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TRANSCRIPT
THE CITY OF
Stormwater Outreach Methods and
Strategies for Residents
ESPM 4041W - Problem Solving for Environmental Change
College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences
University of Minnesota
Prepared by: Lauren Schultz, Group Leader | Yordanose Solomone, Group Liaison
Briana Burke | Brianna Egge
December 13th, 2017
Report # 9/9
i
Table of Contents
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................... i
List of Figures & Tables ........................................................................................................ ii
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... iii
Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. iv
Introduction............................................................................................................................ 1
Rationale ............................................................................................................................. 2
Roseville’s Vision .............................................................................................................. 2
Class Vision ........................................................................................................................ 2
Group Vision and Goals ..................................................................................................... 2
Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 3
Methods .................................................................................................................................. 4
Site Description .................................................................................................................. 4
Research Techniques .......................................................................................................... 6
Findings .................................................................................................................................. 9
Expert Interview Findings through Data Analysis ............................................................. 9
Expert Interview Findings: Select Insights ...................................................................... 12
Literature Review of Public Engagement and Outreach Strategies: Select Insights ........ 15
Recommendations ................................................................................................................ 17
Recommendation 1: Partner with watershed districts & Blue Thumb to provide
educational materials on stormwater management for residents ...................................... 18
Recommendation 2: Strengthen engagement of community members through residential
certification programs ....................................................................................................... 19
Recommendation 3: Utilize multi-faceted toolkit to reach multiple audiences through
various outreach methods ................................................................................................. 21
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 22
References ............................................................................................................................. 23
Appendices............................................................................................................................ 26
ii
List of Figures & Tables
Figure 1. City of Roseville relative to Ramsey County and the State of Minnesota (Data
Sources: LCC-GIS Office, 2007; RCGISAdmin, 2017). ........................................................ 4
Figure 2. Map of local watershed districts within the city limits of the City of Roseville,
Minnesota, 2017. ..................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 3. Visual representation of the frequency of words utilized by expert interviewees,
Minnesota, 2017 (n=10). The font size increases with increased theme mentions. .............. 11
Figure 4. The iconic rose logo that the City of Roseville uses to physically brand their
materials, Minnesota, 2017. ................................................................................................... 12
Figure 5. City of Roseville recommended stormwater residential outreach strategy and
partnership structure Minnesota, 2017. ................................................................................. 17
Table 1. Comparing the frequency of responses from expert interviews across four local
organization types in Minnesota. Organized by three categories and twelve themes regarding
natural resource ...................................................................................................................... 10
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Acknowledgements
This report would not have been possible without the help of multiple people who gave their
time, knowledge, and assistance to make this project successful. We would especially like to
thank the members of the City of Roseville, including Ryan Johnson, Environmental
Specialist, who provided us project guidance and current outreach materials; Lonnie Brokke,
Parks and Recreation Director, for ongoing support; Marc Culver, Public Works Director, for
providing project guidance; Garry Bowman, Communications Manager, who provided
insights regarding communication with multiple audiences in Roseville; Carolyn Curti,
Communications Specialist, who provided insights on what aspects of outreach can be built
upon and developed; and Jim Taylor, Parks Superintendent, who provided comparable
metropolitan cities to Roseville.
We recognize Beth Carreño, Communication and Outreach Coordinator of the Rice Creek
Watershed District who provided information on outreach strategies related to stormwater
management; Jessica Bromelkamp, Communications and Outreach Specialist of the Capitol
Region Watershed District and Sage Passi, Watershed Education Specialist of the Ramsey-
Washington Metro Watershed District, who provided insights regarding outreach work and its
need for collaboration and adaptation with demographic change; Laura Nelson, Recruiting
and Communications Coordinator of the Department of Forest Resources at the University of
Minnesota - Twin Cities, who provided information on media outreach methods; Stephan
Carlson, Professor and Extension Educator at the University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, who
provided information on outreach and extension strategies; Jason Egerstrom, Communications
Coordinator of the City of Woodbury, who provided information about municipal
communication strategies; Chad Bergo, Communication Coordinator of the City of
Maplewood, provided information on communication strategies; Jacqueline Larson,
Communication and Marketing Coordinator for the City of St. Louis Park, as well as Erick
Francis, Water Resources Manager, Phillip Elkin, Senior Engineering Project Manager, Debra
Heiser, Engineering Director, and Jim Vaughan, Natural Resources Coordinator, who
provided information about communicating stormwater issues to residents.
Finally, we thank Kristen Nelson, Course Instructor and Group Advisor for ESPM 4041W at
the University of Minnesota -Twin Cities, who advised our group and continually provided
us with feedback, direction, and project clarity; Gary Johnson, Course Instructor for ESPM
4041W at the University of Minnesota- Twin Cities, who instructed us on various project
tasks; Daniel Wattenhofer, Teaching Assistant for ESPM 4041W at the University of
Minnesota - Twin Cities, who helped us coordinate between groups; our fellow classmates for
providing us information and maps related to our project development.
iv
Executive Summary
This report provides the City of Roseville with the findings and recommendations to support
their natural resources outreach methods and strategies for residents. Roseville has a history
of active community membership with residents who continuously participate in bettering
their community through volunteer and community engagement. Students from the University
of Minnesota’s Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management program worked with the
City of Roseville from September-December 2017 to review current outreach methods within
the different Roseville municipal departments as well as other partners and community
members that are conducting similar outreach work in natural resources. The City of Roseville
is dedicated to continually ensuring optimal quality of life for their residents, which is largely
dependent on the state of the local environment. To improve the City’s environmental quality,
resident involvement continues to play a key role. Participation by residents in environmental
best management practices is largely facilitated by community outreach which seeks to
increase resident knowledge of environmental issues while reinforcing relationships with their
communities.
The desired outcome for the City of Roseville is a flexible toolkit for outreach strategies that
can be designed and implemented for future natural resource topics. The strategy drafted for
this report is based on research about existing outreach efforts within natural resources,
insights from key informants with outreach and communication backgrounds based on the
surrounding communities, and finally a series of practical recommendations that Roseville
could implement in their future outreach methodology. The essential findings in researching
outreach strategies for the City revolve around creating partnerships that are sustainable,
strengthening the current involvement of the community through certification programs, as
well as implementing various and adaptable methods for distribution of information.
