stop cancer before it starts! - guide to prevent cancer
DESCRIPTION
This guide teaches you how to reduce your risk for cancer. Nine preventable cancers are highlighted with detailed information on risk factors, risk reduction and early detection, symptoms and treatment.TRANSCRIPT
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Founded in 1985, the Prevent Cancer Foundation
LV�WKH�RQO\�QRQSURÀW�LQ�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV�IRFXVHG�exclusively on cancer prevention and early detec-
tion. Having invested $138 million in research,
education, outreach and advocacy, the Foundation
KDV�IRFXVHG�LWV�UHVRXUFHV�RQ�FDQFHUV�WKDW�FDQ�EHprevented in many instances through healthy
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Our work is focused on four areas:
RESEARCH
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EDUCATION
:H�HGXFDWH�WKH�SXEOLF�DERXW�ZD\V�WR�SUHYHQWcancer and detect it early through healthy
OLIHVW\OH�FKRLFHV�DQG�PHGLFDO�VFUHHQLQJV�
OUTREACH :H�SDUWQHU�ZLWK�WUXVWHG�PHGLFDO�DQG�HGXFDWLRQDO�RUJDQL]DWLRQV�DQG�UHVSHFWHG�PHPEHUV�RI�WKH�FRPPXQLW\�WR�LPSOHPHQW�OLIHVDYLQJ�FDQFHU�prevention and early detection programs.
ADVOCACY :H�DGYRFDWH�IRU�SROLFLHV��OHJLVODWLRQ�DQGregulations that advance cancer prevention
priorities and cancer research that support
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More than 1.6 million Americans will be diagnosed with cancer this year
and more than 580,000 will die. However, research shows that up to 60
SHUFHQW�RI�FDQFHU�FDVHV�DQG�PRUH�WKDQ����SHUFHQW�RI�FDQFHU�GHDWKV�DUHSUHYHQWDEOH�ZLWK�WKH�NQRZOHGJH�ZH�KDYH�WRGD\�
As the cost of health care continues to be a looming issue, the high
DQG�XQVXVWDLQDEOH�FRVW�RI�FDQFHU�WUHDWPHQW�LV�HVSHFLDOO\�VLJQLÀFDQW��7KHimplications of this issue are staggering, as cancer costs are projected to
reach $158 billion per year by the year 2020.
Prevention and early detection are more important than ever—and are
proven, effective strategies to lower health care costs.
.,;�;/,�-(*;:�
*HW�WKH�IDFWV�DERXW�FDQFHU�IURP�UHOLDEOH�VRXUFHV��7R�JHW�VWDUWHG�check out the Foundation’s online resources at www.PreventCancer.org.
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Most people who get cancer do not have a family history, which is one
reason why screening is so important — but a personal or family history
of cancer or certain other diseases may increase your risk.
Complete this family medical history chart and share it with your family
and your health care professional to help determine your risk.
��)RU�HDFK�EORRG�UHODWLYH��QRWH�LQ�WKH�ER[�DQ\�FDQFHU�RU�RWKHU�FKURQLF��� disease the person had and the age at which each was diagnosed.
��1RWH�DQ\�VXUJHULHV�UHODWHG�WR�FDQFHU�DQG�WKH�GDWHV�RI�WKH�SURFHGXUHV� ��,I�\RX�FDQ��QRWH�WKH�GDWH�RI�ELUWK�DQG�GDWH�DQG�FDXVH�RI�GHDWK�IRU�IDPLO\� members who are deceased.
This will help you and your health care professional decide which cancer screenings you may need and when to begin screening.
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Father
Your
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YOU
:,=,5 >H`Z�[V�7YL]LU[�*HUJLY79(*;0*,�:(-,�:,?�(5+(=60+�90:2@�),/(=069:�Many strains of the Human papilloma-
virus, also known as HPV, are spread
through skin to skin contact during
YDJLQDO��DQDO�DQG�RUDO�VH[��+LJK�ULVN�strains of HPV have increasingly been
found to cause many types of cancer.
7KH�+HSDWLWLV�%�YLUXV��+%9��FDQ�DOVRbe spread from person to person
WKURXJK�XQSURWHFWHG�VH[��,W�FDQcause long-term liver infections
that can increase a person’s chance
of developing liver cancer.
.,;�044<50A,+�/7=� �/,7(;0;0:�=(**05,:��Certain viruses have been linked
to cancer, but are preventable through
YDFFLQDWLRQ��7DON�WR�\RXU�KHDOWK�care professional about the age
recommendations for HPV vaccines.
,Q�WKH�8�6���DSSUR[LPDWHO\�RQH�WKLUGof liver cancers are linked to the
+HSDWLWLV�%�YLUXV��+%9��DQG�+HSDWLWLV�&�YLUXV��+&9���$Q�+%9�YDFFLQDWLRQ�is available and is recommended for
babies, older children who were not
vaccinated earlier and adults who
DUH�DW�ULVN�IRU�+%9�LQIHFWLRQ�
256>�@6<9�-(403@�4,+0*(3/0:;69@�(5+�.,;�9,.<3(9*(5*,9�:*9,,505.:�7DON�WR�\RXU�KHDOWK�FDUH�SURIHVVLRQDO�DERXW�FDQFHU�VFUHHQLQJ��6RPH�WHVWV�FDQ�help detect cancer early, when treat-
ment is more likely to be successful,
and some can also detect precancerous
conditions before they become cancer.
While screening has been proven to
save lives, screening guidelines aren’t
DOZD\V�´RQH�VL]H�ÀWV�DOO�µ
+65»;�<:,�;6)(**6�7KH�XVH�RI�WREDFFR�SURGXFWV�KDVbeen linked to many types of cancer,
including lung, colorectal, breast,
throat, cervical, bladder, mouth and
HVRSKDJHDO��,W·V�QHYHU�WRR�ODWH�WR�TXLW�
More than 85 percent of all lung cancer
LV�UHODWHG�WR�VPRNLQJ��1RQ�VPRNHUV�ZKR�DUH�H[SRVHG�WR�VHFRQGKDQG�VPRNH�are also at risk for lung cancer and other
respiratory conditions.
