient toprevent accumulation of water but should not exceed I percent in any direction.

3.5.4.2 Because of the possibility of spilled fuel andthe ensuing fire hazard, an apron should not slope downtowards a terminal building.

uJ-J-JuJuJClCl0

9Chapter

3.Physical

Characteristics

1’

/Figure3-2.

Typicalstolport

apron

Chapter 4

Obstacle Limitation Surfaces

4.1 GENERAL

4.1.1 Obstacle limitation surfaces are established todefine the airspace over and around a stolport that must bekept free of obstacles. The limitation surface sets out thelimits above which objects should not extend.

4.1.2 In the planning and design of a stolport, obstaclelimitation surfaces require careful consideration. In fact,the presence of objects located in the vicinity or plannedfor construction near an otherwise suitable stolport sitemay be the overriding factor in whether a stolport will bea realistic project. The operation of a stolport may besignificantly affected by features beyond the stolportboundary such as buildings, bridges and towers. Objectsthat penetrate the obstacle limitation surfaces described inthis chapter may, therefore, impose take-off masslimitations, cause an increase in weather minima or both.They may also necessitate the displacement of thethreshold.

4.1.3 Once a commitment is made to the establishmentof a stolport, the sectors of the local airspace covered bythe obstacle limitation surfaces should be regarded asintegral to the stolport and therefore inviolable.Consequently, enactment of zoning legislation may beneeded to preserve unobstructed airspaces for take-off,approach, missed approach and circling procedures.Legislation aside, the stolport authorities should beinvolved in community consultation and should maintainclose liaison with local development planners to ensure thatstolport requirements are included in forecasts and wellintegrated into plans.

4.1.4 Stolport obstacle limitation surface requirements are normally set on the assumption that take-offsand landings will be made in both directions. Therefore thefunctions of surfaces may be integrated and therequirements of one surface nullified because of the morestringent requirements of another.

4.1.5 The obstacle limitation surfaces to be defined ata stolport will depend on terrain and the type of operation

envisaged at the stolport. At the very minimum, for daytime operations in visual meteorological conditions, thesurfaces requiring protection are the take-off and approachsurface and the transitional surface. For use at night andwhen a circling procedure as part of an instrumentapproach is established, an inner horizontal surface willrequire protection as well.

4.1.6 Obstacles which penetrate the obstacle limitationsurfaces described in this chapter may, in certaincircumstances, cause an increase in the obstacle clearancealtitude/height for an instrument approach procedure orany associated visual circling procedure. Criteria forevaluating obstacles are contained in the Procedures forAir Navigation Services - Aircraft Operations PANSOPS Doc 8168, Volume II - Construction of Visual andInstrument Flight Procedures.

4.2 TAKE-OFF AND APPROACH SURFACESSee Figure 4-1

4.2.1 General

4.2.1.1 Description - Take-off surface. An inclinedplane or other specified surface beyond the end of arunway.

4.2.1.2 Description - Approach surface. An inclinedplane or combination of planes preceding the threshold.

4.2.1.3 Take-off and approach surfaces should beestablished for each stolport runway direction. Unlessoperations on a runway are restricted to take-off andlanding in one direction only, the approach surface and thetake-off surface wlll normally be combined.

4.2.2 Take-off and approach surface boundaries

4.2.2.1 The take-off and approach surface shouldcomprise:

10

Chapter4.

ObstacleLimitation

Surfaces11

uJ00-JCl

Figure4-1.

Compositeapproach/departure

surface

12 Stolport Manual

a an inner edge of specified length, horizontal andperpendicular to the centre line of the runway andlocated at the end of the runway strip;

b two sides originating at the ends of the inner edgediverging uniformly at a specified rate to a final widththat will be the product of the divergence and the lengthof the area and continuing thereafter at that width forthe remainder of the length of the take-off andapproach area; and

c an outer edge parallel to the inner edge.

4.2.2.2 These area parameters are based on a straight-in final approach track and a straight take-off climb track.Offset, curved or segmented tracks would requiremodification of the area boundaries.

4.2.3 Take-off and approach surfaces/slopes

4.2.3.1 The take-off and approach surfaces shouldcomprise:

a an inclined plane that establishes the height limitationsof objects; and

b an inclined plane of a slope specified in 4.2.4.1 boundby the inner edge at the elevation of the threshold, twodiverging sides and the outer edge.

4.2.3.2 In certain cases, because of slopes, portions ofthe inner edge may be below the runway strip elevation. Insuch cases, it is not necessary to grade the strip to conformto the inner edge of the approach surface. Nor is it intendedthat objects or terrain that are above the approach surfacebeyond the end of the strip but below the level of the stripbe removed unless they constitute a danger to aeroplanes.

4.2.3.3 The maximum slope for a take-off surfaceshould be determined using the aeroplane flight manualperformance data for the stolport design aeroplane.

4.2.3.4 The maximum slope for an approach surfaceshould be governed by the approach angle the designaeroplane is able to maintain in the landing configuration.

4.2.4 Dimensions of take-off and approach surfaces

4.2.4.1 Suggested criteria for take-off and approachsurfaces are as follows:

Length of inner edge: 90 mDivergence: 15 per cent

Length: 6 000 mSlope: Determined by design aeroplane performancetypically 6 per cent or 1 in 15.

These criteria are based on a typical STOL aeroplane’ssecond segment climb, one engine inoperative, to an enroute safe altitude or to the take-off power time limitationsea level, standard atmosphere.

4.2.4.2 The foregoing criteria are suggestions based ontypical circumstances but, since various aeroplanes willhave different achievable angles of approach anddeparture, obstacle limitation surfaces may be fashioned tosuit the site keeping in mind the obstacles in the vicinity andthe capabilities of the stolport design aeroplane. Forexample, it is not always necessary to aim for a 6 degreeapproach angle. A site may accept some shallower anglebut still provide the needed length of usable runway. Onthe other hand, an approach angle of more than 6 degreesmay be required to make possible an adequate runwaylength.

4.3 TRANSITIONAL SURFACES

4.3.1 Ceneral

To ensure safe transitions for low altitude operation duringapproach and missed approach phases a transitionalsurface should be established for each runway direction.

4.3.2 Characteristics of a transitional surface

4.3.2.1 The limits of a transitional surface shouldcomprise:

a a lower edge beginning at the intersection of the side ofthe approach surface with the inner horizontal surfaceif any and extending down the side of the approachsurface to the inner edge of the approach surface andfrom there along the length of the strip parallel to therunway centre line; and

b an upper edge located in the plane of the innerhorizontal surface or 75 m above the stolport elevationif no outer surface has been set.

4.3.2.2 The elevation of a point on the lower edgeshould be:

a along the side of the approach surface - equal to theelevation of the approach surface at that point; and

Chapter 4. Obstacle Limitation Surfaces 13

b along the strip - equal to the elevation of the nearestpoint on the centre line of the runway.

4.3.2.3 A transitional surface slope of 20 per cent 1 in5 measured in a vertical plane perpendicular to the centreline of the runway has been found to be adequate.