The report includes recommendations below with a discussion of the resources necessary for
implementation, as well as the benefits associated with these recommendations. To enhance
existing outreach strategies and methods for residents, the following actions are
recommended:
1. Partner with watershed districts and Blue Thumb to create and provide educational
materials that relate to stormwater management and water quality designed for
residents.
2. Strengthen and sustain involvement and engagement of the community through
residential certification programs supported by community members.
3. Utilize multi-faceted template to reach multiple residential audiences through a variety
of outreach methods for optimal information distribution.
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Introduction
The City of Roseville is a community committed to preserving their environment and
promoting a generational mindset by meeting the needs of citizens today without
compromising those of the future. One of the top community aspirations is a common goal to
be “engaged in our community’s success as citizens, neighbors, volunteers, leaders, and
business people” (Roseville Comprehensive Plan, 2009). To successfully meet this aspiration,
community members should have easy access on ways to get involved and engaged in their
city. Creating a strategy for community outreach and communication around topics such as
stormwater management means considering inclusivity, stakeholder participation, and a clear
design of desired objectives and outcomes. These criteria are important for the success of
environmental conservation in relation to stormwater, and the overall attitudes towards water
stewardship (United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Policy, 2002).
To meet these desired outcomes, an outreach strategy should be designed and implemented.
A strategy consists of goal setting, stakeholder identification, set objectives for those
stakeholders, determining how to reinforce and support those stakeholder’s actions, and
monitoring implementation success (Patterson, et al., 2009). In addition, developing an
outreach strategy for residents that is consistent and dependable is one of the most important
aspects to create social influence (G. Bowman, 2017). By focusing on outreach
communication strategies, Roseville can achieve the change it has set out to accomplish by
improving their ability to reach out to residents, as well as influence behaviors that contribute
to environmental quality and community engagement that will improve quality of life.
Roseville is already an active community with citizens that participate in bettering their
community through volunteerism and community engagement (see Report #8/9). While
Roseville’s community involvement is commendable, increased citizen awareness of
community issues such as stormwater management could benefit the community by providing
members with knowledge about what needs improvement, and how they can help. For
example, by addressing the need to engage citizens about stormwater management and what
they can do to improve Roseville’s situation, the community will benefit from healthier lawns,
improved water quality, and a higher quality of life for residents (United States.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Policy, 2002).
Currently, the City of Roseville uses flyers about stormwater management and water quality
to distribute at resident events. Participants can take the flyers home to use as a guide to try
out specific stormwater management practices (Yard Care Tips, 2017). In addition, the City
website provides information on these topics that is readily accessible (Stormwater
Management, n.d.) plus links to watershed districts, Blue Thumb, Ramsey Conservation
District, Anoka Soil and Water Conservation District, and the Minnesota Department of
Natural Resources. Most of Roseville’s information on stormwater management is from the
watershed districts within the area. These include Rice Creek Watershed District, Ramsey
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Washington Metro Watershed District, and Capitol Region Watershed District. The City
hopes to address city-specific issues relevant to Roseville homeowner needs by creating a
toolkit that can be used to increase awareness and practices specific to stormwater
management in Roseville, branded with the City of Roseville logo to increase resident
engagement and community stewardship.
In this report, a detailed outline is provided to assist Roseville in their endeavor to engage
citizens in their community. First, an analysis was performed on their current outreach and
communications strategies. To support this analysis, a literature review was conducted on the
most effective outreach methods, especially concerning suburban residents, and expert
interviews were conducted. Finally, based on best outreach methods, a template of outreach
materials was designed for Roseville to utilize in their efforts to communicate with community
members. This template will encourage residents in Roseville to implement recommended
stormwater management methods on their own property and in turn, improve water quality in
the City (Ryan Johnson, 2017).
Rationale
The purpose of this analysis and the expected recommendations for natural resource outreach
is to create an easy-to-follow toolkit that will increase resident comprehension of resources
available in Roseville and provide the City with a new or modified outreach template that can
be used for multiple topics in the years to come.
Roseville’s Vision
Environmental responsibility is a crucial value for residents of Roseville, which is presented
in the City’s vision statement:
“We recognize our responsibility to act as environmental stewards and provide a regulatory
framework that fosters a sustainable community. Our renowned parks and our recreational
and public facilities are community centerpieces that attract people of all ages and abilities,
and help us support and promote individual wellness and fitness.” (Roseville Comprehensive
Plan, 2009).
Class Vision
To work collaboratively with the City of Roseville to develop responsible management tools
and provide program recommendations that align with Roseville’s values and broader vision
of enhancing the sustainability of the community.
Group Vision and Goals
To provide outreach methods and strategies which the City of Roseville can utilize to better
communicate with residents, especially concerning environmental issues that impact
Roseville citizens’ qualities of life.
3
Objectives
❖ Evaluate the City of Roseville’s current toolkits used to promote and inform residents
about stormwater management and water quality,
❖ Review City of Roseville’s Comprehensive Plan and Stormwater Plan in relation to
resident outreach and communication,
❖ Determine best outreach methods to present materials to the residents of Roseville
through outreach-method focused literature review,
❖ Conduct a comparative analysis of best practices through manager interviews with
watershed districts, University of Minnesota outreach experts, and staff from City of
Roseville, City of Maplewood, City of Woodbury, and City of St. Louis Park,
❖ Develop recommendations for using the outreach toolkit template that Roseville can
model and implement sustainably.
4
Methods
Site Description
The City of Roseville is a suburban community in western Ramsey County (Figure 1). It is
located in the state of Minnesota in the United States and was established in 1948 (City of
Roseville). It comprises a total area of 13.8 square miles and is bordered by ten surrounding
cities including Minneapolis, St. Paul, Maplewood, Shoreview, New Brighton, Little Canada,
Falcon Heights, Lauderdale, St. Anthony, and Arden Hills. It is easily accessible from I-35E,
I-694, and Highway 280. Through these primary transportation corridors, Roseville is less
than a ten-minute drive from either St. Paul or Minneapolis downtown areas.
According to the 2010 Census, Roseville’s total population is 33,660 residents with roughly
14,623 households (2010 Census). Most of the residents are between the ages of 15 and 64
and of the total population, about 53% are female and 81% are white ethnicity (2010 Census).
Figure 1. City of Roseville relative to Ramsey County and the State of Minnesota (Data
Sources: LCC-GIS Office, 2007; RCGISAdmin, 2017).