796;,*;�@6<9�:205-964�;/,�:<5�6NLQ�FDQFHU�LV�WKH�PRVW�FRPPRQ³DQG�SUHYHQWDEOH³FDQFHU�LQ�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��0RUH�WKDQ�����PLOOLRQ�VNLQ�cancers in over two million people are
GLDJQRVHG�DQQXDOO\��([SRVXUH�WR�WKH�sun’s ultraviolet radiation causes most
VNLQ�FDQFHU��%H�VXUH�WR�XVH�DGHTXDWH�VXQ�SURWHFWLRQ�\HDU�URXQG��1HYHUuse indoor tanning beds.
,(;�(�/,(3;/@�+0,;�Eat lots of fruits, vegetables, beans and
whole grains, limit red meat and cut
out processed meats.
4(05;(05�(�/,(3;/@�>,0./;�(5+�),�7/@:0*(33@�(*;0=,�*HWWLQJ�DW�OHDVW����PLQXWHV�RI�SK\VLFDO�activity each day can make a big
difference in your general health
and well-being.
,QDFWLYLW\�DQG�REHVLW\�KDYH�EHHQ�OLQNHG�to breast and colorectal cancer, and
there is also some evidence of a link
to lung and pancreatic cancer. Add
H[HUFLVH�WR�\RXU�URXWLQH�WR�UHGXFH�stress, increase energy, boost your
immune system, control your weight
and reduce your risk for cancer.
>/6�0:�(;�90:2&:RPHQ�ZKR��%HJDQ�WKHLU�PHQVWUXDO�SHULRGV�EHIRUH�DJH����RU�EHJDQ�PHQRSDXVH�DIWHU�DJH���� Are currently using or have recently used birth control pills
��+DYH�QHYHU�KDG�FKLOGUHQ��RU�ZKR�KDG�WKHLU�ÀUVW�FKLOGHQ�DIWHU�DJH�����+DYH�XVHG�KRUPRQH�UHSODFHPHQW�WKHUDS\��+57��ZLWK�HVWURJHQ�DQG progesterone for more than ten years
��+DYH�PXWDWLRQV�RI�%5&$����%5&$���RU�3$/%���JHQHV� Have a family history of breast cancer, colorectal cancer or ovarian cancer
:RPHQ�DQG�PHQ�ZKR� Are overweight or obese
� Are not physically active
��$UH�RYHU�����0RVW�EUHDVW�FDQFHU�LV�GLDJQRVHG�LQ�ZRPHQ�RYHU�DJH�������2Q�DYHUDJH��PHQ�ZLWK�EUHDVW�FDQFHU�DUH�GLDJQRVHG�DW�DJH������ Have had high-dose radiation therapy on their chests
��+DYH�D�IDPLO\�KLVWRU\�RI�EUHDVW�RU�RYDULDQ�FDQFHU��5LVN�LQFUHDVHV�LI�VHYHUDO� close relatives have been diagnosed with breast cancer or if a person’s
���PRWKHU�ZDV�GLDJQRVHG�EHIRUH�DJH������ Have already had cancer in one breast
/6>�*(5�0�9,+<*,�4@�90:2�69�+,;,*;�)9,(:;�*(5*,9�,(93@&��%UHDVW�IHHGLQJ�PD\�ORZHU�D�ZRPDQ·V�ULVN���/LPLW�DOFRKRO��1R�PRUH�WKDQ�RQH�GULQN�D�GD\�IRU�ZRPHQ�DQG�WZR�GULQNV a day for men
��([HUFLVH�GDLO\�IRU����WR����PLQXWHV� Maintain a healthy weight
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Annually, over 230,000 women and 2,000 men will be diagnosed withinvasive breast cancer (cancer that has spread from where it startedin the breast into surrounding healthy tissue) and roughly 40,000 willdie of the disease.
Get diagnosed early and treated before it spreads. When detected early, WKH�ÀYH�\HDU�VXUYLYDO�UDWH�IRU�EUHDVW�FDQFHU�LV����SHUFHQW�
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WOMEN WITHBREAST CANCER
��,Q�\RXU���V�DQG���V��KDYH�D�FOLQLFDO�EUHDVW�H[DP��&%(��GRQH�E\�D�KHDOWK professional at least once every three years
��%HJLQQLQJ�DW�DJH����RU�ROGHU��KDYH�DQ�DQQXDO�&%(��%HJLQQLQJ�DW�DJH�����JHW�VFUHHQHG�DQQXDOO\��'LVFXVV�WKH�EHQHÀWV�DQG�ULVNV of screening tests with your health care professional
��,I�\RX�DUH�DW�KLJK�ULVN��WDON�ZLWK�\RXU�KHDOWK�FDUH�SURIHVVLRQDO�DERXW beginning annual screening mammograms at a younger age and also having
���D�PDJQHWLF�UHVRQDQFH�LPDJLQJ��05,���,I�\RX�KDYH�D�IDPLO\�KLVWRU\�RI�EUHDVW��RYDULDQ�RU�FRORUHFWDO�FDQFHU��WDON�ZLWK� your health care professional about genetic testing
� At menopause, talk with your health care professional about whether you
should have hormone replacement therapy
Risk factors increase if several close relatives have beendiagnosed with breast cancer or if a person’s mother
was diagnosed before age 50.