4.3.2.4 The slope of a transitional surface may beincreased to a maximum of 50 per cent 1 in 2 where:

a obstacles that are deemed critical and that penetrate a20 per cent slope are suitably marked and lighted;

b landing and take-off limits are set high enough to ensurethat at decision height or at the beginning of take-offany object penetrating a 20 per cent slope is clearlyvisible;

c only precision approaches are permitted in IMC;

d the steeper slope extends only to the governing obstaclewith the slope thereafter to the inner horizontal surfacebeing 20 per cent; and

e use of the stolport is restricted to VMC when therequired visual and non-visual aids are unserviceable.

4.4 INNER HORIZONTAL SURFACES

4.4.1 General

Where it is necessary to provide for circling approachprocedures an inner horizontal surface should be

established. Where an inner horizontal surface overlaps atake-off and approach surface, the inner horizontal surfacewill be the more restrictive or governing surface.

4.4.2 Characteristics of an inner horizontal surface

4.4.2.1 The radius or outer limits of an innerhorizontal surface should be at least 3 000 m measuredfrom the stolport reference point. The shape of an innerhorizontal surface need not necessarily be circular.

4.4.2.2 An inner horizontal surface should be acommon plane at a constant height of 75 m above theelevation of the stolport reference point or the elevation ofthe highest permanent structure within the area of the innerhorizontal surface, whichever is higher, but not exceeding120 m.

4.4.2.3 Where the height of the inner horizontalsurface is less than 9 m above the surface of the ground animaginary surface located at 9 m should be established.

4.4.2.4 Where the height of the inner horizontalsurface would exceed 120 m on one side of the runway asemi-circular inner horizontal surface may be possiblepermitting a circling approach procedure on the other sideof the runway. Where this is not possible, circling as partof an approach procedure should not be designed. Thus theneed for an inner horizontal surface would be eliminated.

Chapter 5

Visual Aids for Navigation

5.1 GENERAL

5.1.1 The visual aids provided at a stolport must servetwo functions:

a to provide the pilot with the elements of guidancerequired to execute safe operations at the stolport; and

b to allow the pilot, by the utilization of lighting andmarking, a means to quickly identify the runway asbeing designed for STOL operations as opposed toCTOL operations.

5.1.2 At conventional airports, it is possible thatspecial runways exclusively for use by STOL aircraft maybe constructed to increase the air traffic capacity of theairport and to reduce STOL aircraft block times. A needwill exist to differentiate such special runways from thoseintended for use by aeroplanes requiring longer landingdistances. Stolports located in cities will also require specialmarking and lighting to make them easily identifiable in themidst of the cities’ lights and other features.

5.1.3 The air traffic control procedures and methodsof operation of STOL aircraft may also have an influenceon the design of the visual aids. Where a runway is meantfor use by conventional as well as STOL aeroplanes,marking and lighting should be in accordance withAnnex 14, Volume I, Chapter 5.

5.2 MARKINGS, GENERAL

5.2.1 The markings described in this chapter aresuitable for stolport operations in both visual andinstrument meteorological conditions. Markings should beconspicuous and provide the maximum possible contrastunder various conditions.

5.2.2 Runway markings should be white; taxiway andaircraft stand markings should be yellow and of aconsistency that will reduce the risk of uneven braking.

5.3 RUNWAY MARKINGS

5.3.1 Stolport designation marking

Where it is necessary to ensure that pilots can distinguishit from a conventional runway a stolport runway should beidentified by the letters STOL across each end of therunway. Guidance on the form and dimensions of theletters are set out in Figure 5-1.

5.3.2 Threshold marking

5.3.2.1 A runway threshold should be marked asfollows:

a where the runway is marked with a stolport designation- a solid white band 1.5 m wide commencing at therunway end and extending across the full width of therunway; or

b where the runway is not marked with a stolportdesignation - a series of white stripes 15 m long, 1.8 mwide, spaced 1.8 m apart located at the runway end.

5.3.2.2 Where the threshold of a stolport runway is adisplaced threshold, the beginning of the stolport runwayshould be indicated by a transverse stripe at least 1.8 mwide. The portion of the runway before the displacedthreshold should be marked with arrows and all othermarkings should be obliterated.

5.3.2.3 The arrows leading to a displaced thresholdshould be spaced at intervals of 30 m with the point of thearrow immediately preceding the displaced threshold at30 m from the transverse stripe. Guidance on the form anddimensions of the arrows are set out in Figure 5-2.

5.3.3 Runway designation marking

A runway designation marking should be provided at thethreshold of a runway. It should consist of a two-digit

14

Chapter 5. Visual Aids for Navigation 15

SIDEMARKING

UEc

E E E

Ecc

MARKING

Figure 5-1. Stolport designation and runway threshold marking

16 Stolport Manual

1.8 mt

iT/

Figure 5-2. Displaced threshold markings

Chapter 5. Visual Aids for Navigation 17

number that is the whole number nearest the one tenth ofthe magnetic azimuth of the centre line of the runwaymeasured clockwise from magnetic north when viewedfrom the direction of approach. However, where a stolportis located in an area of compass unreliability a runwaydesignation marking should display true azimuth ratherthan magnetic azimuth. Forms and proportions of runwaydesignation markings are shown in Figure 5-3.

5.3.4 Runway centre line marking

A stolport runway centre line marking should consist of aninterrupted line of longitudinal stripes beginning 23 m fromthe runway designation marking as shown in Figure 5-4.The length of a stripe should be 15 m and the gap betweenstripes should be 15 m. The stripes should be at least 45 cmwide.

5.3.5 Runway side stripe marking

A runway side stripe marking is considered essential for astolport runway. It should consist of a 90 cm wide stripelocated at each edge of the runway for its full length asshown in Figure 5-1.

5.3.6 Touchdown zone marking

A stolport touchdown zone marking should consist of twowhite rectangles at least 22.5 m long and 1.8 m wide asshown in Figure 5-4. The marking should be locatedsymmetrically about the centre line of the runway and at adistance from the threshold that coincides with theglidepath origin and visual approach slope indicatorlocation, if provided.

5.3.7 Runway exit marking

When a runway exit marking is provided, it should consistof a continuous yellow line 15 cm wide parallel to and1.8 m from the runway centre line marking for 30 mcurving at a specified radius to join the taxiway centre lineas shown in Figure 5-4. The turning radii for the curves ofa runway exit marking should be as follows:

a exits at the ends of a runway - 45 m;

b 45 degree exits - 90 m;

c 90 degree exits - 30 m; and

Runway exit markings should ensure the minimum wheelto taxiway edge clearance mentioned in Chapter 3, 3.4.1.2of this manual.

5.4 TAX1WAY MARKING

The taxiway markings specified in Annex 14, Volume I,Chapter 5, are considered suitable for stolports.

5.5 WIND DIRECTION INDICATOR

The specifications for wind direction indicators inAnnex 14, Volume I, Chapter 5, are considered suitablefor stolports.

5.6.1 General

5.6.1.1 Stolport lighting should provide effective andsafe visual guidance during take-off, approach, landingand ground manoeuvring in conditions of minimumvisibility and at night. This requirement is best met by astraightforward system of component elements, thespacing and intensity of which are balanced and consistentso that the pilot encounters a pattern that is recognizableas the expected standard stolport system. The lightingsystem detailed in this manual has been designed to supportoperations down to precision approach Category I minima.The approach angle for which the system has beenoptimized is 6 degrees.

5.6.1.2 Specifications for the photometric characteristics and setting angles of various elements of stolportlighting will vary according to such factors as stolportenvironment, ambient light, stolport design aeroplane typeand approach path angle. Typical recommendedcharacteristics are shown in Table 5-1.