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Approximately 56% of the households are single-family detached homes; Roseville also
provides numerous apartments, multiple family homes, and over 1,700 nursing and senior
units (City of Roseville). Total area of all households is roughly 3,381 acres (Johnson, 2017).
The City falls within the districts of three watershed districts including Rice Creek, Ramsey
Washington Metro, and Capitol Region (Figure 2). Roseville has over 170 stormwater ponds
and several ponds and marshes surrounding the City, including Lake Josephine, Lake Owasso,
Bennett Lake, McCarrons Lake, and more.
Watershed Districts in Roseville, MN
The City of Roseville understands that stormwater management is an important part of
protecting their natural resources. The City has several goals presented in their
Comprehensive Plan, with multiple goals centered around preservation and protection of
lakes, ponds, wetlands, and other drainage features (Comprehensive Plan, 2009). Roseville
believes that environmental protection is vital to the success of the community, and continues
to do so by enforcing ordinances and laws, as well as implementing and promoting best
management practices in stormwater management to protect the City’s water bodies.
Currently, Roseville has several stormwater methods, including storm ponds, rain gardens,
catch basins, and piping that runs throughout the City (Comprehensive Surface Water
Management Plan, 2013). Their Comprehensive Surface Water Management Plan describes
future goals and processes to improve water quality in the City.
Figure 2. Map of local watershed districts within the city limits of the City of Roseville,
Minnesota, 2017.
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Research Techniques
This project was conducted by utilizing various research techniques to learn more about
Roseville’s needs concerning residential outreach and communication, how to best
accommodate these needs to achieve Roseville’s goals, and how to design effective outreach
materials. The research techniques included a first meeting with Roseville staff, expert
interviews with experts and practitioners in the field of outreach and communications, a
literature review focused on studies related to outreach and communication, and finally data
synthesis from these findings.
Roseville Staff Insights
The first step taken was to communicate in person with Roseville City employees and officials
to learn what their concerns and goals were regarding outreach and communication with
residents on the topic of stormwater management and water quality. We spoke with Ryan
Johnson, Environmental Specialist, and Mark Culver, Public Works Director, who informed
us that currently Roseville’s greatest outreach needs were concerning stormwater management
(Johnson and Culver, 2017). This first conversation provided insights about Roseville’s
current state of outreach materials for stormwater management. From the discussion, we
gained an understanding of their goals for the final product, and what they hope to achieve.
Ryan Johnson continued to provide clarification about the City’s current use of outreach
methods and further information on residential land use in Roseville.
Expert Interviews
To investigate the best methods of providing stormwater information to Roseville residents,
we identified key informants from local organizations and agencies within the area for
informational interviews. First, Garry Bowman, Communications Manager of the City of
Roseville, was interviewed by phone on October 3, 2017. He provided us with information
about current outreach strategies in Roseville, including but not limited to news media,
internet media, and print. Carolyn Curti, Communications Specialist with the City of
Roseville, was interviewed by phone on October 19, 2017. She provided information on
Roseville’s communication strategy and current inter-departmental collaboration used to
identify outreach and communication needs within the City while noting a possible need for
communication analytics in the future.
Outside of Roseville, Beth Carreño, Communications and Outreach Coordinator of Rice
Creek Watershed District, was interviewed by phone on October 4, 2017. She provided
information on local partnerships for consistent communication of stormwater management
topics to audiences and emphasized a need for multiple outreach methods depending on the
target audience. Jessica Bromelkamp, Communications and Outreach Specialist of Capitol
Region Watershed District, and Sage Passi, Watershed Education Specialist at Ramsey-
Washington Metro Watershed District, were interviewed in a combined phone interview, on
October 19, 2017. They provided insights on the importance of community engagement and
its impact on providing relationships that ultimately reinforce meaningful feedback and
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sustainable community partnerships.
Communications specialists at the University of Minnesota - Twin Cities were contacted next,
beginning with Laura Nelson, Recruiting and Communication Coordinator at the University
of Minnesota - Twin Cities, who was interviewed by phone on October 10, 2017. She provided
information on engaging outreach methods. Stephan Carlson, Professor and Extension
Educator at the University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, was interviewed in person on October
24, 2017. He provided information on outreach techniques that focus on place-based learning.
Interviews with three Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan cities were completed as a
comparative study. These cities were chosen based on the following criteria, in consultation
with Jim Taylor, City of Roseville Parks Superintendent: similar comprehensive park plans,
relative population size, and city socioeconomic demographics. The cities included
Maplewood, Woodbury, and St. Louis Park. Chad Bergo, Communication Coordinator of the
City of Maplewood, was interviewed by phone on October 24, 2017. He provided information
on effective communication strategies used to influence resident behavior. Jason Egerstrom,
Communications Coordinator of the City of Woodbury, was interviewed by phone on October
13, 2017. He provided information on communication strategies for a residential audience and
avenues for best information delivery. Jacqueline Larson, Communications and Marketing
Coordinator of the City of St. Louis Park, was interviewed by phone on November 3, 2017.
She provided information on how communications and outreach impact stormwater
management especially through public events and their partnership with their local watershed
district.
Gathering information from professionals provided valuable hands-on experience that these
experts gained from their educational and or career backgrounds. The interviews consisted of
five to ten questions depending on the individual’s area of expertise (Appendix A). Responses
were recorded and analyzed with a coding system to identify patterns in responses. This
coding enabled us to identify common themes, concepts, ideas, and resources across the
interview data. We used both pre-set codes informed by the literature and emergent codes
based on the responses. Possible limitations for professional interviews can be a lack of time
to gather valuable information, lack of expert willingness to participate, and the small sample
size.
Literature Review and Criteria Development
Many experts and organizations have published work regarding Best Management Practices
(BMPs) and strategies for outreach work within their communities. The data collected from
our key expert interviews were used to develop criterion to analyze Roseville’s current
communication and outreach strategies. From here we looked at existing policies and
resources pertaining to natural resource outreach from the City of Roseville, Capitol Region
Watershed District, Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed District, Rice Creek Watershed
District, and the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.
