stone dust & rubber

7/23/2019 Stone Dust & Rubber

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EFFECT OF RECYCLED TYRE & RUBBER AS

COARSE AGGREGATE & STONE DUST AS

FINE AGGREGATE IN CEMENT CONCRETE

WORKS

DISSERTATION

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE

OF

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

inCIVIL ENGINEERING

(Structures)

By

BHANU PRATAP SINGH

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY

LUCKNOW(INDIA)

20!



CONTENTS

Title Page No.

CERTIFICATE "ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACTS

CONTENTS

L!ST O" TABLES

L!ST O" "!G#RE

L!ST O" P$OTOGRAP$S

. !NTROD#CT!ON. Ge%eral

.& $istorical Bac'grou%

. A**licatio%s

.+ T,esis La-out

& L!TERAT#RE RE!EW

&. !%trouctio%

&.& Mortar Materials

MATER!ALS STANDERED PROPERT!ES

. !%trouctio%

.& Material C,aracteristics

.&. Ce/e%t

.&.& Grit

.&.&. Co%crete Co/*ressi0e Stre%gt,

.&. Sa%

.&.+ Sto%e Dust

+. TEST PROGRAMME

+. Co%crete

+.& Co%crete Cu1e

+. Pro*ortio%i%g o2 Co%crete Mi3

ii



+.+ Co%crete Cu1es

+.4 Co%crete #%its

+.5 S*eci/e% Pre*aratio%

+.5. Co%crete

+.5.& Co%crete #%its

+.6 Testi%g Proceure

+.6. Co%crete

+.6.. Co%crtete C,aracteristics

+.6..& Co/*ressi0e Stre%gt, Test

+.6.& Co%crete Cu1e s*eci/e%s

+.6.&. Testi%g Co/*ressi0e Stre%gt,+.6. Co%crete u%its

+.6.. Co/*ressi0e Stre%gt,

+.6..& "actor 2or ca*acit- o2 Co%crete

4. TEST RES#LTS

4. Be,a0ior o2 Co%crete

4.. Co/*ressi0e Stre%gt,

4..& Discussio%

4.& Be,a0ior o2 Co%crete #%its

4.&. Co/*ressi0e Stre%gt,

4.&.& Discussio%

5. COMPARAT!E ST#D7

5. !%trouctio%

5.& Co/*ariso% o2 8uarr- Dust a% Sto%e Dust i% Mortar

5. Discussio%

6. CONCL#S!ONS AND RECOMMENDAT!ONS

6. Co%clusio%s

RE"ERENCES

iii



LIST OF TABLE

T#$% N' D*+i,-i'n P#. N'

. Pro*erties o2 Ce/e%ts

.& Pro*erties o2 grit

. Sie0e A%al-sis o2 Di22ere%t T-*e o2 Sa%

&.+ Sie0e A%al-sis o2 Di22ere%t T-*e o2 Sto%e Dust

+. Pro*ortio%s use i% t,e E3*eri/e%ts

2or co%crete /i3

4. A0erage Co/*ressi0e Stre%gt, at 6 a-s

4.& A0erage Co/*ressi0e Stre%gt, at &9 a-s

4. Co/*ressi0e Stre%gt, 2or co%crete #%its

4.+ alues 2or Di22ere%t co%crete #%its

5.. alues 2or Di22ere%t co%crete #%its

i0



LIST OF FIGURE

Fi. N' D*+i,-i'n P#. N'

Co/*ressi0e stre%gt, o2 Co%crete cu1es ratio :.4: ;it,

res*ect < o2 sa% at + a-s.

Co/*ressi0e stre%gt, o2 Co%crete cu1es ratio :.4: ;it,

res*ect < o2 sa% at &9 a-s.

Co/*ressi0e stre%gt, 0ariatio% o2 Co%creter cu1es ratio

:.4: ;it, res*ect < o2 sto%e ust su1stitute to sa% at +

a-s.

Co/*ressi0e stre%gt, 0ariatio% o2 Co%crete cu1es ratio

:.4: ;it, res*ect < o2 sto%e ust su1stitute to sa% at

&9a-s.

Co/*ressi0e stre%gt, 0ariatio% o2 Co%crete ratio :.4: ;it,

res*ect < o2 sto%e ust su1stitute to sa% a% < t-re

su1stitute to grit at + a-s.

Co/*ressi0e stre%gt, 0ariatio% o2 Co%crete ratio :.4: ;it,

res*ect < o2 sto%e ust su1stitute to sa% a% < t-re

su1stitute to grit at &9 a-s.

0



LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

P%#- N' D*+i,-i'n P#. N'

Di22ere%t T-*es o2 Material

& Sto%e ust a% t-re t,ro;% as ;aste

S*eci/e%s rea- 2or Testi%g(Co%creter Cu1es)

+ S*eci/e%s rea- 2or Testi%g(Co%crete)

4 Testi%g o2 Co%crete

5 Testi%g o2 Co%crete Cu1es

6 Testi%g o2 Co%crete

9 Cu1e a2ter co/*lete "ailure i% co/*ressio%

= Co%crete a2ter co/*lete "ailure i% co/*ressio%

0i



DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY

LUCKNOW(INDIA)

CERTIFICATE

T,is is to certi2- t,at t,e Dissertatio% e%title >EFFECT OF

RECYCLED TYRE & RUBBER AS COARSE AGGREGATE &

STONE DUST AS FINE AGGREGATE IN CEMENT CONCRETE

WORKS/ W,ic, is 1ei%g su1/itte 1- M+ B#n1 P+#-#, Sin.

(2003002) i% *artial 2ul2ill/e%t o2 t,e a;ar o2 Degree o2

M#-+ '4 T*n'%'.5 i% S-+1*-1+ o2 t,e !%tegral #%i0ersit-?Luc'%o;? is a recor o2 ,is o;% carrie out 1- ,i/ u%er /-

su*er0isio% a% guia%ce. T,e /atter e/1oie i% t,e

issertatio% ,as %ot 1ee% su1/itte 2or t,e a;ar o2 a%- ot,er

Degree or Di*lo/a.

(S#$iA67)

$.O.D?

De*art/e%t o2 Ci0il

E%gi%eeri%g? !%tegral

#%i0ersit-?Luc'%o;?#.P.

0ii



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

"or Al/ig,t- Go? t,e O/%iscie%t a% O/%i*ote%t? is all *raise.

$e is t,e Creator? C,eris,er a% Sustai%er o2 t,e Worl. $is e0er

;atc,2ul grace $o;@s to all ,is creatures? *rotecti%g t,e/?

*reser0i%g t,e/? guii%g t,e/ a% leai%g t,e/ to clear lig,t a%

,ig,er li2e.

!t is /- ut- to e3*ress /- si%cere a% grate2ul t,a%'s to

/- su*er0isor E+ S#$i A67 ($.O.D? Ci0il E%gi%eeri%g

De*art/e%t)? ;,o s*are /e a goo eal o2 ,is e3tre/el- *recious ti/e gi0i%g /e ,el*2ul guia%ce t,roug,out t,e

course o2 t,is ;or'. $is i%tellectual? /oral? s*iritual c,aracter

,as 1ee% a great source o2 i%s*iratio% 2or /e. Wit,out ,is sage

a0ice a% co%structi0e criticis/s? t,is ;or' coul %ot ,a0e ta'e%

s,a*e.

! /ust %ot o/it t,is o**ortu%it- to s,o; /- ee*est

i%e1te%ess to /- 2a/il- a% 2rie% ;it,out ;,ose care a%

su**ort ! ;oul ,a0e 1ee% %ot,i%g. B- %o /ea%s ca% *a- t,e/ 1ac' t,e 2a0ors t,e- ,a0e o%e to /e.

(B$AN# PRATAP S!NG$)

0iii



OBECT!E: T,e /ai% o1ecti0e o2 t,is issertatio% is

a) #se o2 ;aste /aterials /a'i%g co%crete or Gree% Co%crete.

1) "i% t,e /a3i/u/ stre%gt, o2 co%crete a2ter /i3i%g o2 <sto%e

Dust as 2i%e aggregate i% co%crete.

c) E3a/i%e t,e e22ects o2 i%creasi%g t,e coarse aggregate re*lace/e%t

*erce%tage ;it, rec-cle tire c,i*s o% co%crete 2res, *ro*erties?

co/*ressi0e stre%gt,? s*litte%sio%? 2le3ural stre%gt,? *er/ea1ilit- a%

2reeet,a; resista%ce? a% eter/i%e a% o*ti/u/ re*lace/e%t *erce%tage

o2 coarse aggregate ;it, rec-cle tire c,i*s 2or *a0e/e%t co%crete

/i3tures..

i3



ABSTRACT

T,e *rese%t i%0estigatio% ai/s i% t,e stu- o2 *ro*erties o2 co%crete i% ;,ic,sto%e ust is use as a *artial re*lace/e%t 2or %atural sa% a% *artial

re*lace/e%t o2 t-re o2 sie +.6 to FF // 2or coarse aggregate 1- ;eig,t 2or co%crete.

Sto%e ust is re*lace at re*lace/e%t le0els o2 F<? &F<? &4<? F<? 4<a% +F<.

A set o2 5 %u/1ers o2 co%crete cu1es ;ere co%structe ;it, ce/e%t Co%creteratio :.4:&? ? 5 %u/1ers cu1e i% eac, ratio? 2i%e aggregate 1ei%g ri0er sa%a% 4F /icro% 2ree sto%e ust ;it, re*lace/e%t le0els o2 &F<?&4<?F<?4< a% +F< i% eac, ratio i.e. su1stituti%g %atural ri0er sa%.

A2ter t,is F< sto%e ust re*lace t,e sa% cu1e gi0es /a3 stre%gt,? t,e%

re*lace coarse aggregate as t-re a1out &<?4<?F< a% c,ec'i%g stre%gt,.!% t,e i%0estigatio% 5 %u/1ers o2 sta%ar cu1es ;ere co%structe usi%gstre%gt, Nl//& ;it, ce/e%t co%crete. ratio :.4:? 5 %u/1ers i% eac, ratio?2i%e aggregate 1ei%g ri0er sa% a% 4F /icro% 2ree sto%e ust ;it,re*lace/e%t le0els o2 F<? F<? &F<? 4<? a% +F< i% eac, ratio i.e.su1stituti%g %atural ri0er sa%. 2i%e aggregate ;it, co%crete ratios areco/*are ;it, allo;a1le co/*ressi0e stre%gt, reuire/e%ts o2 co%cretes*eci2ie 1- !S 45=4=.

T,e i%0estigatio% i%icates t,at t,e sto%e ust ca% re*lace %atural sa% *artiall- i% co%crete ;it, ,ig,er or sa/e stre%gt, a% c,ea*er cost. All a

co/*ariso% 1et;ee% Sto%e ust as su1stitute to %atural ri0er sa% a% t-re assu1stitute to grit.

Ke-;ors:OPC ce/e%t? Coarse Sa%? Sto%e Dust? T-re sie +.64 to F//

3



Chapter -1

In-+'71*-i'n

Gn+#%

Sa% collecte 2ro/ Aeolia% e*osit is e3*e%si0e ue to u%;a%te cost o2 tra%s*ortatio% 2ro/ %atural sources. Large scale e3*loitatio% o2 %atural sa% createse%0iro%/e%tal i/*act o% societ-. Ri0er sa% is /ost co//o%l- use 2i%e aggregate i%co%crete 1ut ue to acute s,ortage i% /a%- areas? a0aila1ilit-? cost He%0iro%/e%tal i/*act are t,e /aor co%cer%. To o0erco/e 2ro/ t,is crisis? *artialre*lace/e%t o2 sa% ;it, sto%e ust ca% 1e a% eco%o/ic alter%ati0e. !% e0elo*i%gcou%tries li'e !%ia? uarr- ust ,as 1ee% ra/*a%tl- use i% i22ere%t co%structio%

*ur*oses 1ut re*lace/e%t tec,%olog- ,as e/erge as a% i%%o0ati0e e0elo*/e%t toci0il e%gi%eeri%g /aterial.

Grit collecte 2ro/ /ou%tai%s is also e3*a%si0e ue to u%;a%te cost o2 tra%s*ortatio%2ro/ %atural sources. Co%crete is o%e o2 t,e /ost *o*ular co%structio% /aterials. Due tot,is 2act? t,e co%structio% i%ustr- is al;a-s tr-i%g to i%crease its uses a% a**licatio%s a%i/*ro0i%g its *ro*erties ? ;,ile reuci%g cost. T,e o1ecti0e o2 t,is e3*eri/e%tal stu- isto test t,e *ro*erties o2 co%crete ;,e% rec-cle ru11er 2ro/ auto/oti0e t-res is use as a

*artial aggregate. Test s,oul 1e ta'e% to co%crete s*eci/e%s co%tai%s &<? 4<?F<su1stitutio% o2 u%' t-re ru11er as a %atural aggregate. T,e re*lace/e%t o2 coarse aggregate

1- u%' ru11er i% co%crete ,as resulte i% reuce co/*ressi0e stre%gt,s a% e%sities. T,ereuctio%s i% co/*ressi0e stre%gt, a% e%sit- e*e%e o% t,e a/ou%t o2 ru11er ae.

T,e use o2 suc, /aterials %ot o%l- results i% co%ser0atio% o2 %atural resources 1ut also,el*s i% /ai%tai%i%g goo e%0iro%/e%tal co%itio%s. T,e i%a1ilit- o2 t,e %ature to re*laceit a% i%creasi%g *ressures 2ro/ local 1oies? to *rotect t,e e%0iro%/e%t? eit,er re*lace/e%t or su1stitutio% 2or sa% a% grit is ;arra%te uri%g t,is ecae a% 2or 2uture.

Due to ra*i gro;t, i% co%structio% acti0it-? t,e co%su/*tio% o2 co%crete is i%creasi%ge0er- -ear. T,is results i% e3cessi0e e3tractio% o2 %atural ri0er sa%. T,e use o2 t,e /aterialis 1ei%g co%strai%e 1- ur1a%iatio%? o%i%g regulatio%s? i%crease cost a% e%0iro%/e%talco%cer%. T,us? it is 1eco/i%g i%e0ita1le to use alter%ati0e /aterials i% co%crete ;aste/aterial li'e sto%e ust? t-re etc.

!%ia ,as ta'e% /aor i%itiati0e o% e0elo*i%g t,e i%2rastructures suc, as e3*ress ,ig,;a-s? *o;er *roects a% i%ustrial structures etc.to /eet t,e reuire/e%ts o2 glo1aliatio%. !%t,e co%structio% o2 1uili%gs a% ot,er structures co%crete *la- rig,t2ul role a% a largeua%tu/ o2 co%crete is 1ei%g utilie. Coarse aggregate? ;,ic, is o%e o2 t,e co%stitue%t



use i% t,e *rouctio% o2 co%0e%tio%al co%crete ,as 1eco/e ,ig,l- e3*e%si0e a% alsoscarce. !% t,e 1ac'ro* ?t,ere is large e/a% 2or alter%ati0e /aterials 2ro/ ;astes. Wastet-re u/*i%g or is*osal o2 t,ese /aterials causes e%0iro%/e%tal a% ,ealt, *ro1le/s.Waste t-re /a%age/e%t is a serious glo1al co%cer%. Millio%s o2 ;aste t-res are ge%eratea% stoc' *ile e0er- -ear? o2te% i% a% u%co%trolle /a%%er? causi%g a /aor e%0iro%/e%tal

*ro1le/. As t-res are ura1le a% %ot %aturall- 1ioegraa1le ?t,e- re/ai% i% u/* sites;it, little egraatio% o0erti/e? *rese%ti%g a co%ti%ui%g e%0iro%/e%tal ,aar. T,ere2ore?rec-cli%g o2 ;aste /aterials *la-s a 0ital role i% co%crete T-re ;astes i%creasi%g a%%uall-?

1ecause %o;aa-s /otor 0e,icle usage is ra*il- i%crease. Waste t-re 2ro/ 0e,icle isuse 2or 0arious *rocess li'e retari%g a% ot,er ;or's etc.? T,ese t-*e o2 t-res s,reeto use s,a*e li'e a coarse aggregate to re*lace coarse aggregate *artiall- i% t,is *rocess.!% t,is scra* t-re ru11er /oi2ie co%crete is ter/e as Ru11erie co%crete. T,e *u1lic?go0er%/e%ts a% i%ustr- are all greatl- i%tereste i% gree% esig% a% e%gi%eeri%ga**roac,es to;ars 1etter e%0iro%/e%tal ualit- a% sustai%a1le e0elo*/e%t. At t,e sa/eti/e? t,ese stuies ca% ,el* *roucers to ta'e co%ser0ati0e actio% ai/e at /a'i%g t,ee%0iro%/e%tal i/*act less ,ar/2ul. A% e/ergi%g use is t,e *rouctio% o2 co%crete? i%

;,ic, u%' t-re ru11er *articles *artiall- re*lace %atural aggregates. T,is ,as t,e aitio%ala0a%tage o2 sa0i%g i% %atural aggregates use i% t,e *rouctio% o2 co%crete ;,ic, are 1eco/i%g i%creasi%gl- scarce. T,is e3*eri/e%t i%0estigate a ;ie ra%ge o2 *,-sical a%/ec,a%ical *ro*erties o2 co%crete co%tai%i%g rec-cle t-re aggregates assess its suita1ilit-as a co%structio% /aterial.

T,e i%2lue%ce 2actors suc, as ru11er aggregate co%te%t a% sie? as ;ell as curi%g ti/e ;asalso co%siere. T,e ua%tities o2 co%crete *rouce ;orl;ie 2or suc, a**licatio%s coule%sure t,e 0ia1ilit- o2 t,is *rouct. T,ere2ore? t,is t-*e o2 co%crete s,o;s *ro/ise 2or

1eco/i%g a% aitio%al sustai%a1le solutio% 2or t-re ru11er ;aste /a%age/e%t.

S-'n 71-

&



Q1#++5 #n7

Di44+n- T5, '4 M#-+i#%

Fi.1+ 8 Ru11er Sa/*les (Be2ore Cutti%g) Figure 2: Chipped Rubber Samples

Di44+n- T5, '4 M#-+i#%



2 Hi-'+i*#% B#*9.+'1n7

STONE DUST!% orer to co%uct t,is stu- ste*s li'e 2iel o1ser0atio%? ata collectio%?

a%al-sis? la1orator- test? eco%o/ic co%sieratio%? ;aste /i%i/iatio% *ractices etc.

/easures are /easure. "or 2iel o1ser0atio% e3te%si0e site 0isit is co%ucte i%clui%gie%ti2icatio% o2 t,e *ositio% o2 *ast? *rese%t a% 2uture co%itio% o2 t,e area? e3tractio%o2 a% o0erall 0ie; o% t,e li2e o2 la1ors? t,eir eco%o/ic status? e/*lo-/e%t o**ortu%it-?%u/1er o2 la1ors ;or'i%g? eco%o/ic 0alue o2 sa% a% sto%e ust. Data is actuall-collecte 1ase o% sur0e-? i%ter0ie;i%g? case stuies etc.

Locatio% is 0isite se0eral ti/es to '%o; t,e e3isti%g co%itio%. Di22ere%t la1orator- testssuc, as grai% sie a%al-sis? %or/al Co%siste%c-? "i%e%ess? a% i%itial Setti%g ti/e? "i%alSetti%g ti/e etc. 2or i22ere%t co%crete ,a0e 1ee% co%ucte? ;,ic, ;ere use i% t,e stu-.T,e tests ;ere *er2or/e to eter/i%e t,eir c,aracteristics.

t,e sto%e ust? a/ou%ti%g to &4< o2 t,e coarse aggregates *rouce i% sto%e

crus,ers ;,ic, ;ere co%siere to 1e ;aste /aterial 2aci%g t,e soli ;aste is*osal *ro1le/? is 1ei%g e3*eri/e%te as a% alter%ate to ri0er sa% a% coarse aggregate grit i%co%structio% i%ustr- 2or co%crete ;or's. Eual or e3cess ua%tit- o2 sa% is reuire2or co%crete i% a%- co%structio% *roect ;,e% co/*are to t,e co%crete co%su/*tio% i%t,e sa/e *roect. T,e 2i%es 1elo; 4F /icro%s i% crus,er ust ;ill ,a0e ,ig, a22i%it- to;ater ;,ic, creates ,ig, ;ater e/a% a% reuce stre%gt, i% co%crete a% ,e%ce as atrial? t,ese 2i%es 1elo; 4F /icro%s ;ere re/o0e. T,e /icro 2i%es 1elo; 4F /icro%s;ill 1e a1out 4< o2 t,e total 0olu/e o2 c/ crus,er ust. T,ese /icro 2i%es ca% 1ere/o0e 1- 0acuu/ e usti%g s-ste/ ;it, 1ag 2ilters i% t,e crus,er itsel2 .!%0estigatio%s o% t,e stre%gt, o2 co%crete ;it, crus,er ust as *artial a% *artialre*lace/e%t o2 2i%e aggregates are re*orte 1- se0eral researc,ers. Shau ‘etal’ a% Shukla

`etal ' i%0estigate t,e use o2 crus,er ust 2or *artial re*lace/e%t o2 sa% Prakash Rao 's`etal ' i%0estigatio%s ;ere ;it, 2ull re*lace/e%t o2 sa% ;it, c/ s,er ust i% co%creteo%l-. !%0estigatio%s o% *artial re*lace/e%t o2 sa% co%crete ;it, crus,er ust as isa0aila1le 2ro/ t,e crus,er are re*orte i% t,is *a*er. Also? t,e 2i%es 1elo; 4F /icro%sie are re/o0e 2ro/ t,is u%re2i%e c/ crus,er ust a% t,e /icro 2i%es re/o0e c/s,er ust is use 2or 2ull re*lace/e%t o2 sa% i% /aso%r- a% teste 2or 1asicco/*ressi0e stre%gt,. So? t,e e3*eri/e%tal ;or' ;it, /icro 2i%es re/o0e sto%e ust asre*lace/e%t 2or sa% i% co%crete ;or' is %ot re*orte so 2ar.

