· strategic direction 1 – ensure everyone’s wellbeing strategic action 1.1 - guarantee access...

6th World Water Forum in Marseille 2012 Target and Solutions Group 1.1.2:

Sustainable Access to Safe Water for the Global Rural Population

Rural Water for All - The river may be wide, but it can be crossed.

Final Report April 2012

Rural Water Supply Session at the 6th World Water Forum

Report prepared by Dr Kerstin Danert Skat Foundation

Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) Secretariat

Five out of six people without access to an improved

water supply live in rural areas (JMP 2012).

Strategic Direction 1: Ensure Everyone’s Well-being Priority for Action 1.1: Guarantee Water for All and the Human Right to Water

Strategic Direction 1 – Ensure Everyone’s Wellbeing Strategic Action 1.1 - Guarantee access to water services for all and the Right to Water

Target 1.1.2 – Sustainable access to safe water for the global rural population Coordinated by the Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) - http://www.rwsn.ch

RWSN Secretariat, Skat Foundation, Vadianstr. 42 St. Gallen, Switzerland Email: [email protected], Tel:+41 71 228 5454

Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. 3

1. Introduction – Myths and Vision ................................................................................................................. 4

2. Background and rationale of the target ...................................................................................................... 6

3. Global and Local Action and Commitments for Rural Water Supplies ........................................................ 9

3.1 A Global Action Plan for Rural Water Supplies .................................................................................... 9

3.2 Specific Commitments ....................................................................................................................... 12

4. Solutions .................................................................................................................................................... 13

4.1 Equity and Inclusion .......................................................................................................................... 14

4.2 National Programmes or Large Projects ............................................................................................ 15

4.3 Sustainable Groundwater Development ........................................................................................... 16

4.4 Management and Support ................................................................................................................ 17

4.5 Accelerating Self Supply .................................................................................................................... 19

4.6 Multiple use of water (MUS) ............................................................................................................. 20

4.7 Technologies ...................................................................................................................................... 21

4.8 Not categorised, not relevant and late submissions ......................................................................... 21

5. Recommendations for follow-up ............................................................................................................... 22

5.1 Specific Solutions ............................................................................................................................... 22

5.2 Key Issues .......................................................................................................................................... 23

6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 25

7. Rural Water Supply Session Summary ...................................................................................................... 27

8. References ................................................................................................................................................. 31

Annex: One-Page Solution Fact Sheets ............................................................................................................. 32

Acknowledgements The author would like to thank a number of people who took the time to provide ideas as well as critical and thought provoking comments through the consultative process of preparing this report. She sincerely hopes that all have benefited from the process. The report certainly benefited from you! She also thanks those who assisted in preparing and running the rural water supply session itself. A big thanks to Meenakshisundaram SS, Rupert Talbot, Richard Carter, Louisa Gosling, Sean Furey, André Olschewski, Marina Muenchenbach, Disan Ssozi, Hon. Maria Mutagamba, Nandede Prisca, Lakech Haile, Annala Linda, Léo Giordano, Laura Garcia, Martin Laeng, Mekala Snehalatha and Mr Raja Mouli.

She would also like to thank the entire team of the Core Group 1.1: Guarantee Water for All and the Human Right to Water for the joint journey of learning. The discussions on Wednesday evening will never be forgotten! Thanks to François Münger, Didier Allély-Fermé, Pierre Walther, Glen Pearce Oroz, Stef Lambrecht, Gérard Payen, Alain Rotbardt, Laurent Chabert d'Hieres and Kulwant Singh.

In addition, warm appreciation is extended to the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) who requested RWSN to undertake the role of coordinating the rural target. Thanks also to SDC, the World Water Council and Skat Consulting for providing financial support to make the coordination possible.

mailto:[email protected]�





1. Introduction – Myths and Vision How many of you have flown in an aeroplane? How many of you have used a mobile telephone today, or are using one right now? There are two myths of the past, that human beings cannot fly, and that human beings cannot communicate by voice further than they can shout. One hundred years ago, we could not fly. Now we take for granted the fact that many tons of metal equipped with seats and TV screens can convey us safely and quickly. With telecommunications, some people now have more than mobile phone, and they get more powerful.

In 2009 the Rural Water Supply Network RWSN Executive drafted what has become known as the Myths Paper (RWSN 2009). It was intended to stimulate thinking and discussion about Rural Water Supply – and it has achieved exactly that. It highlighted seven myths or simple assumptions which describe and define how water sector professional’s work in rural water supply, and which needed to be questioned. Two of them were: Building water supply systems is more important than keeping them working and communities can always manage their facilities on their own. The 6th Rural Water Supply Network Forum in Kampala in 2011 set out a vision for the future (RWSN 2011), provided the opportunity for 480 participants from 54 countries to share their experiences and charted key next steps along the path for rural water supplies. This includes actions determined at the Forum and the Kampala Rural Water Supply Commitments (Box 1) with ten statements. These summarise a commitment to accelerating progress in inclusive and sustainable rural water supplies wherever those services are absent or under-performing.

We live in a world where safe convenient air travel is accessible to many, and where mobile phones are used by almost all. So why can we not envision a world in which all rural people enjoy safe and sufficient reliable water supply at an affordable price, round the clock, near to or at their homes? It may take time to get there, but if the early aviators and telecommunication engineers had given up, the world would be a very different place.

The 6th World Water Forum in Marseille was not an end in itself, but a means to an end. It provided an opportunity to raise the profile of rural water, enabled further exchange and learning about numerous solutions as well as consideration of the development of

post-2015 targets. It gave the international community the chance to catalyse high level commitment to the financing of rural water supplies, share and adopt approaches to sustainable service delivery, raise programme and project standards and galvanise stakeholders to engage fully in taking proven and innovative solutions to scale. With strong political engagement in this process, work undertaken for Marseille could feed into Rio+20 and beyond.

In this report, you will learn more about the vibrant activities, as well as challenges and ideas for accelerating access to water supplies in rural areas. This work is set within the context of guaranteed access to water for all and the Human Right to Water.






Box 1 The Kampala Rural Water Commitments

Background

The 6th International Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network was held in Kampala, 29th November – 2nd December 2011. The Forum was officially opened by Hon Maria Mutagamba, Minister of Water and Environment, Republic of Uganda.

Opening addresses were also delivered by His Excellency the State Minister for Water and Energy, Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Under Secretary, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Government of South Sudan.

The participants in the forum numbered 450 from 52 countries, and were drawn from national and local Governments, academia, NGOs and CBOs, the private sector and development partners.

This statement of commitments should be read in conjunction with RWSN’s Strategy, Vision Paper, and the specific actions which have been articulated in the 30 sessions of the 6th International Forum.

The Commitments

The following ten statements summarise our commitment to accelerating progress in inclusive and sustainable rural water supplies wherever those services are absent or under-performing.

1. We recognise the rights and the natural justice of all citizens to enjoy secure water services, regardless of location, lifestyle, gender, age, disability, ethnicity or income.

2. We will do everything possible to ensure that the services we deliver are equitable and sustainable, providing lasting service with no time limits.

3. We will take full account of all water users’ needs for close and unrestricted access, adequate quantity and acceptable quality of water, high levels of reliability, affordability, and a realistic burden of management responsibility.

4. We recognise the multiple uses of water, and the multiple sources from which users take their water for domestic and livelihood purposes.

Focusing on ourselves as rural water professionals: 5. We are committed to high quality of design, implementation (of both software activities and

construction) and post-construction activities. 6. We will continue to develop, promote, and adhere to specific standards and codes of good

practice in rural water supply, and build close links to other development sectors which affect, or are affected by, this sub-sector.

7. We will continue to enhance our own individual and organisational learning and professional development, with a special emphasis on south-south learning.

We will advocate for: 8. Increased and better-targeted finance for capital investments and for post-construction financing

through local Governments to address the sustainability of rural water services. 9. Greater transparency and accountability in regard to progress in rural water provision and service

performance. 10. Special efforts to raise the profile of rural water, including development of post-2015 targets and

the possibility of an international year of rural water supply.

Endorsed and approved by the delegates to the 6th International Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network, 1st December 2011.






2. Background and rationale of the target

Rapid Urbanisation is taking place, with 79% of the world’s population expected to live in urban areas by 2050 compared to 50% today. However, the number of rural dwellers will still be about 2.8 billion by 2050 (UN-DESA, 2010), with many female-headed households. The terms rural and urban suggest a simple divide, but there is actually a range of settlement patterns (World Bank, 2009). Rural Water Supplies refers to access to water for scattered homesteads, hamlets and more concentrated villages, up to and including small towns. This target focuses on drinking water but recognises the multiple uses of water as set out in the Kampala Statement (Box 1).

The number of rural dwellers with access to an improved water supply grew from 1.9 to 2.7 billion between 1990 and 2010. Coverage trends vary considerably, as do levels of service. Whereas 46% of rural dwellers in Eastern Asia enjoy piped water supply within the home, in contrast only 13% and 5% in South-Eastern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa respectively enjoy this level of service (JMP 2012).

An estimated 783 million people do not have access to an improved water supply, of which 650 million people (five in six) live in rural areas (JMP 2012). The disparities between rural and urban areas are greatest in Oceania, Sub-Saharan Africa and Western Asia (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Urban-Rural Disparities in use of improved drinking water, by region (JMP, 2011)

The world is on track to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) Target to “halve, by 2015 the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water”. However, at the current pace, the MDG target will not be in most rural areas of the developing world. Figure 3 shows the huge gap that still needs to be filled.

Figure 1 World Population (UN-DESA, 2010)






Figure 3 Predicted access to improved drinking water sources in rural areas, 2020 (Source: WHO, 2009)

This Target and Solutions group of the 6th World Water Forum has a vision is of a world in which all rural people have access to a sustainable and reliable water supply which can be effectively managed to provide sufficient, affordable and safe water within a reasonable distance of the home. To achieve this, more and better targeted investment is needed. All stakeholders must work through evolution and not revolution, by building on positive progress and taking the successful lessons from what has worked, whilst heeding our collective failures. This can define a new way forward for government, consumers, operators and development partners.

The 6th World Water Forum Committee set the target: By 20XX, ensure that the global rural population without access to safe water decreases by X%, with a special emphasis on the poor. This target can be monitored through national surveys. It provides a mechanism for comparison, i.e. using the JMP (UNICEF/WHO 2008) and is a powerful political tool. However, perhaps sustainability should feature much more prominently. Moving beyond the MDGs, it may be necessary for each country to chart its own trajectory towards the progressive realisation of access to water for all. Indeed universal access is the unfinished business from the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981-1990). The issue of targets is being examined in more detail by various post-MDG target “working groups”.

The stark reality is that despite over the last 20 years, there is considerable inequity with respect to access to rural water supplies. For example, the richest 20% of rural dwellers in Africa are twice as likely to use an improved drinking water supply as the poorest 20% (JMP 2011). Disparities are also high in several Latin American and Caribbean countries as well as within the commonwealth of Independent States as shown in Figure 4. There are pockets of hard to reach people within countries and within communities and disadvantaged individuals and households that remain neglected or excluded. The area of equity and inclusion recognises the imperative of fairness and universality enshrined in the human right to water and water for all. The First objective is in relation to Equity and Inclusion, and Non-Discrimination - the targeting of service provision at all levels is inclusive of the needs and rights of all, with special attention those who are frequently excluded from access to services.






Figure 4 Gap between richest and poorest quintiles in proportion of population that uses an improved drinking water source, for selected countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and in the Commonwealth of Independent States (Source: JMP, 2011)

Development assistance to water and sanitation has risen sharply since 2001, reaching USD 7.2 billion in 2007-08, with low income countries receiving 43% of this (OECD 2010). Of the investments made, only about US$1 billion was for ‘basic systems’1, which primarily serve people in rural areas (OECD, 2011a). This is an amount that has remained fairly constant since 1998 (JMP, 2011). Thus, the rise in aid commitments has mainly benefitted large systems2

It has become increasingly recognised that improved water supply services have not continued to work for their designed service life. This leads to “slippage” in access to safe water supplies. An estimated one out of three installed handpumps in Africa are not working at any given time (RWSN, 2009). A major reason for this is the emphasis on capital investment to increase coverage, at the expense of investing in operations as well as minor and major maintenance. In fact, there has been confusion over real costs and subsidies for rural water supplies. There has also been neglect of ensuring on-going follow-up support to communities that have benefited from an improved water supply. Overall, there is a need to redress this balance, enabling services to continue to function while still increasing access to safe water. Thus the third objective concerns - Balance: An appropriate balance is struck, according to country and context, between capital expenditure to extend access and recurrent expenditure to maintain services.