After analyzing information from within the city and other organizations, we conducted an
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extensive literature review pertaining to natural resource work, engagement tools, and
behavior change for environmental conservation. This literature included academic journals
and case studies focused on best outreach and participation strategies, and provided a
theoretical and applied foundation analysis. Using the knowledge and insight gathered from
the literature reviews, we developed “best practice” criteria to analyze Roseville’s current
strategies and inform our recommendations. This literature review supports the rationale for
the report recommendations. Limitations of literature reviews could include limited specificity
for natural resource situations, limited applicability to Minnesota or the City of Roseville and
its diverse community, or slightly older materials regarding the most recent outreach and
communication methods.
Data Synthesis
Theme analysis was used to synthesize qualitative data and findings from the expert
interviews. After analyzing the ten expert interview responses, twelve themes were developed
based on interview responses, which were as follows: awareness/engagement, community
outreach methods, consistency/partnership, audience, event/program/activity, media
materials/social media, training & educational programs, printed materials, internet/website,
communication, multi-faceted template, and budget/grant. The themes are organized into
three categories, which were communication theory, outreach tools, and practicality. The
themes represent the most frequently used words and phrases from the interviews. Other topics
were left out of consideration for the purposes of this project. The results of the analysis were
then analyzed by pattern identification. Once sorted into a table, themes were assessed visually
by the frequency of appearance, and by which organization mentioned it. The frequency of
appearance was categorized into low, medium, or high frequency based on an average per
person basis.
After a pattern identification of themes was completed, group members performed individual
assessments of how to use the most frequently recurring themes in the recommendations.
Completion of individual assessments was followed by a group synthesis of conclusions to
form the final recommendations. Limitations to this method could include individual group
member analysis of commonly used words and phrases, differences between interviewee
vocabulary preferences and emphasis, and the chance of certain words or phrases being
excluded from the project because of infrequencies.
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Findings
As outreach efforts in Roseville continue to engage residents in multiple environmental topics,
there are opportunities for expansion of education and outreach strategies related to
stormwater management and water quality. Currently, the City of Roseville provides
information on their website from the Department of Natural Resources (DNR), Blue Thumb,
watershed districts, and other local organizations. However, the City would like to provide
residents with stormwater information that pertains to Roseville itself and contains physical
branding, while also available to all audiences in the city through multiple avenues of
outreach. To make recommendations for Roseville on improving their stormwater outreach,
information was collected by primarily conducting expert interviews, and performing critical
analyses of literature related to outreach and communication through public engagement.
Expert Interview Findings through Data Analysis
Multiple interviews were conducted with experts from the City of Roseville, local watershed
districts in the metro area, the University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, and three metropolitan
cities including Maplewood, Woodbury, and St. Louis Park. Below is a qualitative analysis of
interview responses for theme words and phrases said in the interviews on an average basis
(Table 1). The frequencies for each theme were given, Low - 0-2 times mentioned, Medium -
3-5 times mentioned, and High - 6-8 times mentioned. In addition, a Word Cloud was created
to visually demonstrate the frequency at which all the themes were mentioned by all
organizations (Figure 3).
When looking at the first category of communication theory, it appears the three local
watershed districts share a primary concern for awareness and engagement, as well as
community outreach, and consistent messaging through partnerships (Table 1). There was also
a trend in knowing one’s audience, pertaining to considering who the information is meant to
target or who it is meant to reach. The watershed districts expressed the most concern or
thought towards these topics when asked about stormwater communication and outreach
methods as compared to other organizations. The other organizations had fewer mentions
when analyzing these themes, but that is not to say it was of no concern to these organizations,
just less frequently mentioned. There is also low frequency for the theme of communication,
but they were still mentioned in all interviews.
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Table 1. Comparing the frequency of responses from expert interviews across four local organization types
in Minnesota. Organized by three categories and twelve themes regarding natural resource
outreach, Minnesota 2017. Frequency ratings were created based on average mentions on a per person
basis: Low = 0-2; Medium = 3-5; High = 6-8.
Categories Themes City of
Roseville
n= 2
Watershed
Districts
n=3
University
of MN
n=2
Study
Cities
n=3
Awareness/
Engagement
Low Medium Low Low
Communication
Theory
Community
Outreach
Low High Low Low
Consistency/
Partnership
Low High Low Low
Audience Low Medium Low Low
Communication Low Low Low Low
Media/Social
Media
Medium Low Medium Low
Outreach Tools Printed
Materials
Low Low Low Low
Internet/
Website
Low Low Low Low
Multi-Faceted
Template
Low Low Low Low
Event/Activity Low Low Medium Low
Practicality Budget/Grant Low Low Low Medium
Training &
Educational
Program
Low Low Medium Low
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Next, the outreach tools category was analyzed. When these organizations were asked about
specific outreach methods, about half expressed concerns about using social media outreach
methods. Every city interviewed implements social media as a routine, fundamental way to
communicate with residents. Mention of other communication methods were less frequent.
On an average basis, all organizations expressed lower concern about using printed materials,
internet and website use, and multi-faceted template use. Yet, within interviews with city
officials, websites were mentioned as the main way of interacting with their community. A
lack of interest or concern for printed materials could come down to time inputs and cost.
Speaking with the City of Woodbury revealed that print material will not be seen by as many
people and that it is less cost-effective than online efforts. An interview with Beth Carreño,
Communications and Outreach Coordinator of Rice Creek Watershed District, revealed that
the amount of time and money put into printed materials like flyers and direct mail don’t yield
many results. Although multi-faceted templates were mentioned the least for all interviews,
they were discussed as being highly beneficial in reaching multiple audiences on multiple
outreach levels.
When looking at the practicality themes, discussion related to grants and budgets was more
emphasized in the study cities than in other organizations. Evaluating community events and
activities, and educational and training programs, the University of Minnesota interviewees
mentioned these more often than other organizations.
Word Cloud of Theme Frequency
Figure 3. Visual representation of the frequency of words utilized by expert interviewees,
Minnesota, 2017 (n=10). The font size increases with increased theme mentions.
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Expert Interview Findings: Select Insights
Many discoveries were made during the interviews and a few arguments were made clear as
to how stormwater management outreach methods could be improved. The ideas presented
here include partnerships with local watershed districts and Blue Thumb, partnerships within
the community to engage residents, knowing one’s audience to effectively communicate with
specific groups, and using a multi-faceted template to reach broad groups of people within a
community.