!% orer to 2ul2ill t,e reuire/e%t o2 2i%e aggregates? so/e alter%ati0e /aterial/ust 1e 2ou% Sto%e ust as re*lace /aterials to %atural sa% ,as 1eco/e 1e%e2icial a%is co//o% i% t,e ;orl. Sto%e ust is /a%u2acture 1- cas,i%g larger sto%es o2 uarr-to *articular sie o2 sa%. !ts c,e/ical H *,-sical *ro*erties suc, as color? sie H s,a*e?sur2ace te3ture u* *articles e*e% u*o% t-*es o2 sto%e H its source.

#se o2 crus,e sa% ,as 1eco/e a goo su1stitute 2or %atural sa% a% it ,as 1eco/e esse%tial 'ee*i%g i% 0ie; o2 tec,%ical? co//ercial H e%0iro%/e%talreuire/e%ts. Pro*er ualit- co%trol ;,ile usi%g crus,e sa% /a%u2acture sa% ca%result i% 1etter results.

RUBBER:TYRE

+



arious sies o2 coarse aggregates a% ru11er aggregates ;ere use i% /a%- stuies?a% /ost i%0estigators re *lace t,e coarse aggregates i% t,e co%crete /i3es *artiall- or ;,oll- 1- a 0olu/e o2 ru11er aggregate. T,e sie a% grai%g o2 ru11er aggregates use

1- 0arious i%0estigators 0arie co%siera1l-. !% t,is stu-? ;e ;a%te to test ru11er aggregates o2 2or/s a% sies i22ere%t 2ro/ t,ose use i% /ost o2 t,e ot,er stuies1

ecause t,e sie a% 2or/ o2 ru11er aggregates *la- a /aor role i% eter/i%i%g t,ec,aracteristics o2 t,e co%cretes. T,e *rese%t researc, stu- co%sists o2 a 1asic co%crete(co%trol /i3) ;,ose 2or/ulatio% ;as gi0e% 1- t,e /ea% o2 t,e GorisseDreu3 /et,o tore*lace eac, ti/e a *art o2 t,e ;eig,t o2 traitio%al gra0els 1- ru11er aggregates o1tai%e2ro/ cutti%g ;or% tires ;it,out a%- treat/e%t ;,ic, /a'es it accessi1le to e0er-o%e touse.

Co%crete ,as 1ee% t,e /ost ;iel- use co%structio% /aterial %earl- 2or t,e *erioo2 ce%tur-. So/e o2 t,e *eo*les researc, t,e ru11erie co%crete 8 E%7in NN #n7 Sn'1*iAB(;;3)<IRu11er t-re *articles as coarse aggregatesI e3a/i%e co/*ressi0e a% te%silestre%gt,s o2 ru11erie co%crete. $e %otes t,at ru11erie co%crete i %ot *er2or/ as ;ellas %or/al co%crete u%er re*eate 2reeet,a; c-cles. !t e3,i1ite lo;er co/*ressi0e a%

te%sile stre%gt, t,a% o2 %or/al co%crete 1ut u%li'e %or/al co%crete? ru11erie co%crete,a t,e a1ilit- to a1sor1 a large a/ou%t o2 *lastic e%erg- u%er co/*ressi0e a% loas. !ti %ot e/o%strate t,e t-*ical 1rittle 2ailure? 1ut rat,er uctile? *lastic 2ailure /oe.

3 A,,%i*#-i'n

T,e *rese%t i%0estigatio% ai/s i% t,e stu- o2 *ro*erties o2 co%crete i% ;,ic, sto%e ustis use as a *artial re*lace/e%t 2or %atural sa% 2or ce/e%t co%crete a% t-re is use as

*artial re*lace/e%t o2 coarse aggregate. Sto%e ust is re*lace at re*lace/e%t le0els o2 &F<? &4<? F< ?4< a% +F<. a% coarse aggregate is *artiall- re*lace 1- t-re atre*lace/e%t le0els o2 &<? 4<? F<. At /a3i/u/ stre%gt, o1tai% 1- sa% re*lace/e%t 1-sto%e ust."irstl- a set o2 5 %u/1ers o2 co%crete cu1es ;ere co%strai%e ;it, co%crete cu1e

o2 ratio :.4:. A2ter t,at A set o2 F %u/1ers o2 co%crete cu1es ;ere co%strai%e ;it,co%crete ratio:.4:? 5 %u/1ers cu1es 2or e0er- re*lace/e%t ? 2i%e aggregate 1ei%g ri0er sa% a% 4F /icro% 2ree sto%e ust ;it, re*lace/e%t le0els o2 &F<? &4<? F< a% 4<a% +F< i% t,is ratio i.e. su1stituti%g %atural ri0er sa% a% A set o2 9 %u/1ers o2 co%crete cu1es o2 coarse aggregate is *artiall- re*lace 1- t-re at re*lace/e%t le0els o2 &<? 4<? F<.

!% t,e i%0estigatio% 4+ %u/1ers o2 sta%ar co%crete cu1es ;ere co%structe ;it, 2reesto%e ust ;it, re*lace/e%t le0els o2 &F<? &4<? F< ?4< a% +F<. i% eac, ratio i.e.su1stituti%g %atural ri0er sa% a% t-re ;it, re*lace/e%t le0els o2 &<? 4<? F< i% eac,ratio :.4:.

All t,e co%crete cu1es ;ere teste o% t,e +t, a% &9t, a- o2 casti%g.

4



Ti Si.ni4i*#n*

T,e /ai% co%stitue%ts o2 co%crete suc, as sa%? grit a% ;ater are /ai%l- %aturalresources. T,e- are %ot *rouce i% la1orator- or i% a%- i%ustr-J t,e- are o1tai%e 2ro/t,e %ature a% *rocesse to /a'e it *er2ect 2or aggregate. "or e3a/*le? sa% is carrie 1-

ri0er ;ater a% t,e% collecte T,ese resources o2 e%gi%eeri%g /aterials (sa% sto%e) areli/ite a% a- 1- a- t,e e*e%e%c- o% t,e/ /ust 1e /i%i/ie So so/e ot,er o*tio%s s,oul 1e i%trouce to re*lace i%stea o2 sa% Sto%e ust is o%e o2 suc,alter%ati0e o2 Sa% a% t-re is alter%ati0e o2 grit ca% 2ul2ill t,e e/a% o2 aggregate. !%a2lo%g a% ulago%g a ,uge %u/1ers o2 Sto%e crus,ers are a0aila1le? as a result o2 t,ese e3te%si0el- la1or orie%te eco%o/ic acti0ities? a large %u/1er o2 lo; i%co/e;or'ers li0e i% a2lo%g a% ulago%g. A ,uge a/ou%t o2 Dust *rouce uri%gsto%e crus,i%g T,e- are o2te% co%siere as a ;aste i% t,e localit-. T,e- are %ot gi0e%a%- i%terest a% t,ro;% ,ere a% t,ere. So/eti/e t,ese sto%e *o;ers are use 2or la%2illi%g a% ,e%ce t,e la%s are losi%g t,eir 2ertilit- to *rouce cro*s. T-res are ca%%ot

1e rec-cle a% t,e- are u/*e i% to grou% or use as 2uel i% ce/e%t 2actories T,e /ai%

o1ecti0e o2 t,e stu- is t,e e0aluate relati0e *er2or/a%ce o2 t,e co%crete /ae 1-%or/al sa% a% sto%e ust? grit a% t-re.

S-'n& 71- -0+'=n # =#-&

-5+& -0+'=n # =#-&

5



T,is stu- e%sures t,e sto%e *o;er or as a% a**ro*riate alter%ati0e o2 sa% i% co%crete/a%u2acturi%g as a 1uili%g /aterials. Sto%e ust co%siere to 1e a soli ;aste/aterialist ) *osi%g a serious is*osal *ro1le/ is utilie as a *artial /aterial 2or sa% i%co%crete ;or's.

"urt,er? t,e /icro 2i%es 1elo; 4F /icro% sie? *rese%ti%g i% t,e sto%e ust are re/o0e

1- sie0i%g a% /icro 2i%e 2ree sto%e ust is use as t,e alter%ati0e to sa%.

T,ree sets o2 e3*eri/e%ts ;it, co%crete ,a0i%g 2i%e aggregate as

i) sa%

ii) sto%e ust

a% coase aggregate as

i)grit

ii)T-re

,as 1ee% u%erta'e% i% t,e i%0estigatio%s a% a co/*arati0e stu- o% t,e /ec,a%ical *ro*erties a% 1e,a0ior o2 co%crete usi%g 2i%e sto%e ust a% t-re?.

T,e i%0estigatio% i%icates t,at t,e crus,er ust ca% re*lace %atural sa% a% gritca% re*lace 1- t-re *artiall- i% co%crete co%structio% ;it, sa/e stre%gt, 2or re*laci%g t,esa% a% c,ea*er cost a2ter re*laci%g o2 t-re as grit.

6



Chapter - 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2 In-+'71*-i'n

Al/ost e0er- re*air to ,istoric co%crete reuires t,e use o2 co%crete. T,esig%i2ica%ce o2 selecti%g a% a**ro*riate co%crete? ;,et,er 2or re*ai%ti%g or re1uili%g?ca%%ot 1e u%eresti/ate ue to t,e structural a% aest,etic roles t,at co%crete *la-s i%co%crete co%structio%. P,-sicall- i%a**ro*riate co%crete ca% cause a re*air to 2ail a% ca%a/age t,e origi%al co%crete. isuall- i%a**ro*riate co%crete alters t,e origi%al i%te%t o2 t,e 1uili%gs esig%er 1- c,a%gi%g our *erce*tio% o2 t,e esig%. "or t,ese reaso%s

a%al-sis o2 ,istoric co%crete is a to*ic o2 a1ii%g i%terest to /ost *reser0atio% *ro2essio%als.

T,e *u1licatio% o2 Blai%e Cli0ers article I Tests 2or t,e A%al-sis o2 co%crete Sa/*lesI i%t,e APT Bulletin i% =6+ ac'%o;lege t,e i/*orta%ce o2 co%crete a%al-sis ;,e%esig%i%g re*airs to ,istoric /aso%r- structures. T,e si/*le? accessi1le aciigestio% /et,o *rese%te i% ,is article ;as a% i/*orta%t ste* i% t,e *ursuit o2 a ee*er a% 2uller u%ersta%i%g o2 t,e %ature o2 ,istoric /ortar /aterials a% ,o; 1est toe0aluate t,e/ ("ig. ). $o;e0er? i% t,e su1seue%t F -ears t,ere ,a0e 1ee% /a%-e0elo*/e%ts i% our u%ersta%i%g o2 ,istoric /ortar /aterials? i% our a**reciatio% o2 t,e

i%teractio%s 1et;ee% /aso%r- a% /ortars? a% i% t,e a%al-tical /et,os a**lie to/ortars a% ot,er ce/e%titious /aterial.

Accori%gl-? a series o2 t,ree Practice Poi%ts ,as 1ee% e0elo*e to re0ie; t,e ratio%ale2or /ortar a%al-sis a% to e3*lore t,e curre%t irectio%s i% t,e 2iel. T,e i%te%t is %ot to

*ro0ie a co/*re,e%si0e literature re0ie; o2 t,e su1ect 1ut to *rese%t /- 0ie; o2 t,esu1ect 1ase o% %earl- &F -ears o2 e3*erie%ce a% *ractice. Because a%u%ersta%i%g o2 t,e co/*o%e%ts o2 /ortar a% ,o; t,e- relate to o%e a%ot,er i%esse%tialto e0aluati%g /ortara%al-sis tec,%iues? t,is 2irst article re0ie;s /ortar/a'i%g/aterialsJ su1seue%t articles ;ill co0er a%al-tical /et,os a% 1u-i%g /ortara%al-sisser0ices.

22 C'n*+- M#-+i#%

$istoricall-? a 0ariet- o2 /aterials ;ere use to /a'e co%crete? 1ut ge%erall-s*ea'i%g co%crete is co/*ose o2 a% coarse a% 2i%e aggregate a% a 1i%er t,at areco/1i%e ;it, ;ater to 2or/ a co,ere%t? *lastic /ass. T,e 2ollo;i%g iscussio%aresses t,ese t,ree *ri/ar- i%greie%ts as t,e- are t-*icall- 2ou% i% !%ia% Co%creteJ

9



t,oug, t,e isti%cti0e /aterials use i% ot,er localities are ;ell ;ort, re0ie;i%g?iscussio% o2 co%crete 2ro/ ot,er cou%tries is 1e-o% t,e sco*e o2 t,e article.

Aggregate is 0olu/etricall- t,e /ost sig%i2ica%t *art o2 a%- co%crete. Aggregate isge%erall- co%siere to 1e i%ert i% a co%crete? i% t,at it oes %ot c,a%ge uri%g t,e *rocesso2 /i3i%g or curi%g a% oes %ot react ;it, t,e ot,er co%crete i%greie%ts T,e *ri/ar-

*ur*ose o2 aggregate i% a co%crete is to li/it s,ri%'age. Pro*erl- grae aggregate alsoi/*ro0es ;or'a1ilit-? t,ere1- *er/itti%g t,e aitio% o2 less ;ater i%to a co%crete /i3 t,a%;oul ot,er;ise 1e reuire.

Natural coarse sa%? t,e /ost co//o%l- use 2i%e aggregate i% co%crete? t-*icall- iseit,er *ri/aril- uart or *ri/aril- car1o%ate ("ig. &). 8uart sa%s are t,e *rouct o2 t,e 1rea'o;% o2 uart1eari%g roc's? suc, as gra%ite? sa%sto%e? sc,ist? a% g%eiss. T,e-are t,e t-*ical 1eac, a% ri0er sa%s? alt,oug, /ost sa%s uarrie 2or /ortar are 2ro/a%cie%t e*osits? %ot /oe/ 1eac, a% ri0er e%0iro%/e%ts. Car1o%ate sa%s t-*icall-co/e 2ro/ /ari%e e%0iro%/e%ts a% /a- i%clue coral sa%s. T,e- are 2ou% a% use/ost co//o%l- i% coastal areas.

$istoricall-? local sources o2 sa% ;oul ,a0e 1ee% use 2or /a'i%g co%crete. Tra%s*orti%gcoarse sa% ,as al;a-s 1ee% costl- ue to its ;eig,t a% 1ul'? so /ost sa%s use i%/oe/ co%structio% are also o1tai%e locall-. Muc, i%2or/atio% ca% 1e gai%e a1out t,esource o2 a sa% 1- care2ul e3a/i%atio% o2 t,e sie a% s,a*e o2 t,e grai%s a% 1-care2ull- ie%ti2-i%g t,e trace (%o%uart or %o%car1o%ate) co%stitue%ts. "or e3a/*le?a1u%a%t glauco%ite i% sa% suggests a /ari%e sourceJ ;ellrou%e litc,i (roc') grai%si%icate e*ositio% 2ro/ a ri0er or strea/ So/e aggregates use i% /ortar are/a%u2acture 1- crus,i%g roc' T,e crus,e roc' is *rocesse t,roug, a series o2 scree%sor sie0es to *ro0ie aggregate o2 *ro*er grai%g. Crus,e s,ells ,a0e also 1ee% use asaggregate ;,ere locall- a1u%a%t.

T,ere are t;o *ri%ci*al t-*es o2 1i%ers. No%,-raulic 1i%ers set t,roug, loss o2 ;ater?or e,-ratio%. $-raulic 1i%ers use u* ;ater as t,e- setJ ;ater is a% esse%tial *art o2 t,ec,e/ical reactio%s t,at *rouce a ,are%e /aterial. No%,-raulic 1i%ers use,istoricall- i%clue cla- a% li/eJ ,istoric ,-raulic 1i%ers i%clue g-*su/? ,-raulicli/e? %atural ce/e%t? a% Portla% ce/e%t. T,e arra- o2 /oer% 1i%ers is e0e% 1roaer?i%clui%g suc, /aterials as /aso%r- ce/e%t a% /ortar ce/e%t.

So/e li/esto%e co%tai% cla- (alu/i%o silicates) a% uart (silico% io3ie).W,e% t,eseli/esto%e are 1ur%e? so/e o2 t,e calciu/ co/1i%es ;it, t,e alu/i%u/ a% silico% tocreate calciu/ silicates? ;,ile t,e re/ai%er 2or/s li/e. T,e calciu/ silicates are,-raulic: ;,e% co/1i%e ;it, ;ater t,e- 2or/ a i22ere%t soli /aterial. As t,e- ta'e o%;ater? t,ese silicates 1eco/e ,-rate to 2or/ a gel? ;,ic, is calle t,e i%itial set. T,is gel

t,e% cr-stallies to 2or/ a %et;or' o2 i%terloc'i%g %eeles o2 ,-rate calciu/ a%alu/i%u/ silicates. T,e isti%ctio% 1et;ee% a ,-raulic li/e a% a %atural ce/e%t is t,ata% ,-raulic li/e ;ill sla'e ;,e% ;ater is aeJ a %atural ce/e%t ;ill %ot. T,e curi%g o2 a,-raulic li/e is a ,-1ri *rocess o2 car1o%atio% a% gel 2or/atio%. Natural ce/e%ts a%Portla% ce/e%ts ;ere i%trouce i% t,e /i to late%i%etee%t, ce%tur-. Natural ce/e%ts

*reo/i%ate i% t,e /i to late%i%etee%t, ce%tur-? ;,ile Portla% ce/e%ts ca/e i%to uselate i% t,e %i%etee%t, ce%tur-. Natural a% Portla% ce/e%ts are co/*ose *ri/aril- o2 calciu/ silicates. As i/*lie 1- t,eir %a/e? %atural ce/e%ts are /ae 2ro/ roc's t,atco%tai% ust t,e rig,t *ro*ortio%s o2 calciu/? alu/i%u/? a% silica to -iel a *urel-

=



,-raulic /aterial ;,e% 1ur%e at t,e correct te/*erature. Portla% a% ot,er I/a%u2actureI ce/e%ts are *rouce 2ro/ /i3tures o2 %atural /aterials *ro*ortio%e to

*ro0ie t,e correct Due to ra*i gro;t, i% co%structio% acti0it-? t,e co%su/*tio% o2 /ortar is i%creasi%g e0er- -ear. T,is results i% e3cessi0e e3tractio% o2 %atural ri0er sa%.T,e use o2 t,e /aterial is 1ei%g co%strai%e 1- ur1a%iatio%? o%i%g regulatio%s?

i%crease cost a% e%0iro%/e%tal co%cer%. T,us? it is 1eco/i%g i%e0ita1le to usealter%ati0e /aterials i% /ortar li'e uarr- sa%? sto%e ust etc.

Sa% is t,e o%e o2 /ai% co%stitue%ts o2 co%crete /a'i%g. Maor a/ou%t o2 sa% is use i%co%structio% i%ustr-. Natural sa% is /ai%l- e3ca0ate 2ro/ ri0er 1es a% al;a-s co%tai%,ig, *erce%tages o2 i%orga%ic /aterials? c,lories? sul*,ates? silt a% cla- t,at a0ersel-a22ecti%g t,e stre%gt, H ura1ilit- o2 co%crete H rei%2orci%g steel t,ere 1- reuci%g t,e li2eo2 structure.