(OECD 2010). Unfortunately, data on investments by national governments, international NGOs and private households in rural water supplies is scant and has not been consolidated. However, even if this were to amount to another US$1 billion per year, this adds up to a meagre US$2.6 per un-served rural person in 2008. Clearly, the huge demand for improving drinking water supplies in rural areas is not being met by current investments. If progress with respect to rural water supplies is to be realised, there is need for national governments, donors and international non-government organisations, as well as private households to recognise its importance and allocate funding accordingly. Resources should be allocated to ensure water supplies reaches those who are least well served, recognising the different approaches and solutions required to reach those who are marginalised geographically or socially. This leads to the second objective of the Global Action Plan for Rural Water Supplies - Resources: Governments, donors, private enterprises NGOs and water users recognise the human right to water, establish mechanisms for resource allocation and management, and allocate financial and human resources accordingly.

1 Up to 2009 Basic Systems included water supply and sanitation. From 2010 water and sanitation data is disaggregated. In the case of water supply Basic Systems refer to rural water supply schemes using handpumps, spring catchment, gravity-fed systems, rain water collection and fog harvesting, storage tanks and small distribution systems. It also includes urban schemes using handpumps and local neighbourhood networks including those with shared connections (OECD, 2011b). 2 Up to 2009 Large Systems combined water supply and sanitation. From 2010 water and sanitation data is disaggregated. Water Supply - Large Systems refer to potable water treatment plants, intake works, storage, water supply pumping stations, large scale transmission/conveyance and distribution systems (OECD, 2011b).






Another key aspect of rural water supply service delivery that has been neglected is the support to institutions to ensure that programmes and projects are undertaken in a professional manner. Professional standards and guidelines vary between countries and organisations, as well as within countries themselves. The result is that the quality of infrastructure, training and social support is highly variable. This aggravates slippage. There is need to support the development of long term institutional capacity and leadership, along with strong adherence to technical standards that ensure access to all, including the disabled or older people. The fourth objective concerns Professional ways of working: Standards of design, construction, operation and maintenance as well as monitoring and evaluation are set, endorsed, adhered to and improved, alongside qualifications and technical and professional expertise of individuals working to improve rural water services.

3. Global and Local Action and Commitments for Rural Water Supplies

3.1 A Global Action Plan for Rural Water Supplies

With 650 million rural dwellers still lacking access to an improved water supply (JMP, 2012), the need for global and local actions, as well as long-term commitments is staggering. With the resolution of the Human Rights Council, of the Human Right to Water and Sanitation, the world is no longer talking about further reducing the proportion of people without access to safe water. The world is talking about sustainable water for all, with the dimensions of availability, safety, acceptability, accessibility and affordability.

At the 6th Rural Water Supply Network Forum in 2011 a Vision for Rural Water Supplies was presented. This vision focuses on (i) the delivery of a permanent service that meets the needs of all; (ii) strong national capacity and leadership; and (ii) adequate, coordinated and balanced financial flows. Over 140 submissions on practices and experiences were made for the 6th Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) Forum in 2011 (RWSN 2012), and over ninety submissions of solutions were made for the World Water Forum (see chapter 4). These are a fraction of what is actually taking place in the world. There are probably tens of thousands of initiatives taking place, by individuals and organisation dedicated to improving rural water supplies, including those improving their own. In many countries initiatives are highly fragmented and poorly coordinated.

There is currently no comprehensive global action plan for rural water supplies for all. The process of preparing the rural water supply target and participating in the World Water Forum raised the idea of such a plan. Moreover, there is urgent need for rural dwellers, political leaders, practitioners, development agencies and others increased their action to overcome the challenges in rural areas, particularly in remote and difficult-to-serve places. A global action plan or its equivalent may have a role in galvanising the political will, much needed finance, capacity development and raising the awareness that rural water supplies urgently needs. In Box 3 we suggest four objectives of such an action plan (taken from chapter 2), as well as four targets. The plan is intended as a basis for further discussion and, to date has not been further developed with detailed commitments.

The Action Plan recognises ongoing initiatives with respect to monitoring and advocacy for water supplies (Box 3), but calls for an even greater focus on the particularities of rural water supplies than in the past. Rural water supplies are not attracting the funding needed (see page 7 of this report and JMP, 2011, pp 25). Given the overlap of Target 1.1.2 with other targets, i.e. financial mechanisms for local operators and

Figure 5 “Vision” Publication






authorities (Target 1.1.4), reporting mechanisms (Target 1.1.5), global indicators (Target 1.1.6) and Finance (Condition for Success 2), the Action Plan relates to the primarily to the implementation of rural water supply programmes and projects, as well as raising awareness at grass roots level.

Box 2 Suggested objectives for Rural Water Supply Global Action Plan

Objective 1: Equity and Inclusion, and Non-Discrimination - the targeting of service provision at all levels is inclusive of the needs and rights of all, with special attention those who are frequently excluded from access to services.

Objective 2: Resources: Governments, donors, private enterprises NGOs and water users recognise the human right to water, establish mechanisms for resource allocation and management, and allocate financial and human resources accordingly.

Objective 3: Balance: An appropriate balance is struck, according to country and context, between capital expenditure to extend access and recurrent expenditure to maintain services.

Objective 4: Professional ways of working: Standards of design, construction, operation and maintenance as well as monitoring and evaluation are set, endorsed, adhered to and improved, alongside qualifications and technical and professional expertise of individuals working to improve rural water services.

Rural Target 1: By 2017, all countries have rural water supply strategies or their equivalent in place.

Rural Target 2: By 2017, Governments in all countries have set out plans to achieve sustainable access to affordable rural water supplies for all, including those who are currently least well served.

Rural Target 3: By 2018, Governments in all countries have established predictable and long term partners with support organisations in terms of capacity development and finance to enable access to rural water supplies for all.

Rural Target 4: By 2018, all rural citizens are aware of the Human Right to Water and ways that they can influence government to support them (through skills, linkages and/or finance).

Box 3 Key Monitoring and Advocacy Initiatives (Source: JMP 2011)

The Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) provides global, regional and national statistics on populations’ use of improved drinking water sources. Meanwhile, the UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water (GLAAS) responds to the challenge of identifying and monitoring bottlenecks in financial flows, policy frameworks, institutional arrangements and the human resource base at the national level. The Millennium Development Goals Country Status Overviews (MDGCSOs) complement the JMP and GLAAS by providing guidance to countries to align their national priorities with global targets on water supply and sanitation, in terms of policy reforms, institutional change and resource allocation, and to link country efforts to existing supportive regional frameworks. At national level, sector reviews, where these exist, provide a mechanism to evaluate resources, progress towards targets, and programme implementation.

Sanitation and Water for All is a multi-stakeholder initiative that aims to address critical barriers to achieving universal and sustainable sanitation and drinking water for everyone. These barriers include insufficient political prioritisation, weak sector capacity to develop and implement effective plans and strategies, and uncoordinated and inadequate investments.






Although a global action plan may be lacking, there are probably tens of thousands of initiatives, projects and programmes as well as users themselves trying to improve sustainable access to water in rural areas. As the Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) we are bringing together stakeholders and making the links in the four areas of:

Equity and Inclusion Sustainable Groundwater Development Management and Support Self Supply

Box 4 Brief Description of the Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN)

The Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) was founded in 1992 as the Handpump Technology Network (HTN). It developed international standards and specifications for public domain handpump designs. Millions of these pumps are now used everyday around the world.

Figure (below) RWSN Core Groups and Members

The network focuses on four themes of Accelerating Self Supply, Sustainable Groundwater Development, Equity & Inclusion, and Management & Support for Rural Water Supplies (centre of Figure on right). RWSN aims to enhance professional ways of working and ensure that rural water supply experiences are well documented and shared widely.

RWSN comprises over 2,500 members from all over the world. It produces a quarterly e-newsletter and has online discussion and knowledge-sharing tools. It publishes member experiences through a series of publications and organises an International Forum every 4-5 years. Membership is free. In 2012, the executive steering committee of RWSN comprised representation from the United Nations Children’s Fund UNICEF, WSP, WaterAid, the World Bank, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC, the African Development Bank AfDB, the International Water and Sanitation Centre IRC and Skat Foundation. For more details visit: http://www.rwsn.ch or http://next.dgroups.org/rwsn

There are also other active networks, such as the Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Network (HWTS)3, the International Small Community Water Supply Network4, the Rainwater Harvesting Implementation Network (RAIN)5 and the Multiple Use Water Services Group (MUS)6

3 http://www.who.int/household_water/network/en/index.html

. It is essential that these communities and others DOCUMENT and SHARE good practices and enable those in the field and in decision-making roles to LEARN from each other.

4 http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/scwsm_network/en/ 5 http://www.rainfoundation.org/ 6 http://www.musgroup.net/

Sustainable Groundwater Development

Group

Equity &Inclusion

Group

AcceleratingSelf Supply

Group

Management & Support

Group

RWSNSecretariat

RWSN Members (Active)

RWSN Members (Occasional Contributions &Recipients of Information)

Peer Reviewers

Other Networks

RWSN Focal Country

Stakeholders

National Governments

Local Governments

Private Sector

NGOs

Research&

Training Institutions

Donors

RWSN Partners

Water Users


http://www.rwsn.ch/�

http://next.dgroups.org/rwsn�





3.2 Specific Commitments

The process of preparing and participating in the 6th World Water Forum led to, the presentation of two specific commitments at the closing ceremony on Friday 16th March 2012:

• “The Government of Ethiopia is committed to establish Self Supply as a service delivery mechanism for rural water within the national WASH programme alongside Community Managed Approaches in order to reach some of the more than 30% citizens without safe water access. Promoting and supporting self supply will encourage families to protect and make self supply sources safe and use them productively. Government intervention focuses on developing the enabling environment, promoting the approach, capacity building, technology development, developing water work enterprise and supply chains for low cost technologies and facilitating access to

existing credit mechanisms for households and enterprises. Investments in water sources is led by households”. As read by Ato Johannes, Director for Water Supply and Sanitation, Ministry of Water and Energy, Government of Ethiopia7

• Hon. Maria Mutagamba, Minister for Water & Environment, Uganda represented the main commitment from the Kampala Rural Water Supply Network Forum, which was held in December 2011

.

8

responsibility. This was endorsed and approved by the over 480 delegates to the 6th International Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network. Provision of rural water services should be viewed

: “Everybody has a human right to water. We will take full account of all water users’ needs for close and unrestricted access, adequate quantity and acceptable quality of water, high levels of reliability, affordability, and a realistic burden of management and

as an incremental process. People need water now. Let us deliver some water close to their homes first, and then we shall gradually improve the level and quality of service. As a representative of a developing country, which is lagging behind in the provision of rural water supply, we request for long term and predictable partnerships to achieve accessible, safe rural water supply for all by at the latest by 2030”.

7 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfsNvYcrN2U 8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yr1wHdgPwFE

Figure 7 Hon. Maria Mutagamba presenting the Kampala Rural Water Commitments

Figure 6 Ato Johannes presents commitments of the Government of Ethiopia






In addition, it has been agreed by SDC that further documentation of the Basic Sanitation Model (SABA) in Peru will be undertaken so that other rural water supply implementing organisations and development partners can learn from it, and consider adapting it to their needs.

Some of the highlights with respect to rural water supply at the World Water Forum can be viewed on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLA2EDD821F24DE901

4. Solutions Over 90 solutions were submitted to the World Water Forum website (http://www.solutionsforwater.org) for the Global Rural Access to Safe Water Target. This large and diverse number of solutions is simply a small sample of the many activities being undertaken all over the world. Using a scoring system which considered relevance, ground tested, cost-effectiveness, impact, replicability, commitments and sustainability, the working group analysed a total of 85 solutions9

The World Water Forum open platform provided the opportunity and space for many organisations to put forward their solutions in the form of experiences and ideas. This online collation of solutions provides a portal for improved understanding, analyses and sharing what is being done with respect to rural water supplies globally. However, there are also many more promising solutions that are not on the website. The team undertaking the analysis scored based on what each organisation had written as well additional evidence provided. Many of the solutions presented were summary project reports, implemented in very specific areas or contexts. Others have a much wider reach. Due to the sheer number of solutions coupled with the time and resources available it has not been possible to fully verify the extent to which the claims made are true, or self-serving. The working group scored the indicators of cost-effectiveness, impact and replicability against whether evidence of these was provided.

of which 69 were found to be relevant to the target and of adequate clarity to be considered in more depth.

A total of 31 high scoring solutions were shortlisted. Support was given to enable them to be easily presented, shared and discussed within the rural session of the Forum itself. A simple, colourful one-page overview has been prepared for those who responded (Annex).