5.6.1.3 A stolport designed for use at night in visualmeteorological conditions should be equipped with at leastthe following lighting facilities:

a high-intensity runway edge lights;

b high-intensity runway threshold and runway end lights;

5.6 STOLPORT LIGHTING

d 135 degree exits - 30 m. c medium-intensity taxiway edge lights;

18 Stolport Manual

L 3.0

3.0

Figure 5-3. Form and proportions of runway designation numbers in metres

Chapter 5. Visual Aids for Navigation 19

_

1O5m -

I’lliiII

/ O.9m-j

________

JJ!llIII-

TAXI-HOLDING POSITION

O.15m

//

//

Figure 5-4. Runway and taxiway markings

Table5-1.

Characteristicsof

stolportlight

units

Lightunit

TypeColour

Minimumaverageintensity

cdx

1000

Minimumbeam

dimensiondegrees

Mainbeam

angularsetting

degreesRemarks

HorizontalVertical

ElevationAngle

toC/L

Highintensity

approachlights

UnidirectionalWhite

2021

1212

Runwayidentification

lightsUnidirectional

White11

2525

7.520

divergence60

to120

CPS

Runwayedge

Asrequired

White10

54

4.54.5

convergence

Runwaythreshold

Runwayend

BidirectionalGreen

-

approach;Red

-runway;

105

44.5

4.5convergence

Factor0.130

forRed;

0.150for

Green.

Taxiwayedge:

StraightCurved

BidirectionalOmni-directional

BlueBlue

223

2360

64.5

3convergence

3Factor

0.022for

Blue

Touchdownzone

FloodlightWhite

1960

6Light

beamto

beprojected

ontouchdownzone.

Chapter 5. Visual Aids for Navigation 21

d visual approach slope indicator system;

e lighted wind direction indicator; and

I apron lighting.

5.6.1.4 In addition to the foregoing requirements, if astolport is designed for use in instrument meteorologicalconditions, the following facilities may be operationallynecessary:

a high-intensity approach lights;

b runway identification lights;

c touchdown zone lights; and

d stolport beacon.

5.6.2 Dangerous and confusing lights

Any light on or in the vicinity of a stolport that constitutesa danger to aircraft should be removed or modified toeliminate the source of danger. Any non-aviation groundlight located in the approach area of a stolport that mightcause confusion because of intensity, colour orconfiguration should be removed or modified to eliminatethe source of confusion. Ground lights of a stolport locatednear navigable waters should be installed so as not toconfuse mariners.

5.6.3 Light fixtures and supporting structures

Elevated approach light fixtures should be mounted onlightweight, frangible supporting structures. Elevatedrunway, threshold and taxiway lights should be sufficientlylow to clear aircraft components and should be frangiblymounted. The Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 4, givesguidance on frangibility of light fixtures and supportingstructures.

5.6.4 Light intensity and control

5.6.4.1 To allow for adjustment of light intensity tomeet prevailing conditions, intensity should becontrollable, with separate intensity controls provided toensure that the following systems can be operated atconsistent intensities:

a approach lighting system if provided;

c runway threshold lights;

d runway end lights; and

e touchdown zone lights if provided.

5.6.4.2 A high intensity lighting system should have anintensity control with 5 settings that control the percentageof light output as follows:

5.6.5 Stolport beacon

5.6.5.1 A stolport beacon should be provided exceptwhere deemed unnecessary in view of the requirements ofstolport air traffic, the prominence of the stolport againstits background and features of other visual aids that helplocate the stolport. Where provided, a stolport beaconshould be located on or adjacent to the stolport.

5.6.5.2 The upper angle elevation and the averageintensity of a stolport beacon will vary according to thestolport environment, but where used the light from thebeacon should normally show at all angles of azimuth andfrom an elevation of not more than 1 degree. An intensityof 50 000 candelas may be appropriate.

5.6.5.3 A stolport beacon should show alternatingwhite flashes at a frequency of at least 20 flashes perminute and should be coded with the International MorseCode letter S, to denote "Stolport".

5.6.6 Approach lighting system

5.6.6.1 The decision whether to provide an approachlighting system will depend on the location and environment of the stolport and on the approach slope angle. Ata decision height of 200 feet 60 m on a 6 degree approach,for example, the aeroplane would be about 580 m fromtouchdown and about 475 m from the threshold. If thevisibility limit for the approach was in the order of 800 m,the pilot would have the runway environment in sight.Guidance would be provided by runway threshold and edgelights possibly supplemented by runway identificationlights and visual approach slope indicator. Little of theapproach lighting system would be perceived. Nevertheless,at lesser angles of approach, where extraneous light

- setting 5:- setting 4:- setting 3:- setting 2:- setting 1:

100 per cent25 per cent5 per cent1 per cent0.2 per cent

b runway edge lights;

22 Stolport Manual

patterns may be confusing or where offset or segmentedcurved approach paths are used it may be advisable toprovide approach lighting.

5.6.6.2 Where an approach lighting system is providedit should be designed to give guidance day and night in themost adverse conditions and ambient light under which itis intended that the stolport remain usable.

5.6.6.3 A stolport approach lighting system shouldconsist of a row of lights on the extended runway centreline extending, whenever possible, over a distance of 300 mfrom the runway threshold with a row of lights forming acrossbar 30 m in length at a distance of 150 m from thethreshold see Figure 5-5.

5.6.6.4 The lights forming the crossbar should be in ahorizontal straight line at right angles to and bisected bythe extended runway centre line. The lights forming thecrossbar should be spaced to give a linear effect except thata gap not exceeding 6 m may be left on each side of thecentre line.

5.6.6.5 The lights forming the centre line should beplaced at longitudinal intervals of 15 m. The innermostlight should be located 15 m from the threshold.

5.6.6.6 The approach lighting system should lie in ahorizontal plane passing through the threshold, providedthat:

a no lights should be screened from approaching aircraft;and

b no object should protrude through the plane of theapproach lights within 60 m of the centre line. Wherethis is unavoidable, as in the case of an isolatednavigation aid, the object should be treated as anobstacle and marked and lighted accordingly.

5.6.6.7 The lights of an approach lighting systemshould be fixed white lights. Each centre line light shouldconsist of either:

a a single light source; or

b a barrette at least 3 m long.

5.6.6.8 Where identification of the stolport approachlighting system is difficult owing to surrounding lights orwhere the final approach path is offset or segmented,augmentation or substitution of the system by sequenceflashing runway lead-in lights may prove useful.

5.6.6.9 Where circling procedures or visual circuits areauthorized, the approach lights should show at all angles inazimuth necessary to conduct such procedures.

5.6.6.10 Installation tolerances for approach lightingsystems are given in Annex 14, Volume I, Attachment A,Section 11. These will need to be appropriately adjustedtaking into account the reduced light spacing used inrespect of stolports.

5.6.7 Visual approach slope indicator system

5.6.7.1 In short-field operations it is essential that thepilot follow an accurate approach path leading to theproper touchdown point for landing. Accordingly, theprecision instrument glide slope of a stolport runwayshould be augmented with a visual approach slopeindicator system PAPI or APAPI. When the runway isequipped with a precision approach, the siting and theangle of elevation of the light units should be such that thevisual approach slope conforms as closely as possible withthe glide path of the precision approach.