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>/(;�(9,�;/,�:@47;64:&,I�\RX�QRWLFH�DQ\�RI�WKH�IROORZLQJ�V\PSWRPV��WDON�ZLWK�\RXU�KHDOWKcare professional:
� A lump, hard knot or thickening in the breast
� A lump under your arm
� A change in the size or shape of a breast
� 1LSSOH�SDLQ��WHQGHUQHVV�RU�GLVFKDUJH��LQFOXGLQJ�EOHHGLQJ � ,WFKLQHVV��VFDOHV��VRUHQHVV�RU�UDVK�RQ�QLSSOH � A nipple turning inward or inverted
� $�FKDQJH�LQ�VNLQ�FRORU�DQG�WH[WXUH��GLPSOLQJ��SXFNHULQJ�RU�UHGQHVV� � A breast that feels warm or swollen
Know your body, take note of any changes and take action.
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>/(;�(9,�;/,�;9,(;4,5;�67;065:&7UHDWPHQW�GHSHQGV�RQ�WKH�W\SH�DQG�VWDJH�RI�WKH�EUHDVW�FDQFHU� � 7KH�PRVW�FRPPRQ�WUHDWPHQW�LV�VXUJHU\�WR�UHPRYH�WKH�FDQFHU�LWVHOI��������OXPSHFWRP\��FRPELQHG�ZLWK�UDGLDWLRQ��,Q�VRPH�FDVHV��UHPRYDO�RI�������WKH�EUHDVW��PDVWHFWRP\��LV�QHHGHG� � Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy or targeted
therapy may be used alone or in combination before or after surgery.
>/6�0:�(;�90:2&:RPHQ�ZKR��+DYH�WKH�+XPDQ�3DSLOORPDYLUXV��+39���D�FRPPRQ�VH[XDOO\�WUDQVPLWWHG��� virus that can cause cervical cancer
��%HJDQ�KDYLQJ�VH[�DW�DQ�HDUO\�DJH��+DYH�KDG�PXOWLSOH�VH[XDO�SDUWQHUV��'R�QRW�KDYH�UHJXODU�3DS�WHVWV��6PRNH� Have used birth control pills for a long time
� Have weakened immune systems, such as women who have the human
���LPPXQRGHÀFLHQF\�YLUXV��+,9�� Are overweight or obese
� Have a close relative, such as a sister or mother, who has had cervical cancer
��:HUH�H[SRVHG�WR�GLHWK\OVWLOEHVWURO��'(6��EHIRUH�ELUWK
/6>�*(5�0�9,+<*,�4@�90:2�69�+,;,*;�*,9=0*(3�*(5*,9�,(93@&��7DON�ZLWK�\RXU�KHDOWK�FDUH�SURIHVVLRQDO�DERXW�WKH�+39�YDFFLQH��3UDFWLFH�VDIH�VH[� Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke
��%HJLQ�UHJXODU�FHUYLFDO�FDQFHU�VFUHHQLQJV�DW�DJH�����:RPHQ�LQ�WKHLU�WZHQWLHV� should have a Pap test every three years
��)URP�DJH��������WKH�SUHIHUUHG�ZD\�WR�VFUHHQ�LV�ZLWK�D�3DS�WHVW�FRPELQHG���ZLWK�DQ�+39�WHVW�HYHU\���\HDUV��RU�D�3DS�WHVW�HYHU\���\HDUV��,I�\RX�DUH�DW�KLJK�ULVN�IRU�FHUYLFDO�FDQFHU�EHFDXVH�RI�D�VXSSUHVVHG�LPPXQH� ���V\VWHP��IRU�H[DPSOH��IURP�+,9�LQIHFWLRQ��RUJDQ�WUDQVSODQW�RU�ORQJ�WHUP� ���VWHURLG�XVH��RU�EHFDXVH�\RX�ZHUH�H[SRVHG�WR�'(6�LQ�XWHUR��\RX�PD\�QHHG� to be screened more often. Follow the recommendations of your health
care professional
��%HJLQQLQJ�DW�DJH����RU�ROGHU��WDON�ZLWK�\RXU�KHDOWK�FDUH�SURIHVVLRQDO�DERXW� whether you still need a Pap test
Every year, more than 12,000 women will be diagnosed with invasivecervical cancer (cancer that has spread from the surface of the cervix totissue deeper in the cervix or to other body parts) and over 4,000 women will die of the disease. Today, lives are saved because of regular screening with a Pap test (also called a Pap smear).
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/7=�=(**05,7KH�+39�YDFFLQH�SURWHFWV�DJDLQVW�WKH�W\SHV�RI�+39�WKDW�DUH�PRVW�OLNHO\�WR�cause cancer. HPV vaccine are most effective when given before a person
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7KH�YDFFLQH�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG�IRU�JLUOV�ZKR�DUH�DJH����WR�����%R\V�PD\�DOVR�get the vaccine. Girls and young women who are vaccinated still need to get
VFUHHQHG�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�JXLGHOLQHV�VWDUWLQJ�DW�DJH������5HDG�PRUH�DERXW�RWKHU�W\SHV�RI�FDQFHU�WKDW�DUH�FDXVHG�E\�+39�RQ�SDJH�����
>/(;�(9,�;/,�:@47;64:&3UHFDQFHURXV�FRQGLWLRQV�LQ�WKH�FHUYL[�XVXDOO\�GRQ·W�FDXVH�V\PSWRPV�DQGDUH�QRW�GHWHFWHG�XQOHVV�D�ZRPDQ�KDV�D�SHOYLF�H[DP�DQG�D�3DS�WHVW��<RX�VKRXOG�WDON�ZLWK�\RXU�KHDOWK�FDUH�SURIHVVLRQDO�ULJKW�DZD\�LI�\RX�H[SHULHQFH�DQ\�RI�WKH�following symptoms:
� ,QFUHDVHG�RU�XQXVXDO�GLVFKDUJH�IURP�WKH�YDJLQD � %ORRG�VSRWV�RU�OLJKW�EOHHGLQJ�DW�WLPHV�RWKHU�WKDQ�D�QRUPDO�SHULRG � Menstrual bleeding that lasts longer and is heavier than usual
� %OHHGLQJ�RU�SDLQ�GXULQJ�RU�DIWHU�VH[ � %OHHGLQJ�DIWHU�PHQRSDXVH
>/(;�(9,�;/,�;9,(;4,5;�67;065:&Cervical cancer is treated through surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.