Three very promising solutions were recommended for more visibility at the Forum and specific follow-up (chapter 5.1). Solutions were grouped according to the seven categories of equity and inclusion, national programmes and large projects, management and support, self supply, multiple use of water (MUS) and technologies. Efforts are being made to ensure that individuals and organisations with related solutions are connected to each other and linked with relevant networks or champions. It is envisaged that this in itself will lead to further exchange and collaboration, extending beyond the World Water Forum.

The section below provides a short synthesis of the solutions in each category. Where one-page overviews were submitted, these are referenced in the text so that they can be easily found in Annex. For those of your reading this report, whether involved in the Forum or not, we hope that you become aware of many initiatives that you did not already know about.

9 i.e. those which were submitted by the deadline of the 25th January 2012

Figure 8 Example of one-page fact sheet


http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLA2EDD821F24DE901�

http://www.solutionsforwater.org/�





4.1 Equity and Inclusion

The solutions under Equity and Inclusion span a range of aspects from advocacy for marginalised communities, to design and building of facilities for people with disabilities, to improving infrastructure in excluded areas and raising the abilities of previously excluded communities to further improve their livelihoods.

Shortlisted Solutions

• The Mantra Programme in India, implemented by Gram Vikas works by using a grass roots approach to unite and empower rural communities to improve their water (and sanitation) facilities (Fact Sheet 1). This approach improves infrastructure, and provides a foundation for the community to take control of their own destiny in other areas. Since 1992, nearly 300,000 people in over 1,000 rural communities in Orissa State have benefited.

• WaterAid Madagascar has developed designs for water points and latrine facilities that are accessible to people with disabilities (e.g. for wheelchair access, partially sighted people and the elderly) (Fact Sheet 3). Guidance materials have been prepared and facilities are being tested and built. The work has been applied in five urban zones and nine communes in the country.

• Providing clean drinking water to Rural Women in Baluchistan, Pakistan by Loralai Area Water Partnership. This is a project which has managed to reach out and provide water to very remote and isolated communities.

Other Solutions

• Making WASH Rights a Reality for the Poor and Excluded in India by CRSD, WaterAid, DfID, FAN and FANSA.

• Improving accountability and responsiveness of government and service providers in providing pro-poor watsan services through engaging local government and CSOs, in Bangladesh by the NGO Forum.

• Grassroots initiative to solve the safe water crisis in Bangladesh by AOSED.

• Guarantee access to safety water for all in India (all households must establish rainwater harvesting facilities by law) by the Government of Tamil Nadu.

• Empowering rural women to access their entitlements to water and sanitation in India by the Centre for Rural Studies and Development.

• Advocacy and legal strategies ... in the occupied Palestinian Territory by EWASH.

Figure 9 Jean Simon Mahalomba, un habitant de la Commune Miandrivazo, puisant seul son eau quotidienne pour la première fois (WaterAid Madagascar)


http://www.solutionsforwater.org/solutions/improving-accountability-and-responsiveness-of-government-and-service-providers-in-providing-pro-poor-watsan-services-through-engaging-local-government-and-csos-3�

http://www.solutionsforwater.org/solutions/improving-accountability-and-responsiveness-of-government-and-service-providers-in-providing-pro-poor-watsan-services-through-engaging-local-government-and-csos-3�





4.2 National Programmes or Large Projects

There are six solutions that present national programmes or large projects. They all involve the investment of significant resources (from bilateral, multilaterals or French Water Companies) and involve most, if not all key stakeholders from National and Local Government to NGOs/CBOs and communities. In Ethiopia, microfinance organisations are also involved. They are all undertaken either at national scale or across a significant number of districts/regions/states and involve extensive training. In practical terms, all of these solutions have increased access to improved water supplies for high numbers of people, using a consistent approach over several years. However, it is noted in the solution from Morocco that with 91% coverage achieved, the remaining 9% of the population which are un-served reside in very remote rural areas. Accelerating Self Supply may be an option to consider in these locations.

A number of solutions presented relate specifically to the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Most of these are decentralised solutions which try to address the lack of safe drinking water after the collapse of the centralised water supply systems in the 1990s. There is much that the stakeholders involved in these approaches could learn from one another with respect to private sector involvement and participative approaches.

Shortlisted Solutions • Integral Basic Sanitation (SABA) Model in

Cusco and Cajamarca regions of Peru, supported by the sub-national Governments and SDC. The programme, which commenced in 2007, has received an investment of US$ 52 million and has benefitted about 200,000 people (Fact Sheet 15).

• Access to water and Sanitation for Underprivileged population in Urban and Rural Communities of Armenia, implemented by SAUR Group and the Armenian Water and Sewerage Authority is a national scale programme, with past investments of US$112 million (Fact Sheet 13).

• PAGER solution technique et institutionnelle pour l’approvisionnement en eau potable des populations by the Government of Morocco has undertaken extensive training, sensitisation and investment in infrastructure since 1995.

• Community Water Supply and Sanitation: a reachable Solution for Rural Communities is a national programme in Sri Lanka, which has served 850,000 people with an improved water supply, primarily using groundwater, over 15 years. It is implemented by national and local governments and community based organisations.

Other Solutions

• Supporting local water supply services through legitimate and competent local management in Burkina Faso by Eau Vive, together with local authorities.

• Public Investments to Promote Access to the Services in Ukraine, by the Ukrainian Government ran from 2001 to 2010, initially rehabilitating centralised water supply schemes, but more recently with a focus on decentralised solutions.

Figure 10 Pipeline Laying in Armenia






4.3 Sustainable Groundwater Development

Eleven solutions were submitted pertaining to the sustainable use of groundwater resources. Sand dams, of which there are now over a thousand in Kenya offer a very promising solution for dryland areas. The technology is already spreading further, but more awareness needs to be raised and skills developed. Manual drilling is a very low cost option which deserves more recognition. The traditional Aflaj system, also known as Qanats, is an ancient technique used in arid and semi arid regions, to which people seem to be trying once again, all be it in a very particular part of the world. Moving from the current implementation scale to wider application for all these groundwater techniques requires dedication, support, resources as well stakeholder cooperation and monitoring.

The other groundwater solutions proposed have been developed for countries or regions with significant problems with respect to falling groundwater levels due to over-abstraction or poor groundwater quality. These have become major threats in certain parts of the world. Further solutions are small projects or are still at a very innovative stage with respect to their development. A guidebook on good practices for handpumps was also submitted.

Shortlisted Solutions • Sand Dams – A solution for dryland

communities in Kenya, by Excellent Development (Fact Sheet 24).

• Manual Well Drilling to Reduce borehole costs in Senegal by Enterprise Works/Vita (Fact Sheet 26).

• Traditional Water Mining Techniques as solutions to better tackle recent climate change in south west Asia (Qanats) by the International Center on Qanata and Hydraulic Structures.

• Aflaj Systems as a suitable solution for water supply in Arid Areas, Oman by the Ministry of Regional Municipality and Water Resources (Fact Sheet 31).

Other Solutions • Water Sources Cleaning and Disinfection in the Flood Affected Areas of Pakistan by the Integrated

Regional Support Program (IRSP). • A strategy for supplying safe drinking water to rural communities where the groundwater is not

suitable for consumption, Sri Lanka by the National Water Supply & Drainage Board. • National Policies reformation and development strategy for constructing water reservoirs and access

to clean drinking water throughout rural communities in Balochistan as “Human Right to Access Water” by the Baluchistan Development Consortium.

• Empowering rural communities through groundwater development: case study of the Embera Indians in Panama by Ann Campana Judge Foundation.

• 10,000 puits verts pour l’Afrique by RICAPEC International. • A solution to the world water scarcity problem exists, the submarine springs of fresh water by

Nymphea. • The methodological guidebook for human-powered pumps in sub-Saharan Africa by Agence Français

de Dévelopment.

Figure 11 A sand dam in Nzaaya Muisyo valley, Machakos county, Kenya.






4.4 Management and Support

Seventeen solutions specifically deal with the issue of management and support of rural water supplies. This high number is very encouraging, and hopefully illustrative of a shift in organisations from focusing on construction only, to also considering the longer term issues of ensuring that the technology, management and social structures continue to function over time. With the exception of the Community Managed Project in Ethiopia, all of the solutions have been undertaken on a fairly local scale, such as a group of communities, a district, or part of a region/state. Most of the solutions revolve around community, NGO and private management of the infrastructure, provision of maintenance services, spare parts supply and water quality testing.

Few of these solutions are more than a few years old. There is tremendous scope for mutual learning by bringing these different stakeholders together. While most of these interventions may be of value in their own right, the scale that they of they are being carried out is generally small. Not all of the solutions demonstrate that they have fully engaged with Local or National Governments, to ensure sustainability once project funding is no longer available.

A number of solutions in this category involve a combination of local private sector and “social” enterprises combined with external funding from donor organisations. Often they are selling patented products, either on their own or combined with services. All of the solutions present themselves as scalable and sustainable. Water users and/or donors are expected to pay for the technology and/or service. At this stage all still require considerable external finance, so sustainability is questionable. Further, with the exception of Lifestraw, there is little evidence of regulation of tariffs, licensing or external monitoring. Linkages to national/local government initiatives or alignment with national policies are also not clear from the most of the descriptions.


• Handpump mechanic cooperatives to ensure continuous and sustainable water supply in Mali/Stratégie communale de maintenance et réparation des forages équipés de pompes manuelles au Mali by local governments and Eau Vive (Fact Sheet 6)

• Community Managed Project Approach to Financing to be up-scaled in Ethiopia by the Government of Ethiopia, UNICEF, IRC and the Government of Finland (Fact Sheet 11) – details in chapter 5.1.

• Coopesan: Nos Asciamos para mejorar (Columbia) by AMUNORCA

• L’Intercommunalité et l’implication citoyenne, solutions pour la gouvernance de l’eau dans le Mbam et Inoubou au Cameroon by IRCOD (Fact sheet 8).

Figure 12 Training of local hand pump repair artisans, Eau Vive, Mali.


http://www.solutionsforwater.org/solutions/strategie-communale-de-maintenance-et-reparation-des-forages-equipes-de-pompes-manuelles-3�








• Water Consumers Associations – Viable Management Structure for Rural Water Supply in Moldova by ApaSan (SDC, ADA and Skat) (Fact Sheet 10).

• Repairing Water Wells in Southern Chad by IDO, BELACD, World Vision, Délégué of the Ministère de l’Hydraulique Urbaine et Rurale for the Logone Geographic in Moundou (Fact Sheet 7).

• Sustainable, decentralised, scalable solution that provides clean drinking water to underserved communities around the world by WaterHealth International Grundfos Lifelink – sustainable and transparent water solutions for the majority world, Kenya (Fact Sheet 9).

Other Solutions

• Community Based Operation and Maintenance of Handpumps in Rajasthan, India, by Save the Children.

• Social management of water in rural areas a case study in Chad by Secours Islamique • Community Based Water Management in the Ferghana Valley, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan by the

International Secretariat for Water. • Community Integration for multi-village water supply scheme in Sri Lanka by the Community Water

Supply and Sanitation Project. • Involvement of Community Cased Organisations (CBOs) in managing rural water supply schemes in

Sri Lanka by the National Water Supply and Drainage Board. • Safe water in a few days – achieved through community involvement in the first implementation

phase by Fontes Foundation.

• Comité de usuarios del servicio de agua potable de San Juan los Pinos in Guatemala by FUNDAMABV and FANCA.

• To contribute to poverty reduction in Pakistan through the achievement of water and sanitation MDGs by Integrated Rural Support Programme.

• Rural Water Supply: Human Powered Pump and Sustainability in Guinea by Vergnet Hydro.

Figure 13 Tapping water from the automatic water dispenser with smart card based payment system (Lifelink)

Figure 14 Moldova - A villager paying the water bill at his Water Consumer Association “Cristalline Water” in Balauresti. At the wall, the WCA’s statutes, bylaws, tariff calculations are publically displayed.






4.5 Accelerating Self Supply

A number of solutions that pertain to Self Supply have been put forward. As detailed in chapter 5.1, self supply refers to incremental improvements in water supplies which are undertaken or financed by users themselves. In the case of the solution entitled ACCESS (Accelerating Self Supply), there are efforts to take the approach to national scale in Ethiopia and Uganda as well as various stages of adoption of the approach in other countries. With respect to most of other solutions submitted, initiatives have been limited to specific projects, districts or regions. There were three submissions on rainwater harvesting in Uganda, a technology that is becoming very popular in the country. One of the other solutions submitted concerns the production of simple information for water users in electronic format.