5.6.7.2 A stolport PAPI system should consist of awing bar of four sharp transition multi-lamp or pairedunits spaced equally. The system should be located on theleft side of the runway, unless it is impracticable to do sosee Figure 5-6.

5.6.7.3 A stolport APAPI system should consist of awing bar of two sharp transition multi-lamp or pairedunits, and located on the left side of the runway, unless itis impracticable to do so see Figure 5-6.

5.6.7.4 Where approach lights and runway markingand lights give insufficient roll guidance, a second wing baron the other side of the runway may be useful.

5.6.7.5 A wing bar of a PAP! should be made up sothat a pilot on approach will:

a when on or close to the approach slope, see the twounits nearest to the runway as red and the two unitsfarthest from the runway as white;

b when above the approach slope, see the one unit nearestto the runway as red and the three units farthest fromthe runway as white; and, when further above theapproach slope, see all the units as white; and

c when below the approach slope, see the three unitsnearest the runway as red and the one unit farthest fromthe runway as white; and, when further below theapproach slope, see all the units as red.

Chapter 5. Visual Aids for Navigation 23

_____

THRESHOLD THRESHOLD- A E

LCI

-1-0ElLC

E

0

0

0

6mXXO I I I I

max

030m

0

0

0

0

HH-SINGLE SOURCE BARRETTE

Figure 5-5. Stolport approach lighting system

24 Stolport Manual

5.6.7.6 A wing bar of an APAPI should be made upso that a pilot on approach will:

a when on or close to the approach slope, see the unitnearer the runway as red and the unit farther from therunway as white;

b when above the approach slope, see both units as white;and

c when below the approach slope, see both units as red.

5.6.7.7 The system should be suitable for both dayand night operations.

5.6.7.8 The colour transition from red to white in thevertical plane should appear to an observer, at a distanceof not less than 300 m, to occur up to a vertical angle ofnot more than 3’. At full intensity the red light should havea Y coordinate not exceeding 0.320. The light intensitydistribution of the light units should be as shown inFigure 5-7. Each light unit should be adjustable inelevation so that the lower limit of the white part of thebeam may be fixed at any desired angle between 4° 30’ and7° 30’ above the horizontal.

5.6.7.9 Deposits of extraneous substances like snow,ice, condensation or dirt on optically transmitting orreflecting surfaces should not affect the contrast betweenred and white or the elevation of the transition sector.

5.6.7.10 The aiming of light units is shown inFigure 5-8. Differential setting angles of 30’ are consideredadequate for approach slopes of 40 to 6°. Approach slopesgreater than 6° should be defined by differentials of onedegree to facilitate capture and steep-approach flyability.

5.6.7.11 The Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 4, givesadditional guidance on the characteristics of light units.

5.6.7.12 The angle of elevation settings of the lightunits in a PAPI wing bar should be such that, during anapproach, the pilot of an aircraft observing a signal of onewhite and three reds will clear all objects in the approacharea by a safe margin. The angle of elevation settings of thelight units in an APAPI wing bar should be such that,during an approach, the pilot of an aircraft observing onewhite and one red will clear all objects in the approach areaby a safe margin.

5.6.7.13 The system light units should be located inthe basic configuration depicted in Figure 5-6.

5.6.7.14 The units forming the wing bar should bemounted so as to appear to the pilot of an aircraft onapproach to be in a horizontal line. The light units shouldbe mounted as low as possible and should be sufficientlylight and frangible not to constitute a hazard to aircraft.

5.6.8 Runway lead-in Jights

Runway lead-in lights may be provided where other visualaids give insufficient guidance. A runway lead-in lightingsystem should extend from a point appropriate to theapproach path to a point where the runway environment isin view. Each group of lights of a runway lead-in systemshould consist of at least three flashing white lights in alinear or cluster configuration. The flashing lights in eachgroup should flash in sequence towards the runway. TheAerodrorne Design Manual, Part 4, gives guidance onproviding lead-in lighting systems.

5.6.9 Runway threshoJd identification lights

5.6.9.1 Runway threshold identification lights shouldbe provided at the threshold of a runway when additionalthreshold conspicuity is needed or where an approachlighting system is not provided.

5.6.9.2 Runway threshold identification lights shouldbe located in line with the threshold and approximately10 m outside each line of runway edge lights. They shouldbe flashing white lights with a frequency of between 60 and120 flashes per minute. The lights should be visible only inthe direction of approach to the runway.

5.6.10 Runway edge Jights

5.6. 10.1 Runway edge lights should be located alongthe full length of the runway in two parallel, straight linesequidistant from the centre line. The lights should belocated 1.5 m from the edge of the runway and thelongitudinal distance between lights should be no morethan 30 m. The lights on opposite sides of the runway axisshould be on lines at right angles to that axis.

5.6.10.2 To alleviate snow removal problems duringwinter maintenance, the light units may be located up to3 m from the runway edge and raised. The units, whenraised, should be no higher than 35 cm above ground levelat 1.5 in from the runway edge and 75 cm above groundlevel at 3 m from the runway edge. A minimum clearanceof 15 cm should be maintained between raised light unitsand any overhanging part of the critical aeroplane when itsmain wheels are at the edge of the runway.

Chapter 5. Visual Aids for Navigation 25

RUNWAY

-J

=CluJ=I-

‘1

-El B

TYPICAL PAPI WING BAR TYPICAL APAPI WING BAR

INSTALLATION TOLERANCES

a The distance D1 should ensure that the lowest height at whicha pilot will see a correct approach path indication will give thecritical aeroplane a wheel clearance over the threshold of notless than 3 m or the aeroplane eye-to-wheel height in theapproach attitude, whichever is greater.

b The distance D1 should equal the distance between thethreshold and the effective origin of the non-visual glide slope.

c The distanceD1 should compensatefor differences in elevationbetween the wing bar and the runway centre-line and threshold.

d Small height adjustments of up to 5 cm between units isacceptable as is a lateral gradient not greater than 1.25 per centapplied uniformly across the units.

e Provided the reduction in usable range is acceptable, a spacingof 6 m – 1 m between PAP! units may be used. In thiscase, the inner unit should be located 10 m – 1 m fromthe runway edge.

f The lateral spacing between APAPI units may be increased to9 m – I m for greater range or if later conversion to PAPIis anticipated. The inner unit should then be located 15 m– 1 m from the runway edge.

Figure 5-6. Siting of PAP! and APAPI

15 m– 1 m

Sm– 1 m

Sm1– 1 m

Sm– 1 m_

Corr.10/6/94

26 Stolport Manual

Note 1.- These curves are for minimum intensities in red light.

Note 2.- The intensity value in the white sector of the beam is no lessthan 2 and maybe as high as 6.5 times the corresponding intensity in thered sector.

Note 3.- The intensity values shown in brackets are for APAPI.

Figure 5-7. Light intensity and distribution of PAPI and APAPI

Degrees inelevation

4.543.532.52

0

Degrees in azimuth

Corr.10/6/94

Chapter 5. Visual Aids for Navigation 27

5.6.10.3 Runway edge lights should be fixed lightsshowing variable white except that:

a where the threshold is displaced, the runway edge lightsbetween the beginning of the runway and the displacedthreshold should show red in the approach direction;and

b the section of runway edge lights one-third of therunway length before the runway end may show yellow.