At the beginning of this project, a primary focus of the City of Roseville was the need for
visual or physical branding for paper and digital educational materials related to stormwater
management. This physical branding is something Roseville identified early on, intended to
put the City of Roseville at the forefront of the information residents receive to maintain a
community image. This would include Roseville’s logo (Figure 4) or Roseville’s mention
visible in online and printed materials.
The City of Roseville Logo
Figure 4. The iconic rose logo that the City of Roseville uses to physically brand their materials,
Minnesota, 2017.
Another important aspect was community values branding. This type of branding would be
something that Roseville could do to maintain or improve their image. This requires
community engagement and collaboration among Roseville, its partners, and its residents.
This is important to Roseville because it is demonstrative of the city’s green initiatives and
recognition as an involved community.
The already engaged community in Roseville has shown great dedication to improving the
City through stewardship of its resources, which is of clear importance to Roseville and its
residents. For Roseville to direct this broad stewardship value towards stormwater
management, partnerships with their local watershed districts are critical to success. These
partnerships can assist in promoting stormwater management to residents in Roseville by
providing the City with professional educational materials, as well as project assistance.
The City can gain access to many of these educational materials by partnering with local
watershed districts. According to Jessica Bromelkamp, Communications & Outreach
Specialist for Capitol Region Watershed District, as a public entity, watershed districts often
share information and materials with other member cities and organizations. They typically
request that their watershed is given credit when the information is in its original form
(verbatim) and was created by the district staff. Using watershed district information would
allow the City of Roseville to have access to professional educational materials related to
13
stormwater management to give to their residents interested in residential stormwater
management activities.
Partnering with watershed districts can also provide project assistance related to improving
water quality. For example, a panel of St. Louis Park staff members noted that their
partnership with Minnehaha Watershed District is very important for distributing stormwater
information to residents, putting on public events, and working on projects to better St. Louis
Park’s stormwater. When asked what made this relationship successful, a variety of city
officials who work with city stormwater and natural resources mentioned that they and the
watershed try to identify potential projects to collaborate on that will help achieve goals of
both organizations. One such project was designing a stormwater wetland when a new hospital
was constructed and putting up educational signs along a trail near the creek to inform visitors.
In this case, contact between the city and watershed district occurred on a weekly basis. Since
the start of their partnership, St. Louis Park officials say that they find the work they achieve
with Minnehaha Creek Watershed District is beneficial to reach the city’s goals.
The City of Roseville has one similar project where they partnered with Capitol Region
Watershed District (CRWD), to treat stormwater runoff and store it for irrigation uses at Upper
Villa Park. The project saves up to 1.3 million gallons of water by collecting and using the
water runoff (City of Roseville). This is an excellent example of the success that can result
from these partnerships, but it can also be expanded to the creation of information for
residential education. This extra step can easily be implemented to gain such materials through
partnerships with watershed districts.
The partnership process with watershed districts can be simple and informal. According to
Beth Carreño, Communications and Outreach Coordinator for Rice Creek Watershed District,
partnerships between Roseville and watershed districts can be formed by simply having a
meeting and discussing Roseville’s plans and where the watershed districts can help. It was
also recommended to partner with Blue Thumb, which is a more formal process of filling out
a form and paying an annual fee, which could be partially paid in volunteer events. Beth
Carreño recommends trying the Blue Thumb partnership for a year, just to see if it helps
Roseville accomplish their stormwater educational goals. This partnership would allow for
increased access to Blue Thumb educational materials, flexibility in Roseville’s goal of
physical branding of educational materials, and collaboration with Blue Thumb on the
creation of documents that Roseville needs. In general, partnerships are highly recommended
by watershed district officials who are eager to help all metro cities spread consistent
messaging related to stormwater and water quality.
When looking at how to improve Roseville’s community values branding, a different kind of
partnership needs to be considered: those that are made within the community itself.
According to a joint interview with both Jessica Bromelkamp from Capitol Region Watershed
District and Sage Passi from Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed District, the essence of
“good” and more officially successful outreach work lies in developing partnerships with the
local community. This targets unique audiences and networks to reach out to while developing
partnerships with community members such as someone who is well respected in the
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community such as church pastor or a principal at a local high school. Community
partnerships are also an effective way to conduct outreach with children. Interviews with two
city managers emphasized that engaging children in any sort of effort is essential to the
sustainability and longevity of its efforts. In the short run, it may seem overwhelming to
allocate resources to school and after-school program engagement, but this is key to long-term
success in engaging residents.
In addition, managers emphasized that engaging the public, while difficult, is rewarding.
Efforts should meaningfully engage the residents without doing what Jessica Bromelkamp
called “check listing the relationship”. Both Passi and Bromelkamp noted that incorporating
feedback reinforces the importance of these relationships and partnerships. The hardest and
most overlooked outreach component, that usually causes the failure, is the absence of
deliberate resident feedback not knowing what the city’s objectives are beforehand. Overall,
both managers agreed that the best management practices (BMP) in successful outreach can
be traced back to sustainable engagement of residents while incorporating feedback.
When engaging community members on environmental subjects, it is essential to
communicate with one’s audience through a wide variety of outlets. According to
Communication Specialists from Maplewood and Woodbury, to effectively convey messages,
repetition is key. Repetition gets the information to stick in a person’s mind, as well as to
compete with other information for the recipient’s attention. Interviews with urban
communication professionals revealed that every city representative interviewed found it
important to use as many channels of communication as possible to reach their audience and
to use a diverse range of methods. When speaking to the officials of the three watershed
districts, they all emphasized “knowing one’s audience” to effectively engage and
communicate with that audience. For example, they have experienced that older generations
tend to prefer newsletters and printed materials whereas younger generations prefer more
technological mediums like website uses or social media. It is important not to use these
methods strictly with certain age groups, but consider it when doing outreach. Also, to reach
the most audiences, it is essential to use a “multi-faceted template that could be flexible and
dynamic to change.” This way, the city is not only relying on printed materials to reach all
their audiences but using a variety of outreach methods to do so. Some outreach methods
recommended by Beth Carreño include, but are not limited to press releases, website use,
community newsletter, Facebook posts, information and packages for children to take home,
flyers, door hangers, and community groups. Using multiple medias of outreach will reach
more audiences and help spread the goal of consistent messaging of stormwater management
and water quality.