• Accelerating Self Supply for Rural Water Supply (ACCESS) in Zimbabwe, Nicaragua, Ethiopia, Mali, Uganda and Zambia; implemented by various organisations. Coordinated by the Rural Water Supply Network at Skat Foundation (more details in chapter 5.1) – (Fact Sheet 20).

• Private sector delivery of a low-cost flexible water storage container for rainwater harvesting in Uganda by Enterprise Works/Vita (Fact Sheet 19).

• Smart WASH Tech Centres by Connect International and Shipo Tanzania (Fact Sheet 18). • Self Supply local produced handpumps and boreholes by Shipo Tanzania and Connect International

(Fact Sheet 17). • The tank revolving scheme: accelerating self supply in Uganda by Katosi Women Development Trust

(Fact Sheet 22). This organisation won the3rd Kyoto World Water Grand Prize (Box 5). • Ecotech: low tech devices for water and sanitation provision in poor rural communities in central

Mexico (Fact Sheet 21). • Placing women at the forefront of accelerating self supply through rainwater harvesting in Uganda

by Uganda Rainwater Association. • WKIWATER, an electronic guidebook dedicated to capacity building and self access of poor

communities to water and sanitation by Secours Catholique, Caritas France (Fact Sheet 27). Box 5 Katosi Women Development Trust (KWDT) wins 3rd Kyoto World Water Grand Prize in 2012

Katosi Women Development Trust (KWDT) received “the 3rd Kyoto World Water Grand Prize” at the closing ceremony of the 6th world water forum in Marseille France on 17th March 2012

This award was founded to honor organizations that make grassroots activities in order to help solve the world’s water problems “… Katosi Women Development Trust was awarded for their marvellous work for solving the water problems in Uganda,” Mr. Masao Oshima Director Kyoto City.

For Katosi Women Development Trust Ms. Margaret Nakato the Coordinator received the prize “What makes me so happy today is that; 365 women now organized in 16 groups, are already playing different roles to increase their access to water and sanitation, play a leading role to changing attitudes of people and engaging in decision making. Global problems need local solutions, and solutions lie in the local communities through engaging those who are most affected by the problem.

Other Solutions

• Rainwater collection in rural areas (Venezuela) by FUDECO • Mobile drinking water provision to drought affected people in Pakistan by the Youth Activists Group

of Loralai Area Water Partnership






4.6 Multiple use of water (MUS)

Three solutions move beyond drinking water to consider multiple use of water, incorporating water for crops and livestock, thus taking an integrated approach. These solutions are particular pertinent in areas with surface water with high seasonable variability and a large livestock population, such as the Sahel region.

The solutions describe themselves are highly participative, build up capacity of communities as well as local Governments and local artisans. Cost recovery remains a challenge, with various mechanisms tried, some more successful than others. Ensuring supply chains and long-term maintenance is also difficult, as with conventional drinking water programmes and projects. In the case of ECOTECH, the solution, pertinent for isolated communities, reaches beyond water supply to also address wood saving stoves, sanitation improvements, better nutrition and income generation.


• Access to Water in the Sahel – Multiple needs for a scarce resource by Eau Vive (Fact Sheet 12)

• One Drop’s Tripod Approach, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, India, Haiti and Burkina Faso by One Drop (Fact Sheet 16)

Other Solutions

• ECOTECH: Low tech devices for water and sanitation provision in poor rural communities, Valle de Bravo, Mexico.

Figure 15 A new water system meets drinking water and production needs of two villages via water points and troughs in Tambacounda, Senegal (Eau Vive)

Figure 16 Radish production in Juana del Carmen Castro’s family garden (One Drop)






4.7 Technologies

Thirteen solutions highlighted the value of existing and new technologies for rural water supplies. With the exception of the ceramic filter, with factories in over 20 countries, in most cases, the technologies have been proven to work in a specific environment or area. The organisations involved in their promotion are all trying to enable these technologies to be taken up in other regions, or countries, or on a wider scale. Some are at a very early stage in their development. There are several technologies being promoted with a combination of private and public investment. In most cases the expectation is that these technologies are paid for by donor, NGO and government funding. In a couple of cases carbon financing is being utilised. Some solutions are exploring technology purchase by the water users themselves. These technologies may turn out to be suitable as Self Supply options. One solution (Hydrosanitas) presents an information system for technologies, which is still at the very early stages of development


• Point of Use (PoU) Ceramic Water Filter by Potters for Peace with factories in Tanzania Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Yemen, Benin, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Philippenes, Pakistan, Cambodia, Laos, China, Ecuador, Columbia, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Senegal, and Somaliland (Fact Sheet 30).

• Pilot Projects for Water Purification in Rural Areas implemented through the French Government FASEP “Green Innovations” tool in Kazakhstan and Bangladesh (Fact Sheet 29).

• Lifestraw, Kenya by Vestergaard Frandsen (Fact Sheet 28).

Other Solutions

• WADI – Inexpensive and easy to use water disinfection by Helioz Research and Development • The Hippo Water Roller by Hippo Roller Water Project

• Carbon Financing Program to Provide Safe Drinking Water in Developing Countries by south Pole Carbon Asset Management

• Seawater Desalination and Water Purification Device Harnessing Concentrating Solar Thermal Energy for Reducing the Mortality of Children by Solarsido

• Photovoltaic Pumping Systems in Rural Water Supply by IEA • Module System (Q Water) for Rural Water Treatment by the Industrial Technology Research Institute • Mobile Purification Plant for Flood 2011 Affected People in Pakistan by WaterAid • Solar Water Distillation System by SARL • Solar Powered Water Purification Unit by Optima Renovables • Rainwater Harvesting through the use of storage dams in Oman by the ministry of Regional

Municipalities and Water Reseources • Hydrosanitas: A global safe water provisioning knowledgebase by United Nations University

4.8 Not categorised, not relevant and late submissions

There were a number of solutions which were not categorised. This was primarily because the information on implementation was poor or non-existent, or there was a lack of evidence regarding where the work had been implemented. Several solutions appeared to be project proposals. Further, solutions received after the 25th January 2012 deadline (set by the World Water Forum) have not been categorised or analysed in detail.

Figure 17 Potters for Peace Ceramic Water Filter






5. Recommendations for follow-up

5.1 Specific Solutions Three specific solutions put forward for the World Water Forum stand out particularly strongly. These could be replicated, provide lessons for a wide audience and demonstrate potential to be taken to scale within a country. The three solutions cover a spectrum from external finance and construction with involvement of local governments and the private sector, to community leadership in construction and management to mechanisms for supporting self-help.

The institution-building and integrated approach of the Integral Basic Sanitation (SABA) Model in Cusco and Cajamarca regions of Peru deserves proper attention. The SABA Model follows a conventional approach to the finance of rural water supplies, in that external funding (to the community) is utilised to make infrastructure improvements. The model has built the capacity of local government and taps into the services of the local private sector for construction. Water User Associations are established and operation and maintenance costs are recovered based on water consumption. The attention to detail at each stage of the implementation process is particularly striking. Discussions are ongoing to replicate this model in other six regions of Peru. In addition, SDC, which funded the work in Peru are considering replication in Bolivia.

The Community Managed Project (CMP) approach in Ethiopia stands out very strongly. It is an initiative which to a great extent bridges the Self Supply approach set out above, and the conventional approach where external agencies fund and construct infrastructure for water users. With the Community Managed Project approach, local governments facilitate communities to access finance for rural water supply improvements, manage the contracts and physically audit the facilities. The approach has already been implemented in two regions of Ethiopia, with support from the Finnish and Ethiopian

Governments. There are plans to scale this up to throughout the entire country (see section 3.1). This target and solutions group would like to see generic guidance prepared for this approach and extensive sharing of how it works in practice with institutions in other countries which are particularly interested and could benefit from trying to implement it.

Self Supply concerns many of the 650 million rural dwellers who do not yet have access to a safe water supply, particularly those in remote areas, as well as the rural population growth for the future. Over the last 30 years, donors, Governments and NGOs have focused on building new infrastructure for rural communities, making significant investments in the initial capital cost. In this process, many traditional technologies and very low cost options have been overlooked. However, over the last ten years or so, there has been a growing recognition that rural people are already investing in improving their own water supplies and can be encouraged to do more, if improvements are made in incremental steps. The phenomenon, which has been named Self Supply, is becoming a more accepted approach.

Figure 19 Accelerated construction rates (CMP approach)

Figure 18 Water consumers in Peru (SABA Model)






5.2 Key Issues

Examination of the solutions, and reflecting on the objectives set out in chapter 2 raises eight key issues that should be taken forwards. The first four will be followed up as part of the Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) strategy (http://www.rwsn.ch). The fifth lies within the domain of the Multiple Use Water Services Group (MUS). In the case of the sixth, seventh and eighth, champions are currently not fully defined.

1. In terms of galvanising commitments, Accelerating Self Supply is already incorporated into the RWSN Strategy (2012 to 2014), with the objective that Self Supply becomes a mainstream and accepted service delivery model within the Government, donor and implementing agency community as well as among water users in rural areas.

2. An estimated 1.6 billion rural dwellers are dependent on groundwater from boreholes, dug wells and springs, as their improved water supply (JMP, 2011). This represents 54% of the world’s rural population. In Southern Asia an additional 248 million people now use boreholes/tubewells compared to 2008 (JMP 2011). In fact, groundwater dependence is likely to increase significantly in the future as more people use improved water supplies. Groundwater sources are considered to be potentially resilient to most expected climate changes (WHO 2009). However, in the developing world, the understanding of groundwater is limited, and there is inadequate collaboration between groundwater resources specialists and water supply professionals. The growing demands on groundwater from agriculture further threaten one of the most basic rural water supply solutions. If groundwater is to play its role there is need to ensure that: investments are made into sustainable rates of abstraction, and groundwater recharge; that the construction quality of the boreholes, wells and the standards of installed pumps is sufficient; and that costs are not inflated unnecessarily. This issue is incorporated within the RWSN strategy (2012 to 2015) as the Sustainable Groundwater Development theme. The objective is that Groundwater resources are properly considered and sustainably used for developing drinking water supply sources.

3. JMP (2011) points out that “non-operating systems, and intermittent or unreliable supplies, place an increased burden on the populations they are designed to serve, lead to household storage in often unhygienic conditions and, … increase health risks. The sustainability of improved drinking water sources is often compromised by a lack of technical skills, equipment or spare parts for operation and maintenance, and a lack of sustained financing mechanisms for recurrent costs. This is particularly relevant in the context of small community water supplies”. It is now well recognised that establishing physical infrastructure and handing it over to communities to manage and maintain themselves is rarely enough. Some level of external support is usually required. This is the basis for our third theme, the management and support of rural water supplies. Despite the problems, numerous mechanisms to ensure that water supplies continue to function over time have been tried. There are some successes, but these are not widely known. There is a thus need to share, further develop and implement models for the joint management of rural water supplies. Management and Support of Rural Water Supplies is one of the four themes within the RWSN strategy (2012 to 2014) with the objective - Appropriate models for management and support of rural water supply services are piloted and taken to scale.

4. The issue of Equity and Inclusion, and Non-Discrimination is outlined in chapter 2. Within this target, solutions which raise awareness of the right to water, as well as those of a legal nature have been put forward. The Equity and Inclusion theme of the Rural Water Supply Network will take this issues forwards. It also specifically focuses on solutions around water point mapping, which are






discussed in more detail in target 1.1.5. The objective of the Equity and Inclusion theme is - the targeting of service provision at all levels is inclusive of the needs and rights of all, with special attention those who are frequently excluded from access to services.

5. Multiple Use of Water (MUS) is an approach to water programmes that considers not only drinking water, but the needs that concern all the other uses people make of water, be it for domestic purposes, growing vegetables, or watering livestock. Developing solutions that take into account and try to address the wider needs can help build more economically sustainable systems that in turn can further improve drinking water access. The MUS topic was also examined at the 6th RWSN Forum in Kampala, during which it was agreed that the MUS discussion group (http://www.musgroup.net/) needs to be revived with more experiences shared, both through documentation and exchange visits. IRC, IMWI and Eau Vive will continue to champion this issue.