7KHVH�WKHUDSLHV�PD\�EH�JLYHQ�DORQH�RU�LQ�FRPELQDWLRQ�ZLWK�RQH�DQRWKHU�7UHDWPHQW�GHSHQGV�RQ�WKH�VWDJH�RI�WKH�FDQFHU��WKH�W\SH�RI�WXPRU�FHOOV�DQGa woman’s medical condition.
*,9=0?
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<;,9<:
>/6�0:�(;�90:2&0HQ�DQG�ZRPHQ�ZKR� Are age 50 and older
��6PRNH� Are overweight or obese, especially those who carry fat around their waists
� Aren’t physically active
��'ULQN�DOFRKRO�LQ�H[FHVV��HVSHFLDOO\�PHQ��(DW�D�KLJK�TXDQWLW\�RI�UHG�PHDW��VXFK�DV�EHHI��SRUN�RU�ODPE��RU�SURFHVVHG��� ���PHDW��VXFK�DV�EDFRQ��VDXVDJH��KRW�GRJV�RU�FROG�FXWV���+DYH�SHUVRQDO�RU�IDPLO\�KLVWRULHV�RI�FRORUHFWDO�FDQFHU�RU�EHQLJQ��QRW�FDQFHURXV�� colorectal polyps
��+DYH�SHUVRQDO�KLVWRULHV�RI�LQÁDPPDWRU\�ERZHO�GLVHDVH��VXFK�DV�XOFHUDWLYH� ���FROLWLV�RU�&URKQ·V�GLVHDVH�
/6>�*(5�0�9,+<*,�4@�90:2�69�+,;,*;�*6369,*;(3�*(5*,9�,(93@&��%H�SK\VLFDOO\�DFWLYH�IRU�DW�OHDVW����PLQXWHV��DW�OHDVW�ÀYH�GD\V�D�ZHHN� Maintain a healthy weight and waist size
��'RQ·W�VPRNH��,I�\RX�GR�VPRNH��TXLW��,I�\RX�GULQN�DOFRKRO��KDYH�QR�PRUH�WKDQ�RQH�GULQN�D�GD\�LI�\RX·UH�D�ZRPDQ�� or two drinks a day if you’re a man
��(DW�PRUH�IUXLWV��YHJHWDEOHV��EHDQV�DQG�ZKROH�JUDLQV��7KHVH�IRRGV�DUH�JRRG� ���VRXUFHV�RI�ÀEHU� Eat less red meat and cut out processed meat
� Get screened
Colorectal cancer is cancer of the colon or rectum. It’s the third most common type of cancer in the U.S. for both men and women and the second leading cause of cancer deaths overall. An estimated 140,000 individuals are diagnosed with colorectal cancer and over 50,000 will die of the disease each year. With certain types of screening, this cancer can be prevented by removing polyps (grape-like growths on the wall of the intestine) before they become cancerous, or detected early when it can be more easily and successfully treated.
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COLORECTAL CANCER SCREENING INTERVALSUse this information to help you talk with your health care professional about your screeningRSWLRQV�DQG�WKH�EHQHÀWV�DQG�ULVNV��&RQVLGHU�RQH�RI�WKHVH�WHVWV�
TESTS THAT FIND PRE-CANCER AND CANCER 6FUHHQLQJ�,QWHUYDOV
Colonoscopy Every 10 years
Virtual colonoscopy Every 5 years
Flexible sigmoidoscopy Every 5 years
Double-contrast barium enema Every 5 years
(Only when other screening tests are not available)
;,:;:�;/(;�4(053@�-05+�*(5*,9��:;663�;,:;:��
Fecal occult blood tests (FOBT) Guaiac test Every year
(Only high sensitivity guaiac-based FOBTs should be used for colorectal cancer screening.)
Fecal immunochemical test (FIT) Every year
Stool DNA test (sDNA) Ask your health
care professional
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS?(DUO\�VWDJHV�RI�FRORUHFWDO�FDQFHU�GR�QRW�XVXDOO\�KDYH�V\PSWRPV��'XULQJ�ODWHU�stages, people may have these symptoms:
� %OHHGLQJ�IURP�WKH�UHFWXP�RU�EORRG�LQ�RU�RQ�WKH�VWRRO � Change in bowel habits
� 6WRROV�WKDW�DUH�PRUH�QDUURZ�WKDQ�XVXDO � General problems in the abdomen, such as bloating, fullness or cramps
� 'LDUUKHD��FRQVWLSDWLRQ�RU�D�IHHOLQJ�LQ�WKH�UHFWXP�WKDW�WKH�ERZHO�PRYHPHQW� �������LV�QRW�TXLWH�FRPSOHWH � Weight loss for no apparent reason
� %HLQJ�WLUHG�DOO�WKH�WLPH � Vomiting
,I�\RX�KDYH�DQ\�RI�WKHVH�V\PSWRPV��VHH�\RXU�KHDOWK�FDUH�SURIHVVLRQDO�
WHAT ARE THE TREATMENT OPTIONS?6XUJHU\�LV�WKH�PRVW�FRPPRQ�WUHDWPHQW��:KHQ�WKH�FDQFHU�KDV�VSUHDG�chemotherapy or radiation may be administered before or after surgery.
