stormsehowtocausea

7/30/2019 StormsEhowtocausea

1/37

How to Cause Nuclear Reactions at Low

Energy and Why Should You Care

Edmund Storms, Ph.D.

Santa Fe, NM

These slides are from this video lecture:

http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3B79262131CA1BCF


2/37

Profs. Pons and Fleischmann(Courtesy Univ. of Utah)


3/37

What is Cold Fusion?

Cold Fusion = popular name

Low Energy Nuclear Reaction = LENR =

General description Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reaction =

CANR = LENR

Condensed Matter Nuclear Science =

CMNS = Field of study


4/37

Work is Being Done at

Laboratories in Many Countries

1. Japan,

2. Italy,

3. Russia,

4. Ukraine,

5. Israel,

6. U.S.A.,

7. China,8. France


5/37

What Reactions Occur?Detected

d + d > 3He(0.82 MeV) + n(2.45 MeV)

d + d > p(3.02 MeV) + t(1.01 MeV)

d + d > 4He + (23.8 MeV) (No gamma)

n*d + M > fusion or fission (transmutation)Not Detected

d + t > n(14.01MeV) + 4He(3.5 MeV)

d + p > 3He + gamma (5.5 MeV)


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ITER REACTOR


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How does Cold Fusion Compare to Hot Fusion?

Cold Fusion

Occurs in a special solidmaterials at low applied energy.

Produces mainly helium-4 andheat

Small, simple devices can makeuseful power

Involves fusion of deuteriumand many other nuclearreactions.

Has been studied for 18 yearsand is not understood.

Is a clean energy source.

Is difficult to replicate.

Hot Fusion

Occurs in a plasma or uponapplication of high energy.

Produces neutrons, tritium andheat.

A very large reactor is requiredto make useful power.

Involves fusion of tritium anddeuterium.

Has been studied for 60 yearsand is well understood.

Is a radioactive energy source.

Is difficult to make useful.


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Kinds of Evidence Anomalously large heat production,

Helium production consistent with heat

production,

Occasional tritium production, Production of anomalous isotopes,

Consistent patterns of behavior,

Energetic particle and gamma emission.


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How is Cold Fusion Initiated? Electrolysis

Ambient Gas

Liquid Plasma

Gas Plasma

Proton Conductor

Sonic Implantation

Laser Light


10/37

Representation of Calorimeter Methods

Open method

Closed method

Single and Double WallIsoperbolic

EP = T*C - V*I, (


11/37

Flow calorimeter schematic(This slide not included in video)


12/37

Simplified flow calorimeter schematic showing only

the cooling water in the outer jacket

(This slide not included in video)


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How Much Power is Produced?

Power based on 157 reported studies

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 40 80 120 160 200

WATT

COUNT

All 157 values, 0.005-183 W, 12.7 W mean

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

BA

COUNT

WATT

All Values

Electrolytic Values


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Recent Example of Significant Power using

Electrolysis(Dardik et al., Energetics Technologies, Israel)

Pout=KT

Pinet=Iin*Vin P dis

Excess Power of up to 34 watts; Average ~20 watts for 17 h

17 h

Average Pinet ~0.74 watts

Average Pout ~20 watts


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Example of Significant Power using Gas

Loading(Arata and Zhang, Osaka Univ., Japan)


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Consistent Patterns for Heat ProductionWhen Pd is used during Electrolysis

Effect of average D/Pd ratio

Effect of applied current Effect of batch of Pd

Effect of temperature

Effect of electrolysis time

Effect of cracking of the metal


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Effect of D/Pd ratio on excess power(McKubre et al., SRI)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98

Atomic ratio (D/Pd)

C1 Parabolic 0.875 555


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Summary of Heat Production

(McKubre et al., SRI)

D/Pd = 0.70 to 0.90 17 no heat

D/Pd = 0.90 to 0.95 9 no heat, 6 heat

D/Pd = 0.95 to 1.05 15 heat


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Example of a Consistent Pattern

(McKubre et al., SRI)

Light & Heavy Water Cells; Excess Power vs. Current Density

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Electrochemical Current Density (A/cm 2)

P14/D2O Linear P13/H2O


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Effect of Current on Excess Power

0.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.00.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

Storms (plate, T)

Kainthla et al. (wire, T)

McKubre et al., (wire, flow)

Kunimatsu (rod, T)

Aoki et al. (plate, flow)

Bush (plate, T)

CURRENT DENSITY, A/cm2

Constant TemperatureVariable Temperature

EFFECT OF CURRENT DENSITY ON EXCESS POWER

Produced by Palladium


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Effect of Applied Current on Excess Power

160014001200100080060040020000.0001

.001

.01

.1

1

10

100

Miles et al.