6. In the case of national programmes or large projects including the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), there is much that one implementer could learn from the other. In section 5.1 we mention two specific solutions (SABA in Peru and the Community Managed Project in Ethiopia) as examples of programmes for national implementation. However, reflecting on Meenakshisundaram’s (2011) lessons on Rural Water Supplies in India over many years, attention to detail matters. It is here that we should be reminded of our original objective to improve professional ways of working within rural water supplies (Box 2). Staff at local and national level with skills and knowledge, adhering to robust systems is vital. Adherence to codes of practices and standards is highly variable and not well documented. We also not that there is often considerable duplication, with many organisation developing their own guidelines rather than building on those of others. Where external evaluations are carried out, the information is not always placed in the private domain. National programmes are vital to improve access to rural water supplies at scale. However, to date, there is no community of practice. This issues for follow-up may be need a champion, or series of champions in order to move forwards.

7. There are a number of approaches and/or technologies that, on a small scale, have demonstrated that they can contribute to raising access to a safe drinking water supply in different situations, some even reaching even the most marginalised and disadvantaged communities and individuals. There is much to be learnt from these solutions so that they can be taken to a wider scale within a particular country, or replicated elsewhere. Unfortunately, independent evaluation as well as clear and reliable documentation and the sharing of information and experiences with respect to such initiatives is often lacking. In addition, there has been a tendency for these initiatives and technologies to be tested in isolation of national or local organisations. In order to validate and scale up promising initiatives and technologies, there is need to enable reflection on field realities, learn lessons and properly understand how to replicate good practices and implement them on a wider scale. There is also need for some regulation of technologies and approaches to ensure that they really serve the needs of rural people, including the marginalised and excluded. The EU-Funded WASHTech project, being implemented by WaterAid, IRC, Skat, Cranfield University is one ongoing project which is tackling some aspects of this. However, there is need for much more in this regard are needed.

8. Last but by no means is the issue of ensuring adequate financial resources to enable access improved water supplies for ALL people living in rural areas. Currently, there is no organisation or network which is strongly and explicitly advocating for this. Unless funding for the rural water sub-sector increases massively, it will continue to remain the poor relation! We urge Sanitation and Water for All (Box 3) to make a strong case for increased investment for rural water supplies.






6. Conclusion Target 1.1.2 – Sustainable Access to Safe Water for the Global Rural Population was one of six targets within “Priority for Action 1.1. Guarantee Water for All and the Human Right to Water”. The other targets (national policies, urban water supply, financial mechanisms that the needs to local authorities and local operators, reporting mechanisms and global indicators) together with rural water supply are key complimentary aspects. In concluding the results of 18 hours of sessions across all of the targets under “Priority for Action 1.1: Guarantee Water for All and the Human Right to Water” at the World Water Forum, several take away messages were put forward:

• Stop talking about beneficiaries & start talking about partners

• Talk to people

• Use the recognition of the right to water for awareness raising & advocacy

• The Right to Water implies economic costs (there is no free lunch, someone has to pay)

In relation to the six targets:

• Target 1 (national policies delivering on the major components of the right to water in practice): There is a need to translate the Right to Water into national policies considering all its dimensions with indicators and deadlines.

• Target 2 & 3 (rural and urban water supply): All stakeholders need to commit to predictable and long term partnerships in order to move towards universal and sustainable access , both in rural and urban areas.

• Target 4 (financial mechanisms that suit the needs of local authorities and local operators): Giving financial responsibility to local stakeholders creates an opportunity for i) additional resources, and ii) improved governance; this has to go in hand with clear roles, capacity strengthening & regulation and monitoring.

• Target 5 (simple, inclusive and reliable reporting mechanisms for water supply): Monitoring performance needs to be fully linked to accountability and action.

• Target 6 (key global indicators on all major components of the right to water): We need new global measurable targets that: i) take into account all aspects of the Right to Water, ii) foster progressive and effective implementation

Specifically on rural water supplies, there were four key messages10

1. To implementers: Fully consider incremental approaches to improve water supply in rural areas

:

2. To the practitioners and professionals in rural water supply: Please link up with other stakeholders and find out what they are doing. Look wider than drinking water towards multiple use, sanitation, agriculture and health so that drinking water can be improved.

3. To the partners and members of the Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN) and other networks: Please document, share good practices and learn from each other in a proactive manner. We do not need propaganda. We all need to know what works, what does not work.

4. To all stakeholders: Build on synergies with small solutions feeding into the bigger picture.

10 You can watch the video of these messages being presented on: http://youtu.be/4O8MAc6yzCU


http://youtu.be/4O8MAc6yzCU�





However, it is the recommendations of Mr Raja Mouli11

This is a fantastic decision that even as a user like me is knowing about this right at this level. I have got this good opportunity but I am not sure that everyone at the village level will have the opportunity to know this. I am appealing to this panel that please, take this information down to the village level and empower the community that [water] is your right. So that people at that level can question back the government that why are you not giving us our right. So unless you reach to that level I am really apprehensive about how we can take it forward…

, a rural water user from Gangadevipally village in Warangal district in Andhra Pradesh, India who was brought to the World Water Forum that should perhaps serve as a call to action. Grounding us in reality and a reminder of the importance of rural dwellers themselves Mr Mouli said: “The fact that water as a basic human right is discussed this big international is really an amazing thing for me and I am happy that this discussion is taking place. But I am only worried about whether this will end in the discussion here or will it go down to our level at the villagers, at the water. [This] is the one big question that I have.

In our cases at the village level we are making a lot of plans and asking the government to allocate budget but when our action plans reaches to the district level and the state level we don’t even know where our applications are going and hiding. And most of the time it is the political influence [of] the urban level villages who [benefit]. Most of the remote villages do not even (get) recognised in the allocations and we never receive the funding. So I am more worried how we can percolate down to our level. In our case in India, the Government is handing over the schemes to the local Government, Panchayat [who] are expected to maintain, manage and supply the water. And they are expected to generate the revenue... And I tell you [that] this is an impossible task because in my village, [some] people are not able to pay for their own food and there are certain categories of people who cannot afford the tariff.

So in this kind of situation as a local leader how am I meant to manage this? It is really really very difficult and so government needs to look at this policy and they need to really allocate funds to the local government institutions to manage and supply water, especially the poorest of the poor. I am happy that some of the questions have been raised about giving the poorest of the poor people free water. I think that has to be the right that needs to be given.

I am going to go and mobilise my own villagers and my own friends that this is your right. So let us all go and move to our local villages and politicians, especially at our district level and out level and we go and influence.”

11 You can watch Mr Mouli on http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5UqUr2NZDtQ

Figure 20 Mr Raja Mouli (left)


Strategic Direction: Ensure Everyone’s Well-being Priority for Action: 6th World Water Forum PFA/CS




7. Rural Water Supply Session Summary Tuesday 13th March – 14:30 to 16:30

Chair Eng. Disan Ssozi, Assistant Commissionner, Ministry of Water and Environment, Uganda

Guest of Honour Hon. Maria Mutagamba, Minister for Water and Environment, Uganda

Session Closed Mrs Lakech Haile, Director of Women, Youth and Children Affairs’ Directorate, Ministry of Water and Energy, Ethiopia

Session Facilitators Kerstin Danert/Sean Furey

Target(s)/PFA/CS/Region

By 20xx, ensure that the global rural population without access to safe water decreases by x% with special attention to the poor.

Session title Rural Water for All - The river may be wide but it can be crossed

Session teaser/description

The world is failing the rural poor with respect to access to rural water supplies. Many of the world’s rural areas will not realise the MDG target to halve the proportion of the population without access to a safe drinking water supply. In addition, the gap between rural and urban access is striking. Ensuring that water supplies continue to function remains a challenge.

This session is about committing to a new way of working, based on the Statement of the 6th RWSN Forum in Kampala in 2011 as wells proven and innovative solutions. It is about increasing skills and professionalism; finding new financial and human resources, and making the most of what exists already. It is about sustainability – building rural water services that last and that are accessible to even the poorest and most vulnerable. It is about scaling up successful solutions to a massive scale.

Duration 2 hours

Summary Description

About 150 to 200 people attended the session, which the Hon. Minister Maria Mutagamba, of the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE), Uganda opened. The session Chair, Eng. Disan Ssozi of MWE Uganda, then interviewed the RWSN Chair, Prof. Richard Carter, about the Kampala Commitments (Box 1) and the value of international targets and action plans. Three solutions were presented: the SABA project in Peru, Accelerating Self Supply, and the Community Managed Project in Ethiopia.

In the group work part of the session, each table was chaired by a coordinator for one of 30 short-listed solutions. The groups then discussed how that solution could be scaled up and improved (summarized in Box 6). As well as hopefully, being helpful to those solution coordinators, the key points were recorded and common themes brought out.

Key points from the discussions were taken to a synthesis session on Thursday morning, in which they were presented and discussed alongside the other Target 1.1 sessions for national policies, urban access to safe water, financial mechanisms, reporting mechanisms and global indicator, for the Right to Water.


Box 6 Summary of Outputs from Group Work

No. Solution Chair & Rapporteur

What is needed to make this solution successful? What needs to be done to make this solution successful in other contexts?

6 Hand pump mechanic cooperatives to ensure continuous and sustainable water supply

Marjam Tauze ARAFD au Mali

Problémes constates: 1. indiesponsibilité des pieces de rechange (diversité des

équipments) 2. faible compétence technique local comités de gestion

peu fonctionnels 3. mauvaise gestion des fonds collectés : détournement

Pistes d’amélioration: 1. boutique communale de pieces de rechange 2. formation des artisans locaux 3. révision des criteres de choix des membres des comités de

gestion et séparation des pouvoirs 4. placement des fonds collectés (au prés des usgend) en

s’appuyant sur la microfinance. 10 Water Consumer

Associations – viable management structure for Moldova rural water supply

J. Hecke 1. Strengthen Legal Status of WCAs 2. Form smaller WCA’s (<500 members) and operate bigger systems by associations of WCAs 3. Encourage more transparency and accountability Re-define role of ‘President’ as an ‘Executive Director’.

11 Community Managed Project

Arto Suominen

1. To make sure the money goes down to the people. 2. To make sure the money control is not kept at a high

level (Decentralised decision making) 3. To increase understanding of what really needs to be

decentralised

1. More discussions to explore the approach. 2. More alternatives to channel the money. 3. Explore private sector options.

12 Eau Vive’s multiple-use approach to water in the Sahel

1. Document experiences to share 2. Get back to local/national governments 3. Community of practice between local NGOs/partners 4. Build water citizen committees. 5. Capacity building to support local leaders. 6. Insure sustainability by follow-ups 7. Try to influence Aid agencies to replicate through national government

13 Access to water and sanitation for underprivileged population in urban and rural communities

Hasmit Haretanyan & Juichiro Sahara

1. Formal government commitment to ownership of funds 2. Enabling environment, legislature by International

donors, government 3. Strategic financing , consider when and where to invest

first and tariffs, taxes and transfers to that cover operation and maintenance

4. Bring about sustainability through capacity building. Consider the technical and management basis.

1. A Pragmatic approach, harmonise funding process, appropriate technical support

2. Donor linkages (one model) 3. Harmonise processes 4. Pragmatic approach prioritising the urgency of projects before they

commence 5. Appropriate regional/community based technical/equipment

support (NGOs, academics, communities, municipalities)



15 SABA Peru Cesarina Quintana & Louise Koch

1. Be aware of cross-community interests and make sure to manage these well 2. Document and share lessons learned from the pilot projects

17 Self supply local produced hand pumps and boreholes

Walter Mgina

1. Regulation should support self supply. No permits needed for family handpumps/wells.

2. NGOs’ who are supporting self supply &WASH programmes.

3. Investment grants for training production/outlets

1. Presenting at African Waterweek (SHIPO, Walter Mgina/Henk Holtslag)

2. Publicity in general

18 Smart WASH Tech Centres

Henk Holtslag

1. Have more “Wow!” visits so people see things, e.g. by SHIPO 2. Get training of low cost options into structures for vocational training, e.g. VETA, Tanzania

19 Private sector delivery of a low-cost flexible water storage container for rainwater harvesting

1. Present bag in a market/community setting or selling water as demonstration for entrepreneurs.

2. Rainwater harvesting is a national strategy – set by Government

3. Government to reduce price and tax for importing bag to Uganda

4. Group purchase of bags

1. Private sector approach – sold by local vendors. Voucher can be used for different price points.

2. Making it affordable – microfinance 3. Market it for agricultural use.

20 Accelerating Self Supply

André Olschewski & Julian Parker

1. Technical assistance in the form of information sharing/knowledge management and capacity building

2. Development of best practice and regulation 3. Documentation of case studies

24 Sand Dams Simon Maddrell & Cate Ryan

How well do Sand Dams address the challenges of rural water supplies? 1. It is a solution that is suitable in dryland areas, home to

80% of the world’s poorest people. 2. It provides a local improved water source, all year

round; 30-40 minutes from people’s homes; it is accessible to all community members.