Colon and Rectum (Large Bowel)
DescendingColon
TransverseColonAscending
Colon
Rectum
SmallIntenstine
SigmoidColon
CancerDeveloping
Colon Cancer Development
Polyp Stage 1
Stage 4
Stage 3
Stage 2
(At stage 4, cancerhas spread to otherparts of the body.)
(Small growths in thecolon that can become cancerous over time if not removed.)
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0HQ�DQG�ZRPHQ�ZKR��'ULQN�DOFRKRO�WR�DFFHVV��'ULQNLQJ�DOFRKRO�FDQ�OHDG�WR�FLUUKRVLV��RU�VFDUULQJ of the liver, which can lead to liver cancer
��8VH�WREDFFR�SURGXFWV� Are obese. People who are obese are more likely to have fatty liver disease
and diabetes, which are both linked to liver cancer
��$UH�H[SRVHG�WR�FDQFHU�FDXVLQJ�FKHPLFDOV��+DYH�+HSDWLWLV�%�YLUXV��+%9��RU�+HSDWLWLV�&�YLUXV��+&9�
<RX�DUH�DW�ULVN�IRU�+%9�LI�\RX���+DYH�VH[�ZLWK�VRPHRQH�ZKR�LV�LQIHFWHG��+DYH�PXOWLSOH�VH[XDO�SDUWQHUV��+DYH�D�VH[XDOO\�WUDQVPLWWHG�GLVHDVH��$UH�D�PDQ�ZKR�KDV�VH[�ZLWK�RWKHU�PHQ��,QMHFW�GUXJV��/LYH�ZLWK�VRPHRQH�ZKR�KDV�FKURQLF�+%9��+DYH�WUDYHOHG�WR�D�FRXQWU\�ZKHUH�PDQ\�SHRSOH�KDYH�+%9��$UH�H[SRVHG�WR�EORRG�DW�ZRUN� Get long-term hemodialysis
��:HUH�ERUQ�WR�D�PRWKHU�ZLWK�+%9<RX�DUH�DW�ULVN�IRU�+&9�LI�\RX�� Were born between 1945 and 1965
� Have ever injected drugs
��5HFHLYHG�D�EORRG�WUDQVIXVLRQ�RU�RUJDQ�WUDQVSODQW�EHIRUH�-XO\���������7KLV�LV�ZKHQ�EORRG�DQG�RUJDQV�VWDUWHG�EHLQJ�VFUHHQHG�IRU�+&9����7RRN�PHGLFLQH�IRU�D�EORRG�FORWWLQJ�SUREOHP�EHIRUH������ Are on long-term hemodialysis
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Every year, over 33,190 people will be diagnosed with liver cancer and nearly 23,000 people will die of the disease. Hepatitis B virus (HBV),Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and cirrhosis are all linked to liver cancer. You can greatly reduce your risk for liver cancer by preventing or diagnosing and treating these diseases early.
/6>�*(5�0�9,+<*,�4@�90:2�69�+,;,*;�30=,9�*(5*,9�,(93@&��*HW�YDFFLQDWHG�IRU�+%9�LI�\RX�DUH�DW�ULVN��7KHUH�LV�QR�YDFFLQH�IRU�+&9���*HW�WHVWHG�LI�\RX�DUH�DW�ULVN�IRU�+%9�RU�+&9���6HHN�WUHDWPHQW�LI�\RX�DUH�GLDJQRVHG�ZLWK�+%9�RU�+&9���'R�QRW�XVH�LQWUDYHQRXV��,9��GUXJV���3UDFWLFH�VDIH�VH[���/LPLW�DOFRKRO�XVH���'RQ·W�VPRNH�� Maintain a healthy weight.
� Find and treat diseases that increase your risk for liver cancer. Certain
inherited diseases can cause cirrhosis, which increases your risk for
liver cancer.
>/(;�(9,�;/,�:@47;64:&��8QH[SHFWHG�ZHLJKW�ORVV��/RVV�RI�DSSHWLWH��1DXVHD�RU�YRPLWLQJ� An enlarged liver, felt as a mass under the right side of your ribs
� An enlarged spleen, felt as a mass under the left side of your ribs
� Pain in the abdomen or near the right shoulder blade
��6ZHOOLQJ�RU�ÁXLG�EXLOG�XS�LQ�WKH�DEGRPHQ��,WFKLQJ��<HOORZLQJ�RI�WKH�VNLQ�DQG�H\HV� Fever
� Enlarged veins on the belly that become visible through the skin
� Abnormal bruising or bleeding
��6RPH�OLYHU�WXPRUV�FUHDWH�KRUPRQHV�WKDW�DIIHFW�RUJDQV�RWKHU�WKDQ�WKH���OLYHU��7KHVH�KRUPRQHV�PD\�FDXVH� ��1DXVHD��FRQIXVLRQ��FRQVWLSDWLRQ��ZHDNQHVV�RU�PXVFOH�SUREOHPV�FDXVHG� by high blood calcium levels
� Fatigue or fainting caused by low blood sugar levels
��%UHDVW�HQODUJHPHQW�DQG��RU�VKULQNLQJ�RI�WKH�WHVWLFOHV�LQ�PHQ ��$�UHG�DQG�ÁXVKHG�DSSHDUDQFH�FDXVHG�E\�KLJK�FRXQWV�RI�UHG�EORRG�FHOOV � High cholesterol levels
>/(;�(9,�;/,�;9,(;4,5;�67;065:&/LYHU�FDQFHU�LV�WUHDWHG�WKURXJK�VXUJHU\��WXPRU�DEODWLRQ��WXPRU�HPEROL]DWLRQ��UDGLDWLRQ�WKHUDS\��WDUJHWHG�WKHUDS\�DQG�FKHPRWKHUDS\��7UHDWPHQW�GHSHQGVon the stage and type of liver cancer.