"i%e *articles 1elo; 5FF /icro%s /ust 1e u* to at least F < to 4F< 2or goo results. Nor/all- *articles are %ot *rese%t i% ri0er sa% u* to reuire ua%tit-. Diggi%g sa%? 2ro/ri0er 1e? i% access ua%tit- is ,aarous to e%0iro%/e%t. T,e ee* *its ug i% t,e ri0er

1e? a22ects t,e grou% ;ater le0el. Erosio% o2 %ear1- la% is also ue to e3cessi0e sa%li2ti%g.

!% orer to 2ul2ill t,e reuire/e%t o2 2i%e aggregates? so/e alter%ati0e /aterial /ust 1e2ou%.

S-'n 71-

)N#.+#> TS -#% (;;?)()< re*orte t,at roc' ust ue to its ,ig,er sur2ace areaco%su/es /ore ce/e%t i% co/*ariso% to sa% ;,ic, i%creases ;or'a1ilit-. $e stuie toe22ect o2 roc' ust a% *e11le as aggregate i% ce/e%t a% co%crete a% 2ou% t,at crus,esto%e ust coul 1e use to re*lace t,e %atural sa% i% co%crete.

2)N#.#+#> TS(2)< re*orte t,at t,ere are t,ree *ossi1ilities o2 e%suri%g t,e ;or'a1ilit-%a/el- co/1i%atio% o2 roc' ust a% sa%? use o2 su*er *lasticiers a% c,a%ge ;ater co%te%t.

3)S19%# - #% (;;@)(3)< i%0estigate t,e 1e,a0ior o2 co%crete /ae 1- *artial or 2ullre*lace/e%t o2 ri0er sa% 1- crus,e sto%e ust as 2i%e aggregate a% re*orte t,at +F

*erce%t sa% ca% 1e re*lace 1- crus,e sto%e ust ;it,out e22ecti%g t,e stre%gt, o2 co%crete.

)Vn1.',#% (;;@) - #%()< e3a/i%e t,e e22ect o2 roc' ust as 2i%e aggregate i% ce/e%ta% co%crete /i3es. T,e- ,a0e suggeste a /et,o to *ro*ortio% t,e co%crete usi%g roc' ust as 2i%e aggregate.

!)AK S#1 - #% (2003)(!)< i%0estigate t,e 1asic *ro*erties o2 co%0e%tio%al co%crete a%co%crete /ae usi%g uarr- ust ,a0e co/*are. T,e- ,a0e stuie M&F a% MFco%cretes. Eui0ale%t /i3es are o1tai%e 1- re*laci%g sto%e ust *artiall-2ull-. Test resultsi%icate e22ecti0e usage o2 sto%e ust ;it, sa/e co/*ressi0e stre%gt,? co/*ara1le te%silestre%gt, a% /oulus o2 ru*ture. Wor'a1ilit- o2 +F< re*lace/e%t o2 sto%e ust ;it, &<Su*er*lasticier is eual to t,e ;or'a1ilit- o2 co%0e%tio%al co%crete. Wor'a1ilit- isi%crease 1- t,e aitio% o2 *er*lasticier.as re*lace /aterials to %atural sa% ,as 1eco/e

1e%e2icial a% is co//o% i% t,e ;orl. Sto%e ust is /a%u2acture 1- crus,i%g larger sto%es o2 uarr- to *articular sie o2 sa%. !ts c,e/ical H *,-sical *ro*erties suc, as color?

F



sie H s,a*e? sur2ace te3ture u* *articles e*e% u*o% t-*es o2 sto%e H its source.

#se o2 crus,e sa% ,as 1eco/e a goo su1stitute 2or %atural sa% a% it ,as 1eco/eesse%tial 'ee*i%g i% 0ie; o2 tec,%ical? co//ercial H e%0iro%/e%tal reuire/e%ts. Pro*er ualit- co%trol ;,ile usi%g crus,e sa% /a%u2acture sa% ca% result i% 1etter results.Di22ere%t researc,ers ,a0e carrie out researc, to stu- t,e e22ect o2 use o2 crus,e sa% o%

*ro*erties o2 /ortar.

?)H#7## B#16 #n7 A6n'n K#-%(?)< stuie t,e *erce%tage o2 2i%es i% crus,e sa%a% its e22ects o% t,e co%crete /i3es. T,e- *oi%te out t,at t,e aitio% o2 2i%e 2iller (/es,F.O64//) ,as a *ositi0e *ote%tial o% t,e *ro*erties o2 t,e /ortar. But? at t,e sa/e ti/e?t,e 2ractio% o2 less t,a% 4 /icro%s o2 t,e 2i%e 2iller use 2or *lasteri%g /a- ,a0e a 1ae22ect o% t,e co%crete. T,e- also stuie t,e e22ect o2 t,e co/*ositio% o2 ;ater reuci%gage%t o% /i3es co%tai%i%g crus,e sa% t,at e3,i1ite t,e lo;est *ro*erties. T,e- %otet,at Co/*ressi0e stre%gt, i/*ro0e? c,lories *er/ea1ilit- a% t,e s,ri%'age reuce.

)M S19%# #n7 A K S#*#n (2000)()? stuie e%0iro%/e%tal ,aarous sto%e ustutiliatio% i% 1uili%g co%structio%. !t is 2ou% t,at *artial re*lace/e%t ;ill %ot a22ect t,e

stre%gt, a% also sol0e t,e *ro1le/ o2 is*osal o2 sto%e ust. T,e ;or'a1ilit- o2 co%cretereuces ;it, t,e i%crease i% sto%e ust a% t,is ca% 1e i/*ro0e 1- ai%g suita1lea/i3tures.

@)T#ni5# K#''% (200) (@)< ,as /ae stu- o% t,e reuse o2 co%crete ;aste as crus,esto%e 2or ,ollo; co%crete /aso%r- u%its. T,e /ai% o1ecti0e ;as to i%crease t,e 0alue o2 t,e co%crete ;aste? to /a'e a sustai%a1le a% *ro2ita1le is*osal alter%ati0e 2or t,eco%crete ;aste. Atte/*ts ;ere /ae to utilie t,e co%crete ;aste as crus,e sto%es i% t,eco%crete /i3 to /a'e ,ollo; co%crete 1loc's. arious *erce%tages o2 cruste sto%es ,a0e

1ee% trie t,e a/ou%t (i.e. F<? F<? &F<? 4F< a% FF<). "ro/ t,e results t,e- 2ou%co%crete ;aste ca% use to *rouce ,allo; co%crete 1loc' /aso%r- u%its. Suita1ilit- o2

Crus,e gra%ite 2i%e (CG") to re*lace ri0er sa% i% co%crete *rouctio% ;as i%0estigate;)M#n# '% 200 (;)< Slu/*? co/*ressi0e a% i%irect te%sile stre%gt, tests ;ere

*er2or/e o% 2res, a% ,are%e co%crete. T;e%t- eig,t a-s *ea' co/*ressi0e a%i%irect te%sile stre%gt, 0alues o2 +F.6F N//& a% &.F N//& res*ecti0el- ;ereo1tai%e ;it, t,e *artial re*lace/e%t o2 ri0er sa% ;it, &F< CG"? as agai%st 0alues o2 4.FFN//& a% .64N//& o1tai%e ;it, t,e use o2 ri0er sa% as 2i%e aggregate. Baseo% eco%o/ic a%al-sis a% results o2 tests? ri0er sa% re*lace ;it, &F< CG" isreco//e%e 2or use i% t,e *rouctio% o2 co%crete. Co%ser0atio% o2 ri0er sa% i% aitio%to 1etter ;a-s o2 is*osi%g ;astes 2ro/ t,e uarr- sites are so/e o2 t,e /erits o2 usi%gCG".

0)Si"#916#+ #n7 P+#9# M(0)< carrie out a% i%0estigatio% o% t,e /ec,a%ical *ro*erties o2 co%crete ;it, uarr- ust. T,e- re*orte t,at t,e uarr- ust /a- 1e use asa% e22ecti0e re*lace/e%t /aterial 2or %atural ri0er sa% ;,ic, i%crease t,e stre%gt,.

) I%#n.'"#n# R - #%.() carrie out a% i%0estigatio% o% stre%gt, a% ura1ilit- *ro*erties o2 co%crete co%tai%i%g uarr- roc' ust as 2i%e aggregate. !t ;as re*orte t,att,e *,-sical a% c,e/ical *ro*erties o2 uarr- roc' ust as ;ell as t,e ura1ilit- o2 uarr-roc' ust co%crete u%er sul*,ate a% aci actio% ;as 1etter t,a% t,at o2 co%0e%tio%alco%crete. • Ni/a "ara%ia et al. e3*lore t,e *ossi1ilit- o2 i%cor*orati%g /i%erala/i3tures i% sustai%a1le ,ig, *er2or/a%ce co%crete. !t ;as 2ou% t,at /i%eral a/i3tures?



;,et,er i%ustrial 1- *roucts or agro;aste /i%erals? use to reuce cost o2 co%crete.

2)S#n61.#,+i5# T #n7 U6# R N(2)< /ae a% i%0estigatio% o% o*ti/iatio% o2 *artial re*lace/e%t o2 Msa% 1- %atural sa% i% ,ig, *er2or/a%ce co%crete ;it, silica2u/e. !t ;as re*orte t,at Msa% a% silica 2u/e i%crease t,e 2le3ural a% co/*ressi0estre%gt,.

3)D"i M #n7 K#nn#n K(3) carrie out a% i%0estigatio% o% stre%gt, a% corrosio%resista%ce 1e,a0ior o2 i%,i1itors i% co%crete co%tai%i%g uarr- ust as 2i%e aggregate. T,ei%cor*oratio% o2 i%,i1itors as a/i3ture i %ot s,o; a%- a0erse e22ects o% t,e stre%gt,

*ro*erties a% t,ere ;as a% i%crease i% stre%gt, u* to certai% *erce%tage. T,e aitio% o2 i%,i1itors as a/i3ture to co%crete ;as 2ou% to lo;er t,e *er/ea1ilit- a% ;ater a1sor*tio%.

)M#n7+#n# - #%()< stuie o% 2easi1ilit- o2 t,e usage o2 8uarr- Roc' Dust as

,u%re *erce%t su1stitutes 2or Natural Sa% i% co%crete. !t is 2ou% t,at t,e co/*ressi0e?

2le3ural stre%gt, a% Dura1ilit- Stuies o2 co%crete /ae o2 8uarr- Roc' Dust are %earl-

F< /ore t,a% t,e co%0e%tio%al co%crete.!)H#67 #n7 S9#+ (200;) (!) stuie t,e e22ect o2 crus,e sto%e ust as 2i%e ust a%

2ou% t,at 2le3ural stre%gt, i%creases t,a% t,e co%crete ;it, %atural sa% 1ut t,e 0alues

ecreases as t,e *erce%tage o2 crus,er ust i%creases.

?)Di"#9#+ - #% (202) (?) ,a0e e3*eri/e%te o% t,e 1e,a0ior o2 M&F grae co%crete

;it, t,e use o2 gra%ite 2i%es as a *artial re*lace/e%t 2or sa% i% 4<? 4<? &4<? 4< a%

4F<J a% 1ase o% t,e results o1tai%e 2or co/*ressi0e? s*litte%sile a% 2le3ural tests? it

;as reco//e%e t,at 4< o2 sa% ca% 1e re*lace 1- gra%ite 2i%es.

)M#1 - #% (20) () ,a0e i%0estigate o% t,e use o2 sto%e *o;er i% co%crete as

a% alter%ati0e o2 sa% usi%g t,ree co%crete /i3 *ro*ortio%s? :.4:? :&:+ a% :&.4:4.

W,e% t,e results o2 co/*ressi0e stre%gt, ;ere co/*are 2or t,ese /i3es 1et;ee% use o2sa% a% sto%e *o;er? it ;as 2ou% t,at sto%e *o;er gi0es ,ig,er 0alue t,a% sa% 1-

a1out +.65<? +< a% F.++< res*ecti0el-. !% a%ot,er stu- co%ucte 1-

@)W#9*#1+ - #%< (202) (@) usi%g arti2icial sa% i% *lace o2 ri0er sa%? it ;as 2ou%

t,at 2or MF /i3 usi%g arti2icial sa%? t,e co/*ressi0e stre%gt, i%crease 1- .=9<?

2le3ural stre%gt, 1- &.9< a% s*lit te%sile stre%gt, 1- a /argi%al 0alue t,a% co%crete

;,ic, use ri0er sa%.

;)Sni - #% (202) (;) ,a0e /ae a% atte/*t to *artiall- re*lace 2i%e aggregates ;it,

;aste /aterial o1tai%e 2ro/ C,i%a Cla- i%ustries. Out o2 t,e re*lace/e%t *erce%tages o2

F< to 4F<? t,e ,ig,est stre%gt, ;as ac,ie0e at F< i% co/*ressi0e? s*lit a% 2le3uralstre%gt,.

&



T,e PWD ,as acce*te a *ro*osal 2ro/ Su/er !%2rastructure to use crus,e sa% o% a%e3*eri/e%tal 1asis. Dee*a' S,a,? its /a%agi%g irector? sai t,e- ,a use crus,e sa%2or t,eir slu/ re,a1ilitatio% *roect i% C#n7i"#%i? ;,ere slu/;ellers e%croac,i%g o%t,e Sa%a- Ga%,i %atio%al *ar' ,a0e 1ee% re,a1ilitate. S,a, clai/e ,e ,a also use it2or a%ot,er 1uili%g o2 a re*ute co%structio% co/*a%- i% P+#$#7"i.

IWe got t,e crus,e sa% 2ro/ ,ills i% C,a%i0ali a% Na0i Mu/1ai. T,e crus,e sa% ,as 1ee% se%t to t,e !%ia% !%stitute o2 Tec,%olog- (!!T)? Po;ai? 2or testi%g its 1i%i%g stre%gt,a% ot,er ualities. O%ce ;e get t,e !!Ts goa,ea? ;e ;ill use it 2or PWD 1uili%gs?I saiS,a,.

T,e ,uge e/a% 2or sa% ,as resulte i% t,e estructio% o2 ri0ers a% t,e e/erge%ce o2 /a2ias. illagers ,a0e *roteste agai%st t,e ra/*a%t sa%/i%i%g resulti%g i% rieri0er1es? *articularl- uri%g su//er? causi%g ;ater scarcit- i% state. Sa% a1sor1s ;ater a% uri%g su//er? a% 0illagers ig ;ells i% t,e ri0er1e to access t,e ;ater.

T,e Bo/1a- ,ig, court ,a sta-e t,e auctio%i%g o2 ri0er1es 2or sa% /i%i%g a2ter a *u1lic i%terest litigatio% ;as 2ile. T,e $C tol t,e go0er%/e%t to 2ra/e a *olic- o% t,e

issue. A ca1i%et co//ittee ;as set u* to 2ra/e a *olic-? ;,ic, ;as 2i%alie a% su1/itteto t,e ,ig, court. T,e court ,as si%ce li2te t,e sta- 1ut tol t,e go0er%/e%t to i/*ro0e t,e

*olic-.

Duri%g a ol legislati0e sessio%? re0e%ue /i%ister B#%##$ T'+#- ,a i%2or/e t,eu**er ,ouse t,at a /aor reaso% 2or sa% s,ortage ;as t,at auctio%s coul %ot 1e co%ucteI We ,a0e %o; starte t,e *rocess 1ut it is ta'i%g ti/e?I ,e sai.

T'+#- sai t,e state go0er%/e%t ;as co%sieri%g crus,e sa% a% ;as a;are t,at t,ere;oul 1e a% e%0iro%/e%tal issue.

A% acute s,ortage o2 ri0er sa% ,as 1ee% a22ecti%g t,e co%structio% sector. T,e scarcit- ,as

le to t,e s'-roc'eti%g *rice o2 sa% a% escalati%g co%structio% costs. T,e situatio% ,asas,e t,e rea/s o2 /a%- i% t,e lo;er a% /ilei%co/e grou*s to o;% a ,ouse.!%iscri/i%ate /i%i%g o2 sa% ,as e*lete t,e %atural resource a% ra0age t,e ri0ers o2 t,e State. T,e B#+#-#,1#? 2lo;i%g t,roug, Pala''a istrict? is a classical e3a/*le o2 t,e /ala-.

In7#n1+ G',i? secretar-? B#+#-#,1# S#6+#9##n# S#6i-i (*rotectio%co//ittee)? sa-s i%iscri/i%ate /i%i%g ,as cause a% e%0iro%/e%tal isaster? estro-i%gri0ers a% strea/s t,roug,out t,e State. No;? i%2eriorualit- sa%? i/*urities suc, as /icaa% coal? is 1ei%g sol. #%scru*ulous *erso%s e3*loit t,e scarcit- a% ,ig, *rice 1- selli%gri0er sa% aulterate ;it, c,ea* sea sa%? ;,ic, causes structural 2ailures i% 1uili%gs.

T,e re*ort o2 a stu- o% Ker ala /oel o2 sa% /i%i%g s-ste/?I ta'e% u* as *art o2 a#%i0ersit- Gra%ts Co//issio% *roect 1- NM N#6$''7i+i? sa-s t,e *ossi1ilit- o2ascie%ti2ic /et,o o2 sa%/i%i%g s,oul 1e loo'e i%to to sa0e t,e ri0ers a% also to

*ro0ie t,e /uc,%eee co%structio% /aterial.

I!t is i22icult to 2i% out a0aila1ilit- o2 sa% o% t,e ri0er1e 1ecause it is are*le%is,i%g *rouct 1- t,e geological ;or' o2 t,e ru%%i%g ;ater . T,ere2ore? it is%ecessar- to 2i% out t,e ua%tit- o2 *roucts settli%g o% t,e ri0er1e a% t,e ua%tit-tra%s*orte 2ro/ t,e ri0er1e i% a -ear.I



!t is calculate t,at a /i%i/u/ o2 ?4?6F loas o2 sa% /ig,t ,a0e 1ee% ta'e% 2ro/ t,eB#+#-#,1# e0er- -ear 1- t,e earlier auctio%i%g s-ste/ 2ro/ 4F ce%tres. Al/ost allsources o2 t,e ri0er ,a0e 1ee% 1loc'e 1- 1ig ar%s i% i22ere%t locatio%s o% t,eri0er,ea. $e%ce? t,e 2lo; o2 *roucts o2 erosio% 2ro/ t,e u**er reac,es ,as 1ee% 1loc'e.

Ma%u2acture sa% 2ollo;i%g t,e s,ortage o2 ri0er sa%? so/e researc, i%stitutio%s are

e0elo*i%g alter%ati0es t,at ca% 1e use 2or co%structio%.

T,e "acult- o2 Ci0il E%gi%eeri%g o2 t,e G'"+n6n- C'%%. '4 En.in+in.<Ti+1"#n#n-#,#+#6 ? ,as e0elo*e a tec,%olog-? to *rouce sa% 2ro/ ,ar gra%ite.Calle /a%u2acture sa% (Msa%)? it is /ae 1- Poa1s Grou* i% its *la%ts at E/a'ula/?usi%g ;,at t,e co/*a%- calls a stateo2t,eart /a%u2acturi%g *rocess. !t is /ea%t 2or usei% co%creti%g a% *lasteri%g T,e cu1icals,a*e Msa% ,as a sur2ace t,at gi0es 1etter

1i%i%g stre%gt, a% sa0es ce/e%t? la1our a% ;ater. O%e o2 t,e *io%eers o2 Msa% i%Pala''a? Sai%uee% Pat,iri*ala? sa-s it is c,ea*er t,at ri0er sa%. But t,e Go0er%/e%t is%ot *ro/oti%g it? t,oug, it is o2 great i/*orta%ce to t,e State. Msa% ca% sa0e t,e ri0ers o2 t,e State? *re0e%ti%g a% e%0iro%/e%tal isaster. !% t,e State 1uget? a + *er ce%t ta3 ;as

i/*ose o%it. Ma%i S,a%'ar? 2ou%er ge%eralsecretar- o2 Lice%se E%gi%eers a%Su*er0isors "eeratio%? sa-s t,at Msa% /a%u2acturi%g u%its s,oul 1e starte i% e0er-istrict i% t,e coo*erati0e sector.