3. Sustainable – virtually no operation and maintenance costs; community owned; recharges the aquifer

What needs to be done in Kenya to make this solution more successful? 1. Spread of good technical knowledge of sand dam design 2. Expansion into rural road bridges 3. Spread into pastoral/agro-pastoral contexts

1. Generation of demand among end users, donors and funders 2. Proof of benefits/validate technology

a. availability for domestic use b. availability for agriculture and livestock c. water quality, health, benefits.

3. Use of good technology application models (technology transfer) e.g. Pestle Pilots

26 Manual well drilling

Jon Naugle 1. Testing for quality: chemical; bacteriological; discharge 2. Community management of quality control

1. Professionalise drillers to ensure quality installations 2. Encourage large drillers to cooperate with manual drillers



28 LifeStraw Carbon for Water Program

1. How coverage targets are defined can be an obstacle, i.e. if HWTS is not considered as an ‘improved water sources’

2. Finding 3rd party donors investing in HWTS. 3. User acceptability outside Kenya 4. Demonstrate other to countries the effectiveness of the project. 5. Long term sustainability via partial subsidies 6. Stability of the carbon markets

29 Pilot projects for water purification in rural areas, implemented through FASEP-Green Innovation

Kevin Nirsimloo

1. Implicate local populations to ensure understanding and support of the project

2. Ensure that basic maintenance and proper operation is handled locally, with spare parts from the local markets.

3. Provide awareness and training to local authorities and above

4. Define financial model to fund maintenance

1. Undertake full feasibility studies on the areas, constraints, local habits and practices, water quality, technical know-how of the local people

2. Implicate local populations to ensure understanding and support of the project

3. Select and implement the proper technology 4. Perform quality control of installations. Ensure that basic

maintenance and proper operations is handled locally 5. Raise awareness of local and national authorities and ensure their

full support, which is vital. 6. Define the financial model to fund maintenance. 7. Create a global tax on water and sewer bills in developed countries

and industrial polluters to fund an organisation to promote access to water and finance rural installations

30 POU Ceramic Water Filter for a rural solution to safe drinking water

Beverly Pillers

1. Studies of cultural habits and education at all levels 2. Attempt to make it cheaper -> adaptability with

materials and prices 3. Increase availability 4. More finance to promote technology 5. Include microfinance for people to be able to buy

products. 6. Collective management

1. To analyse the cultural context and best habits


8. References JMP (2010) Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water, Joint Monitoring Programme 2010 Report, UNICEF,

New York and World Health Organisation, Geneva, Available on http://www.wssinfo.org/

JMP (2011) Drinking Water: Equity, safety and sustainability, Joint Monitoring Repor Thematic Report on Drinking Water, UNICEF, New York and World Health Organisation, Geneva, http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/JMP_Report_DrinkingWater_2011.pdf

JMP (2012) Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation 2012 Update, UNICEF, New York and World Health Organisation, Geneva, Available on http://www.wssinfo.org/

Meenakshisundaram SS (2011) Rural Water Supplies - Lessons from India, Paper presented at the 6th International Rural Water Supply Forum in Kampala, Uganda, November 2011, Available on http://www.rwsnforum [accessed 13 April 2012] .wordpress.com

OECD (2008) Measuring Aid to Water Supply and Sanitation, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France

OECD (2010) Financing Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries: The Contribution of External Aid, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France

OECD (2011a) CRS Statistics/OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France, Available on www.oecd.org/dac/stats/idsonline

OECD (2011b) OECD DAC Creditor Reporting System: Guidance for the use of Water Supply and Sanitation Purpose Codes, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France

RWSN (2009) Myths of the Rural Water Supply Sector, Rural Water Supply Network, Available on https://www.rwsn.ch

RWSN (2011) Vision for Rural Water Supplies. Rural Water Supply Network, Available on https://www.rwsn.ch

RWSN (2012) 6th International Rural Water Supply Forum website, available on http://rwsnforum [accessed 13 April 2012] .wordpress.com/

UN-DESA (2010) World Urbanization Prospects 2009 Revision, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/index.htm

UN-DESA (2010) World Urbanization Prospects 2009 Revision, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Available on http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/index.htm

WHO (2009) Vision 2030 Progress on Sanitation and drinking-water, WHO/UNICEF, Geneva

World Bank (2009) Reshaping economic geography, World Development Report 2009, World Bank, Washington DC, USA. http://econ.worldbank.org

Thewatercyclistschannel (2012) 6th World Water Forum, Marseille, Some RWSN input to the WWF6 Target on improving access to improved rural water supplies http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLA2EDD821F24DE901 [accessed 13 April 2012]

http://www.wssinfo.org/�

http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/JMP_Report_DrinkingWater_2011.pdf�

http://www.wssinfo.org/�

http://www.rwsnforum.wordpress.com/�

http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/idsonline�

https://www.rwsn.ch/�

https://www.rwsn.ch/�

http://rwsnforum.wordpress.com/�

http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/index.htm�

http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/index.htm�

http://econ.worldbank.org/�

http://www.youtube.com/user/thewatercyclist�

http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLA2EDD821F24DE901�


Annex: One-Page Solution Fact Sheets

Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

1

Advantages and Opportunities

Improves rural health

Reduces infant mortality rates

Empowers women

Helps girls get greater access to education

Lessens social divides between castes, ethnic groups,

economic groups, and genders

MANTRA: Movement and Action Network

for the Transformation of Rural Areas

Where is it working now?

MANTRA has provided sanitation and a 24-hour potable

water supply to nearly 300,000 people in 943 villages in the

Indian states of Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,

and Jharkhand. In 2011 alone, the MANTRA project was

implemented in 155 rural communities.

More information

www.gramvikas.org

Support this solution:

1. Tweet “RWSN Solution 1” to hashtag #RWSN

2. Drop your business card into the box provided in the

session for Target 1.1.2 (Tuesday 13th March) - with

“Solution 1” written on it

3. Send an email to co-ordinator for this solution:

[email protected]

Costs, Barriers and Risks

Requires 100% participation of all community members

Requires community members to contribute financially,

with materials, and with labor

Who is currently involved?

Gram Vikas has developed and implemented this solution in

India. They are supported by a wide range of funders,

including the Government, ARGHYAM, ICCO, charity:

water, GTF, Skoll Foundation, and WaterAid.

MANTRA is a comprehensive habitat development and

governance program, which uses the common

concerns for clean water and sanitation to unite and

empower rural communities.

MANTRA provides assistance and guidance to rural

communities in building their own toilet and bathing

room facilities, using water and sanitation as an entry

point for transformative and inclusive social change.

The core values of MANTRA:

100% Inclusion

Social Equity

Gender Equity

Cost Sharing

Sustainability An elevated water reservoir built by the community of Kanamana,

Ganjam district, India, Odisha.

1.1.2 GLOBAL RURAL ACCESS TO

SAFE WATER

1.1 Guarantee Access to Water for All and the

Right to Water

1. Priorities for Action

Rural Water Supply Network - www.rwsn.ch

hosted by Skat Foundation, Vadianstrasse 42, CH-9000, St Gallen, Switzerland

Disclaimer: RWSN has accepted the information provided by the co -ordinator in good

faith, but is not liable for the accuracy of the statements or figures shown.

Equity and Inclusion

Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

3


Accroître l’autonomie et la responsabilité des personnes

vulnérable et réduire leurs dépendances

La mise en accessibilité est estimée à environ 5% du coût des

infrastructures WASH

Amélioration de la capacité de conception des techniciens

Le DVD et le GUIDE produits serviront d’outil de plaidoyer

pour influencer l’intégration des options d’accessibilité dans

les textes et cadres réglementaire du secteur WASH

Infrastructure WASH

libre de toute barrière

Where is it working now? La solution a été/est appliquée au niveau des 5 zones urbaines et 9

Communes Rurales d’intervention de WaterAid à Madagascar. Les

outils sont/seront vulgarisés à tous les niveaux afin de transmettre

les messages de plaidoyer aux décideurs pour la prise en compte

systématique de la mise en accessibilité. La prochaine étape sera

l’évaluation des impacts de cette mise en accessibilité sur la

condition de vie des personnes vulnérables.

More information

«Manuel de mise en accessibilité des infrastructures d’adduction

d’eau potable, d’hygiène et d’assainissement», WaterAid,

Novembre 2011 (www.wateraid.org)

«Infrastructures WASH inclusives»: un film de 7mn en version

française et anglaise traçant le processus de la mise en

accessibilité des infrastructures, WaterAid, Nov.2011

Support this solution: 1. Tweet “RWSN Solution 3” to hashtag #RWSN

2. Drop your business card into the box provided in the session

for Target 1.1.2 (Tuesday 13th March) - with “Solution 3”

written on it


[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]


Les interventions dans les villes compte tenu de l’exigüité de

l’espace, la surpopulation et l’inexistence, ou la vétusté des

plans d’urbanisme.

La décision pour la pertinence ou non de construire des

infrastructures accessibles là où le sol est accidenté ou

escarpé, lorsque l’espace est exigüe.

Who is currently involved? La mise en accessibilité des infrastructures WASH concerne non

seulement le secteur WASH, mais c’est un thème multisectoriel

qui implique actuellement la collaboration de WaterAid à

Madagascar avec ses 8 partenaires locaux (CARITAS, Ong ECA,

Centre CNEAGR, Entreprise MAHAVITA et MIHAINGO,

Associations MANORINTSOA, MIARINTSOA et SAF), avec

Handicap International, la Plateforme des Féderations des

Personnes Handicapées (PFPH) et WaterAid UK

Deux outils composés de film accompagné d’un manuel. Ils

servent à la fois de guide technique simplifié aux techniciens

dans le secteur WASH en matière de mise en accessibilité

des infrastructures et d’outil pour influencer les décideurs à

tous les niveaux à adopter le principe d’ «équité & inclusion»

dans les différents textes et cadres réglementaires du

secteur WASH. Les options d’accessibilité y démontrées

permettent de lever les barrières environnementales qui

limitent l’accès aux infrastructures WASH pour tous. Et, les

messages que transmettent ces outils contribuent à lever les

barrières institutionnelles/organisationnelles qui cachent le

contexte pour une prise de décision vers le changement. Jean Simon Mahalomba, un habitant de la Commune Miandrivazo,

puisant seul son eau quotidienne pour la première fois


SAFE WATER


Right to Water






Equity and Inclusion

Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

6


Existence of a formal and sustainable framework for

managing hand pump maintenance and repair

Reduced frequency of breakdowns

Reduced duration of breakdowns

Reduced cost of repairs

Improved local governance of public water services

Ensuring water is available in the villages and to the

population at all times.

Hand pump mechanic cooperatives to ensure continuous and sustainable water supply


This programme was carried out in Mali. Eau Vive works to

improve access to water and rural livelihoods in Senegal,

Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso.

More information

www.eau-vive.org




session for Target 1.1.2 (Wednesday 14th March) - with



[email protected]


The solution is part of a wider picture where all

stakeholders have a role to play. It is crucial that local

responsibility for water services be clearly defined and

capacities be built at all levels (local authority service

management; local water committees; users)


In the target communes (in the Cercles of Dioila and Kaity,

Mali) all stakeholders were involved: the local elected

officials, hand pump mechanics and the villagers were

involved in the program, from development of the

implementation strategy through to the drawing up of

contracts between the different parties.

Neighbouring communes are now showing an interest in

this approach

In order to ensure continuous and sustainable water

supply, Eau Vive has been assisting local authorities in

Mali with setting up a maintenance plan. Hand pump

mechanic cooperatives, composed of all pump mechanics

working within the district (commune) are set up. Each

management committee signs a contract with the

cooperative and pays an annual fee so that pump repairs

are carried out by one of its approved mechanics as and

when required.

Eau Vive assists with setting up and implementing

contract agreements between the local authority, the

cooperative, the villages and the pump mechanics.

The solution also involved the training of local hand

pump repair artisans (Mali).






SAFE WATER


Right to Water


Management and Support

Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

7


New well drilling is useless unless a permanent

sustainable maintenance system is put in place as well.

The availability of repairmen and suppliers of spare parts

is necessary, but not sufficient: the villages need help in

organising the repair.

The villages are ready to pay for the repair if they trust

the quality of the work done.

Repairing Water Wells in Southern Chad


In the Logone Oriental region of southern Chad, we have

inventoried 332 wells equipped with pumps, only 94 were

found working (71% down). We have diagnosed 142 pumps

and helped repair 60.