5.6.10.4 Runway edge lights should show at all anglesin azimuth necessary to provide guidance to a pilot landingor taking off in either direction. In all these angles ofazimuth, runway edge lights should show at angles ofelevation above the horizontal appropriate to the approachslope serving the stolport runway.

5.6.11 Runway threshold lights

5.6.11.1 The threshold of a stolport runway should beindicated by six light units, three on each side of the centreline. The lights should be symmetrically located about therunway centre line at right angles to the runway axis andno more than 1.5 m from the extremity of the runway. Theoutermost lights of the two groups should be located 1.5 moutside the extended line of the runway edge with theremaining lights spaced at 4.5 m from the outermost light.

5.6.11.2 Runway threshold lights should be fixedunidirectional lights showing green in the direction ofapproach. The light units should have angles of elevationabove the horizon appropriate to the approach slopeserving the stolport runway.

5.6.11.3 Where a runway threshold coincides with thebeginning of a stopway associated with the reciprocalrunway, the threshold should be lighted in accordance with5.6.12 below.

5.6.12 Displaced runway threshold lights

Where the stolport runway threshold is a displacedthreshold, it should be indicated by two wing barssymmetrically located on each side of the runway edgealong the displaced threshold. Each wing bar of displacedrunway threshold lights should consist of 3 green lightsspaced 4.5 m apart with the innermost light located in linewith the runway edge lights.

5.6.13 Runway end lights

5.6.13.1 The end of a stolport runway should beindicated by six light units, three on each side of the centreline. Runway end lights should he symmetrically locatedabout the runway centre line at right angles to the runwayaxis and no more than 1.5 m from the extremity of therunway. The outermost lights of the two groups should belocated 1.5 m outside the extended line of the runway edgewith the remaining lights spaced at 4.5 m from theoutermost light.

5.6.13.2 Runway end lights should be fixedunidirectional lights showing red in the direction oftake-off.

5.6.14 Combined runway threshold andrunway end lights

5.6.14.1 Where the runway threshold coincides withthe reciprocal runway end, combined runway thresholdand runway end lights may be used.

5.6.14.2 Combined runway threshold and runway endlights should be fixed bidirectional lights showing green inthe direction of approach and red in the direction of takeoff. The combined lights should be distributed about therunway threshold/end as described in 5.6.11.1.

5.6.14.3 The light units should have angles ofelevation above the horizon appropriate to the approachslope serving the stolport runway.

5.6.15 Stopway lights

5.6.15.1 Where a stopway is provided toaccommodate the accelerate-stop distance required in astolport’s operation, the stopway should be provided withedge lights and end lights. Stopway edge lights should beplaced along the length of the stopway in two rowscoincident with the rows of the runway edge lights.Stopway end lights should be placed across the end of astopway not more than 3 m outside the end.

5.6.15.2 Stopway lights should be fixed unidirectionallights showing red in the direction of the runway.

5.6.16 Runway touchdown zone lights

5.6.16.1 In view of the touchdown accuracy requiredfor STOL operations it is considered desirable to mark the

28 Stolport Manual

The height of the pilot’s eye above the ILS/MLS glide slope aerial varies with the type of aeroplaneand approach attitude. Harmonization of the PAPI signal and ILS/MLS glide slope to a point closerto the threshold may be achieved by increasing the on-slope sector from 30’ to 40’. The settingangles for a 6° glide slope would then be 5°10’, 5°40 6°20’ and 6°50’.

60 PAPI

60 APAPI

Figure 5-8. Light beams and angle of elevation setting of PAP! and APAPI

C30

50 5’

Corr.10/6/94

Chapter 5. Visual Aids for Navigation 29

touchdown zone with lights. A suitable method is theinstallation of a pair of white lights inset into the runwayto mark the end of the touchdown zone.

5.6.16.2 A floodlit touchdown zone may assist in theflare and touchdown accuracy of some aeroplane types andmay be used in addition to touchdown zone lights or as analternative. Where it is decided to provide floodlighting,the touchdown zone should be illuminated with threefloodlights on each side of the runway located laterally 6 mfrom the runway edge.

5.6.16.3 An average horizontal illuminance of 14 luxis considered adequate provided the uniformity ratioaverage to minimum is not more than 4 to 1. Theillumination intensities and beam dimensions shown inTable 5-1 should give that value.

5.6.17 Tnxiway and npron lighting

The specifications in Annex 14, Volume I, Chapter 5, fortaxiway edge lights, taxi-holding position lights and apronfloodlighting are considered suitable for stolports. Furtherguidance on apron floodlighting is given in the AerodromeDesign Manual, Part 4.

5.6.18 Aircrnft control of lighting

5.6.18.1 In some circumstances it may be desirable tohave stolport lighting controlled by aircraft radio. Thefollowing systems should be controllable:

a approach lights if provided;

b runway edge, threshold and end lights;

c taxiway lights;

d visual approach slope indicator;

e runway identification lights; and

I wind direction indicator.

Five microphone clicks: sets brightness to medium.

Seven microphone clicks: sets brightness to high.

The microphone clicks should occur within a five secondperiod.

Brightness refers to intensities set for various aids inaccordance with 5.6.4.1 and 5.6.4.2.

5.6.18.3 The stolport lighting system should turn offautomatically 15 minutes after the latest controltransmission.

5.7 SIGNS

5.7.1 Genernl

5.7.1.1 Signs may be provided at a stolport to giveinformation or instructions. The guidance on the sizes ofsigns, their inscriptions, methods of illumination, location,abbreviations commonly used and frangibility of signsgiven in the Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 4, isapplicable to signs at stolports.

5.7.1.2 A sign should be located as near to the edge ofthe pavement as possible. Signs should be lightweight andfrangibly designed and mounted sufficiently low topreserve clearance with any overhanging part of the criticalaeroplane.

5.7.1.3 Only mandatory signs on a movement areashould use the colour red for background. A sign shouldbe legible from the cockpit of an aircraft at the farthestpoint of viewing. Where signs are provided for movementareas, they should be lit so as to be legible at night froma distance of 240 m with the sign’s background colourreadily discernable.

5.7.2 Mandntory instruction signs

5.6.18.2 The radio control equipment should controlthe stolport lighting by decoding a series of radio signalsgenerated by the clicking of an aircraft radio transmittermicrophone. A procedure such as the following may beused.

Three microphone clicks: turns the stolport lighting onor, if already lighted, sets brightness to low.

5.7.2.1 A mandatory instruction sign should beprovided where it is intended to identify, by a sign, a pointbeyond which aircraft or vehicular traffic shall not proceedwithout stolport control tower authorization. Mandatoryinstruction signs should comprise taxiway/runwayintersection signs and NO ENTRY signs. A NO ENTRYsign should be located at the beginning of an area to whichentry is prohibited.

30 Stolport Manual

5.7.2.2 A taxi-holding position marking should besupplemented with a taxiway/runway intersection sign.Wherever possible, taxiway/runway intersection signs andNO ENTRY signs should be located on each side of ataxiway facing the direction of approach to the runway orprohibited area. Where for some reason only one sign isutilized it should be located on the left side as viewed by thepilot.

5.7.2.3 A mandatory instruction sign should consist ofa white inscription on a red background and should beilluminated when the stolport is designed for use at nightor in low visibility conditions. Where applicable, themandatory instruction sign inscriptions set forth inAnnex 14, Volume I, Chapter 5, 5.4.2.12 should be used.