T5+

Co%crete ,as 1ee% t,e /ost ;iel- use co%structio% /aterial %earl- 2or t,e *erio o2ce%tur-. So/e o2 t,e *eo*les researc, t,e ru11erie co%crete :) E%7in NN #n7 Sn'1*i AB(;;3)<Ru11er t-re *articles as coarse aggregates>e3a/i%e co/*ressi0e a% te%sile stre%gt,s o2 ru11erie co%crete. $e %otes t,atru11erie co%crete i %ot *er2or/ as ;ell as %or/al co%crete u%er re*eate 2reeet,a;

c-cles. !t e3,i1ite lo;er co/*ressi0e a% te%sile stre%gt, t,a% o2 %or/al co%crete 1utu%li'e %or/al co%crete? ru11erie co%crete ,a t,e a1ilit- to a1sor1 a large a/ou%t o2 *lastic e%erg- u%er co/*ressi0e a% te%sile loas. !t i %ot e/o%strate t,e t-*ical 1rittle2ailure? 1ut rat,er uctile? *lastic 2ailure /oe.2) T'1-#n>i<HA (;;?) T,e use o2 ru11er t-re *articles i% co%crete to re*lace /i%eralaggregatesI Ce/e%t co%crete i%0estigate t,e e22ect o2 re*lace/e%t o2 /i%eral coarseaggregate 1- ru11er t-re aggregate. S,ree ru11er t-res use ,a a /a3i/u/ sie o2 &.6// a% a s*eci2ic gra0it- o2 a1out F.5. T,e i%cor*oratio% o2 t,ese ru11er t-re c,i*si% co%crete e3,i1ite a reuctio% i% co/*ressi0e a% 2le3ural stre%gt,. T,e s*eci/e%s;,ic, co%tai%e ru11er t-re aggregate e3,i1ite uctile 2ailure a% u%er;e%t sig%i2ica%tis*lace/e%t 1e2ore 2racture. T,e toug,%ess o2 2le3ural s*eci/e%s ;as e0aluate 2or *lai%

a% ru11er t-re co%crete s*eci/e%s. T,e test re0eale t,at ,ig, toug,%ess ;as is*la-e 1-s*eci/e%s co%tai%i%g ru11er t-re c,i*s as co/*are to co%trol s*eci/e%s.3) K#-i$ K #n7 B#5'n FM (;;;) ,as e0elo*e IRu11erie *ortla% ce/e%tco%creteI to co%uct e3*eri/e%tal *rogra/ i% ;,ic, t;o t-*es o2 ru11er 2i%e Cru/1Ru11er a% coarse t-re c,i*s ;ere use i% Portla% ce/e%t co%crete (PCC) /i3tures.Ru11erie PCC /i3es ;ere e0elo*e 1- *artiall- re*laci%g t,e aggregate ;it, ru11er a% teste 2or co/*ressi0e a% 2le3ural stre%gt, i% accora%ce to ASTM sta%ars. T-rec,i*s ;ere elo%gate *articles t,at ra%ge i% sie 2ro/ a1out F to 4F//. Results s,o;t,at ru11erie PCC /i3es ca% 1e /ae a% are ;or'a1le to a certai% egree ;it, t,e t-re

+



ru11er co%te%t 1ei%g as /uc, as 46< o2 t,e total aggregate 0olu/e. $o;e0er? stre%gt,results s,o; t,at large reuctio%s i% stre%gt, ;oul *ro,i1it t,e use o2 suc, ,ig, ru11er co%sta%t. !t is suggeste t,at ru11er co%te%ts s,oul %ot e3cee &F< o2 t,e total aggregate0olu/e.) M'#667 M1-#4# A% B#9#+i A S57 N11%F#% SA< A$1 B#9#+ M D#n7

L'n. KW (200) ICo/*ariso% o2 ru11er as aggregate a% ru11er as 2iller i% co%creteIt,is researc, ;ill atte/*t to use ru11er ;aste re*lace/e%t o2 coarse aggregates to *rouceearl- age co%crete. !t carr- out t;o i22ere%t t-*e o2 co%crete ;,ic, are ru11erieco%crete a% ru11er 2iller i% co%crete. !% ru11erie co%crete? ru11ers ;ere use to re*lacecoarse aggregates a% ri0er sa% as 2i%e aggregate. Coarse aggregate usuall- gra0el or crus,e sto%e a% s,ree ru11er as 2iller i% co%crete. T,e co/*ressi0e stre%gt, ;asreuce i% ru11erie co%crete 2or se0eral reaso%s i%clui%g t,e i%clusio% o2 t,e ;astet-res ru11er aggregate acte li'e 0ois i% t,e /atri3. T,is is 1ecause o2 t,e ;ea' 1o%

1et;ee% t,e ;aste t-res ru11er aggregate a% co%crete /atri3. Wit, t,e i%crease i% 0oico%te%t o2 t,e co%crete? t,ere ;ill 1e a corres*o%i%g ecrease i% stre%gt,. Portla% ce/e%tco%crete stre%gt, is e*e%e%t greatl- o% t,e coarse aggregate? e%sit-? sie a% ,ar%ess.

Si%ce t,e aggregates are *artiall- re*lace 1- t,e ru11er? t,e reuctio% i% stre%gt, is o%l-%atural.!) M#"+'1%i7'M #n7 Fi.1i+7' (200) Discare t-re ru11er as co%crete aggregate:a *ossi1le outlet 2or use t-resI it ca% 1e co%clue t,at es*ite t,e o1ser0e lo;er 0alueso2 t,e /ec,a%ical *ro*erties o2 co%crete t,ere is a *ote%tial large /ar'et 2or co%crete

*roucts i% ;,ic, i%clusio% o2 ru11er aggregate ;oul 1e 2easi1le. T,ese ca% also i%clue%o%*ri/e structural a**licatio%s o2 t,e /eiu/ to lo; stre%gt, reuire/e%ts ?1e%e2iti%g2ro/ ot,er 2eatures o2 t,is t-*e o2 co%crete. E0e% i2 t,e ru11er t-re aggregate ;as use atrelati0el- lo; *erce%tages i% co%crete?t,e a/ou%t o2 ;aste t-re ru11er coul 1e greatl-reuce ue to t,e 0er- large /ar'et 2or co%crete *roucts ;orl;ie. T,ere2ore t,e use o2 iscare t-re ru11er aggregates i% co%crete s,o;s *ro/ise 2or e0elo*i%g a% aitio%al

route 2or use

?) H16,+5 (;;;)? so/e o2 t,e a0a%tageous *ro*erties o2 t-re c,i*s i%clue lo;/aterial e%sit-? ,ig, 1ul' *er/ea1ilit-? ,ig, t,er/al i%sulatio%? ,ig, ura1ilit-? a% ,ig,

1ul' co/*ressi1ilit-. !% /a%- cases? scra* t-re c,i*s /a- also re*rese%t t,e least e3*e%si0ealter%ati0e to ot,er 2ill /aterials. Cru/1 ru11er ,as 1ee% success2ull- use as a%alter%ati0e aggregate source i% 1ot, as*,alt co%crete a% PCC. T,is ;aste /aterial ,as

1ee% use i% se0eral e%gi%eeri%g structures li'e ,ig,;a- 1ase courses? e/1a%'/e%ts? etc.) n. - #% 200@ ;or'e o% ru11erie co%crete a% re*lace t,e coarse aggregate i%%or/al co%crete ;it, grou% a% crus,e scra* t-re i% 0arious 0olu/e ratios. Grou%ru11er *o;er a% t,e crus,e t-re c,i*s *articles ra%ge i% sie 2ro/ a1out 4 to + //

;ere use. T,e e22ect o2 ru11er t-*e a% ru11er co%te%to% stre%gt,? /oulus o2 elasticit-;ere teste a% stuie. T,e stress strai% ,-steresis loo*s ;ere o1tai%e 1- loai%g?u%loai%g a% reloai%g o2 s*eci/e%s. Brittle%ess i%e3 0alues ;ere calculate 1-,-steresis loo*s. Stuies s,o;e t,at co/*ressi0e stre%gt, a% /oulus o2 elasticit- o2 crus,e ru11erie co%crete ;ere lo;er t,a% t,e grou% ru11erie co%crete@) T## - #% 200@ use c,i**e t-re ru11er a% cru/1 t-re ru11er to re*lace t,e coarsea% 2i%e aggregate res*ecti0el- i% t,e co%crete at re*lace/e%t le0els o2 &4<? 4F<? 64<?a% FF< 1- 0olu/e. T,e t-re ru11er ;as c,i**e i% t;o grou*s o2 sie 4 to F// a% Fto &F //. t,e cru/1 t-re ru11er o2 sie to4 // ;as use. T,ese ;ere /i3e ;it, a ratio

4



o2 :. ;) K#%%' - #% 200@ eter/i%e t,e ,are%e *ro*erties o2 co%crete usi%g i22ere%t t-*eso2 t-re ru11er *article as a re*lace/e%t o2 aggregate i% co%crete. T,e i22ere%t t-*es o2 ru11er *articles use ;ere t-re c,i*s? cru/1 ru11er a% co/1i%atio% o2 t-re c,i*s a%cru/1 ru11er. T,ese *articles ;ere use to re*lace &.4<? &4<? 6.4<? a% 4F< o2 t,e

total /i%eral aggregate 1- 0olu/e. T,e results s,o;e t,at t,e 2res, ru11erie co%crete,a lo;er u%it ;eig,t a% ;or'a1ilit- co/*are to *lai% co%crete. Result s,o;e largereuctio% i% stre%gt, a% /oulus o2 elasticit- i% co%crete ;,e% co/1i%atio% o2 t-reru11er c,i*s a% cru/1 ru11er ;ere use as co/*are to t,at ;,e% t,ese ;ere usei%i0iuall-. !t ;as 2ou% t,at t,e 1rittle 1e,a0ior o2 co%crete ;as ecrease ;it, i%creaseru11er co%te%t. T,e /a3i/u/ toug,%ess i%e3 i%icate t,e *ost 2ailure stre%gt, o2 co%crete ;it, &4<ru11er co%te%t.0) G#n>i#n - #% 200@ i%0estigate t,e *er2or/a%ce o2 co%crete /i3ture i%cor*orati%g4<? 6.4< a% F< t-re ru11er 1- ;eig,t as a re*lace/e%t o2 aggregate a% ce/e%t. T;oset o2 co%crete /i3 ;ere /ae. !% t,e 2irst set c,i**e ru11er re*lace t,e coarse aggregatea% i% t,e seco% set scra* t-re *o;er re*lace ce/e%t. T,e ura1ilit- a% /ec,a%ical

test ;ere *er2or/e. T,e result s,o;e t,at u* to 4<re*lace/e%t i% 1ot, sets %o /aor c,a%ges occurre i% co%crete c,aracteristic.) S*i6i e0elo*e t;o ru11erie co%crete /i3es usi%g 2i%e ru11er gra%ulars i% o%e/i3 a% coarse ru11er gra%ulars i% t,e seco%. W,ile t,ese t;o /i3es ;ere %ot o*ti/iea% t,eir esig% *ara/eters ;ere selecte ar1itraril-? t,eir results i%icate a reuctio% i%co/*ressi0e stre%gt, o2 a1out 4F< ;it, res*ect to t,e co%trol /i3ture. T,e elastic/oulus o2 t,e /i3 co%tai%i%g coarse ru11er gra%ular ;as reuce to a1out 6&< o2 t,at o2 t,e co%trol /i3ture? ;,ereas t,e /i3 co%tai%i%g t,e 2i%e ru11er gra%ular s,o;e areuctio% i% t,e elastic /oulus to a1out +6< o2 t,at o2 t,e co%trol /i3ture. T,e reuctio%i% elastic /oulus i%icates ,ig,er 2le3i1ilit-? ;,ic, /a- 1e 0ie;e as a *ositi0e gai% i%ru11erie PCC (RPCC) /i3tures use as sta1ilie 1ase la-ers i% 2le3i1le *a0e/e%ts.

2) IB T',1 in i%0estigate t,e e22ect o2 *article sie a% co%te%t o2 tire ru11ers o% t,e/ec,a%ical *ro*erties o2 co%crete. T,e researc,er 2ou% t,at? alt,oug, t,e stre%gt, ;asreuce? t,e *lastic ca*acit- ;as e%,a%ce sig%i2ica%tl-.3) #+ - #% co%clue t,at RPCC /i3tures ca% 1e /ae usi%g grou% tire i% *artialre*lace/e%t 1- 0olu/e o2 CA a% "A. Base o% t,e ;or'a1ilit-? a% u**er le0el o2 4F< o2 t,e total aggregate 0olu/e /a- 1e use. Stre%gt, ata e0elo*e i% t,eir i%0estigatio%(co/*ressi0e a% 2le3ural) i%icates a s-ste/atic reuctio% i% t,e stre%gt, ;it, t,ei%crease o2 ru11er co%te%t. "ro/ a *ractical 0ie;*oi%t? ru11er co%te%t s,oul %ot e3cee&F< o2 t,e aggregate 0olu/e ue to se0ere reuctio% i% stre%gt,. O%ce t,e aggregate/atri3 co%tai%s %o%traitio%al co/*o%e%ts suc, as *ol-/er aiti0es? 2i1ers? iro% slag? a%ot,er ;aste /aterials? s*ecial *ro0isio%s ;oul 1e reuire to esig% a% *rouce t,ese

/oi2ie /i3es. At *rese%t? t,ere are %o suc, guieli%es o% ,o; to i%clue scra* tire *articles i% PCC /i3tures.) S+. - #% use saturate NaO$ solutio% to treat ;aste tire ru11er *o;ers. T,e-2ou% t,at NaO$ sur2ace treat/e%t i%crease ru11erce/e%t *aste i%ter2acial 1o%i%gstre%gt, a% resulte i% a% i/*ro0e/e%t i% stre%gt, a% toug,%ess i% ;aste tire *o;er /oi2ie ce/e%t /ortar.!) H+n#n7'%i"#+ - #% use cru/1e ;aste tire 2i1ers (a0erage le%gt, &.4 //)a% s,ort *ol-*ro*-le%e (**) 2i1ers (le%gt, 2ro/ &F //) to /oi2ie co%crete.?) G+.'+5 G#++i*9 s,o;s t,e a%al-sis o2 ;aste tire /oi2ie co%crete use 4< 1-

5



0olu/e o2 coarse aggregate ;,e% re*lace 1- ;aste tire as a t;o *,ase /aterial as tire2i1er a% c,i*s is*erse i% co%crete /i3. T,e result is t,at t,ere is a% i%crease i%toug,%ess? *lastic e2or/atio%? i/*act resista%ce a% crac'i%g resista%ce. But t,e stre%gt,a% sti22%ess o2 t,e ru11erie sa/*le ;ere reuce. T,e co%trol co%crete isi%tegrate;,e% *ea' loa ;as reac,e ;,ile t,e ru11erie co%crete ,a co%siera1le e2or/atio%

;it,out isi%tegratio% ue to t,e 1rigi%g cause 1- t,e tires. T,e stress co%ce%tratio% i%t,e ru11er 2i1er /oi2ie co%crete is s/aller t,a% t,at i% t,e ru11er c,i* /oi2ie co%crete.T,is /ea%s t,e ru11er 2i1er /oi2ie co%crete ca% 1ear a ,ig,er loa t,a% t,e ru11er c,i*/oi2ie co%crete 1e2ore t,e co%crete /atri3 1rea's.) K#6i% - #% a%al-e t,e *ro*erties o2 Cru/1 Ru11er Co%crete? T,e u%it ;eig,t o2 t,eCRC /i3 ecrease a**ro3i/atel- 5 *c2 2or e0er- 4F l1s o2 cru/1 ru11er ae. T,eco/*ressi0e stre%gt, ecrease as t,e ru11er co%te%t i%crease. Part o2 t,e stre%gt,reuctio% ;as co%tri1ute to t,e e%tra**e air? ;,ic, i%crease ;it, t,e ru11er co%te%t.!%0estigati0e e22orts s,o;e t,at t,e stre%gt, reuctio% coul 1e su1sta%tiall- reuce 1-ai%g a eairi%g age%t i%to t,e /i3i%g truc' ust *rior to t,e *lace/e%t o2 t,e co%crete.@) G1'Ji#n. Li< co%ucte i%0estigatio% o% c,i*s a% 2i1ers. T,e tire sur2aces are treate

1- saturate NaO$ solutio% a% *,-sical a%c,orage 1- rilli%g ,ole at t,e ce%ter o2 t,ec,i*s ;ere also i%0estigate a% t,e- co%clue t,at 2i1ers *er2or/ 1etter t,a% c,i*s: NaO$ sur2ace treat/e%t oes %ot ;or' 2or larger sie tire c,i*s: usi%g *,-sical a%c,orage,as so/e e22ect. "urt,er e22orts ;ill 1e geare to;ar t,e e%largi%g ,e ,ole sie a%i%suri%g t,at t,e ,ole 1e t,roug, t,e c,i* t,ic'%ess e%tirel-. "i1re le%gt, restricte to lesst,a% 4F// to a0oi e%ta%gle: steel 1elt ;ires *ro0ie *ositi0e e22ect o% i%creasi%g t,estre%gt, o2 co%crete. "ro/ t,e a1o0e literature re0ie; it is see% t,at ;aste tire ru11er /oi2ie co%crete is c,aracterie as ,a0i%g ,ig, toug,%ess a% lo; stre%gt, a% sti22%ess.arious /et,os ,a0e 1ee% trie to i/*ro0e t,e stre%gt, a% sti22%ess o2 ;aste tire/oi2ie co%crete. $o;e0er *re*ari%g ;aste tire *o;ers a% t,i% tire 2i1res is ti/e? e22orta% /o%e- co%su/i%g. So/eti/es? t,e cost /a- 1e so ,ig, t,at it ca%%ot 1e usti2ie 1- its

gai% i% *er2or/a%ce. Because larger sie c,i*s or 2i1res are 0er- eas- to *rouce? it ise3*ecte t,at t,e cost o2 larger sie c,i*s or 2i1re /oi2ie co%crete ;ill 1e 0er- lo;.$o;e0er? it is %ot clear i2 larger sie 2i1res or NAO$ treate c,i*s ;or' or %ot. "urt,er e3*eri/e%tal a%al-ses are %eee.;) E%7in #n7 Sn'1*i co%ucte e3*eri/e%ts to e3a/i%e t,e stre%gt, a% toug,%ess

*ro*erties o2 ru11erise co%crete /i3tures. T,e- use t;o t-*es o2 t-reru11er? ;it,i22ere%t t-reru11er co%te%t. T,eir results i%icate a**ro3i/atel- 94< reuctio% i%co/*ressi0e stre%gt,? ;,ereas t,e s*litti%g te%sile stre%gt, reuce 1- a1out 4F< ;,e%t,e coarse aggregate ;as 2ull- re*lace 1- c,i**e t-reru11er. A s/aller reuctio% i%co/*ressi0e stre%gt, (54<) ;as o1ser0e ;,e% sa% ;as 2ull- re*lace 1- 2i%e cru/1ru11er. Co%crete co%tai%i%g ru11er i %ot e3,i1it 1rittle 2ailure u%er co/*ressio% or

s*litti%g te%sio% a% ,a t,e a1ilit- to a1sor1 a large a/ou%t o2 e%erg- u%er co/*ressi0ea% te%sile loas. A /ore i%e*t, a%al-sis o2 t,eir results i%icates a% o*ti/ie /i3ture *ro*ortio% is %eee to o*ti/ie t,e t-re ru11er co%te%t i% t,e /i3ture.20) Bi% #n7 L ,a use rec-cle t-re i% co%crete /i3tures /ae ;it, /ag%esiu/o3-c,lorie ce/e%t? ;,ere aggregate ;as re*lace 1- 2i%e cru/1 ru11er u* to &4< 1-0olu/e. 4 T,eir results o2 co/*ressi0e a% te%sile stre%gt, i%icate t,at t,ere is 1etter

1o%i%g ;,e% /ag%esiu/ o3-c,lorie ce/e%t is use. T,e- isco0ere t,at structurala**licatio%s coul 1e *ossi1le i2 t,e ru11er co%te%t is li/ite to 6< 1- 0olu/e o2 t,eaggregate.