For all repairs, the villages paid for the salary of the

repairman (average 20$) and spare parts (average 140$)

More information

Our website is:

www.ido-ong.org







[email protected]


We estimate that 36,000 people have gained access to clean

drinking water as a result of our program. Our cost was

around 53,000 $ (paid by ourselves, excluding what the

villages paid): we spent 1.5$ per person who was given

access to clean drinking water.

The main barrier is to convince the villages to pay for the

repair: there is in almost all cases enough money in the

village to pay, but the village needs to make the decision to

repair. We are successful so far in half the cases.


Our organisation, IDO is a France based NGO, founded by

four people coming from the oil service industry and the

water industry. Our goal is to help rural communities in less

developed countries build sustainable drinking water supply

systems. We started in Chad in 2008/2009 and are now

starting a new operation in the Kouilou region of the

Republic of Congo.

In southern Chad, 70% of the water wells equipped

with pumps are down. We have inventoried these

wells and developed a strategy for diagnosing and

repairing them. IDO provides, free of charge, a

diagnostics and an estimate of the repair cost. If

the village decides to go ahead with the repair,

IDO provides technical and logistical support to

the village and to the local repairman. The repair is

done by the repairman; the village pays the salary

of the repairman and the spare parts. Repairing a pump in Ngalaba






SAFE WATER


Right to Water



Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

8

Advantages and Opportunities Mutualisation par les communes des moyens techniques et

financiers nécessaires pour assurer un service public de l’eau et de

l’assainissement efficace et pérenne

Une démarche concertée avec les acteurs locaux pour définir une

stratégie départementale de l’eau (Comité Départemental de l’Eau)

Conventions de partenariats avec les comités d’usagers pour la

collecte des redevances des points d’eau, en complément des

financements publics directs par les communes et l’Etat

L'intercommunalité et l'implication citoyenne, solutions pour la gouvernance de l'eau dans le Mbam et Inoubou au Cameroun


L'expérience est réalisée au Cameroun en milieu rural, mais

peut servir de base de réflexion pour d'autres projets

d'organisation de la maîtrise d'ouvrage pour la gestion de l'eau

par des collectivités locales regroupées en intercommunalité en

Afrique francophone (ou ailleurs).

More information Film de présentation du projet réalisé en 2009 à l'initiative de

l’association CVUC (Communes et villes unies du Cameroun).

Power point de présentation du projet

Rapport d’évaluation finale du projet, réalisé par l’association

CORAIL

Ces documents peuvent être mis à disposition des personnes

intéressées.







[email protected] / [email protected]


Costs, Barriers and Risks Dispositif d’animation indispensable sur le terrain pour former les

comités d’usagers, sensibiliser les populations et impliquer les

comités d’usagers dans la collecte de la redevance.

Nécessité d’un soutien fort de la tutelle et des Ministères pour une

reconnaissance du syndicat en tant que collectivité territoriale

décentralisée et un accès aux dotations de l’Etat

Besoin de formation des nouveaux élus aux prochaines élections

municipales


La solution a été initiée par l'IRCOD Alsace (Institut Régional

de coopération Développement) en lien avec des acteurs

professionnels de l'eau en Alsace: Syndicat des eaux et de

l’Assainissement du Bas-Rhin (SDEA), Ecole nationale du génie

de l'eau et de l'environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES),

Ingénieurs sans frontières et une ONG camerounaise (ERA

Cameroun). Elle bénéficie du soutien financier de l’Union

Européenne, de l’AFD, du SDEA, de l’Agence de l’Eau Rhin

Meuse et de la Région Alsace.

Le projet vise à améliorer durablement l’accès à l’eau

potable de la population rurale de 9 communes du

département du Mbam et Inoubou (Cameroun). Il

s’inscrit dans le processus de décentralisation et s’est

focalisé sur la gouvernance de l’eau à travers

l’émergence d’une structure intercommunale pour la

gestion de l’eau et l’organisation de la concertation

entre les acteurs de l’eau de la zone. Le

fonctionnement du service s’appuie sur la collecte

d’une redevance eau reversée au syndicat par les

comités d’usagers.






SAFE WATER


Right to Water



Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

9

Advantages and Opportunities Solar energy provides reliable, low cost, and environmentally

friendly energy supply

Closed payment system ensure 100% revenue collection and

transparency

Online remote monitoring enables service partners or water

service providers to react promptly on any system failures

Water consumption finances ongoing service and maintenance

High quality pump provides convenient access to sufficient

water for domestic and productive purposes

Grundfos LIFELINK – Sustainable and Transparent water solutions for the developing world

Where is it working now? Since 2009, 38 projects have been implemented in Kenya, providing

reliable access to water for more than 80,000 people. Based on

successful experiences and partnerships in Kenya, operations are

currently expanded to Uganda and several other countries across

Africa. With a new water treatment unit being launched in 2013,

activities will expand across Asian countries, too.

More information Visit website: www.grundfoslifelink.com

Read case study: http://www.wbcsd.org/Pages/EDocument/

EDocumentDetails.aspx?ID=14112&NoSearchContextKey=true







[email protected]

Costs, Barriers and Risks The total project implementation cost per capita in a community of

2.500 people is app. 15 USD.. With a total solution including after

sales service from Grundfos LIFELINK or a service partner, the

water consumption must be high enough to cover the service and

maintenance. The monthly service contract in Kenya is 200 USD,

which is covered at a water consumption of 4 m3 per day at a

price of 3 KES (0,03 USD) per 20 L.. The main barrier is a

tendency in the sector to look at immediate cost of access to

water per capita in stead of looking at a long term life cycle cost of

sustainable water supply over a period of e.g. 10 years.

Who is currently involved? Grundfos LIFELINK is part of the worldwide pump manufacturer

Grundfos Group. Partners in Kenya include Government of Kenya,

Water Service Providers in Kenya, Unicef, World Food

Programme, World Vision, the Red Cross, and Danida. The

Government of Uganda is now piloting 4 LIFELINK systems with

financial support from Danida. As operations are scaled up, new

partnerships are developed across countries.

Grundfos LIFELINK provides sustainable water

solutions to developing countries by combining

proven pump technology, renewable energy, and an

innovative service platform with unique solutions for

transparent revenue management and online remote

monitoring.

The LIFELINK solution applies in both small and

large scale water supply schemes across rural and

urban areas. It is applicable for both community

based projects and water utilities, solving the major

challenges of revenue collection and maintenance.

Tapping water from the automatic water dispenser

with smart card based payment system.






SAFE WATER


Right to Water



Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

10

Water Consumer Associations – viable management

structure for Moldova rural water supply


Villages in Rural Moldova, central part of the country

More information

www.apasan.md



2. Drop your business card into the box provided in

the session for Target 1.1.2 (Tuesday 13th March) -

with “Solution 10” written on it


[email protected]

[email protected]

Costs, Barriers and Risks Insufficient and late updates of the tariffs may

jeopardize the sustainability of the system

Institutional and human capacities of the WCAs are

very limited, due to the small number of population,

lack of qualified specialists and lack of adequate

remuneration and incentives


ApaSan, Swiss Water and Sanitation Project in

Moldova

Address: Str. Al. Mateevici 23 A, MD-2009 Chisinau,

Moldova

Tel: +373 22 73 13 31, mob ++373 60 202 101

www.apasan.md

Decentralized model of water supply services was

developed and proved as a viable option in 20

villages. All systems implemented since 2002 are

managed locally through water consumers

associations (WCAs) and are well-functioning.

Through increased access to water, hygiene and

living conditions in rural areas reached a higher

level. The WCAs manage not only to operate and

maintain, but also to improve the systems and

expand the organization’s activity area. A villager paying the water bill at his Water Consumer Association

“Cristalline Water” in Balauresti. At the wall, the WCA’s statutes,

bylaws, tariff calculations etc. are publically displayed.


Assurance of the project sustainability,

Participation of the community in the decision

making/ democratic process in rural communities,

Individual & collective responsibility towards the

water supply system generated by the ownership

feeling

Ensuring social coherence and equity






SAFE WATER


Right to Water



Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

11

Community Managed

Project Approach


In Ethiopia, successful projects have been running in the Amhara

region since 2003 and in the Benishangul-Gumuz region since

2009. The approach was recently mainstreamed into

Ethiopia’s National WaSH strategy and its implementation is

now starting in Oromiya, Tigray and SNNPR regions.

More information

CMP Ethiopia, http://www.cmpethiopia.org

Suominen, A. The Community Managed Project

Approach to Rural Wash in Ethiopia, Film [176]

presented at the 6th RWSN Forum in Uganda, 2011,

Available on http://rwsnforum.wordpress.com/

programme/ (session 12)







[email protected]

Costs, Barriers and Risks Extensive capacity building activities at all levels are crucial for

successful implementation.

The CMP approach should be incorporated into national and

regional level policies.

More funding is required to support the accelerated CMP

implementation in Ethiopia.


For the time being, the implementation of the CMP

approach in Ethiopia is supported by the Government

of Ethiopia, UNICEF, the Government of Finland, the

Government of the Netherlands and IRC International

Water and Sanitation Centre.

With the Community Managed Project (CMP)

approach, communities are responsible for the

planning, implementation and maintenance of water

schemes. District local governments build capacity and

provide external support. Communities contribute a

minimum of 15% in cash or kind, and the rest is

transferred to a local WASH committee through a

micro-finance institution. Results have showed a five-

fold increase in the construction rate and a 94%

functionality rate using this approach compared to

conventional ways of working. Accelerated construction rates with the CMP approach


This is government participation in community initiatives

It is a demand-driven approach

It harnesses new and underutilized capacities e.g. micro-

finance institutions, communities, private sector

Time needed for construction work is reduced






SAFE WATER


Right to Water



Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

12

Advantages and Opportunities Reduced drudgery thanks to improved access and shorter waiting

times.

Improved livelihoods: With more reliable water sources for

animals, production is improved.

Reduced conflicts as different user groups are no longer using the

same source.

Financial Viability: In this arid context, the only option is the

construction of costly infrastructure. While investment costs must be

covered by development programmes, the improved livelihoods

generated by better access to water mean people can pay for the

service, leading to the improved financial viability and hence

sustainability of the system.

Local Capacities are also built thanks to an approach that includes

all stakeholders and supports the local management of services.

Eau Vive’s multiple-use approach

to water in the Sahel


Eau Vive works to improve access to water and rural

livelihoods in Senegal, Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso.

More information

www.eau-vive.org







[email protected]

Costs, Barriers and Risks Cost recovery still needs to be improved – taking into account

different uses, tariff setting and pro-poor mechanisms

Finding the right scale for instance to ensure repair and

maintenance and spare part supply chains are viable. With

decentralisation, Eau Vive now works closely with the local

authorities on these issues

The enabling framework of government in a virtuous cycle so

that lessons learned feed back into local and national institutional

frameworks and policy, considering all uses


Eau Vive works closesly with all local and national

stakeholders in the countries where we work.

Eau Vive is also collaborating with IRC and other partners

to improve its approach, to find the appropriate mechanisms

and scales to cover costs, and to influence local and national

policy to improve the institutional framework for water

service provision.

A Multiple Use Water Services approach in the

Sahel helps identify all water needs and develop

appropriate solutions in a context where water is

scarce and access costs are high. A focus on

drinking water alone leads to increased conflict

and wear and tear on drinking water systems used

to meet the needs of the vast local and nomadic

livestock populations. Designing systems that

consider these needs from the outset can improve

cost recovery and hence sustainability. A new water system meets drinking water and production needs of

two villages via water points and troughs in Tambacounda, Senegal.






SAFE WATER


Right to Water


Multiple Use of Water

Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

13


Increased duration of water supply/access in rural areas

(from 6 hours to 16 hours)

Reduced energy consumption from 70 million kwt/h to 40

million kwt/h

Increased installations of water meters from 30% to 85%

Improved water quality (disinfection of water from 61% to

82%)

Improved level of service and better life conditions for low

income families

Access to water and sanitation for underprivileged

population in urban and rural communities


The investment projects were implemented in Armenia

which is a landlocked mountainous country in the South

Caucasus region of Eurasia. The service area consisted of 37

towns and around 268 villages.

More information

Videos, reports, PowerPoint presentation, photo album and full

information could be found via

www.armwater.am







[email protected]


1 billion USD need for investment to rebuild the total

drinking water internal network

For last 6 years only 114 million USD total investment in

urban/rural areas

The investments will be inefficient unless the company does

a proper and regular maintenance

The rehabilitation of sewage system needs additional funding


The reforms have been initiated by the Government of

Armenia, along with international operator (SAUR) and

donor organizations. The World Bank, the Asian

Development Bank and the European Bank of

Reconstruction and Development have provided funding

with Armenian government cost-share.