5.7.3 Information signs

5.7.3.1 Given the compressed area and simplicity of atypical stolport, little use of information signs is foreseen.Where required, an information sign should conveyinformation such as a specific location or destination on amovement area. Whenever possible an information sign ona taxiway should be located on the left side of the taxiway.

5.7.3.2 An information sign should consist of eitherblack inscriptions on a yellow background or yellowinscriptions on a black background and should beilluminated when the stolport is designed for use at nightor in low visibility conditions.

5.8 MARKERS

5.8.1 General

Markers should be lightweight and frangibly mounted.Those located near a runway or taxiway should besufficiently low to preserve clearance with any overhangingpart of the critical aeroplane. Guidance on the frangibilityof markers is given in the Aerodrome Design Manual,Part 4.

5.8.2 Unpaved runway edge markers

5.8.2.1 It is advisable to use markers to delineate theusable limits of a runway when the runway surface isgravel, turf, ice, or snow-covered. If flat rectangularmarkers are used, they should measure at least 1 m wide by3 m long, and be placed with the longer dimension parallelto the runway centre line. If conical markers are used, theyshould not be more than 50 cm high.

5.8.2.2 Where runway edge lights are provided, themarkers should be part of the light fixtures. Where thereare no lights, markers of flat rectangular or conical shapeshould be located to delineate the runway limits clearly.

5.8.3 Edge markers for snow covered runways

5.8.3.1 When the limits of a snow covered runway arenot otherwise indicated, it is recommended that edgemarkers should be provided. Edge markers for snowcovered runways should be placed along the edges atintervals of not more than 100 m and far enough from thecentre line to not interfere with aircraft on the runway. Thethreshold and end of the runway should be marked.

5.8.3.2 Evergreen trees 1.2 m to 1.5 m high or otherconspicuous, lightweight markers are appropriate to beused as edge markers for snow covered runways.

5.8.4 Unpaved taxiway edge markers

S 8.4. 1 Where the limits of an unpaved taxiway arenot obvious, markers should be provided.

5.8.4.2 Where taxiway lights are provided, themarkers should be part of the light fixtures. Where thereare no lights, conical markers should be used to delimit thetaxiway clearly.

Chapter 6

Visual Aids for Denoting Obstacles

6.1 OBJECTS TO BE MARKED AND LIGHTED

6.1.1 The marking and lighting of objects is intendedto reduce hazards to aircraft by indicating the presence ofobstacles. It does not necessarily reduce operatinglimitations that may be imposed by an obstacle.

6.1.2 A fixed obstacle that extends above anapproach, transitional or take-off climb surface within3 000 m of the inner edge should be marked and lightedexcept that:

a such marking and lighting may be omitted when theobstacle is shielded by another fixed obstacle; and

b the marking may be omitted when the obstacle is lightedby day by high intensity obstacle lights.

6.1.3 A fixed obstacle above an inner horizontalsurface should be marked and lighted except that:

a such marking and lighting may be omitted when:

1 the obstacle is shielded by another fixed obstacle;

2 for an inner horizontal surface extensivelyobstructed by immovable objects or terrain, circlingprocedures have been established to ensure safevertical clearance below the circling flight paths; or

3 the appropriate authority determines that theobstacle has no operational significance; and

b the marking may be omitted when the obstacle is lightedby day by high intensity obstacle lights.

6.1.4 Mobile equipment and vehicles, other thanaircraft, on the movement area of a stolport are obstaclesand should be marked and lighted except that equipmentand vehicles used only on aprons may be exempt.

6.1.5 Elevated aeronautical ground lights within themovement area should be marked so as to be conspicuousby day.

6.1.6 All elevated objects within 26 m from the centreline of a taxiway should be marked and lighted.

6.1.7 All elevated objects within 24.5 m from thecentre line of an aircraft stand taxilane should be markedand lighted.

6.2 MARKING AND LIGHTING OF OBJECTS

Objects should be marked and lighted in accordance withAnnex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 6, 6.2 or 6.3 as applicable.

31

Chapter 7

Visual Aids for Denoting Restricted Use Areas

7.1 CLOSED RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY 7.3 MOVEMENT AREA UNSERVICEABILITYMARKING LIGHTING

7.1.1 Markings denoting a closed runway should be Closed runways, taxiways and unserviceable areas shouldplaced at each end of the runway and along the runway at be marked with steady burning red lights. The runway orintervals of not more than 300 m. taxiway lights of closed portions should be turned off and,

when the closed portion intersects a usable runway or7.1.2 Markings denoting a closed taxiway should be taxiway, unserviceability lights should be placed at

placed at each end of the taxiway or part of the taxiway intervals of not more than 3 m across entrances to thethat is closed, closed area. Unserviceable area lights should be placed at

intervals that will clearly delineate the unserviceable area.7.1.3 Closed runway and taxiway markings should be

painted on the surface if permanent but may be made ofother materials if the closing is temporary. The markingshould be in the form of an "X", each arm of whichshould be at least 6 m long and 0.9 m wide as shown in 7.4 PRE-THRESHOLD AREAFigure 7-1.

7.4.1 Where the surface leading to the runwaythreshold is paved but is not suitable for normal use byaircraft and exceeds 60 m in length, the entire pre-threshold

7.2 UNSERVICEABLE-AREA MARKING should be marked with yellow chevron markings.

Unserviceable portions of a manoeuvring area should be 7.4.2 The chevrons should be formed of yellow stripesconspicuously marked with devices like cones, flags or .1 m wide and should be set at an angle of 45 to themarker boards placed at intervals that clearly mark the

- . . . extended runway centre line see Figure 7.1.unserviceable area. Characteristics of unserviceable-areamarking devices are:

a a cone should be at least 0.5 m high;

b a flag should be at least 0.5 m square; 7.5 NON LOADBEARING SURFACE MARKING

c a marker board should be at least 0.5 m high and 0.9 m Shoulders and other non-loading bearing surfaces that arelong; and not obvious should have the boundaries between such areas

and the taxiway, holding bay or apron marked by solidd the foregoing devices should be red, orange or yellow or white lines 15 cm wide so that the outer edge of the line

one of these colours in combination with white. indicates the edge of the load-bearing surface.

32

Chapter 7. Visual Aids for Denoting Restricted Use Areas - 33

ccLUa:cC0-j0a:C/LUa:a:I-LUa:0

Figure 7-1. Pre-threshold area and closed runway markings

Chapter 8

Equipment and Installations

8.1 SECONDARY POWER SUPPLY

8.1.1 Secondary power should be provided by meansof a standby electrical generating unit or by a second,independent public utility source. However, where theprimary source of electrical power supply is sufficientlysafeguarded by duplicate power feeds, a secondary powersource or other suitable means, a standby power supplymay not be required.

8.1.2 Switch-over from normal power to secondarypower should occur automatically within 15 seconds ofinterruption or deterioration of the normal supply.

8.1.3 A secondary power supply should be provided,capable of supplying the power requirements of at least thestolport facilities listed below:

a the signalling lamp and the minimum lighting necessaryto enable air traffic services personnel to carry out theirduties;

b all obstacle lights which, in the opinion of theAppropriate Authority, are essential to ensure the safeoperation of aircraft;

c approach, runway and taxiway lighting;

d meteorological equipment;

e essential security lighting;

o essential equipment and facilities for the aerodromeresponding emergency agencies; and

g floodlighting on a designated isolated aircraft parkingposition if floodlighting is provided.