Currently, Roseville's communication strategy focuses on the outreach medium most effective
for each audience type. According to Gary Bowman, Communications Manager for the City
of Roseville, the primary mediums for Roseville’s communication strategy are media, online,
and print. This is a three-prong approach, which plays on each medium’s strong suit. Media,
such as news sites sharing Roseville’s content lends credibility to the information and can
spread Roseville's initiatives beyond the City. Online communication, such as social media,
creates an ever-changing and updated resource for citizens to use and is dependent on relevant
15
and consistent posting. Print provides a hands-on, targeted approach to outreach. The most
responsive group in the city when it comes to outreach communications are older generations,
which are reached mainly by print. However, it is important to not leave older residents out
of the online mediums, because they are making their voices heard through social media and
online engagement. Currently, Roseville's focus is to improve outreach to younger families
moving into the city. Integrating and identifying the intended audience for a specific outreach
strategy will enable the City of Roseville to target these key audiences to improve stormwater
throughout Roseville.
In summary, to improve stormwater outreach methods in the City of Roseville, partnerships
with local watershed districts and Blue Thumb, as well as building partnerships within the
Roseville community, will develop a supportive network for long-term success. It is also
important to consider one’s audience for outreach activities and use multiple ways to reach a
variety of audiences. These practices will ensure a broader audience is reached and consistent
messaging can be spread throughout the City regarding stormwater practices.
Literature Review of Public Engagement and Outreach Strategies: Select Insights
Engaging communities and increasing public participation call for the development of a
structured process with guidelines that use systemic, flexible designs that enable response and
engagement by the intended audience. This process should entail the following: identify key
stakeholders, establish legitimacy with stakeholders to gain trust, and develop management
strategies to meet specific goals the organization has set out to reach (Bryson, et al., 2013).
Creating a transparent process that engages, informs, and includes citizens in the pursuit of
the desired end goal to promote behavior change can serve to benefit everyone involved
(Monroe, et al., 2013). This design allows for action steps to evolve and produce a system that
will engage citizens.
This design process should entail steps that can be easily applied to result in behavior change
within a city’s focus on the topic of water stewardship and natural resource management. For
example, a case study from Arlington, Virginia showcased a Neighborhood Water
Stewardship Program. This program delivered more than education for its residents, it gave
actionable steps to prevent water pollution and implement water conservation methods in an
accessible way, “the actions are written in a simple format and designed not to overwhelm
participants, even someone very new to the concepts. (Winquist, 2009).” In addition to
attainable action steps, providing a foundation for community networks, committees, and
resident leadership can promote behavior change. Establishing neighborhood networks, just
as Roseville has done with the Neighborhood Watch Program, which uses a chain of command
approach for resident involvement and decision making, can proactively and effectively
address relevant neighborhood issues (National Sheriffs Association, 2005). Programs such
as Eco Team, founded by the Global Action Plan for the Earth, uses citizen collaboration to
reinforce sustainable lifestyle changes, including increased water conservation. In this project,
neighborhood teams came together every two weeks to lay out action steps to spark behavior
change within households. This EcoTeam strategy has reduced over 250,000 people's
16
environmental footprint by 25% (Pickens, 2002). These approaches have an overall
community change in mind, but without the work of individuals to develop and take on these
action steps laid out, positive community transition would not occur.
Educational and training programs have been used by many organizations and cities as an
avenue for social change, to inform individuals of opportunities in their community, as well
as consequences of their actions (Monroe, et al., 2013). This message can easily be applied in
a community when focusing on environmental topics. Most programs like this are targeted
towards individual behavior change, and when the information implies the importance of
community acceptance, it can be even more successful (Monroe, et al., 2013). Looking at the
Arlington case, following the end of a program, each individual participant was given a report
on how their own household actions benefited the overall community (Winquist, 2009). This
recognition of individual impact for the greater good can have lasting environmental
stewardship benefits for the community.
Lasting community participation and engagement focused on water stewardship can be
sustained through citizen science programs. These programs are used successfully throughout
the country to achieve conservation goals, especially in residential areas, by collecting data to
inform management decisions (Cooper, et al., 2007). The citizen science approach starts with
data collection about water quality indicators or activities residents do that affect water
quality. The data collection can be relatively inexpensive to collect and it gives the community
more access to information about how individual behaviors can have aggregated landscape or
watershed effects. Besides providing information, participants are more likely to change their
behavior to achieve the program’s conservation goals (Coffman, 2017). For example, the
Cornell University Ornithology Laboratory has established citizen science as an integral part
of their data collection for migrating birds and habitat conservation. Not only do they receive
valuable information to help advise aviary management, but they have a network of citizens
who make changes in their lives and yards that benefit birds (Cornell, 2017). Identifying key
stakeholders, developing an action-based water stewardship program, and sustaining
community involvement through citizen science initiatives are all steps to spark interest in
environmental stewardship, and help reach outreach objectives.
17
Recommendations
The following recommendations focus on partnerships, community engagement, and use of a
multi-faceted template for outreach methods. Roseville can connect community stakeholders
not only with each other but also to a common vision and goal for water quality (Figure 5).
Key components of this interconnected web will allow Roseville to sustain its community
vision, and adapt to the unforeseen barriers that may develop. This flexible model can be
modified with new connection points as the Roseville program grows and changes.
Stakeholder and partner voices are immensely important for the success of this model and for
achieving water stewardship in the City of Roseville, so allowing citizen input should be a
priority.
Figure 5. City of Roseville recommended stormwater residential outreach strategy and partnership
structure Minnesota, 2017.
18
Recommendation 1: Partner with watershed districts & Blue Thumb to provide
educational materials on stormwater management for residents
The primary project objective was to create an educational toolkit related to stormwater
management and water quality that the City of Roseville could provide to their residents. To
do this efficiently, partnerships with watershed districts and the Blue Thumb program would
be the first step. Based on interviews with officials from watershed districts in the area,
including Rice Creek, Ramsey-Washington Metro, and Capitol Region, many educational
tools already exist. Resources include interactive displays, brochures, videos, and printed
materials related to rain gardens, native plants, rain barrels, turf alternatives, and more (Rice
Creek; Ramsey-Washington Metro; Capitol Region). These resources are made available by
partnering with local watershed districts, who work with City officials on their specific needs
and projects. Educational materials can be made even more available by developing a formal
partnership with Blue Thumb, who creates many of these resources and initiatives. The first
step is the City of Roseville deciding what the project should be and reach out to local
watershed districts to explore partnerships that meet their educational material needs and then
consider partnering with Blue Thumb.