>/6�0:�(;�90:2&
0HQ�DQG�ZRPHQ�ZKR��6PRNH�QRZ�RU�KDYH�D�KLVWRU\�RI�KHDY\�VPRNLQJ�³HYHQ�LI�WKH\�TXLW�\HDUV�DJR��+DYH�EHHQ�KHDYLO\�H[SRVHG�WR�VHFRQGKDQG�VPRNH��+DYH�EHHQ�H[SRVHG�WR�LQGRRU�DQG�RXWGRRU�DLU�SROOXWLRQ��+DYH�KDG�MREV�WKDW�H[SRVHG�WKHP�WR�UDGLDWLRQ��+DYH�EHHQ�H[SRVHG�WR�FHUWDLQ�WR[LF�VXEVWDQFHV��VXFK�DV�DUVHQLF��UDGRQ or asbestos
� Have personal or family histories of lung cancer
>/(;�(9,�;/,�:@47;64:&
,Q�WKH�HDUO\�VWDJHV��WKHUH�PD\�EH�QR�V\PSWRPV��$V�OXQJ�FDQFHU�SURJUHVVHVthese symptoms may occur:
� A cough that does not go away
� Coughing up blood
� Constant chest pain
� 5HSHDWHG�SQHXPRQLD�RU�EURQFKLWLV � Weight loss and loss of appetite
� Hoarseness
� Wheezing or shortness of breath
� Feeling very tired all the time
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ALLCANCERDEATHS
ALLCANCER
DIAGNOSES
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women. Annually, over 224,000 people will be diagnosed with lungcancer and nearly 160,000 will die of the disease. Smoking is theleading cause of lung cancer.
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��'RQ·W�VPRNH��,I�\RX�GR�VPRNH��TXLW���6WD\�DZD\�IURP�VHFRQGKDQG�VPRNH�� Make your home and community smoke-free.
��(DW�ORWV�RI�IUXLWV�DQG�YHJHWDEOHV�DQG�JHW�PRUH�H[HUFLVH���,I�\RX·UH�D�KHDY\�VPRNHU�RU�IRUPHU�VPRNHU��WDON�ZLWK�\RXU�KHDOWK�FDUH���SURIHVVLRQDO�DERXW�WKH�SURV�DQG�FRQV�RI�VFUHHQLQJ��7KHUH�LV�GHÀQLWLYH���HYLGHQFH�WKDW�VFUHHQLQJ�ORQJ�WLPH�VPRNHUV�ZLWK�ORZ�GRVH�VSLUDO�&7���VFDQV�VLJQLÀFDQWO\�UHGXFHV�GHDWK�IURP�WKH�GLVHDVH�
>/(;�(9,�;/,�;9,(;4,5;�67;065:&
/XQJ�FDQFHU�WUHDWPHQW�GHSHQGV�RQ�WKH�W\SH�RI�FDQFHU��VPDOO�FHOO�RU�QRQ�VPDOO�FHOO���WKH�VL]H�RI�WKH�WXPRU�DQG�ZKHWKHU�RU�QRW�LW�KDV�VSUHDG� � ,Q�HDUO\�VWDJHV�RI�OXQJ�FDQFHU��ZKHQ�WKH�GLVHDVH�KDV�QRW�VSUHDG�RXWVLGH� �������WKH�OXQJV��VXUJHU\�LV�WKH�XVXDO�WUHDWPHQW��6RPHWLPHV�FKHPRWKHUDS\�LV�XVHG� in combination with surgery.
� For later stages of the disease, radiation and chemotherapy are sometimes
used in combination with surgery.
� 1HZ��OHVV�LQYDVLYH�VXUJHU\�PD\�KHOS�SDWLHQWV�UHFRYHU�PRUH�TXLFNO\�ZLWK� the same results as older, more invasive surgery.
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��'ULQN�DOFRKRO�LQ�H[FHVV��$UH�H[SRVHG�WR�VXQOLJKW�IRU�ORQJ�SHULRGV�RI�WLPH��+DYH�D�FHUWDLQ�W\SH�RI�+XPDQ�3DSLOORPDYLUXV��+39�� Have immune systems that have been weakened by certain medications
/6>�*(5�0�9,+<*,�4@�90:2�69�+,;,*;�69(3�*(5*,9�,(93@&� 'R�QRW�VPRNH�RU�FKHZ�WREDFFR��6HHN�KHOS�IURP�\RXU�PHGLFDO�SURIHVVLRQDO���IRU�TXLWWLQJ��� /LPLW�DOFRKRO�WR�QR�PRUH�WKDQ�RQH�GULQN�SHU�GD\�� 6WD\�RXW�RI�WKH�VXQ��HVSHFLDOO\�EHWZHHQ����DP�DQG���SP�ZKHQ�VXQOLJKW is strongest.
� $OZD\V�XVH�OLS�EDOP�ZLWK�63)����RU�KLJKHU�� Eat fruits and vegetables on a daily basis.
� Have an oral cancer screening by your dentist during your regular check-up.
� 7DON�ZLWK�\RXU�GHQWLVW�DERXW�DQ�RUDO�VHOI�H[DP�
Oral cancer is cancer of the mouth or throat. Every year, over 42,000SHRSOH�ZLOO�EH�GLDJQRVHG�ZLWK�RUDO�FDQFHU�DQG�RYHU�������ZLOO�GLH�RI�WKH�disease. Oral cancer is twice as common in men as in women. Tobacco and alcohol use are among the strongest risk factors for oral cancer.Because some oral pre-cancers and cancers can be found early, it isimportant to visit your dentist regularly for screenings.