6



2) S*i6i - #% e0elo*e t;o ru11erise co%crete /i3tures usi%g 2i%e ru11er cru/1si% o%e /i3ture a% coarse c,i**e ru11er i% t,e seco%. W,ile t,ese t;o /i3tures ;ere %oto*ti/ise a% t,eir /i3ture *ro*ortio%i%g *ara/eters ;ere selecte ar1itraril-? t,eir resultsi%icate a reuctio% i% co/*ressi0e stre%gt, o2 a1out 4F< ;it, res*ect to t,e co%trol/i3ture. T,e elastic /oulus o2 t,e /i3ture co%tai%i%g coarse c,i**e ru11er ;as reuce

1- a1out 6&< o2 t,at o2 t,e co%trol /i3ture? ;,ereas t,e /i3ture co%tai%i%g t,e 2i%e ru11er cru/1s s,o;e a reuctio% i% t,e elastic /oulus 1- a1out +6< o2 t,at o2 t,e co%trol/i3ture. T,e reuctio% i% elastic /oulus i%icates ,ig,er 2le3i1ilit-? ;,ic, /a- 1e0ie;e as a *ositi0e gai% i% /i3tures use i% sta1ilie 1ase la-ers i% 2le3i1le *a0e/e%ts.!% rece%t -ears? use t-re c,i**e ru11er co%tai%i%g Portla% ce/e%t co%crete 2or uses i%sou%cras, 1arriers? retai%i%g structures? a% *a0e/e%t structures ,as 1ee% e3te%si0el-stuie +? 5? =? 4? 5? 6. Test results s,o;e t,at t,e i%trouctio% o2 use t-re c,i**eru11er co%siera1l- i%creases toug,%ess? i/*act resista%ce? a% *lastic e2or/atio% 1ut i%al/ost all cases a co%siera1le ecrease i% stre%gt, ;as o1ser0e.22) K#-i$ #n7 B#5'65 stuie t,e i%2lue%ce o2 ai%g t;o 'i%s o2 ru11er? cru/1 (0er-2i%e to 1e re*lace 2or sa%) a% c,i**e (at t,e sie o2 F 4F // to 1e re*lace 2or

gra0el). T,e- /ae t,ree grou*s o2 c co%crete /i3tures. !% grou* A? cru/1 ru11er tore*lace 2i%es? i% grou* B? c,i**e ru11er to re*lace coarse aggregate? a% i% grou* C 1ot,t-*es o2 ru11er ;ere use i% eual 0olu/es. !% all? t,e t,ree grou*s ,a eig,t i22ere%tru11er co%te%ts i% t,e ra%ge o2 4 FF < ;ere use. T,e- 2ou% t,at t,e co/*ressi0estre%gt, o2 co%crete ;oul ecrease ;it, i%creasi%g ru11er co%te%t. "or 5 e3a/*le?re*laci%g FF< gra0els 1- c,i**e ru11er ;oul ecrease t,e co/*ressi0e stre%gt, o2 co%crete u* to =F<. Mea%;,ile? t,e- s,o;e t,at t,e ru11erie co%crete /ae ;it,c,i**e ru11er ,as less stre%gt, t,a% co%crete /ae ;it, cru/1 ru11er.23) T',*1 i%0estigate t,e *article sie a% co%te%t o2 t-re ru11ers o% t,e /ec,a%ical

*ro*erties o2 co%crete. $e 2ou% t,at? alt,oug, t,e stre%gt, ;as reuce? t,e *lasticca*acit- ;as e%,a%ce sig%i2ica%tl-. Serge a%

2) '9 i% t,eir stu-? ae ru11er *articles i% ce/e%t *aste (ru11er *articles ,a asie ;it, /a3i/u/ 4FF //). !% orer to ecrease ,-ro*,o1ic %ature o2 ru11er sur2ace? NaO$ ;as c,ose%. At 2irst? t,e sur2ace o2 ru11er *articles ;ere /oi2ie 1- saturate NaO$ 2or &F /i%utes. T,e- co%clue t,at t,e ru11er *articles treate 1- NaO$ s,o; 1etter co,esio% ;it, ce/e%t *aste. T,eir results i%icate t,at t,ere ;as a% i/*ro0e/e%t i%2le3ural stre%gt, 1- t,is *roceure? 1ut a < ecrease occurre i% co/*ressi0e stre%gt,.2!) N#i9 - #% stuies co%clue t,at a/o%g t,e sur2ace treat/e%ts teste to e%,a%ce t,e,-ro*,ilicit- o2 t,e ru11er sur2ace? a soiu/ ,-ro3ie (NaO$) solutio% ga0e t,e 1estresult. T,e *articles ;ere sur2acetreate ;it, NaO$ saturate aueous solutio%s 2or &F/i%utes 1e2ore usi%g t,e/ i% co%crete. T,e%? sca%%i%g electro% /icrosco*- (SEM) a%/easure/e%ts o2 ;ater a1sor*tio%? e%sit-? 2le3ural stre%gt,? co/*ressi0e stre%gt,?

a1rasio% resista%ce? /oulus o2 elasticit-? a% 2racture e%erg- tests ;ere *er2or/e? usi%gtest s*eci/e%s (;atertoce/e%titious /aterials ratio o2 F.5) co%tai%i%g F< o2 *o;ereru11er or ru11er treate ;it, F< NaO$. T,e test results s,o;e t,at t,e NaO$ treat/e%te%,a%ces t,e a,esio% o2 t-re ru11er *articles to ce/e%t *aste? a% /ec,a%ical *ro*ertiessuc, as 2le3ural stre%gt, a% 2racture e%erg- ;ere i/*ro0e ;it, t,e use o2 t-re ru11er

*articles as aitio% i%stea o2 su1stitutio% 6 2or aggregate. So/e reuctio% i% t,eco/*ressi0e stre%gt, (<) ;as o1ser0e? ;,ic, ;as lo;er t,a% t,at re*orte i% t,eliterature.2?) Li - #% trie to i/*ro0e t,e stre%gt, a% sti22%ess o2 use t-re /oi2ie co%crete 1-

9



usi%g larger sie (a**ro3i/atel- &4? 4F? a% 64 // lo%g a% 4 // t,ic') c,i**e ru11er 2i1ers a% NaO$treati%g. T,e- co%clue t,at suc, 2i1erru11ers *er2or/ 1etter t,a%c,i**e ru11ers (a**ro3i/atel- &4 &4 // suare s,a*e ;it, 4 // t,ic'%ess) o 1utt,e NaO$ sur2ace treat/e%t oes %ot ;or' 2or larger sie c,i**e t-res. Researc,ers +?5? =? +? 5? & 2ou% t,at t,e -%a/ic /oulus o2 elasticit- a% rigiit- ecrease ;it,

a% i%crease i% t,e ru11er co%te%t? i%icati%g a less sti22 a% less 1rittle /aterial. Also t,ei/*act resista%ce o2 co%crete i%crease ;,e% ru11er aggregate ;ere i%cor*orate i%to t,eco%crete /i3tures. T,e i%crease i% resista%ce ;as eri0e 2ro/ t,e e%,a%ce a1ilit- o2 t,e/aterial to a1sor1 e%erg-. "ro/ t,e a1o0e literature sur0e-? it is see% t,at use t-re ru11er co%crete is c,aracterie as ,a0i%g ,ig, toug,%ess 1ut lo; stre%gt, a% sti22%ess. B-co/*ari%g a% co%trasti%g t,ese stuies? it is clear t,at t,ese i22ere%ces i% t,eir results areue to t,e ualit- o2 gra0el /aterials a% ce/e%t? as ;ell as 0arious *roceures use 2or attai%i%g to co%crete /i3ture *ro*ortio%s. Mea%;,ile? i% all o2 t,ese stuies? re*laci%ggra0el ,a 1ee% o%e 1- 0olu/e *erce%tage. !% t,e researc, *rogra/ re*orte i% t,is *a*er?to re0ie; t,e i%2lue%ce o2 usi%g use ru11er? t,e *erce%t re*lace/e%t 1- ;eig,t ;asco%siere 2or re*laci%g t,e sta%ar !ra%ia% coarse aggregate. arious /i3tures ;ere

*ro*ortio%e a% /ec,a%ical tests ;ere *er2or/e.

Chapter - 3

=



M#-+i#% #n7 P+',+-i

3 In-+'71*-i'n

Be2ore /a'i%g a co%crete /i3ture? t,e selectio% o2 *ro*er co%stitue%t /aterials a%eter/i%atio% o2 t,eir *ro*ortio%s is t,e 2irst ste* to;ar o1tai%i%g a /ortar t,at ;ill/eet t,e s*eci2ie stre%gt,. Ge%erall- selectio% o2 /aterials 2or use i% /ortar is 1ase o%eco%o/ic co%sieratio%s. !% s*ite o2 t,is 0arious coes o2 *ractice? ;,ic, are /a%ator-?la- o;% t,e /i%i/u/ reuire/e%ts o2 certai% *ro*erties o2 eac, /aterial a% *ro0ie2or 1ot, 2iel a% la1orator- tests? to e%sure t,at t,e structures 1uilt are satis2actor- a%sa2e

T,e 1asic /aterials reuire 2or/ortar are:

. Ce/e%t

&. Sa%Sto%e ust(as re*lace/e%t)

. ;ater

+. GritT-re ( as re*lace/e%t)

32 M#-+i#% C#+#*-+i-i*

32 C6n-

Ce/e%t:

IS 22?;8;@ S,*i4i*#-i'n 4'+ !3 G+#7 O+7in#+5 P'+-%#n7 C6n-

;,ose *ro*erties ;ere eter/i%e a% gi0e% i% t,e

Ta1le . ;as use 2or *re*ari%g t,e ce/e%t co%crete.

T#$% 3 P+',+-i '4 C6n-

P+',&+-i& A"+#.&F

T#$% 3 P+',+-i '4 C6n-

Pro*erties A0erage

Sta%ar co%siste%c- F.F

Initial Setting time (min.) F

Final Setting time (min.) 5FF

a-s co/*ressi0e Stre%gt, (MPa) &9.9

6a-s co/*ressi0e Stre%gt, (MPa) +.

&9a-s co/*ressi0e Stre%gt, (MPa) 45

S*eci2ic Sur2ace (/&'g) &=9.+



Sta%ar co%siste%c- F.F

!%itial Setti%g ti/e (/i%.) F

"i%al Setti%g ti/e (/i%.) 5FF

a-s co/*ressi0e Stre%gt, (MPa) &9.9

6a-s co/*ressi0e Stre%gt, (MPa) +.&9a-s co/*ressi0e Stre%gt, (MPa) 45

OPC C6n- C'6,+i" S-+n.-

Material T-*e o2 Ce/e%t Co/*ressi0e Stre%gt,

:

Ce/e%t(?94'g):"i%e

Sa% (?444'g)

OPC Ce/e%t a-s 6 a-s &9 a-s

4Q4Q4c/ cu1e Co/*ressi0estre%gt,

&N//& &N//& 4+N//&

322 G+i-:C'#+ A..+.#-

Pro*erties a% *er2or/a%ce o2 co%crete are e*e%e%t to a large e3te%t o% t,ec,aracteristics a% *ro*erties o2 t,e aggregates t,e/sel0es. !% ge%eral? a% aggregate to 1euse i% co%crete /ust 1e clea%? ,ar? *ro*erl- s,a*e a% ;ell grae. T,e- s,oul %otco%tai% eleterious /aterials ;,ic, /a- cause *,-sical a% c,e/ical c,a%ges suc, ascrac's? s;elli%g. So2te%i%g or leac,i%g.

T,e stre%gt, o2 co%crete ca%%ot 1e e3cee t,at o2 1ul' o2 aggregate co%tai%e t,erei%.Mec,a%ical *ro*erties o2 aggregate is $ar%ess a% toug,%ess ;,ic, are /easure 1- as *er !S&95(*art!).

S*eci2ic gra0it- as *er !S&95(*art!!!)=5

&



S,*i4i* .+#"i-5 '4 17 #..+.#- i 2?!.

Grai%g Li/its as *er !S9=6F

T#$% 33

Wi.-'4S#6,%inG+#6

ISSi"In 66

Wi.-R-#ininG+#6

C161%#-i"=i.-+-#in

Wi.-P#7inG+#6

,# A**,-#$i%i-5#.#in- #* i"

!000 G+#77 N'nG+#77

+F F F 4FFF FF FF FF&F 69 69 +=&& =5 =4FF 94FF5 4F 499 & &.4 &F &6F9 &&64 F FFF 6F9 &=& &4.9+ &444 F&F

+.64 F4F +649 &+& +.9+ FF F4Pa% &+& 4FFF

323 S#n7:Fin #n7

T,e sa% use ;as %atural ri0er sa% *assi%g t,roug, t,e +.64 // sie0e. a0aila1le locall-;ere ta'e% 2or a%al-sis as *er !S: 9=6F 2or sa% a% co%crete res*ecti0el-. T,e results?i% ter/s o2 *article sie istri1utio%? are gi0e% i%

T#$%3

&&



Wi.- '4 S#6,% inG+#6

ISSi"Di.n#-i'n

In66

Wi.-R-#inIn .+#6

C161%#-i"=i.-+-#in

Wi.-,#7 in.+#6

,#7

A**,-#$i%i-5 #.#in- #* i"

FFF o%e ! o%e!!

o%e!!!

o%e!

+.64 6F 6F =F = =FFF

=FFF

=FFF

=4FF

&.5 5F F 96F 96 5F=4 64FF

94FF

=4FF

.9 6F FF 6FF 6F F6F 44=F 64

FF

=FFF

5FF &5F 45F ++F ++ 4+ 44= 5F6= 9FFF

FF FF 95F +F + 4&F 9F &+F 44F

4F F ==F +F + FF FF FF F4

64 5 ==5 + F.+

Pa% + FFF F

Si" Si

&

K R & - # i n



Fin M'71%1

T5, '4 S#n7 Finn 6'71%1

Fin S#n7 222?

M7i16 S#n7 2?2;

C'#+ S#n7 2;32

T#$%3!

Wi.

- '4 S#6,% inG+#6

IS Si"

Di.n#-i'n

In 66

Wi.

-R-#in In.+#6

C161%#

-i"=i.-+-#in

Wi.-

,#7in .+#6

R-#in

,#7

+.64 6F 6F =F 6 =

&.5 5F F 96F 96

.9 6F FF 6FF F 6F

5FF &5F 45F ++F 45 ++

FF FF 95F +F 95 +

4F F ==F F == +

T'-#% 2;

Fin M'71%12;:002;

T#$% 3? Si%- C'n-n-

V'%16 S#6,% S#6,%2 S#6,%3

Si%- L"% 3 2 3

Si%- L"% 2 00 00 00

Si%- L"% 3 3 2 3

32 S-'n D1-

&+

T#$% 3 Si" An#%5i '4 Di44+n- T5, '4 S-'n D1-

0e sie

/)

Weig,t retai%e ('g) O Cu/ulati0e

;ei ,t assi%Sa/*le Sa/*le & Sa/*le Sa/*le Sa/*le &

+.64 F.F F.F F.F4 =9 =9

&.5 F.4 F.4 .20 59 59

.9 0.20 F.4 F. +5 +5

1oo/ F.6 F.4 F.+ 4 4

3006 0.20 F.&4 F.&6 &6 &6

4F/ 0.20 F.&4 F.&4 && &&

Total

;eig,t

.F .F .F &=5 &=5F

=

"i%e%ess Moulus &.=5 &.=5

.A"+#. Finn M'71%1



T,e sto%e ust use ;as *assi%g t,roug, t,e +.64 // sie0e. A0aila1le

locall- ;ere ta'e% 2or a%al-sis as *er !S: 9=6F 2or sa% a% co%crete

res*ecti0el-. T,e results? i% ter/s o2 *article sie istri1utio%? are gi0e% i%

T#$%3

Wi.- '4

S#6,% in

G+#6

IS Si"

Di.n#-i

'n

In 66

Wi.-

R-#in In

.+#6

C161%#-i"

=i.- +-#in

Wi.-

,#7 in

.+#6

,#7 A**,-#$i%i-5 #.#in- #* i"

FFF o%e ! o%e !! o%e

!!!

o%e !

+.64 &F &F =9F =9 =FFF =FFF =FFF =4FF

&.5 F F 96F 96 5F=4 64FF 94FF =4FF

.9 F +5F 4+F 46 F6F 44=F 64FF =FFF

5FF 6F 5F 6F 6 4+ 44= 5F6= 9FFF

FF &F 64F &4F &4 4&F 9F &+F 44F

4F FF 94F 4F 4 FF FF FF F4

64 6F =&F 9F 9

Pa% 9F FFF F

Si" Si

Si" Si

&4

K R & - # i n



Fin M'71%1

T5, '4 S#n7 Finn 6'71%1

Fin S#n7 222?

M7i16 S#n7 2?2;

C'#+ S#n7 2;32

T#$%3

Wi.- '4 S#6,%

inG+#6

IS Si"Di.n#-i'n

In 66

Wi.-R-#i

n In.+#6

C161%#-i"=i.-

+-#in

Wi.-,#7in .+#6

R-#in

,#7

FFF

+.64 &F &F =9F =9 &

&.5 F F 96F 96

.9 F +5F 4+F 46 ++

5FF 6F 5F 6F 6 5

FF &F 64F &4F &4 64

4F FF 94F 4F 4 94

T'-#% 2@2

Fin M'71%12@2:002@2

32! TYRE8

C6i*#% ,+',+-i

T-res are co/*le3 co/1i%atio% o2 /etals? /i%erals a% ,-rocar1o%s. Car a%0a% t-res /ae o2 arti2icial ru11er (st-re%e a% 1utaie%e). Lorr- t-res /ostl- /ae o2

%atural ru11er. T,e- /ae o2 0ulca%ie (cross li%'e *ol-/er c,ai%s). Most co//o%l-use t-re ru11er is st-re%e1utaie%e co*ol-/er SBR co%tai%i%g &4< st-re%e. $o;e0er t,is /a- 1e 0irgi% ru11er? s-%t,etic ru11er or rec-cle t-re ru11er. Ru11er co%stitutesa**ro3i/atel- F< o2 a t-re 1- ;eig,t ;it, t,e re/ai%er /ae u* 2ro/ ot,er co%stitue%ts i%clui%g steel? %-lo%? ra-o%? car1o% 1lac'? 2i1er glass? aga/i a% 1rass. !%t,is *rocess ;e ,a0e ta'e% to 2i% c,e/ical co/*o%e%ts i% t,e s,ree *ieces t-res.

P,-sical *ro*erties o2 T-res.

&5



S. No. P,-sical Pro*erties T-*ical alues

Particle Sie +.64 to F//

& A1rasio% F

Water A1sor*tio% F

Basic casti%g s*eci/e% ce/e%t: sa%sto%e ust: GritT-re 2or co%crete ,as 1ee% *re*are i% accora%ce ;it, !S Coe F&5&&FF=? :.4:? 2or cu1e testi%g.

&6



Chapter - 4

T- P+'.+#66

*'n*+- C1$

T,ese ;ere carrie out to clearl- u%ersta% t,e e22ect o2 i22ere%tle0els o2 Su1stitutio% o2 sto%e ust a% t-re aitio% o% t,e co/*ressi0estre%gt, o2 co%crete o2 0ar-i%g co/*ositio%. W,ereas cu1es /easuri%g&&4c/& (area o2 o%e 2ace) ;ere use to /easure t,e co/*ressi0e stre%gt,.

,*i6n +#75 4'+ T-in.(*'n*+- C1$)

A set o2 5F %u/1ers o2 co%crete cu1es ;ere co%structe ;it, ce/e%tco%crete ratio :.4:? 5 %u/1ers i% eac, ratio? 2i%e aggregate 1ei%g ri0er sa% a% sto%e ust ;it, re*lace/e%t le0els o2 F<? &F<? +F< a% 5F< i%eac, ratio i.e. su1stituti%g %atural ri0er sa%.

A2ter getti%g /a3 stre%gt, at < /i3i%g o2 sto%e ust t,e% /i3 t-re o2 sie +.64 to F // ;it, re*lace/e%t o2 grit le0els &<? 4< a% F<. co%crete cu1es are teste at + a% &9 a-s.

2 P+','+-i'nin. '4 *'n*+- Mi

Wit, t,ese ce/e%t co%crete ratio cu1es ;ere co%structe.

"ollo;i%g t,e Ta1le +. *ro*ortio%.

&9



T#$% 8 P+','+-i'n 17 in - E,+i6n- 4'+ *'n*+-6i

SN'

W#-+ C6n- W:C FinA..+.#-

-'n71-

-5+

T5+ C'#+#..+.

#n7 S-'n71-

0-'!66

2066

:.4: 5.+ &.9 F.4 =.& 9.+

& 5.+ &.9 F.4 4.4 .94 &F< 9.+

5.+ &.9 F.4 +.+ +.9 &4< 9.+

+ 5.+ &.9 F.4 .++ 4.65 F< 9.+

4 5.+ &.9 F.4 &.+9 5.6& 4< 9.+

5 5.+ &.9 F.4 .4& 6.69 +F< 9.+

6 5.+ &.9 F.4 .++ 4.65 F< &< F.66 6.5

9 5.+ &.9 F.4 .++ 4.65 F< 4< .=& 5.+9

= 5.+ &.9 F.4 .++ 4.65 F< F< .9+ +.45

Note: 5 Sa/*les are *re*are 2or eac, *ro*ortio%.