Liaw et al.

Hutchinson et al.

Kainthla et al.

Fleischmann and Pons

Oriani et al.

Appleby et al.

Santhanam et al.

Noninski and Noninski

Lewis and Skold

Guruswamy and Wadsworth

Eagleton and Bush

CURRENT (mA/cm )

2

2


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Example of relationship between helium and heat

production


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Growth of heat and helium(McKubre et al., SRI)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 5 10 15 20

Time (Days)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

ExcessEnergy

(kJ)

ppmV SC2

3 line fit for 4He

Differential

Gradient


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Grown of Tritium during Electrolysis

(Bockris et. al, Texas A&M)

1501005000

5000

10000

15000

20000

Active Cell

Inactive Cell

TIME, hr

Current Increase

10^8 atoms/sec

10^7 atoms/sec


25/37

Growth of Tritium during Gas Discharge

(Claytor et al., LANL)


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Extra Elements Commonly Found

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

2 10 18 26 34 42 50 58 66 74 82

Pd cathode, electrolysis

NUMBER

OCCASION

SREPORTED

ATOMIC NUMBER

Al

Cu Zn

Ag

Pb

Fe

Ti

Mg

Pd Pt


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Iwamura et al., Mitsubishi, Japan

Caused the following reactions by passing D2through Pd-CaO-Pd layers.

4D + 133Cs55 =141Pr59 + ?

4D + 88Sr38 =96Mo42 + ?

6D + 138Ba56= 150Sm62 + ?

Measured target loss and product gain using XPS,SIMS, XANES, ICP-MS, and X-ray Fluorescence.

Basic process replicated in Italy (INFN-LNF) and

Japan (Osaka Univ.).


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Active Region(Iwamura et al., Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Japan)

D2 gas permeation through the Pd complex

Pd

CaO

Pd

Pd

CaO

Pd

Pd

CaO

Pd

Pd substrate

CaO

Pd 40nm

2nm

D Flux

Vacuum

D2 gas

D PermeationSurface

Cross Section of Pd Complex


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Decrease of Cs and Emergence of Pr

(Iwamura et al., Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Japan)

0 20 40 60 80 100 1200

2

4

6

8

1012

14

16Cs 1st

Pr 1st

Cs 2nd

Pr 2nd

Numberofatoms(/1

014

/cm

2)

Time (h)

DCs

PdCaO

Pd


30/37

Conversion of Cs to Pr


Average D2 gas permeation rate:FLSCCM)

Electrochemical Addition

Ion Implantation

0

20

40

60

80

100

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00

Conversionrate(%)

(1/SCCM)3.0


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Production of Pr from Cs


6

5

4

3

2

1

654321

6

5

4

3

2

1

654321X

Y

100m

100m

Much Pr detection

Pr detection

No Pr

13-4


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Mass Correlation between Given and Detected

Elements



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Why is LENR Hard to Replicate?

Active material is present only in very smallregions,

Active material is a complex alloy with an

unknown structure and composition, Active material rarely forms.

(The challenge is to make the alloy onpurpose and in large amount.)


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What Do We Know?

* Nuclear reactions involve 1, 2, 4, and 6

deuterons that add to a variety of nuclei* Nuclear reactions involve both H and D* Nuclear reactions occur only in special solid

environments (NAE)* Nuclear reactions produce little if any radiation

or energetic particles detected outside ofapparatus.

* Significant radiation is detected inside ofapparatus along with the nuclear products.

* Nuclear reactions can occur at rates that

make significant heat energy.* Nuclear reactions can be initiated many

different ways.


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Requirements of a Theory

The nuclear charge of the deuteron or proton mustbe lowered, but not by neutron formation.

The deuterons must form a cluster of 2, 4, or 6 dafter this lowering process has occurred.

The reactions must produce very little gammaradiation and few radioactive isotopes.

The process must occur spontaneously withoutsignificant energy being applied.

The mechanism must occur only under veryspecial conditions in unique solid materials.


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Conclusions

The LENR phenomenon is real and has the

potential to be an ideal energy source.

Significant energy can be produced using several

methods and with simple devices.

The effect requires use of a special solid material.

The challenge now is to identify this special

material and manufacture it in large amount.


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For more information read the book

The Science of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction

available at www.worldscientific.com

and

consult the website

www.LENR-CANR.org

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