Annex 14, Volume I, Chapter 8, provides useful guidanceon specifications for secondary power supplies includingmaximum switch-over times.

8.1.4 Guidance on secondary power supply is given inthe Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 5.

8.2 MONITORING

A system of monitoring the visual aids should be employedto ensure lighting system reliability. Guidance onmonitoring is given in the Aerodrome Design Manual,Part 5.

8.3 FENCING

8.3.1 A stolport should be fenced or otherwiseprotected against the entrance to the movement area ofanimals that would be a hazard to aircraft, and to deter theaccess of unauthorized persons onto a non-public area.

8.3.2 Ground installations and facilities essential toaviation safety located off a stolport should be protectedagainst unauthorized access.

8.3.4 A fence or other means should separate themovement area and other facilities or zones on the stolportessential to safe operations from areas open to the public.

8.4 SITING AND CONSTRUCTION OFEQUIPMENT AND INSTALLATIONS ON

OPERATIONAL AREAS

8.4.1 Unless required to be there for air navigation, noequipment or installation should be:

a on a runway strip, a taxiway strip or within 26 m of ataxiway other than an aircraft stand taxilane if it wouldendanger an aircraft; or

b on a clearway if it would endanger an aircraft in the air.

34

Chapter 8. Equipment and Installations 35

8.4.2 Any air navigation equipment or installationthat must be located on a taxiway strip or within 26 m ofa taxiway centre line should be regarded as an obstacle andshould be of minimum mass and height, frangibly designedand sited to reduce hazards to a minimum. Any airnavigation equipment or installation that must be locatedon a runway strip and which:

a is within 45 m of the runway centre line; or

b penetrates the transitional surface

should be of minimum mass and height, frangibly designedand sited to reduce hazards to a minimum. Guidance on thefrangible design of navigation aids is given in the AirportServices Manual, Part 6.

8.5 STOLPORT VEHICLE OPERATION

Guidance on aerodrome vehicle operation is contained inAnnex 14, Volume 1, Attachment A, Section 18.

Chapter 9

Emergency and Other Services

9.1 STOLPORT EMERGENCY PLANNING

9.1.1 To prepare a stolport to cope with anemergency, stolport planners should use the specificationsin Annex 14, Volume I, Chapter 9, and the emergencyplanning guidance contained in the Airport ServicesManual, Part 7, to develop a stolport emergency plancommensurate with aircraft operations and other activities.

9.1.2 A stolport emergency plan should provide forthe actions to be taken in an emergency occurring at thestolport or in its vicinity. The plan should co-ordinate theresponse or participation of all agencies that could assist inresponding to an emergency. There should be a procedureestablished for testing a stolport emergency plan with aview to improvement. Where a stolport is encompassed ina larger aerodrome the stolport emergency plan should beincorporated in the aerodrome emergency plan.

9.2 RESCUE AND FIRE FIGHTING

9.2.1 A stolport should be provided with appropriaterescue and fire fighting equipment services, the primaryobjective of which is to save lives in the event of an aircraftaccident or fire at the stolport. This objective would be metby making a fire-free escape route for the evacuation orrescue of passengers and crew. A secondary objective is toprotect property by containing or extinguishing fireresulting from an aircraft accident.

9.2.2 Rescue and fire fighting services should alsohave a standby function, coming to a high state ofreadiness when an in-flight emergency is declared. Stolportoperators should be guided on rescue and fire fightingequipment and services by the specifications in Annex 14,Volume I, Chapter 9, and the material in Annex 14,Volume I, Attachment A, Section 17, and the AirportServices Manual, Part 1.

9.3 DISABLED AIRCRAFT REMOVAL

A stolport emergency plan should include a plan forremoving a disabled aircraft that is on or adjacent to themovement area. Guidance on removal of a disabledaircraft is given in the Airport Services Manual, Part 5.

9.4 MAINTENANCE

9.4.1 A maintenance programme, includingpreventive maintenance should be established at a stolportto maintain facilities in a condition that does not impairsafety, regularity or efficiency of air operations.

9.4.2 A maintenance programme developed inaccordance with Annex 14, Volume I, Chapter 9, and usingthe following guidance would be suitable for a stolport.

a Guidance on the maintenance of shoulders is containedin Annex 14, Volume I, Attachment A, Section 8, andin the Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 2.

b Guidance on maintenance of a runway surface topreclude harmful irregularities is given in Annex 14,Volume I, Attachment A, Section 5.

c Guidance on evaluating the friction characteristics isgiven in Annex 14, Volume I, Attachment A, Section 7,and in the Airport Services Manual, Part 2.

d Guidance on assessing and expressing braking action inconditions of snow or ice is given in Annex 14,Volume I, Attachment A, Section 6.

e Guidance on improving braking action and on theclearing of runways is given in the Airport ServicesManual, Part 2.

f Guidance on suitable chemicals for removing orpreventing frost or ice on pavements is given in theAirport Services Manual, Part 2.

36

Chapter 9. Emergency and Other Services 37

9.4.3 A system of preventive maintenance of visual Guidance on preventive maintenance of visual aids is givenaids should be employed to ensure lighting and marking in the Airport Services Manual, Part 9.system reliability. The preventive maintenance system forvisual aids should ensure serviceability at any time of atleast 85 per cent of:

9.5 BIRD HAZARD CONTROLa approach lights where provided;

A stolport operator should institute a method ofb runway threshold lights; controlhng birds that constitute a hazard to aircraft

operations. Guidance on bird hazard control is given in thec runway edge lights; Airport Services Manual, Part 3.

d runway end lights; and

e stopway lights where provided.9.6 APRON MANAGEMENT SERVICE

Continuity of guidance requires that an unserviceable lightshould not be permitted next to another unserviceable Where volume of traffic and operating conditions warrant,light. an appropriate stolport apron management service should

be provided. Guidance on an apron management service is9.4.4 The preventive maintenance system for visual given in the Airport Services Manual, Part 8, and in the

aids should have the objective that, during operations in Manual of Surface Movement Guidance and ControlIFR conditions, all lights specified in 9.4.3 are serviceable. Systems Doc 9476.

Appendix A

Definitions

When the following terms are used in this manual they havethe following meanings:

Aerodrome. A defined area of land or water including anybuildings, installations, and equipment intended to beused either wholly or in part for the arrival, departureand surface movement of aircraft.

Aeronautical ground light. Any light specially provided asan aid to air navigation, other than a light displayed onan aircraft.

Aeroplane reference field length. The minimum fieldlength required for take-off at maximum certificatedtake-off mass, sea level, standard atmosphericconditions, still air and zero runway slope, as shown inthe appropriate aeroplane flight manual prescribed bythe certificating authority or equivalent data from theaeroplane manufacturer. Field length means balancedfield length for aeroplanes, if applicable, or take-offdistance in other cases.

Aircraft stand. A designated area on an apron intended tobe used for parking an aircraft.

Apron. A defined area, on a stolport, intended toaccommodate aircraft for purposes of loading orunloading passengers, mail or cargo, fueffing, parkingor maintenance.