3 M-'7 '4 -- 4'+ -+n.- '4 *'n*+- # ,+ IS8 !?;!;

3 MAKING AND CURING COMPRESSION TEST SPECIMENS IN THE

LABORATORY

T,is clause s*eci2ies t,e *roceure 2or /a'i%g a% curi%g co/*ressio% test

s*eci/e%s o2 co%crete i% t,e la1orator- ;,ere accurate co%trol o2 t,e

ua%tities o2 /aterials a% test co%itio%s are *ossi1le a% ;,ere t,e

/a3i/u/ %o/i%al sie o2 aggregate oes %ot e3cee 9 //. T,e /et,o is

es*eciall- a**lica1le to t,e /a'i%g o2 *reli/i%ar- co/*ressio% tests to

ascertai% t,e suita1ilit- o2 t,e a0aila1le /aterials or to eter/i%e suita1le

&=



/i3 *ro*ortio%s

2 S#6,%in. '4 M#-+i#%. Re*rese%tati0e sa/*les o2 t,e /aterials o2

co%crete 2or use i% t,e *articular co%crete co%structio% ;or' s,all 1e

care2ull- o1tai%e 1- care2ul sa/*li%g. Test sa/*les o2 ce/e%t s,all 1e /ae

u* o2 a s/all *ortio% ta'e% 2ro/ eac, o2 a %u/1er o2 1ag o% t,e site? test

sa/*les o2 aggregate s,all 1e ta'e% 2ro/ larger lots 1- uarteri%g.

3 P+,#+#-i'n '4 M#-+i#% All /aterials s,all 1e 1roug,t to roo/

te/*erature? *re2era1l- &6 U 1e2ore co//e%ci%g t,e test.

T,e ce/e%t sa/*les? o% arri0al at t,e la1orator-? s,all 1e t,oroug,l- /i3e

r- eit,er 1- ,a% or i% a suita1le /i3er ill suc, a /a%%er as to e%sure t,e

greatest *ossi1le 1le%i%g a% u%i2or/it- i% /aterial. Care 1ei%g ta'e% to

a0oi t,e i%trusio% o2 2oreig% /atter. T,e ce/e%t s,all 1e store i% a r- *lace? *re2era1l- i% airtig,t /etal co%tai%ers.

Sa/*les o2 aggregates 2or eac, 1atc, o2 co%crete s,all 1e o2 T,e esire

grai%g a% s,all 1e i% a% air rie co%itio%. !% ge%eral. t,e aggregate s,all

1e se*arate i%to ti%t a% coarse 2ractio%s a% reco/1i%e 2or eac, co%crete

1atc, i% suc, a /a%%er as to *rouce t,e esire grai%g. !S Sie0e +9F s,all

1e %or/all- use 2or se*arati%g i% to t,e 2i%e a% coarse 2ractio%s? 1ut ;,ere

s*ecial grai%g@s are 1ei%g i%0estigate? lot, 2i%e a% coarse 2ractio%s s,all

1e 2urt,er se*arate i%to i22ere%t sies.

P+','+-i'nin. T,e *ro*ortio%s o2 t,e /aterials? i%clui%g ;ater? i%

co%crete /i3es use 2or eter/i%i%g t,e suita1ilit- o2 t,e /aterials a0aila1le?

s,all 1e si/ilar i% all res*ects to t,ose to 1e e/*lo-e i% t,e ;or'. W,ere as

t,e *ro*ortio%s o2 t,e i%greie%ts o2 t,e co%crete as use i% t,e site are to 1e

s*eci2ie 1- 0olu/e? t,e- s,all 1e calculate tur% t,e *ro*ortio%? 1- ;eig,t

use i% t,e test cu1es a% t,e u%it ;eig,ts o2 t,e /aterials.

! Wi.in. T,e ua%tities o2 ce/e%t? eac, sie o2 aggregate? a% ;ater 2or

eac, 1atc, s,all 1e eter/i%e 1- ;eig,t? to a% accurac- o2 FV *erce%t o2 t,etotal ;eig,t o2 t,e 1atc,.

? Miin. C'n*+- T,e co%crete s,all 1e /i3e 1- ,a%? or *re2era1l-? i% a

la1orator- 1atc, /i3er? i% suc, a /a%%er as to a0oi loss o2 ;ater or ot,er

/aterials? Eac, 1atc, o2 co%crete s,all 1e o2 suc, sie as to lea0e a1out F

*erce%t e3cess a2ter /oli%g t,e esire %u/1er o2 test s*eci/e%s?

F



? M#*in Miin. W,e% t,e /i3i%g ru/ is c,arge 1- a *o;er loaer?

all t,e /i3i%g ;ater s,all 1e i%trouce i%to t,e ru/ 1e2ore t,e soli

/aterials: t,e s'i* s,all 1e loae ;it, a1out o%e,alt o2 t,e coarse

aggregate? t,e% ;it, t,e 2i%e aggregate? t,e% ;it, t,e ce/e%t a% 2i%all- ;it,

t,e re/ai%i%g coarse aggregate o% to*. (!2 all aggregate use? t,e s'i* s,all 1e

loae 2irst ;it, a1out o%e,al2 o2 t,e aggregate t,e% ;it, t,e ce/e%t a%

2i%all- ;it, t,e re/ai%i%g aggregate o% to*.) I;,ere t,e /i3i%g ru/ is

,a%loae it s,all ,e c,arge ;it, t,e r- /aterials i% a si/ilar /a%%er?

a% t,e ;ater s,all 1e ae i//eiatel- 1e2ore t,e .rotatio% o2 t,e ru/ is

starte. T,e *erio o2 /i3i%g s,all 1e %ot less t,a% & /i%utes a2ter all t,e

/aterials are i% t,e ru/? a% s,all co%ti%ue till t,e resulti%g co%crete is

u%i2or/ i% a**eara%ce. W,e% usi%g *a% /i3ers? t,e co%crete s,all 1e ,ea*e

toget,er 1e2ore sa/*li%g.

? H#n7 Miin. T,e co%crete 1atc, s,all 1e /i3e o% a ;atertig,t? %o%

a1sor1e%t *lat2or/ ;it, a s,o0el? tro;el or si/ilar suita1le i/*le/e%t? usi%gt,e 2ollo;i%g *roceure: a) T,e ce/e%t a% 2i%e aggregate s,all 1e /i3e r-

u%til t,e /i3ture is t,oroug,l- 1le%e a% is u%i2or/ i% colour?

1) T,e coarse aggregate s,all t,e% 1e ae a% /i3e ;it, t,e ce/e%t a%

2i%e aggregate u%til t,e coarse aggregate is u%i2or/l- istri1ute t,roug,out

t,e 1atc,? a%

c) T,e ;ater s,all t,e% 1e ae a% t,e e%tire 1atc, /i3e u%til t,e co%crete

a**ears to 1e ,o/oge%eous a% ,as t,e esire co%siste%c-. !2 re*eate

/i3i%g is %ecessar-? 1ecause o2 t,e aitio% o2 ;ater i% i%cre/e%ts ;,ile

austi%g t,e co%siste%c-? t,e 1atc, s,all 1e iscare a% a 2res, 1atc, /ae;it,out i%terru*ti%g t,e /i3i%g to /a'e trial co%siste%c- tests.

W'+9#$i%i-5 Eac, 1atc, o2 co%crete s,all 1e teste 2or co%siste%c-

i//eiatel- a2ter /i3i%g? 1- o%e o2 t,e /et,os escri1e i% !S: ===4=.

Pro0ie t,at care is ta'e% to e%sure t,at %o ;ater or ot,er /aterial is lost?

t,e co%crete use 2or t,e co%siste%c- tests /a- 1e re/i3e ;it, t,e

re/ai%er o2 1atc, 1e2ore /a'i%g t,e test s*eci/e%s. T,e *erio o2 re

/i3i%g s,all 1e as s,ort as *ossi1le -et su22icie%t to *rouce a ,o/oge%eous

/ass.

@ Si '4 T- S,*i6n . Test s*eci/e%s cu1ical i% s,a*e s,all 1e 4 Q 4Q 4 c/. !2 t,e largest %o/i%al sie o2 t,e aggregate oes %ot e3cee & c/?

F c/ cu1es /a- 1e use as a% alter%ati0e. C-li%rical test s*eci/e%s s,all

,a0e a le%gt, eual to t;ice t,e ia/eter. T,e- s,all 1e 4 c/ i% ia/eter

a% F c/ lo%g. S/aller test s*eci/e%s s,all ,a0e a ratio o2 ia/eter o2

s*eci/e% to /a3i/u/ sie o2 aggregate o2 %ot less t,a% to ? e3ce*t t,at

t,e ia/eter o2 t,e s*eci/e% s,all 1e %ot less t,a% 6V4 // 2or /i3tures



co%tai%i%g aggregate /ore t,a% 4 *erce%t o2 ;,ic, is retai%e o% !S Sie0e

+9F.

; M'1%7

; C1$ M'1%7 T,e /oul s,all 1e o2 /etal? *re2era1l- steel or cast

iro%? a% stout e%oug, to *re0e%t istortio%. !t s,all 1e co%structe i% suc, a

/a%%er as to 2acilitate t,e re/o0al o2 t,e /oule s*eci/e% ;it,out a/age?

a% s,all 1e so /ac,i%e t,at? ;,e% it is asse/1le rea- 2or use? t,e

i/e%sio%s a% i%ter%al 2aces s,all 1e accurate ;it,i% t,e 2ollo;i%g li/its:

T,e ,eig,t o2 t,e /oul a% t,e ista%ce 1et;ee% o**osite 2aces s,all 1e t,e

s*eci2ie sie FV& //. T,e a%gle 1et;ee% aace%t i%ter%al 2aces a%

1et;ee% i%ter%al 2aces a% to* a% 1otto/ *la%es o2 t,e /oul s,all 1e =FX

F4X. T,e i%terior 2aces o2 t,e /oul s,all 1e *la%e sur2aces ;it, a

*er/issi1le 0ariatio% o2 FVF //. Eac, /oul s,all ,e *ro0ie ;it, a /etal 1ase *late ,a0i%g a *la%e sur2ace. T,e 1ase *late s,all 1e o2 suc, i/e%sio%s

as to su**ort t,e /oul uri%g t,e 2illi%g ;it,out lea'age a% it s,all 1e

*re2era1l- attac,e to t,e /oul 1- s*ri%gs or scre;s? T,e *arts o2 t,e /oul

;,e% asse/1le s,all 1e *ositi0el- a% rigil- ,el toget,er. a% suita1le

/et,os o2 e%suri%g t,is? 1ot, uri%g t,e 2illi%g a% o% su1seue%t ,a%li%g

o2 t,e 2ille /oul? s,all 1e *ro0ie.

; !% asse/1li%g t,e /oul 2or use? t,e oi%ts 1et;ee% t,e sectio%s o2

/oul s,all 1e t,i%l- coate ;it, /oul oil a% a si/ilar coati%g o2 /oul

oil s,all 1e a**lie 1et;ee% t,e co%tact sur2aces o2 t,e 1otto/ o2 t,e /oul

a% t,e 1ase *late i% orer to e%sure t,at %o ;ater esca*es uri%g t,e 2illi%g.

T,e i%terior sur2aces o2 t,e asse/1le /oul s,all 1e t,i%l- coate ;it,

/oul oil to *re0e%t a,esio% o2 t,e co%crete.

;2 T6,in. B#+ T,e ta/*i%g 1ar s,all 1e a steel 1ar 5 // i% ia/eter?

FV5 / lo%g a% 1ullet *oi%te at t,e lo;er e%.

0 C'6,#*-in. T,e test s*eci/e%s s,all 1e /ae as soo% as *ractica1le

a2ter /i3i%g? a% i% suc, a ;a- as to *rouce 2ull co/*actio% o2 t,e co%crete;it, %eit,er segregatio% %or e3cessi0e laita%ce. T,e co%crete s,all 1e 2ille

i%to t,e /oul i% la-ers a**ro3i/atel- 4 c/ ee*? !% *laci%g eac, scoo*2ul

o2 co%crete? t,e scoo* s,all ,e /o0e arou% t,e to* ege o2 t,e /oul as t,e

co%crete slies 2ro/ it? i% orer to e%sure t,e s-//etrical istri1utio% o2 t,e

co%crete ;it,i% t,e /oul. Eac, la-er s,all 1e co/*acte eit,er 1- ,a% or

1- 0i1ratio% as escri1e 1elo;). A2ter t,e to* la-er 1as 1ee% co/*acte. T,e

&



sur2ace o2 t,e co%crete s,all 1e 2i%is,e le0el ;it, t,e to* o2 t,e /oul? usi%g

a tro;el? a% co0ere ;it, a glass or /etal *late to *re0e%t e0a*oratio%.

&.F. Co/*acti%g 1- $a% W,e% co/*acti%g 1- ,a%? t,e sta%ar

ta/*i%g 1ar s,all 1e use a% t,e stro'es o2 t,e 1ar s,all ,e istri1ute i% a

u%i2or/ /a%%er o0er t,e crosssectio% o2 t,e /oul. T,e %u/1er o2 stro'es

*er la-er reuire to *rouce s*eci2ie? co%itio%s ;ill 0ar- accori%g to t,e

t-*e o2 co%crete. "or cu1ical s*eci/e%s? i% %o case s,all t,e co%crete 1e

su1ecte to less t,a% 4 stro'es *er la-er 2or 4 c/ cu1es or &4 stro'es *er

la-er 2or F c/ cu1es. "or c-li%rical s*eci/e%s? t,e %u/1er o2 stro'es s,all

%ot 1e less t,a% t,irt- *er la-er. T,e stro'es s,all *e%etrate i%to t,e

u%erl-i%g la-er a% t,e 1otto/ la-er s,all 1e roe t,roug,out its e*t,.

W,ere 0ois arc le2t 1- t,e ta/*i%g 1ar? t,e sies o2 t,e /oul s,all 1e

ta**e to close t,e 0ois.

0 C'6,#*-in. $5 Vi$+#-i'n W,e% co/*acti%g 1- 0i1ratio%? eac, la-er s,all 1e 0i1rate 1- /ea%s o2 a% electric or *%eu/atic ,a//er or 0i1rator or

1- /ea%s o2 a suita1le 0i1rati%g ta1le u%til t,e s*eci2ie co%itio% is attai%e.

NOTE T,e /oe a% ua%tu/ o2 0i1ratio% o2 t,e la1orator- s*eci/e%

s,all ,e as %earl- t,e sa/e (4 t,ose ao*te i% actual co%creti%g o*eratio%s.)

C#,,in. S,*i6n T,e e%s o2 all c-li%rical test s*eci/e%s t,at are

%ot *la%e ;it,i% FVF4 // s,all 1e ca**e. Ca**e sur2aces s,all %ot e*art

2ro/ a *la%e 1- /ore t,a% FVF4 ro/ a% s,all 1e a**ro3i/atel- at rig,t

a%gles to t,e a3is o2 t,e s*eci/e%s. T,e *la%e%ess o2 t,e ca* s,all 1e c,ec'e

1- /ea%s o2 a straig,t ege a% 2eeler gauge? /a'i%g a /i%i/u/ o2 t,ree

/easure/e%ts o% i22ere%t ia/eters? Ca*s s,all 1e /ae as t,i% as

*ractica1le a% s,all %ot 2lo; or 2racture ;,e% t,e s*eci/e% is teste.

Ca**i%g s,all 1e carrie out accori%g to o%e o2 t,e 2ollo;i%g /et,os.

N#- C6n- Test c-li%ers /a- 1e ca**e ;it, a t,i% la-er o2 sti22?

%eat Portla% ce/e%t *aste a2ter t,e co%crete ,as cease settli%g i% t,e

/ouls? ge%erall- 2or t;o to 2our ,ours or /ore a2ter /ouli%g. T,e ca* s,all

1e 2or/e 1- /ea%s o2 glass *late %ot less t,a%5V4 // i% t,ic'%ess or a/ac,i%e /etal *late %ot less t,a% // i% t,ic'%ess a% ,a0i%g a

/i%i/u/ sur2ace i/e%sio% at least &4 // larger t,a% t,e ia/eter o2 t,e

/oul. !t s,all ,e ;or'e o% t,e ce/e%t *aste u%til its lo;er sur2ace rests o%

t,e to* o2 t,e /oul? T,e ce/e%t 2or ca**i%g s,all 1e /i3e to a sti22 *aste

2or a1out t;o to 2our ,ours 1e2ore it is to 1e use i% orer to a0oi t,e

te%e%c- o2 t,e ca* to s,ri%'. A,esio% o2 *aste to t,e ca**i%g *late /a- 1e



a0oie 1- coati%g t,e *late ;it, a t,i% coat o2 oil or grease.

2 H#+7 P%#-+ . ust *rior to testi%g? s*eci/e%s /a- 1e ca**e ;it,

,ar *laster ,a0i%g a co/*ressi0e stre%gt, o2 at least +&F 'gc/ i% o%e ,our.

Suc, *lasters are ge%erall- a0aila1le as *ro*rietar- /aterial. T,e ca* s,all 1e

2or/e 1- /ea%s o2 a glass *late %ot less t,a% // i% t,ic'%ess? ,a0i%g a

/i%i/u/ sur2ace. i/e%sio% at least &4 // larger t,a% t,e ia/eter o2 t,e

/oul. T,e glass *late s,all 1e lig,tl- coate ;it, oil to a0oi stic'i%g.

NOTE Ori%ar- *laster o2 *aris ;all %ot ser0e t,e *ur*ose o2 t,e ca**i%g

/aterial ue to . lo; co/*ressi0e stre%gt,.

3 As soo% as *ossi1le a2ter t,e co%crete is /i3e? a /ortar s,all 1e gauge

usi%g a ce/e%t si/ilar to t,at use i% t,e co%crete a% sa% ;,ic, *asses !S

Sie0e F 1ut is retai%e o% !S Sie0e 4). T,e /ortar s,all ,a0e a ;ater ce/e%t ratio %ot ,ig,er t,a% t,at o2 t,e co%crete o2 ;,ic, t,e s*eci/e% is

/ae. a% s,all 1e o2 a sti22 co%siste%ce. !2 a% e3cessi0el- ;et /i3 o2

co%crete is 1ei%g teste? a%- 2ree ;ater ;,ic, ,as collecte o% t,e sur2ace o2

t,e s*eci/e% s,all 1e re/o0e ;it, a s*o%ge? 1lotti%g *a*er or ot,er suita1le

a1sor1e%t /aterial 1e2ore t,e ca* is 2or/e. T,e /ortar s,all t,e% 1e a**lie

2ir/l- a% co/*acte I*it, a tro;el to a slig,tl- co%0e3 sur2ace a1o0e t,e

eges o2 t,e /oul? a2ter ;,ic, t,e ca**i%g *late s,all 1e *resse o;% o%

t,e ca* ;it, a rotar- /otio% uatil it /a'es co/*lete co%tact ;it, t,e ri/ o2

t,e /oul. T,e *late s,all 1e le2t i% *ositio% u%til t,e s*eci/e% is re/o0e

2ro/ t,e /oul.

2 C1+in. T,e test s*eci/e% s,all 1e store i% a *lace? 2ree 2ro/

0i1ratio%? i% /oist air o2 at least =F *erce%t relati0e ,u/iit- a% at a

te/*erature o2 &6X U &Xe 2or &+ ,ours U l ,our 2ro/ t,e ti/e o2 aitio% o2

;ater to t,e r- i%greie%ts? A2ter t,is *erio? t,e s*eci/e%s s,all 1e /ar'e

a% re/o0e 2ro/ t,e /ouls a%? u%less reuire 2or test ;it,i% &+ ,ours?

i//eiatel- su1/erge i% clea%? 2res, ;ater or saturate li/e solutio% a%

'e*t t,ere u%til ta'e% out ust *rior to test. T,e ;ater or solutio% i% ;,ic, t,e

s*eci/e%s are su1/erge s,all 1e re%e;e e0er- se0e% a-s a% s,all 1e/ai%tai%e at a te/*erature o2 &6X U &XC. T,e s*eci/e%s s,all %ot 1e allo;

to 1eco/e r- at a%- ti/e u%til t,e- ,a0e 1ee% teste.

3 MAKING AND CURING COMPRESSION TEST SPECIMEN IN THE FIELD

3 T,is clause eals ;it, t,e *roceure 2or /a'i%g a% curi%g co/*ressio%

test s*eci/e%s o2 co%crete sa/*le uri%g t,e *rogress o2 co%structio% ;,ere+



t,e %o/i%al /a3i/u/ sie o2 t,e aggregate oes %ot e3cee 9 //.