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CHEWINGTOBACCO
SMOKINGTOBACCO
EXCESSIVEALCOHOL
SUNEXPOSURE
RISK FACTORS
>/(;�(9,�;/,�:@47;64:&� White or red patches on lips, gum, tongue or mouth lining
� A lump which can be felt inside the mouth or on the neck
��3DLQ�RU�GLIÀFXOW\�FKHZLQJ��VZDOORZLQJ�RU�VSHDNLQJ� Hoarseness lasting a long time
��1XPEQHVV�RU�SDLQ�LQ�DQ\�DUHD�RI�WKH�PRXWK�WKDW�GRHV�QRW�JR�DZD\��6ZHOOLQJ�RI�WKH�MDZ��/RRVHQLQJ�RI�WHHWK��'LIÀFXOW\�ZHDULQJ�GHQWXUHV��%OHHGLQJ�LQ�WKH�PRXWK� A sore on the lips or in the mouth that doesn’t go away
� An earache that does not go away
,I�\RX�KDYH�DQ\�RI�WKHVH�V\PSWRPV��VHH�\RXU�GHQWLVW�ULJKW�DZD\�
>/(;�(9,�;/,�;9,(;4,5;�67;065:&6XUJHU\��UDGLDWLRQ��FKHPRWKHUDS\�DQG�QHZHU�WDUJHWHG�WKHUDSLHV�PD\�EH�XVHG�alone or in combination.
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>/6�0:�(;�90:2&0HQ�ZKR� Are over age 50
� Are African-American
� Have a family history of prostate cancer
/6>�*(5�0�9,+<*,�4@�90:2�69�+,;,*;�796:;(;,�*(5*,9�,(93@&� /RZHU�\RXU�ULVN�RI�SURVWDWH�FDQFHU�E\�PDLQWDLQLQJ�D�KHDOWK\�ZHLJKW���DQG�H[HUFLVLQJ�� 1HYHU�VPRNH��RU�TXLW�LI�\RX�GR�VPRNH���� At age 50, start talking with your health care professional about the pros and
cons of getting tested or not getting tested. Early detection of prostate cancer
followed by prompt treatment saves lives, but some men are treated for
cancers that will never cause them harm and they must live with the side
effects and complications of this treatment.
� ,I�\RX�DUH�DQ�$IULFDQ�$PHULFDQ�PDQ��RU�LI�\RX�KDYH�D�FORVH�UHODWLYH��IDWKHU��VRQ� ���RU�EURWKHU��ZKR�KDG�SURVWDWH�FDQFHU�EHIRUH�DJH�����VWDUW�WDONLQJ�WR�\RXU�GRFWRU� ���DERXW�SURVWDWH�FDQFHU�ZKHQ�\RX�DUH�����,I�PRUH�WKDQ�RQH�FORVH�PDOH�UHODWLYH� had prostate cancer before 65, start that talk when you turn 40.
Each year, nearly 233,000 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer and over 29,000 will die from the disease. Most prostate cancer is diagnosedin men older than 65.
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� 8ULQDU\�SUREOHPV��QRW�EHLQJ�DEOH�WR�XULQDWH��KDYLQJ�WURXEOH�VWDUWLQJ�RU� ��������VWRSSLQJ�XULQH�ÁRZ��KDYLQJ�D�ZHDN�RU�LQWHUUXSWHG�XULQH�ÁRZ��IHHOLQJ�SDLQ� ��������RU�D�EXUQLQJ�VHQVDWLRQ�ZKLOH�XULQDWLQJ� � %ORRG�LQ�WKH�XULQH � 3DLQIXO�RU�GLIÀFXOW�HUHFWLRQ � Pain in lower back, pelvis or upper thighs
>/(;�(9,�;/,�;9,(;4,5;�67;065:&Current treatment options vary, depending on the stage of the cancer and
other medical conditions of the individual.
� 7UHDWPHQWV�LQFOXGH�VXUJHU\��UDGLDWLRQ�RU�KRUPRQH�WKHUDS\��6RPHWLPHV� treatments are combined.
� 6RPH�SURVWDWH�FDQFHUV�JURZ�YHU\�VORZO\�DQG�GR�QRW�UHTXLUH�LPPHGLDWH� �������WUHDWPHQW��,Q�WKHVH�FDVHV��PHQ�DQG�WKHLU�GRFWRUV�PD\�GHFLGH�RQ�´DFWLYH� �������VXUYHLOODQFHµ�ZLWK�UHJXODU�IROORZ�XSV��XVXDOO\�HYHU\�WKUHH�WR�VL[�PRQWKV�� �������7KLV�RSWLRQ�VKRXOG�EH�RSHQ�WR�UHDVVHVVPHQW��DV�D�PDQ·V�FRQGLWLRQ�RU� concerns may change.
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� Have fair skin, freckles or skin that burns easily
� Have personal or family histories of skin cancer
� Have certain types of genetic problems that affect the skin
� Have been treated with radiation
� Have a weakened immune system
� Have several moles on their bodies, especially if they have had some
moles since they were born
� Have odd moles or one or more large colored spots on their skin
� Had contact with certain chemicals, such as arsenic in drinking water
� +DYH�VNLQ�GDPDJHG�IURP�LQMXU\�RU�IURP�ORQJ�WHUP�LQÁDPPDWLRQ� +DYH�+XPDQ�3DSLOORPDYLUXV��+39�� Had sunburns as children. Children who sustain sunburns may have
an increased risk of skin cancer later in life
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Skin cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis and is also the most preventable cancer. Most skin cancer is caused by damage from the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation rays. Annually, over 76,000 people will be diagnosed with melanoma—the most dangerous type of skin cancer—and almost 10,000 will die of the disease. Every year, more than twomillion people are diagnosed with non-melanoma skin cancer—either basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma.