The partnership process with watershed districts is informal and would require an official from
the City of Roseville to meet with a watershed district staff member to discuss the stormwater
educational needs of the City. This partnership would allow for project assistance in Roseville
related to stormwater management and water quality. For instance, the Rice Creek Watershed
District assisted the City of Fridley in developing rain gardens at Fridley Middle School.
Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed District has also assisted in many projects, one being
implementing porous pavement in areas of Woodbury to treat water flowing into Carver Lake.
However, partnerships are not limited to green infrastructure, and outreach is a future
possibility. This partnership would also allow increased access to educational materials that
the watershed districts provide to their city partners, including collaboration in creating
specific materials that Roseville may need. This would also allow Roseville, like the City of
Saint Paul (Appendix B) to have visibility in its own community with the shared information
that originates from the watershed districts. By partnering with watershed districts, a
consistent message of water quality can be shared across the metro area through multiple
organizations and cities. With this consistent messaging, a common stormwater goal can be
delivered to audiences and ensure that all audiences are being informed of simple steps they
can implement to improve water quality near them.
A partnership with Blue Thumb is a more formal relationship and would require Roseville to
fill out a form (Appendix C) and pay an annual fee. This partnership would lead to more
flexibility in physical branding for Roseville, as well as full access to educational materials
and creation of new materials related to topics in Roseville. In addition, Blue Thumb provides
project assistance to their partners. For example, they assisted White Bear Lake with shoreline
stabilization of Birch Lake. One challenge to this partnership would be the annual fee but it
can be partially paid through volunteer hours and events. Beth Carreño, Communications and
Outreach Coordinator for Rice Creek Watershed District, and a member on the Blue Thumb
Steering Committee emphasized that they would like everyone to try partnering with Blue
19
Thumb, and they do not want money to be the issue holding cities back from trying.
Overall, these two partnerships would be extremely beneficial to the City of Roseville. The
partnerships would allow Roseville increased access to high-quality educational materials,
flexibility in physical branding, and project assistance related to improving water quality in
the City of Roseville.
Recommendation 2: Strengthen engagement of community members through
residential certification programs
A residential certification program for water stewardship can start with identifying key
players, or neighborhood residents that can serve as trained team leaders for neighborhood
water stewardship groups. Neighborhood residents, who take a leadership role in explaining
how a resident’s actions directly impact the water quality in their community could help
improve the community’s perspectives on environmental stewardship and social norms related
to stormwater management.
Implementation and First Steps:
• Master Water Stewards is a certification program developed by the Freshwater
Society, a non-profit organization, whose mission is improving water quality. It equips
citizens with training and general education related to water quality topics. Rice Creek
Watershed District would encourage a resident from Roseville to represent the
community for the year 2018. This program could provide a residential leader who is
informed on stormwater topics in the Roseville community to educate and engage
others.
• Set up action steps with Master Water Stewards group leaders through monthly
workshops. For example, action steps or pledges, would lay out a resident’s steps to
conserve water, promote water quality, and encourage successful neighborhood
engagement. A few first steps towards local stormwater management include:
o Adopt-a-drain gives stewards the opportunity to drain, sweep, and rake the
leaves and other debris from the surface of their neighborhood drain year-
round. By signing up for this program, they could be mailed a yard sign
indicating their dedication to clean water.
o Following the six steps that Adopt-a-drain has laid out which include leaf pick
up, keeping soil covered with mulch and plants, picking up pet waste, keeping
trash sealed and off the street, shoveling before applying salt to driveways, and
keeping cars tuned up to avoid oil leaks that could flow into storm drains
(Adopt-a-Storm-Drain, n.d.).
• Plan Neighborhood Water Stewardship program (NWS) monthly meetings to focus on
team building, water quality, and water conservation, where team representatives, or
leaders, inform their neighborhoods on water quality.
20
A few aspects of this recommendation may be challenging to follow through with such as
monitoring the stewardship program as well as ongoing community leadership and initiative.
There is little incentive other than the fact that the person would be doing something good for
the environment in their community. This may hinder some from taking responsibility to take
these action steps. The success of this program may not be quantified at a level beyond having
clean storm drains, and possible water quality sampling, making assessment an obstacle.
While these are valid concerns, the fact that over 300 storm drains in the City of Minneapolis
have already been adopted is a great sign that other communities have been able to maintain
the programs (Adopt-a-Storm-Drain, n.d.). The City of Roseville could take advantage of this
type of program and reap the benefits.
While a water steward program is effective at fostering action, education and learning are
essential to ensure successful stormwater management now and in the future. Roseville could,
alongside a stewardship program, implement and promote two separate citizen science
programs within the city. These programs are of educational benefit because citizens get a
chance to participate in hands-on science learning while they work with water quality data.
Promoting citizen science programs would benefit Roseville’s stormwater outreach effort
because they will directly connect residents with what is happening in their backyard and
community, provide valuable information to stormwater managers, and foster an invested
community.
The first citizen science program Roseville could promote within their community is water
quality monitoring through the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency’s Eco Experience
(Appendix E). This program allows citizens to take water quality samples from nearby water
bodies monthly throughout the year with provided materials. Recorded results are then used
by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency in statewide water quality monitoring.
Stormwater managers in Roseville could build a relationship with the Minnesota Pollution
Control Agency Eco Experience staff and request access to results every year. This
information could be utilized to determine areas in Roseville where stormwater management
should be focused based on poor results and to promote areas which are doing well. Good data
throughout the years could also support Roseville in advertising what they’re doing to improve
water quality and have the data to back it up as well. This data could also be utilized by the
water stewards program in a similar way, to promote the program and to determine areas
which need the most management. This citizen science program is directly related to
Roseville’s stormwater issues, yet stormwater is one issue among many conservation issues
resulting from poor land management. To address this broader issue, Roseville could also
consider promoting a more general citizen science program.
The second citizen science program could be pursued through the University of Minnesota’s
Backyard Phenology program (Appendix D). Across the nation, individuals are noting
changing of seasons such as tree flowering times and falling of leaves, which are directly
impacted by climate change. This program will allow residents to record seasonal changes
which they can observe in their backyard either online or in a journal. Observations which are
recorded online are submitted to a database and used by researchers, especially for climate
21
change tracking. While this citizen science program does not need to be directly related to
stormwater to benefit stormwater efforts, phenology does play a role in stormwater inputs.