32 Sie o2 test s*eci/e%? a**aratus to 1e use a% *roceure to *re*are

s*eci/e%s s,all 1e t,e sa/e as s*eci2ie i% &.

33 C1+in. T,e test s*eci/e%s s,all 1e store o% t,e site at a *lace 2ree

2ro/ 0i1ratio%? u%er a/* /atti%g? sac's or ot,er si/ilar /aterial 2or &+

,ours U i ,our 2ro/ t,e ti/e o2 ai%g t,e ;ater to t,e ot,er i%greie%ts. T,e

te/*erature o2 t,e *lace o2 storage s,all 1e ;it,i% t,e ra%ge o2 &&F to &XC.

A2ter t,e *erio o2 &+ ,ours. t,e- s,all 1e /ar'e 2or later ie%ti2icatio%?

re/o0e 2ro/ t,e /ouls a%. u%less reuire 2or testi%g ;it,i% &+ ,ours?

store i% clea% ;ater at a te/*erature o2 &+X to FXC u%til t,e- are

tra%s*orte to t,e testi%g la1orator-. T,e- s,all 1e se%t to t,e testi%g

la1orator- ;ell *ac'e i% a/* sa%? a/* sac's? or ot,er suita1le /aterial

so as to arri0e t,ere i% a a/* co%itio% %ot less t,a% &+ ,ours 1e2ore t,eti/e o2 test. O% arri0al at t,e testi%g la1orator-? t,e s*eci/e%s s,all 1e store

i% ;ater at a te/*erature o2 &6X U &XC u%til t,e ti/e o2 test. Recors o2 t,e

ail- /a3i/u/ a% /i%i/u/ te/*erature s,all 1e 'e*t 1ot, uri%g t,e

*erio o2 t,e s*eci/e%s re/ai% o% t,e site a% i% t,e la1orator-.

SECURING AND PREPARING SPECIMENS OF HARDENED CONCRETE

FOR COMPRESSION TEST

T,is clause eals ;it, t,e *roceure 2or securi%g a% *re*ari%g

co/*ressio% test s*eci/e%s o1tai%e 2ro/ ,are%e co%crete a2ter t,e

co%crete ,as 1ee% lai i% *ositio%.

2 T,e test s*eci/e%s s,all 1e *rocure 2ro/ ,are%e co%crete accori%g

to t,e /et,o escri1e i% + o2 !S: ===4=:

3 Cores to 1e teste 2or co/*ressio% stre%gt, s,all ,a0e e%s t,at are

reaso%a1l- e0e%? *er*e%icular to t,e a3is a% o2 t,e sa/e ia/eter as t,e

1o- o2 t,e s*eci/e%. A core ;,ic,? 1e2ore ca**i%g? ,as a /a3i/u/ ,eig,t

o2 less t,a% =4 *erce%t o2 t,e ia/eter. or a2ter ca**i%g. a ,eig,t less t,a% itsia/eter s,all %ot 1e use.

C#,,in. T,e e%s o2 t,e s*eci/e% s,all 1e ca**e 1e2ore testi%g. T,e

/aterial use 2or t,e ca**i%g s,all 1e suc, t,at its co/*ressi0e stre%gt, !S

greater t,a% t,at o2 t,e co%crete i% t,e core. Ca*s s,all 1e /ae as t,i% as

*ractica1le a% s,all %ot 2lo; or 2racture 1e2ore t,e co%crete 2ails ;,e% t,e

s*eci/e% is teste. T,e ca**e sur2aces s,all 1e at rig,t a%gles to t,e a3is o2 4



t,e s*eci/e% a% s,all %ot e*art 2ro/ a *la%e 1- /ore t,a% FVF4 //. T,e

ca**i%g o2 s*eci/e%s s,all 1e carrie out as escri1e i% &..

! A2ter c,ec'i%g 2or irregularities) t,e core s,all 1e *lace i% ;ater at a

te/*erature o2 &+X to OXC 2or +9 ,ours 1e2ore testi%g. T,e o0erall ,eig,t o2

t,e s*eci/e%s? ;it, ca**i%g s,all 1e /easure to t,e %earest /illi/eter.

! TEST FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

SPECIMEN

! T,is clause eals ;it, t,e *roceure 2or eter/i%i%g t,e co/*ressi0e

stre%gt, o2 co%crete s*eci/e%s.

!% A,,#+#-1

! T-in. M#*in T,e testi%g /ac,i%e /a- 1e o2 a%- relia1le t-*e?

o2 su22icie%t ca*acit- 2or t,e tests a% ca*a1le o2 a**l-i%g t,e loa at t,e rate

s*eci2ie i% 4.4. T,e *er/issi1le error s,all 1e %ot greater t,a% U & *erce%t o2

t,e /a3i/u/ loa. T,e testi%g /ac,i%e s,all 1e eui**e ;it, t;o steel

1eari%g *late%s ;it, ,are%e 2aces. O%e o2 t,e *late%s (*re2era1l- t,e o%e

t,at %or/all- ;ill 1ear o% t,e u**er sur2ace o2 t,e s*eci/e%) s,all 1e 2itte

;it, a 1all seati%g i% t,e 2or/ o2 a *ortio% o2 a s*,ere? t,e ce%tre o2 ;,ic,

coi%cies ;it, t,e ce%tral *oi%t o2 t,e 2ace o2 t,e *late%. T,e ot,er

co/*ressio% *late% s,all 1e *lai% rigi 1eari%g 1loc'. T,e 1eari%g 2aces o2

1ot, *late%s s,all 1e at least as large as? a% *re2era1l- larger t,a% t,e

%o/i%al sie o2 t,e s*eci/e% to ;,ic, t,e loa is a**lie. T,e 1eari%g

sur2ace o2 t,e *late%s. ;,e% %e;? s,all Dot e*art 2ro/ a *la%e 1- /ore t,a%

FVF ro/ at a%- *oi%t? a% t,e- H 1a% 1e /ai%tai%e ;it, a *er/issi1le

0ariatio% li/it o2 FVF& //. T,e /o0a1le *ortio% o2 t,e s*,ericall- seate

co/*ressio% *late% s,all 1e ,el OD t,e s*,erical seat? 1ut t,e esig% s,all

1e suc, t,at t,e 1eari%g 2ace C#! 1e rotate 2reel- a% tilte t,roug, s/all

a%gles i% a%- irectio%.

!3 A. '4 T- Tests s,all 1e /ae at recog%ie ages o2 t,e tests*eci/e%s? t,e /ost usual 1ei%g 6 a% &9 a-s. Ages o2 ;ee's a% o%e

-ear are reco//e%e i2 tests at greater ages are reuire. W,ere it /a- 1e

%ecessar- to o1tai% t,e earl- stre%gt,s. tests /a- 1e /ae at t,e ages o2 &+

,ours U i ,our a% 6& ,ours U & ,ours. T,e ages s,all 1e calculate 2ro/ t,e

ti/e o2 t,e aitio% o2 ;ater to t,e r- i%greie%ts.

! N16$+ '4 S,*i6n At least t,ree s*eci/e%s? *re2era1l- 2ro/5



i22ere%t 1atc,es? s,all 1e /ae 2or testi%g at eac, selecte age.

NOTH W,e% a 2ull i%0estigatio% is 1ei%g carrie out. !t 4 a0isa1le 2or

t,ree se*arate 1atc,es to 1e /ae 2or eac, gi0e% 0aria1le. A% eual %u/1er

o2 s*eci/e%s 2or eac, 0aria1le s,oul ,e /ae.

!! P+'*71+ S*eci/e%s store i% ;ater s,all 1e teste i//eiatel- o%

re/o0al 2ro/ t,e ;ater a% ;,ile t,e- are still i% t,e ;et co%itio%. Sur2ace

;ater a% grit s,all 1e ;i*e o22 t,e s*eci/e%s a% a%- *roecti%g 2i%s

re/o0e. S*eci/e%s ;,e% recei0e r- s,all 1e 'e*t i% ;ater 2or &+ ,ours

1e2ore t,e- are ta'e% 2or testi%g. T,e i/e%sio%s o2 t,e s*eci/e%s to t,e

%earest F& // a% t,eir ;eig,t s,all 1e %ote 1e2ore testi%g.

!! P%#*in. '4 S,*i6n in - T-in. M#*in T,e 1eari%g sur2aces

o2 t,e testi%g /ac,i%e s,all 1e ;i*e clea% a% a%- loose sa% or ot,er /aterial re/o0e 2ro/ t,e sur2aces o2 t,e s*eci/e% ;,ic, are to 1e i%

co%tact ;it, t,e co/*ressio% *late%s. !% t,e case o2 cu1es? t,e s*eci/e% s,all

1e *lace !% t,e /ac,i%e !% suc, a /a%%er t,at t,e loa s,all 1e a**lie to

o**osite sies o2 t,e cu1es as cast? t,at !S. %ot to t,e to* a% 1otto/ !2 ,e

a3is o2 t,e s*eci/e% s,all 1e care2ull- c,a%ge ;it, t,e ce%tre o2 t,rust o2

t,e s*,ericall- seate *late% No *ac'i%g s,all 1e use 1et;ee% t,e 2aces o2

t,e test s*eci/e% a% t,e steel *late% o2 t,e testi%g /ac,i%e As t,e

s*,ericall- seate 1loc' is 1roug,t to 1ear o% t,e s*eci/e%. t,e /o0a1le

*ortio% s,all 1e rotate ge%tl- 1- ,a% so t,at u%i2or/ seati%g /a- 1e

o1tai%e. T,e loa s,all 1e a**lie ;it,out s,oc' a% !%crease co%ti%uousl-

at a rate o2 a**ro3i/atel- +F 'gsc//i% u%til t,e resista%ce o2 t,e

s*eci/e% to t,e !%creasi%g loa 1rea's o;% a% %o greater loa ca% 1e

sustai%e. T,e /a3i/u/ loa a**lie to t,e s*eci/e% s,all t,e% 1e recore

a% t,e a**eara%ce o2 t,e co%crete a% a%- u%usual 2eatures !% t,e t-*e o2

Yallure s,all 1e %ote.

!? C#%*1%#-i'n T,e /easure co/*ressi0e stre%gt, o2 t,e s*eci/e% s,all

1e calculate 1- i0ii%g t,e /a3i/u/ loa ao*te to t,e s*eci/e% uri%g

t,e test 1- t,e crosssectio%al area. calculate 2ro/ t,e /ea% i/e%sio%s o2 t,e sectio% a% s,all 1e e3*resse to t,e %earest 'g *er sc/? A0erage o2

t,ree 0alues s,all 1e ta'e% as t,e re*rese%tati0e o2 t,e 1atc, *ro0ie t,e

!%i0iual 0ariatio% is %ot /ore t,a% U S *erce%t o2 t,e a0erage. Ot,er;ise

re*eat tests s,all 1e /ae.

!? A correctio% 2actor accori%g to t,e ,eig,tia/eter ratio o2 s*eci/e%

6



a2ter ca**i%g s,all 1e o1tai%e 2ro/ t,e cur0e s,o;% F "ig. . T,e *rouct

o2 t,is correctio% 2actor a% t,e /easure co/*ressi0e stre%gt, s,all 1e

'%o;% as t,e correcte co/*ressi0e stre%gt,? t,is 1ei%g t,e eui0ale%t

stre%gt, o2 a c-li%er ,a0i%g a ,eig,tia/eter ratio o2 t;o. T,e eui0ale%t

cu1e stre%gt, o2 t,e co%crete s,all 1e eter/i%e 1- /ulti*l-i%g t,e

correcte c-li%er stre%gt, 1- 4+ 4.5.

R,'+- T,e 2ollo;i%g i%2or/atio% s,all 1e !%clue !% t,e re*ort o% eac,

test s*eci/e%:

a) !e%ti2icatio% /ar'.

1) ate o2 test?

c) age o2 s*eci/e%?

) curi%g co%itio%s? /ouli%g ate o2 /a%u2acture o2 s*eci/e% i% t,e 2iel?

e) ;eig,t o2 s*eci/e%?

2) i/e%sio%s o2 s*eci/e%?

g) crosssectio%al area?

,) /a3i/u/ loa?

) co/*ressi0e stre%gt,? a%

') a**eara%ce o2 2racture 2aces o2 co%crete u t-*e o2 2racture?

9



Chapter - 5

TEST RESULTS

! B#"i'+ '4 *'n*+-

Tests ;ere co%ucte o% %or/al a% su1stitute co%crete. T,eetails o2 test s*eci/e%s? casti%g? test setu* a% testi%g *roceures ;ereiscusse i% C,a*ter +. T,e ata o1tai%e 2ro/ t,e tests is iscusse i%t,e 2ollo;i%g sectio%s? i% lig,t o2 t,e 2ollo;i%g:

a) Co/*ressi0e stre%gt,

! C'6,+i" S-+n.-

Co%crete cu1es ;ere teste 2or co/*ressi0e stre%gt, to 2i% t,eulti/ate loa 2or ce/e%t co%crete

T,e s*eci/e%s ;ere teste u%er loa co%trol? a% o%l- t,eulti/ate loa ;as %ote.

T,ree s*eci/e%s ;ere teste u%er eac, co%itio% a% Ta1le 4. a%4.& s,o;s

t,e a0erage co/*ressi0e stre%gt, a% 0ariatio% 2or t,e i22ere%t cases2or+ a-s a% &9 a-s res*ecti0el-. T,e relati0e c,a%ges i% t,eco/*ressi0e stre%gt, ;it, su1stitute

*erce%tage o2 sto%e ust is s,o;% i% Ta1le 4.? 4.&?4. a% 4.+ 2or t,ei22ere%t cases 2or + a-s a% &9a-s res*ecti0el-

T#$% ! A"+#. T#$% ! A"+#.

=



C'6,+i" S-+n.-#- 7#5

C'6,+i" S-+n.-#- 2@ 7#5

Wi-'1-#n5 6i

C1$ C'6,+i" S-+n.- in M,#8!83

&5.+ F.96

As *er !S:+45 T,e target /ea% stre%gt, o2 t,e co%crete /i3 s,oul 1eeual to t,e c,aracteristic stre%gt, *lus .54 ti/es t,e sta%ar e0iatio%.

T#$%& @ A16&7 S-#n7#+7 D&"i#-i'n (C%#1& ;22 #n7 T#$%& )Grae o2 co%crete Assu/e Sta%ar

De0iatio% N//&ZMFM4

.4

M4M&F

+

M&4?MF? M4? M+F?M+4? M4F

4

NOTET,e a1o0e 0alues corres*o% to t,e site co%trol ,a0i%g *ro*er storage o2 ce/e%tJ ;eig, 1atc,i%g o2 all /aterialsJ co%trolle aitio% o2 ;aterJ regular c,ec'i%g o2 all /aterials. Aggregate grai%g a% /oistureco%te%tJ a% *erioical c,ec'i%g o2 ;or'a1ilit- a% stre%gt,. W,ere t,ereis e0iatio% 2ro/ t,e a1o0e t,e 0alues gi0e% i% t,e a1o0e ta1le s,all 1ei%crease 1- l Ni%/Z

T#$% !2 A"+#. C'6,+i" S-+n.- #- 7#5 '4 -'nD1- Mi

C1$ C'6,+i" S-+n.- in M,#8!83

&F &6.9+&4 &6.9&F .44 &6.9++F &+.=

Note !t ;as 2ou% 2ro/ t,e + a-s co/*ressi0e stre%gt, o2 /i3es ;it,

F< su1stitutio% o2 sto%e ust to sa% ;as /a3i/u/.

+F



< o2 Sto%e DustBAR C$ART

< o2 Sto%e Dust

GRAP$ C$ART

T#$% !3 A"+#. C'6,+i" S-+n.- #- 7#5 '4 T5+Mi

'4 -'n

D1- Mi

C1$ C'6,+i" S-+n.- in M,#8!83

& F &.&4 F &&.F

F F =.4F

Note !t ;as 2ou% 2ro/ t,e + a-s co/*ressi0e stre%gt, o2 /i3es ;it, 4<su1stitutio% o2 t-re to coarse aggregate ;it,out co%siera1le reuctio% i%stre%gt, o2 co%crete.

+



< o2 T-re

BAR C$ART

GARP$

T#$% ! A"+#. C'6,+i" S-+n.- #- 2@ 7#5 '4 -'nD1- Mi

C1$ C'6,+i" S-+n.- in M,#8!83

&F &.46&4 &.44F 5.+44 &.46+F &=.+

Note !t ;as 2ou% 2ro/ t,e &9 a-s co/*ressi0e stre%gt, o2 /i3es ;it,

F< su1stitutio% o2 sto%e ust to sa% ;as /a3i/u/.

+&



< o2 Sto%e Dust BAR C$ART

< o2 Sto%e DustGRAP$ C$ART

Ta1le 4.4 '4 T5+Mi

C1$ C'6,+i" S-+n.- in M,#8!83 Sto%e

Dust

& &6.F4 F<4 &5.F=

F &&.9&

Note !t ;as 2ou% 2ro/ t,e &9 a-s co/*ressi0e stre%gt, o2 /i3es ;it, 4<su1stitutio% o2 t-re to coarse aggregate ;it,out co%siera1le reuctio% i%stre%gt, o2 co%crete.

+



< o2 T-re

BAR C$ART

GARP$

< o2 T-re

Gra*,

++



!2 Di*1i'n

S-'n D1-

!% t,e *rese%t i%0estigatio% as t,e su1stitutio% o2 %atural ri0er sa% tosto%e ust is ta'e% to F< re*lace/e%t o2 ;eig,t o2 sa% i% ratio:.4: o2 co%crete t,e /a3i/u/ stre%gt, to gai% o2 co%crete. ( Ass,o;% i% "igure 4. to 4.+ )$o;e0er a 2urt,er i%crease i% t,esu1stitutio% o2 %atural ri0er sa% to sto%e ust u* to 4< re*lace/e%to2 ;eig,t o2 sa% i% ratio :.4: o2 co%crete le to acorres*o%i%g ro* i% t,e stre%gt,. T,is is ue to t,e 2act t,at a1o0et,e F< ;eig,t t,e *rese%ce o2 sto%e ust te%s to reuce t,e 1o%i%g

1et;ee% ce/e%t a% aggregate leai%g to a co%seue%t ecrease i%stre%gt,. Coe22icie%t o2 0ariatio% s,o;% i% Ta1le 4. a% Ta1le 4.& !%

2urt,er i%crease i% t,e su1stitutio% o2 %atural ri0er sa% to sto%e ustu* to +F< re*lace/e%t o2 ;eig,t o2 sa% i% ratio :.4: o2 co%crete s,o;e %ot e3ce*t a1le stre%gt, i.e. 0er- lo;. So %o 2urt,er re*lace/e%t o2 %atural ri0er sa% to sto%e ust i% co%crete /i3

*ro*ortio% ;as o%e.

T5+

!% t,e *rese%t i%0estigatio% as t,e su1stitutio% o2 aggregate to t-re ista'e% to 4< re*lace/e%t o2 ;eig,t o2 aggregate i% ratio :.4:o2 co%crete t,e stre%gt, to gai% o2 co%crete is t,at 1e-o% ;,ic,sue% /ore loss i% stre%gt,. ( As s,o;% i% "igure 4. to 4.+ )$o;e0er a

2urt,er i%crease i% t,e su1stitutio% o2 aggregate to t-re u* to F<re*lace/e%t o2 ;eig,t o2 aggregate i% ratio o2 co%crete le to acorres*o%i%g ro* i% t,e stre%gt,. T,is is ue to t,e 2act t,at a1o0et,e 4< ;eig,t t,e *rese%ce o2 t-re te%s to reuce t,e 1o%i%g

1et;ee% ce/e%t a% aggregate leai%g to a co%seue%t ecrease i%stre%gt,. Coe22icie%t o2 0ariatio% s,o;% i% Ta1le 4. a% Ta1le 4.& !%2urt,er i%crease i% t,e su1stitutio% o2 aggregate to t-re u* to F<re*lace/e%t o2 ;eig,t o2 sa% i% ratio:.4: o2 co%crete s,o;e%ot e3ce*t a1le stre%gt, i.e. 0er- lo;. So %o 2urt,er re*lace/e%t o2 aggregate to t-re i% co%crete /i3 *ro*ortio% ;as o%e.

+4



Chapter - 6

C'6,#+#-i" S-175

? In-+'71*-i'n

Gra%ite 2i%es or roc' ust is a 1-*rouct o1tai%e uri%g crus,i%g o2 gra%iteroc' a% is also calle 8uarr- ust. T,e re2ere%ce *a*er eals ;it,usi%g uarr- ust as a% alter%ati0e to 2i%e aggregate a% t-re asalter%ati0e to coarse aggregate.