5HVHDUFK�RQ�WKH�EHQHðWV�RI�YLWDPLQ�'��PDGH�E\�WKH�VNLQ�IURP�VXQOLJKW��indicates that just a brief exposure of your face, arms and hands to the VXQ�LV�VXIðFLHQWċDERXW����PLQXWHV�D�GD\��WKUHH�GD\V�SHU�ZHHN��7DON�WR�\RXU�KHDOWK�FDUH�SURIHVVLRQDO�DERXW�9LWDPLQ�'�DQG�\RXU�KHDOWK�
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People who have paler skin tones are more likely to develop melanoma than those with darker complexions. However anyone, regardless of skin color, may develop skin cancer. The risk for skin cancer increasesas people get older.
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��$OZD\V�XVH�VXQVFUHHQ�DQG�OLS�EDOP�ZLWK�89%�DQG�89$�SURWHFWLRQ�ZLWK���63)����RU�PRUH��HYHQ�RQ�FORXG\�GD\V���$SSO\�DQ�RXQFH�RI�VXQVFUHHQ³D�SDOP�IXOO³���PLQXWHV�EHIRUH�JRLQJ outside and reapply every two hours if in continuous sun.
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��3URWHFW�FKLOGUHQ�IURP�WKH�VXQ��&KLOGKRRG�VXQEXUQV�PD\�LQFUHDVH�WKH�ULVN of skin cancer later in life.
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>/(;�(9,�;/,�:@47;64:&� A sore that does not heal
� A mole or other growth you have not noticed before
� A change in the border of a spot, spread of color, redness or swelling
around the area
��$�VPDOO��VPRRWK��VKLQ\��SDOH�RU�ZD[\�OXPS�WKDW�PD\�EOHHG��/DUJH�DUHDV�ZLWK�RR]LQJ�RU�FUXVW��$�ÁDW�UHG�VSRW�RU�D�OXPS�WKDW�LV�VFDO\�RU�FUXVW\��,WFKLQHVV��WHQGHUQHVV�RU�SDLQ�IURP�D�PROH�RU�HOVHZKHUH�RQ�\RXU�VNLQ� A brown or black colored spot with uneven edges
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When looking at moles, remember the ABCDE rule:Asymmetry (one half of the mole doesn’t match the other)
Border irregularity
Color that is not uniform
Diameter greater than 6 mm (about the size of a pencil eraser)
Evolving size, shape or color
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COMMON TREATMENT FOR SKIN CANCER:� 6XUJHU\� %LRORJLFDO�GUXJ�WUHDWPHQWV� Various chemotherapies
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� $UH�LQIHFWHG�ZLWK�+XPDQ�,PPXQRGHÀFLHQF\�9LUXV��+,9�� +DYH�D�JHQHWLF�SUREOHP�FDXVHG�E\�KDYLQJ�DQ�H[WUD�;�FKURPRVRPH� Have a personal or family history of testicular cancer
� Are Caucasian
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� ,I�\RX�KDYH�D�VRQ�ZKR�ZDV�ERUQ�ZLWK�DQ�XQGHVFHQGHG�WHVWLFOH��WDON�ZLWK his health care professional about correcting it before he reaches puberty.
Annually, nearly 9,000 men will be diagnosed with testicular cancer,and over 10% will die of the disease. It is the most common cancer inmen ages 15 to 34. Testicular cancer is usually curable when foundearly and treated appropriately.
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� A painless lump, enlargement or swelling in either testicle
� A change in how the testicle feels
� 'XOO�DFKLQJ�LQ�WKH�ORZHU�DEGRPHQ��EDFN�RU�JURLQ � Pain or discomfort in a testicle or in the scrotum
� 6XGGHQ�FROOHFWLRQ�RI�ÁXLG�LQ�WKH�VFURWXP � Feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
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/<4(5�7(703364(=09<:��/7=�Human Papillomavirus, also known as HPV, consists of over 150 related
viral strains. Many of the HPV strains are spread through skin to skin contact
GXULQJ�YDJLQDO��DQDO�DQG�RUDO�VH[��+LJK�ULVN�VWUDLQV�RI�+39�KDYH�LQFUHDVLQJO\�been found to cause many types of cancer.
Each year, more than 20,000 HPV-associated cancers are diagnosed in women
and nearly 12,000 are diagnosed in men. Cervical cancer is the most common
HPV-associated cancer in women and oropharyngeal cancers are the most
FRPPRQ�LQ�PHQ��6WXGLHV�VKRZ�WKDW�+39�LV�UHVSRQVLEOH�IRU�PRUH�WKDQ����RI�DQDO�DQG�FHUYLFDO�FDQFHUV�DQG�PRUH�WKDQ�����RI�YDJLQDO��YXOYDU�DQGpenile cancers.
7\SHV�RI�FDQFHU�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�+39�LQFOXGH� � Cervical cancer
� Vulvar cancer
� Vaginal cancer
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:RPHQ�ZKR�KDYH�KDG�PDQ\�VH[XDO�SDUWQHUV�RU�XQSURWHFWHG�VH[�ZLWK�XQFLU-cumcised men are at higher risk for HPV. Men who are uncircumcised and
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Certain viruses have been linked to different types of cancer. Three ofthe known viruses are Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Hepatitis B (HBV)and Hepatitis C (HCV). You can be immunized (get a shot) to protectyourself and your children against these viruses.
important. However, there are treatments for cell changes that HPV can
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become cancer.
To learn more about risk factors and risk reduction, see Cervical Cancer on Page 9.
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+&9��RQ�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��LV�OHVV�OLNHO\�WR�FDXVH�V\PSWRPV��%XW�PRVW�SHRSOH�with HCV develop chronic infections, which are more likely to lead to liver
GDPDJH�RU�HYHQ�FDQFHU��7KH�JRRG�QHZV�LV�WKDW�WKHUH�LV�PRUH�WKDQ�RQH�WUHDW-ment for HCV, which can often cure you and reduce your risk of liver cancer.
To learn about risk factors and risk reduction for HBV and HCV, see Liver Cancer on Page 15.
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