Every year when trees release pollen, especially maples, there is a huge spike of nutrient inputs
to the water which could be reduced by sweeping pollen off impervious surfaces. Timing the
sweeping of leaves in the fall to when the most leaves are on the ground would also help keep
more nutrients out of the water.
Roseville could promote both programs on their website by providing links to websites,
distributing fliers and mailings throughout the city, posting on social media, as well as in the
Roseville newsletter. By promoting these programs within Roseville, residents will be directly
connected to the status of water bodies near their homes, gain a greater understanding of how
water quality changes, and what their individual influence is. In addition, it could be beneficial
to involve the school districts to implement this program with middle school children. Lastly,
while Backyard Phenology does not directly relate to stormwater issues, the positive
externalities that result from resident participation would benefit Roseville’s stormwater
goals, as well as goals to improve resident’s quality of life.
Data collected by Roseville’s citizen scientists could then be used by the water steward
program to track improvements in water quality, identify areas which need more attention,
and to demonstrate the success of or necessity for more stormwater action in Roseville.
The awareness that results from citizen science and the water steward program is a positive
externality which will help Roseville achieve its goals, not just for stormwater management,
but also for the vision of increasing residential quality of life. When residents become aware
of their surroundings and take ownership of where they live through place-based learning,
they become knowledgeable and engaged citizens who are more likely to pass these values on
and create a culture of stormwater management in Roseville.
Recommendation 3: Utilize multi-faceted toolkit to reach multiple audiences through
various outreach methods
The problem with most outreach work is its narrow focus on one or two methods of outreach
when engaging the public. When considering the best forms of outreach related to natural
resources, specifically stormwater management in this report, for the City of Roseville to
engage their residents, it was clear that using multiple methods is key to success. Roseville
already has a highly engaged and capable resident population with a great deal of engagement
in their community. To increase engagement in stormwater management, social media and
other web-based engagement methods could be utilized as supplementary methods of outreach
rather than a primary method. Although social media is an easy outreach method, it is not
recommended to use it on its own, as it doesn’t have multi-faceted engagement built into it,
which is required for an already diverse and involved community such as Roseville.
Additionally, it creates further distance between residents and their community while
minimizing the much-needed reinforced feedback.
One of the implementations that could be applied in Roseville is what Sage Passi from
Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed and Jessica Bromelkamp from Capitol Region
22
Watershed called “optimization” of information. This essentially encompasses “creating
compelling content to talk about natural resource issues in plain languages, which could be
done by featuring members of the community and giving them practical ways to engage with
other members in the community.” This means staying away from overwhelming content
padded with jargon and technical language that disengages residents from the issue or
message. According to these interviews, the need to create engaging natural resource content
for the public, and relying on compelling content given in an understandable language to all
audiences, is key.
As Jessica Bromelkamp of Capitol Region Watershed District said, “social media campaigns
such as Facebook or Twitter…have the right idea in distributing information as they are
tailored for the public and delivered in the same platform while sustaining that much needed
reinforced feedback.” To sustain this feedback, connecting the audience to the communication
method being used is crucial to successfully reach and potentially engage those who may be
less responsive. From the interviews conducted, communication mediums such as news media
and print tend to lend higher credibility to the information being shared and can reach a higher
number of audiences in the process. Roseville could prioritize its water stewardship goals and
objectives into themes for specific audiences. For example, if the goal is to reach younger
residents in neighborhoods where stormwater management is needed, using social media and
news media would be one of the best options to promote a response, and result in intended
action and engagement since roughly 86% of adults from the ages of 18-29 use at least one
form of social media (Social Media Fact Sheet, 2017). Identifying the most accessible
platform for the intended audience is a crucial first step in how a person will see or act on a
message or campaign.
Media outreach work is supposedly “easy”, but can be difficult because there are limited ways
of determining its effectiveness. This is a crucial detail because creating compelling internet
content or print material that could be receptive as well as effective in the long term is the
essence of adaptable outreach work.
Conclusion
The City of Roseville has an opportunity to improve their residential outreach strategies
related to stormwater management and water quality. The recommendations include building
partnerships with watershed districts and Blue Thumb to expand Roseville’s access to high-
quality educational materials and project assistance, encouraging resident engagement
through residential certification programs like the citizen science program, and using a multi-
faceted template to reach multiple audiences through many outlets. These recommendations
were developed to help the City of Roseville reach their residential stormwater outreach goals
and strengthen their community through stewardship and sustainability, as stated in the City’s
vision statement.
23
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Backer, T.E. 2003. Evaluating Community Collaborations. New York: Springer Pub.
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Bowman, Garry. Telephone interview. Oct. 2, 2017.
Bromelkamp, Jessica. Personal interview. Oct. 19, 2017.
Bryson, J.M., Quick, K.S., Slotterback, C.S., Crosby, B.C. 2013. “Designing Public
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Appendices
Appendix A: List of Interview Questions
Appendix B: City of Saint Paul Partnership with Capitol Region Watershed District
Appendix C: Formal Partnership Form with Blue Thumb
Appendix D: Backyard Phenology Program, University of Minnesota
Appendix E: Citizen Science Programs, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
27
Appendix A: List of Interview Questions
a. What are your duties/responsibilities in your position?
b. In your experience, what are the best outreach methods or ways of reaching
residents/volunteers?
c. What outreach methods do not work as well for distributing information?
d. Have you encountered any difficulties in moving information into an internet
available format? Do any groups of people not have access/ have difficulties
accessing this information?
e. What groups do you see participating or interacting with outreach media and
materials? What groups or demographics seem to be not as engaged?
f. What do you want or hope to develop, if anything, when it comes to public
outreach? (City of Roseville)
g. Is there a specific strategy to how you go about planning and implementing
outreach and communication methods?
28
Appendix B: City of Saint Paul Partnership with Capitol Region Watershed District
29
Appendix C: Formal Partnership Form with Blue Thumb
30
Appendix D: Backyard Phenology, University of Minnesota
https://phenology.umn.edu/
31
Appendix E: Citizen Science Programs, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
https://www.pca.state.mn.us/ecoexperience/citizen-science