Co%crete is a% asse/1lage o2 ce/e%t? 2 i%e aggregate? CoarseAggregate a% ;ater. T,e /ost co//o%l- use 2i%e aggregate is sa%eri0e 2ro/ ri0er 1a%'s. T,e glo1al co%su/*tio% o2 %atural sa% is too,ig, ue to its e3te%si0e use i% /ortar. T,e e/a% 2or %atural sa%is uite ,ig, i% e0elo*i%g cou%tries o;i%g to ra*i i%2rastructuralgro;t, ;,ic, results su**l- scarcit-. T,ere2ore? co%structio%i%ustries o2 e0elo*i%g cou%tries are i% stress to ie%ti2- alter%ati0e/aterials to re*lace t,e e/a% 2or %atural sa%. O% t,e ot,er ,a%? t,ea0a%tages o2 utiliatio% o2 1-*roucts or aggregates o1tai%e as ;aste/aterials are *ro%ou%ce i% t,e as*ects o2 reuctio% i% e%0iro%/e%talloa H ;aste /a%age/e%t cost? reuctio% o2 *rouctio% cost as ;ellas aug/e%ti%g t,e ualit- o2 co%crete. !% t,is co%te3t? 2i%e aggregate,as 1ee% re*lace 1- uarr- ust a 1-*rouct o2 sto%e crus,i%g u%ita% 2e; a/i3tures to 2i% a co/*arati0e a%al-sis 2or i22ere%t

*ara/eters ;,ic, are teste i% t,e la1oratories to 2i% t,esuita1ilit- o2 t,e re*lace/e%t a,ere to t,e !%ia% Sta%ars*eci2icatio%s 2or its stre%gt,.

8uarr- ust ,as 1ee% use 2or i22ere%t acti0ities i% t,eco%structio% i%ustr- suc, as roa co%structio% a% /a%u2acture o2

1uili%g /aterials suc, as lig,t ;eig,t aggregates? 1ric's? a% tiles.

Atte/*ts ,a0e 1ee% /ae to i%0estigate so/e *ro*ert- o2 uarr-ust a%t,e suita1ilit- o2 t,ose *ro*erties to e%a1le uarr- ust (Celi' et. al.?==5) to 1e use as *artial re*lace/e%t /aterial 2or sa% i% co%crete.T5+

+5



Co%crete is a s-%t,etic co%structio% /aterial /ae 1- /i3i%g o2 ce/e%t?2i%e aggregates? coarse aggregate a% ;ater i% t,e *ro*er *ro*ortio%s.Eac, o2 t,ese co/*o%e%ts co%tri1ute to t,e stre%gt, t,eir co%crete

*ossesses Ga/1,ir? (&FF+). !t is also a ;ell'%o;% ,eteroge%eous /i3 o2 ce/e%t? ;ater a% aggregates. But accori%g to A'i%;o%/i? (&F&)? i% its

si/*lest 2or/? co%crete is a /i3ture o2 *aste a% aggregates. T,ea/i3tures /a- 1e ae i% co%crete i% orer to e%,a%ce so/e o2 t,e *ro*erties esire s*eciall-. T,ese /aterials are 0er- e3*e%si0e a% ,a0e,i%ere t,e e0elo*/e%t o2 s,elter a% ot,er i%2rastructural 2acilities i%e0elo*i%g cou%tries. T,e 'e- to ac,ie0i%g a stro%g? ura1le co%creterests i% t,e care2ul *ro*ortio%i%g? /i3i%g a% co/*acti%g o2 t,ei%greie%ts. Satis,? et al (&F).Accori%g to El Ga//al? et al (&FF)? rec-cle ;aste t-re ru11er is a

*ro/isi%g /aterial i% t,e co%structio% i%ustr- ue to its lig,t;eig,t?elasticit-? e%erg- a1sor*tio%? sou% a% ,eat i%sulati%g *ro*erties.Societ- 2i%s it i22icult to /a%age/e%t ;astet-re ru11er is 1ecause o2

its %o%1ioegraa1le %ature e0e% a2ter lo%g*erio o2 la%2ill treat/e%t.$o;e0er? rec-cli%g o2 ;aste t-re ru11er to 1e use as aggregates is a%alter%ati0e to reuce *ollutio% a% to reuce e3*e%itures o% ce/e%t.

? C'6,#+i'n '4 44*- '4 S-'n D1- #n7 -5+ in *'n*+-

T-re? a% Sto%e ust are use as alter%ati0e /aterials to aggregate a% Natural ri0er sa% i% co%crete %o; a-s ue to ra*i gro;t, i%co%structio% acti0it- a% co%su/*tio% o2 co%crete i%creasi%g e0er- -ear..T,e e3cessi0e e3tractio% o2 %atural aggregate a% ri0er sa% is leai%gto acute s,ortage i% /a%- areas? a0aila1ilit-? cost H e%0iro%/e%talco%cer%. T,us? it is 1eco/i%g i%e0ita1le to use t,ese alter%ati0e /aterialsi% co%crete.

T,e *rese%t i%0estigatio% ai/s to co/*are t,e e22ect o% co/*ressi0estre%gt, o2 co%crete i% ratios :.4: ;,e% Sto%e ust a% t-re is useas a su1stitutio% o2 %atural ri0er sa% a% aggregate 2or *re*aratio% o2 co%crete. Sto%e ust a% uarr- ust is re*lace at re*lace/e%t le0elso2 F<? &F<? &4<? F<? 4< a% +F< to %atural ri0er sa%.

W,e% sto%e ust /i3 to F< re*lace to %atural sa% /a3i/u/ stre%gt,got a2ter /i3i%g /ore t,a% F< sto%e ust stre%gt, reuces.

W,e% t-re /i3 &< to 4< stre%gt, o2 co%crete reuces i% a 0er- s/all/a%%er 1ut ;,e% i%crease t,e t-re < /ore t,a% 4< t,e% stre%gt, lea toecrease ra*il-. So? it is clear t,at sto%e ust /i3i%g i% re*lace o2 %atural sa% i%creasest,e stre%gt, u* to F< 1ut ;,e% t-re /i3e as aggregate t,e stre%gt,ecrease

+6



W,e% sto%e ust /i3 as %atural sa% it ca% 1e use i% co%structio% o2co%crete sa/e as co%crete /i3 ;it, %atural sa%.

W,e% T-re /i3e as coarse aggregate i% co%crete t,e stre%gt, ecreasesas co/*are to co%crete /i3 ;it, grit so it ca%%ot 1e use co%structio% o2

co%crete use 1ut it ca% 1e use ;,ere lo; stre%gt, co%crete reuire. Butit reuces /ore *ollutio% i% at/os*,ere t,a% sto%e ust.

?3 Di*1i'n

!% t,e *rese%t i%0estigatio% as t,e su1stitutio% o2 sto%e ust to %aturalri0er sa% a% T-re is re*lace/e%t o2 Coarse aggregate i% ratio:.4: o2 co%crete. t,e co/*ressi0e stre%gt, o2 F< su1stitutio% o2 sto%e ust to sa% is /ore so/e;,at sa/e to t,e co/*ressi0e stre%gt, o2

co%crete ;it,out su1stitutio%.

"urt,er su1stitutio% o2 4< lea to ecrease i% co/*ressi0e stre%gt,2or sto%e ust res*ecti0el-.

"urt,er su1stitutio% o2 t-re to re*lace coarse aggregate lea to

ecrease i% co/*ressi0e stre%gt,.

T,ere2ore sto%e ust is a /ore rele0a%t su1stitutio% to %aturalri0er sa%. !2 ,ig,er *erce%tage o2 su1stitute is reuire ue to lac' o2 %atural ri0er sa% ue to eco%o/ical or ot,er reaso%.

But t-re is %ot rele0a%t su1stitutio% to coarse aggregate 1ut 2or lo;grae co%crete a% to *re0e%t t,e *ollutio% it ca% 1e use.

+9



Chapter ` 7

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

C'n*%1i'n

Base o% t,e results o1tai%e i% t,is i%0estigatio% t,e 2ollo;i%gco%clusio%s are ra;% regari%g t,e e22ect o2 Sto%e ust as asu1stitute to %atural ri0er sa% a% t-re as a su1stitute to coarseaggregate co/*ressi0e stre%gt, o2 co%crete.

A) T,e su1stitutio% o2 %atural ri0er sa% to sto%e ust is

ta'e% to F< re*lace/e%t o2 ;eig,t o2 sa% i% ratio :.4: o2 co%crete t,e ulti/ate stre%gt, /ore so/e;,at sa/e to t,e ulti/atestre%gt, o2 co%crete ;it,out su1stitutio%. T,e su1stitutio% o2 %aturalri0er sa% to sto%e ust u* to +F< re*lace/e%t o2 ;eig,t o2 sa% i% ratio :.4: o2 co%crete le to a corres*o%i%g ro* i%t,e stre%gt,. T,is is ue to t,e 2act t,at a1o0e t,e F< ;eig,t t,e

*rese%ce o2 sto%e ust te%s to reuce t,e 1o%i%g 1et;ee% ce/e%t a%aggregate Le%i%g to a co%seue%t ecrease i% stre%gt,

B) "ro/ t,e *rese%t e3*eri/e%tal stu- a% literature re0ie; it ca%

1e co%clue t,at es*ite t,e o1ser0e lo;er 0alues o2 t,e /ec,a%ical *ro*erties o2 co%crete t,ere is a *ote%tial large /ar'et 2or co%crete *roucts i% ;,ic, i%clusio% o2 ru11er aggregate ;oul 1e 2easi1le. T,eseca% also i%clue %o%*ri/ar- structural a**licatio%s o2 /eiu/ to lo;stre%gt, reuire/e%ts? 1e%e2iti%g 2ro/ ot,er 2eatures o2 t,is t-*e o2 co%crete. E0e% i2 ru11er t-re aggregate ;as use at relati0el- lo;

*erce%tages i% co%crete? t,e a/ou%t o2 ;aste t-re ru11er coul 1e greatl-reuce ue to t,e 0er- large /ar'et 2or co%crete *roucts ;orl;ie.T,ere2ore t,e use o2 iscare t-re ru11er aggregates i% co%crete s,o;s

*ro/ise 2or e0elo*i%g a% aitio%al route 2or use t-res.

"i%all- co%clusio% is t,at t,e use o2 sto%e ust a% t-re use 2or co%crete is reuce t,e *ollutio% a% *er2or/ as lo; ;eig,t co%crete a%use i% roa 1ase etc.

+=



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roc's ust a% *e11les as aggregate i% Portla% ce/e%t

co%crete[? T,e !%ia% co%crete our%al? ol 6F? No.? PP+.

2 S,u'la M? S,au A.K a% Sac,a% A.K.? (==9) >Per2or/a%ce o2

sto%e ust as 2i%e aggregate i% Portla% re*laci%g Sa% o%

co%crete a% /ortar[? Natio%al se/i%ar o% a0a%ces i% s*ecial

co%cretes? !%ia% co%crete i%stitute? 1a%glore? !%ia? ** &+&+9.

3 e%ugoal S. a% Nagara T.S.? (===) >Ce/e%t co%crete /i3es

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tec,%olog- 2or e0elo*i%g cou%tries? NCB Ne; el,i? !%ia? **

i &.

A.K. S,au? Su%il Ku/ar a% A.K. Sac,a% (&FF) >crus,e

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our%al? ** 9+49+9.

! M. S,u'la a% A. K. Sac,a%? >Sto%e uste%0iro%/e%tall-,aarous ;aste? its utiliatio% i% 1uili%g co%structio%?[ i%

Materials a% Mac,i%es 2or Co%structio%? L. K. Mis,ra a% 7.

P. Gu*ta? E. :Ne; age !%ter%atio%al *u1lis,ers? &FFF? **. 66

9.

? T. Kaosol? >Reuse co%crete ;aste as crus,e sto%e 2or ,ollo;

co%crete /aso%r- u%its?[ i% Proc. T,e r Tec,%olog- a%

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#%i0ersit-? T,aila%? &FF? **. 65. M. oel? >#se o2 crus,e gra%ite 2i%e as re*lace/e%t to ri0er

sa% i% co%crete *rouctio%?[ Leo%aro Electro%ic our%al o2

Practices a% Tec,%ologies? !SSN 49F69? issue 6? **. 94

=5? ul-Dece/1er &FF

@ . Si0a'u/ar a% Pra'as, M. \ C,aracteristic stuies o% t,e

/ec,a%ical *ro*erties o2 uarr- ust aitio% i% co%0e%tio%al

4F



co%crete i% t,e our%al o2 Ci0il E%gi%eeri%g a% Co%structio%

Tec,%olog- ol. &(F)? **. &9&4.

; !la%go0a%a. R? Ma,e%ra%a .N? a% Naga/a%i1 .K. \ Stre%gt,

a% ura1ilit- *ro*erties o2 co%crete co%tai%i%g uarr- roc'

ust as 2i%e aggregate i% t,e ARPN our%al o2 E%gi%eeri%g a%A**lie Scie%ces ol. ? No. 4? !SSN 9=55F9? **. &F&5.

0 S,a%/uga*ri-a .T? #/a .R. N. O*ti/iatio% o2 *artial

re*lace/e%t o2 Msa% 1- %atural sa% i% ,ig, *er2or/a%ce

co%crete ;it, silica 2u/e *u1lis,e i% !%ter%atio%al our%al o2

E%gi%eeri%g Scie%ces H E/ergi%g Tec,%ologies? u%e &F&.

!SSN: && ] 55F+ olu/e &? !ssue &? **: 69F.

De0i .Ma% Ka%%a%. K. \A%al-sis o2 stre%gt, a% corrosio%

resista%ce 1e,a0ior o2 i%,i1itors i% co%crete co%tai%i%g uarr-

ust as 2i%e aggregate^ *u1lis,e i% ARPN our%al o2

E%gi%eeri%g a% A**lie Scie%ces

2 Ma,e%ra.R.C a% Pra'as,.S.P. >Stre%gt, A**raisal o2

Arti2icial Sa% as "i%e Aggregate i% S"RC[ ARPN our%al o2

E%gi%eeri%g a% A**lie Scie%ces ol 4? No. F? Octo1er &FF.

3 M. S. $a/ee a% A.S.S. Se'ar (&FF=)? IPro*erties o2 gree%

co%crete co%tai%i%g uarr- roc' ust a% /ar1le sluge *o;er

as 2i%e aggregatesI? ARPN our%al o2 E%gi%eeri%g a% A**lie

Scie%ce? ol.+(+)? **.99=.

7. Di0a'ar.? S. Ma%u%at, ? a% M. #. As;at, ?. (&F&)?

>E3*eri/e%tal !%0estigatio% o% Be,a0iour o2 Co%crete ;it, t,euse o2 Gra%ite "i%es[? !%ter%atio%al our%al o2 A0a%ce

E%gi%eeri%g Researc, a% Stuies? ol. !ssue. +? **. 9+ 96.

! $. M. A. Ma,u.? A.A.M A,/e. a% M.A 7usu2. (&F)?

>#se o2 sto%e *o;er i% co%crete a% /ortar as a% alter%ati0e o2

sa%[? A2rica% our%al o2 E%0iro%/e%tal Scie%ce a%

Tec,%olog-? ol. 4 !ssue. 4? **. 999.

? M. R. Wa'c,aure.? A. P. S,ai', a% B. E. Gite (&F&). >E22ect

o2 T-*es o2 "i%e Aggregate o% Mec,a%ical Pro*erties o2

Ce/e%t Co%crete[? !%ter%atio%al our%al o2 Moer%E%gi%eeri%g Researc, (!MER)? ol. & !ssue. 4? **. 6& 6&5.

A. See%i .? C. Sel0a/o%-.? S. #. Ka%%a% a% M. S. Ra0i'u/ar.

(&F&)? >E3*eri/e%tal Stu- o2 Partial Re*lace/e%t o2 "i%e

Aggregate ;it, Waste Material 2ro/ C,i%a Cla- !%ustries[?

!%ter%atio%al our%al O2 Co/*utatio%al E%gi%eeri%g Researc,

(!CER)? ol. & !ssue. 9? **. 596.

4



@E. Ga%ia%? M. K,ora/i a% A. A. Mag,soui? >Scra* Tire

Ru11er Re*lace/e%t "oraggregate a% "iller i% Co%crete?[

Co%structio% a% Buili%g Materials? ol. &? No. 4? &FF=? **.

9&995. oi:F.F5.co%1uil/at.&FF9.F=.F&F

;!. B. To*cu a% A. De/ir? >Dura1ilit- o2 Ru11erie Mortar

a% Co%crete?[ ASCE our%al o2 Materials i% Ci0il E%gi%eeri%g?

ol. =? No. &? &FF6? **. 669. oi:F.F5(ASCE)F9==

45(&FF6)=:&(6)

20". $er%a%eOli0ares a% G. Barlue%ga? >"ire Per2or /a%ce

o2 Rec-cle Ru11er"ille $ig,Stre%gt, Co% crete?[ Ce/e%t

a% Co%crete Researc,? ol. +? No. ? &FF+? **. F=6.

oi:F.F5SFFF999+5(F)FF&4=

2#. B. To*_u? >T,e Pro*erties o2 Ru11erie Co%crete?[ Ce/e%t

a% Co%crete Researc,? ol. &4? No. &? ==4? **. F+F.

oi:F.F5FFF999+5(=4)FFF+

22 N. N. Eli% a% A. B. Se%ouci? >Ru11erT-re Particles as

Co%crete Aggregate?[ our%al o2 Materials i% Ci0il E%gi%eeri%g?

ol. 4? No. &? ==? **. +69+=5.

23 . K. K,ati1 a% ". M. Ba-o/-? >Ru11erise Portla% Ce/e%t

Co%crete?[ our%al o2 Materials i% Ci0il E%gi %eeri%g? ol. ?

No. ? ===? **. &F5&. oi:F.F5(ASCE)F9==45(===):(&F5)

2 $. A. Touta%i? >T,e #se o2 Ru11er Tire Particles i% Co% crete

to Re*lace Mi%eral Aggregates?[ Ce/e%t a% Co% crete

Co/*osites? ol. 9? No. &? ==5? **. 4=.

oi:F.F5F=49=+54(=4)FFFFF

2! !S: F&5&=9& >reco//e%e guieli%es 2or co%crete /i3

esig%[.(=9&2irst re0isio%?&FF=

2? $er%a%eOli0ares a% G. Barlue%ga? >"ire Per2or /a%ce o2 Rec-cle Ru11er"ille $ig,Stre%gt, Co% crete?[ Ce/e%t a%

Co%crete Researc,? ol. +? No. ? &FF+? **. F=6.

oi:F.F5SFFF999+5(F)FF&4=

2 Touta%i?$.A.?==5. T,e use o2 ru11er t-re *articles i% co%crete

to re*lace /i%eral aggregates. Ce/e%t Co%crete 9: 4=.

2@ Q. `$!G$WA7 E%gi%eeri%g@ 1- S. K. K,a%%a a% C. G. usto

4&



2; Ba'ri? A. M. M. A.? "ali? S. A. S. N.? Ba'ar? M. D. A.? a%

Leo%g? K. W. (&FF6). Co/*ariso% o2 ru11er as aggregate a%

ru11er as 2iller i% co%crete? "irst !%ter%atio%al Co%2ere%ce o%

Sustai%a1le Materials &FF6? Pe%a%g.

30 !S: F&5& (=9&). Reco//e%e Guieli%es 2or Co%crete Mi3Desig%. Bureau o2 !%ia% sta%ars? Ne; Del,i.

3 !S: 45 (=4=). !%ia% Sta%ar Met,o o2 Tests 2or Stre%gt, o2

Co%crete. Bureau o2 !%ia% Sta%ars? Ne; Del,i.

32 !S: 495 (===). !%ia% Sta%ar S*litti%g Te%sile Stre%gt, o2

Co%creteMet,os o2 Test. Bureau o2 !%ia% Sta%ars? Ne;

Del,i.

33 !S: &95 (=5). !%ia% Sta%ar Met,os o2 Test 2or

Aggregates 2or Co%crete. Bureau o2 !%ia% Sta%ars? Ne;

Del,i.3 ,e%g? L.? $uo? Q. S.? a% 7ua%? 7. (&FF9). Stre%gt,? Moulus

o2 Elasticit-? a% Brittle%ess !%e3 o2 Ru11erise co%crete.

our%al o2 Materials i% Ci0il E%gi%eeri%g? &F()? 5=&5==.3! !%ter%atio%al l our%al o% Desig% a% Ma%u2acturi%g

tec,%ologies? ol.? No.? a%uar- &FF=

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