Balanced field length. A field length where the distance toaccelerate and stop is equal to the take-off distance ofan aircraft experiencing an engine failure at the criticalengine failure speed.

Barrette. Three or more aeronautical ground lights closelyspaced in a transverse line so that, from a distance, theyappear as a short bar of light.

Bearing strength. The structural ability of a surface tosupport loads imposed by aeroplanes.

Circling procedure. The visual manoeuvring required aftercompletion of an instrument approach procedure.

Clearway. A defined rectangular area on the ground orwater under the control of the appropriate authorityselected or prepared as a suitable area over which anaeroplane may make a portion of its climb to a specifiedheight.

Displaced threshold. A threshold not located at theextremity of a runway.

Effective intensity. The effective intensity of a flashinglight is equal to the intensity of a fixed light of the samecolour which will produce the same visual range underidentical conditions of observation.

Fixed light. A light having constant luminous intensitywhen observed from a fixed point.

Frangibility. A characteristic of an object to retain itsstructural integrity and stiffness up to a desiredmaximum load, but on impact from a greater load, tobreak, distort or yield in such a manner as to present theminimum hazard to aircraft.

Hazard beacon. An aeronautical beacon used to designatea danger to air navigation.

Holding bay. A defined area where aircraft can be held, orbypassed to facilitate efficient surface movement ofaircraft.

IFR. Instrument Flight Rules.

Instrument runway. One of the following types of runwaysintended for the operation of aircraft using instrumentapproach procedures:

a Non-precision approach runway. An instrumentrunway served by visual aids and a non-visual aidproviding at least directional guidance adequate fora straight-in approach.

b Precision approach runway. An instrument runwayserved by a precision non-visual aid and visual aids

39

40 Stolport Manual

intended for operations down to a decision heightand runway visual range appropriate to the aircraftperformance and the characteristics of the stolport.

Manoeuvring area. That part of a stolport to be used forthe take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, excludingaprons.

Marking. A symbol or group of symbols displayed on thesurface of a movement area in order to conveyaeronautical information.

Movement area. That part of a stolport to be used for thetake-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, consisting ofthe manoeuvring area and the apron.

Obstacle. All fixed whether temporary or permanent andmobile objects, or parts thereof, that are located on anarea intended for the surface movement of aircraft, orthat extend above a defined surface intended to protectaircraft in flight.

Precision approach runway. See Instrument runway.

Runway. A defined rectangular area on a stolport preparedfor the landing and take-off of aeroplanes.

Runway strip. A defined rectangular area including therunway and stopway, if provided, intended to reducethe risk of damage to aircraft running off a runway andto protect aircraft flying over it during landing ortake-off.

Shoulder. An area adjacent to the edge of a pavementprepared so as to provide a transition between thepavement and the adjacent surface.

Stolport design aeroplane. An aeroplane whose size andperformance are typicai of the aeroplanes a stolport isintended to serve and whose characteristics are thecriteria to be applied in design of a stolport.

Stopway. A defined rectangular area on the ground at theend of take-off run available prepared as a suitable areain which an aircraft can be stopped in case of anabandoned take-off.

Taxi holding position. A designated position at whichtaxiing aircraft and other vehicles may be required tohold in order to provide adequate clearance from arunway.

Taxiway. A defined path on a stolport established foraircraft taxiing and intended to provide a link betweenone part of the stolport or another.

Taxiway strip. An area including a taxiway intended toprotect an aircraft operating on the taxiway and toreduce the risk of damage to an aircraft accidentallyrunning off the taxiway.

Threshold. The beginning of that portion of the runwayusable for landing.

Touchdown zone. The portion of the runway, beyond thethreshold, where it is intended landing aeroplanes firstcontact the runway.

Usability factor. The percentage of time during which theuse of a runway is not restricted because of thecrosswind component.

Appendix B

Aeroplane Types

Table 1 contains a list of some aeroplanes whoseperformance may be suitable for stolport operations. Itshould be noted that stolport operations may depend notonly on an aeroplane’s reference field length but also on itsability to achieve certain departure climb and approachangles.

41

TABLE

1

GrossNo.

WingWheel

GearAeroplane

take-offof

Lengthspan

Heightbase

trackdesignation

massKg

pass.m

mm

mm

Remarks

AN7434

50040

28.0731.89

8.75STOL

performance

AP68TP-6002850

910.85

12.03.64

3.512.17

T.O.to

50’-460

mLdg

from50’

-500

m

Beech1300

7530

1917.63

16.64.55

7.265.23

TO.

to50’

-991

mLdg

from50’

-774

m

BN2B2993

910.86

14.944.18

3.993.61

T.O.to

50’-

371m

Ldgfrom

50’-299

m

CASA212-3007700

2816.2

20.286.3

5.553.1

T.O.to

50’-782

mLdg

from50’

-519

m

CL215T19

86826

19.8228.6

8.987.23

5.28T.O.

to50’Land

-703

mLdg

from50’Land

-768

m

CN23514

40044

21.3525.81

8.186.9

3.9TO.

to35’

-687

mLdg

from50’

-585

m

DH6-3005670

2015.77

19.815.94

4.533.7

T.O.to

50’-360

mLdg

from50’

-457

m

DH7-10019

95850

24.5428.35

7.988.38

7.16T.O.

to50’

-688

mLdg

from35’

-594

m

D0228-2005700

1916.56

16.974.86

6.293.3

T.O.to

50’-750

mLdg

from50’

-620

m

HARBIN

‘1-12115300

1714.86

17.235.57

4.73.6

1.0.to

50’-425

mLdg

from50’

-500

m

LETL41OUVP-E

6400

1914.4

19.985.83

3.673.65

T.0.to

35’-686

mLdg

from30’

-480

m

LETL610

14000

4021.42

25.67.6

6.64.59

BalancedField

-875

mLdg

from30’

-545

m

NALASUKA

38700

33.1530.6

10.179.33

4.4QSTOL

Developmentaeroplane.

Aeroplanedesignation

Grosstake-offmass

Kg

No.ofpass.

Lengthm

Wingspanin

Heightm

Wheelbasem

Geartrackm

Remarks

PZLAN28

6500

1713.1

22.04.9

4.353.4

T.O.to

35’-360

mLdg

from50’

-315

m

SKYTRADERSCOUT

4536

1612.8

16.85.8

T.O.to

50’-305

mLdg

run-290

m

SKYTRADER

14005896

1914.9

16.85.8

T.O.to

50’-466

mLdg

run-

165m

STARSHIP6350

1014.05

16.63.7

6.75.1

TO.

to50’

-628

mLdg

from50’

-963

rn

1I

Bibliography

The DeHavilland Aircraft of Canada, Limited, International Civil Aviation Organization - Annex 14 toDownsview, Ontario - A Guide to STOL Transportation the Convention on International Civil Aviation,System Planning. January 1970 Aerodromes, Volume I - Aerodrome Design and

Operations, First Edition. July 1990Transport Canada, Air, Air Navigation SystemsRequirements Branch - Stolport Standards and David L. Kohlman - Introduction to V/STOL Airplanes,Recommended Practices TP4885E - First Edition. May Iowa State University Press/Ames 19811985

U.S.A. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation John W.R. Taylor - Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft,Administration - Utility Airports AC150/5300 - 4B 1988-89, Jane’s Information Group, Ltd. 1988

-END-

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