Intensive rehabilitation reforms have been carried out in

Armenia to improve the 50 years old water supply

system. Through public-private partnership between the

Government the SAUR French group investment

projects have been realized to dramatically develop the

water supply and sanitation network in urban/rural areas.

New pumping stations were constructed; water

treatment plants rehabilitated and new internal networks

were built. These projects were implemented with high

quality equipment, construction works met quality

standards and performance indicators improved.






SAFE WATER


Right to Water


National Programs / Large Projects

Pipeline laying

Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

15

Advantages and Opportunities Participative approach.

Comprehensive, includes infrastructure and social components.

Capacity building (technical, administrative and legal) at the

different government levels (national, sub-national & local),

addressed to community members and officials (professional /

technical).

Good hygiene practices at family levels.

Service management.

Advocacy for public policies at local, sub-national and national

levels.

Saneamiento Ambiental Básico Rural

en el Perú - SABA

Where is it working now? Along 15 years, the model was validated in 2 regions of the

country (Cusco, in the southern Andes; and Cajamarca in the

northern Andes). It is presently being replicated in other 8 regions

of the country: Piura & Lambayeque in the northern coast;

Cajamarca in the northern highlands; Huancavelica, Ayacucho &

Apurímac in the central Andes; and Cusco & Puno in the southern

Andes.

More information Swiss Cooperation www.cooperacion-suiza.admin.ch/peru

Comprehensive Basic Sanitation Model in the rural highland of

Peru –SABA.

Lessons learned in SANBASUR and PROPILAS projects (Cusco

and Cajamarca).







[email protected]

Costs, Barriers and Risks Average cost per capita per system $ 170

A high turnover of authorities and trained staff.

Politicization and resistance to change.

Scarce skilled/trained human resources in sustainable service

management in the rural area.

Infrastructure continues to be a priority ref. social change

Who is currently involved? Rural Community.

Local Governments, Sub-nacional Governments (Direcciones

Regionales de Vivienda Construcción y Saneamiento), health and

education sector, private sector.

Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation – National

Sanitation Bureau -DNS-, Regional Governments.

The SABA Model is a successful experience of

coordination between public and private actors for

sustainable management of water and sanitation

services in rural Peru (Andean highlands and coastal

desert).

Its strategy includes articulating actors that have roles

and responsibilities in water & sanitation, besides

capacity building in sub-national governments for

them to articulate with health and education officials,

private sector and civil society.






SAFE WATER


Right to Water


National Programs / Large Projects

Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

16

Advantages and Opportunities The tripod approach contributes to the achievement of human rights

Through its three complementary components and the continuous

involvement of communities, this intervention strategy is designed to

make long-lasting and widespread improvements to their living

conditions;

The use of social art and popular education contributes to touch,

educate, inspire and mobilize the communities in support of water for

all.

ONE DROP’s tripod approach as a means to fight poverty

by supporting access to water in developing countries


Honduras

Nicaragua

El Salvador

Haiti

Burkina Faso

India

More information

www.onedrop.org







[email protected]

Costs, Barriers and Risks Each project is implemented, over six years, with a budget of about 5

million USD.

An analysis of the biophysical and social/cultural conditions is

essential for gaining an understanding of the local context and

identifying which activities are most likely to provide a response to

the actual needs of the communities.

The projects are implemented in arid and semi-arid regions

vulnerable to climate change and extreme weather events that can

jeopardize the outcome.

It is essential to work with local organizations that offer expertise

complementary to that of our own, as well as a solid knowledge of

the project area.

To maximize impact of this approach, it is preferable that it form part

of a broader development strategy supported by the local and

national authorities.


ONE DROP’s projects are implemented with the support of

its founding partners: Cirque du Soleil, Oxfam, Royal Bank

of Canada and Prince Albert II de Monaco Foundation. The

success of our projects is also made possible thanks to the

great contribution of numerous Canadian and international

partner organizations.

ONE DROP’s holistic approach focuses on water as a

vector in the fight against poverty. Aiming to improve

sustainably people’s living conditions, it is based on

three complementary components: a technical

component to improve access to water, its quality and

food security; a solidarity finance component to

allocate micro-loans and encourage the development

of income-generating activities; a social arts

component to raise awareness and promote

sustainable management of water. Radish production in Juana del Carmen Castro’s family garden.

Las Maris, El Salvador.






SAFE WATER


Right to Water


Multiple Use of Water

Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

17


The initial sponsored program helps people in rural

areas and automatically creates a market.

All benefits of self help (eq. ownership, being proud).

Sustainable: entrepreneurs earn a living by

promoting and supplying affordable and good quality

products.

Self supply local produced

hand pumps and boreholes


The South Highlands Participatory Organisation

(SHIPO) are implementing this approach in Tanzania.

After a 5 year programme, more then 500 pumps are

commercially sold without interference of NGOs.

More information

www.connectinternational.nl

www.shipo-tz.org







[email protected]


If a product is new in an area, there are always barriers

to overcome (e.g. acceptance by authorities). There

will always be a few trained entrepreneurs who will fail

to meet quality standards and cost limitations. They

can spoil the good name of the product.


SHIPO (Tanzania)

Connect International (Netherlands)

iWash, Winrock and USAID (Tanzania)

Aqua for All (Malawi)

People buy their own hand pump and borehole after

an initially sponsored program that funded:

Training of entrepreneurs in production and

implementation.

Guiding of entrepreneurs.

Initial sponsoring of a limited number of products.

Monitoring quality and costs.

Capacitating entrepreneurs in marketing and or

management.

Provide initial fund for micro-credit in rural areas.

Establish training centre to spread the experience.

Training






SAFE WATER


Right to Water


Accelerating Self Supply (ACCESS)

Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

18

Advantages and Opportunities A one-stop shop for solutions that work in the area served by

the centre.

Focus on low-cost products that have potential for self-supply.

Trains the local private sector so products/spares are near

resulting in a sustainable supply chain.

A centre can have functions like quality control, certification,

consumer tests, and provide information for policymakers.

Smart WASH Tech

Centres

Where is it working now? Smaller centres are in Mozambique and Zambia and a new centre

is starting in Malawi. These centres started based on the SHIPO

Smart centre in Tanzania. The results and spin off of this centre

after 6 years include: 20 private pump producers, well drillers;

4,000 rope pumps produced; 3,500 wells; 400 boreholes; 15,000

water filters sold; cost reduction for water $40 to $15/person; 20

trainers from 6 countries.

More information

www.connectinternational.nl

www.shipo-tz.org






Send an email to co-ordinator for this solution: Henk Holtslag: [email protected]

SHIPO: [email protected]

Costs, Barriers and Risks The SHIPO centre with a 80m2 workshop, tools, 15 demo

technologies costed ca US$60,000. A centre can be run with a

(part time) manager and initial support of international trainers (2

months/yr during 3 years).

Simple is not easy. Insufficient training results in errors and bad

quality of technologies and installation. This creates a bad image

and can destroy the market for may years.

Who is currently involved? In Tanzania the Smart Centre is operated by SHIPO, who are

supported by the Dutch NGO Connect International (CI),

Winrock International and others. CI is supported by Dutch

development aid (DGIS), Aqua 4 All, VOPAK and others.

International trainers involved are: Rik Haanen, Walter Mgina ,

Henk Holtslag.

Training in new low cost water technologies

Water access could drastically increase with

innovative, low cost Smart Water Solutions, or Smart

Techs, like manual drilled boreholes ($3-15/metre),

EMAS, Canzee or rope pumps ($40-140), tube well

groundwater recharge, latrines, household water filters

($12-20). Supply chains of these and other new proven

options can be created via Smart Centres which

demonstrate options that are suitable for their areas

and have training capacity in production, operations,

maintenance, marketing and management. Training in low cost options at the SHIPO Smart Centre






SAFE WATER


Right to Water



Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

19


Low cost

Packs small

Easy to transport

Expands to 1400 liters

Convenient locking tap

Right at your doorstep

Private sector delivery of a low-cost flexible water

storage container for rainwater harvesting


In Uganda even though rural access to safe water is

60%, the water sources are often hundreds of meters

below the homesteads. 500 bobs have been sold at full

market price in 9 months.

More information

A Market-Based Approach to Facilitate Self Supply for

Rainwater Harvesting in Uganda:

http://www.ri.org/files/uploads/RWSN_%

20Rainwater%20Self%20Supply%20Final.pdf







[email protected]


bob, rainwater bag retails for $55 in Uganda

Construction of the base adds $12 to $25

Durability less than concrete tanks


EnterpriseWorks / VITA, working with 50 private

installers, 20 retailers and 40 village level sales agents

with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates

Foundation.

A game changing solution for rural water supply.

The rainwater bag, marketed as bob, is a good

value proposition; bob retails for about twice the

price of a 200-liter plastic barrel but with a 1400-

liter capacity. A sustainable supply chain from the

manufacturer to rural markets is being built using

existing hardware outlets and direct marketing to

groups, supported by a promotional campaign

highlighting the advantages of bob on radio, in

posters, billboards, brochures and wall paintings. Satisfied client with her bob, now she does not need to

walk to the valley for water.






SAFE WATER


Right to Water



Fact Sheet

Rural Water

Solution

20


Cost-effective way of reaching more people, particularly

in remote areas.

Self-help approach strengthens sustainability, resilience

and self esteem.

Can lead to growth in micro-enterprise and multiple

water use in households to improve wellbeing.

Accelerating

Self Supply


Successful pilot projects have been running in Mali and

Uganda since 2005, and Ethiopia and Zambia since

2007. The next stage is widespread adoption in those

countries and elsewhere. The Ethiopian Government

have recently adopted the approach.

More information

An Introduction to Self Supply: Putting the User First,

Dr Sally Sutton, RWSN/WSP Field Note, February

2009 (www.rwsn.ch)

Accelerating Self Supply: Summary of progress in

introducing a new approach, Dr Sally Sutton, RWSN

Field Note 2011-2, February 2011 (www.rwsn.ch)







[email protected]


There is a need for supportive policies, technical advice

and micro-finance.

Champions are needed in non-pilot countries.

It can take five or more years to get Self Supply fully

included in national policy and taken up on a wide scale.


Accelerating Self Supply is a theme of RWSN that is being

led by Skat Foundation and supported by a wide range of

national and international organisations, including

UNICEF, WSP, WaterAid, SDC, Development Aid from

People to People (DAPP), and Aqua For All.

Accelerating Self Supply increases the rate of incremental

improvement of household and community supply through

user investment in supply construction and upgrading,

household water treatment, or rainwater harvesting . It is a

concept that complements conventional rural water supply

funded by government, by empowering water users to

improve their supplies where no protected supply is

available, or where consumers feel they can support higher

levels of service than are presently provided by the public

sector. Little or no subsidies are required and total cost

(capital and operation) can be 50% the cost of a

conventional water supply.



A supply developed incrementally by a homeowner in

Ghana with her own resources.




SAFE WATER


Right to Water



Fact Sheet

Rural Water

Solution

21


Creates local capacities

Generates local organization

Non-centralized water and sanitation services

Low cost

Low tech, efficiency easy to maintain

Helps in the provision of water and sanitation in isolated

communities and/or families

Ecotech: low tech devices for water and sanitation

provision in poor rural communities in Central Mexico


We work in Valle de Bravo Basin, central Mexico,

120 Km W of Mexico City

More information

Fondo Pro Cuenca Valle de Bravo AC

Privada 15 de septiembre no 6, Barrio de Otumba, Estado

de México, México

52 (726) 26 23306

www.contracorriente.mx

[email protected]







[email protected]


1000 USD/family for the complete package: training,

construction material for rain-harvesting systems,

backyard kitchen garden and a dry toilet.

Appropriation

Local conflicts at the community level


We train people, mostly Women, in a process for self-

construct basic water and sanitation infrastructure.

We participate in the construction of rain-water

harvesting systems, dry toilets, wood saving stoves,

and small backyard kitchen gardens.

More than 2600 families have benefited from this

project funded by private foundations, individuals,

participants and Government agencies.

The project aims to provide basic infrastructure as a

first step towards sustainable water and basin

management



Water is basic for families well-being




SAFE WATER


Right to Water



Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

22

Advantages and Opportunities The scheme has improved the esteem of the women in the

community especially the widows.

Created incomes; Women masons earn wage from the

construction of the tanks Ug.shs. 175,000 ( €56 US$ 75) per

tank, and from sale of water.

Recognition of the role of women in the community.

Improved Hygiene and sanitation situation in households.

Increased time for productivity for women and girls.

Tank revolving scheme:

accelerating self supply in

Mukono, Uganda

Where is it working now? Uganda: Mukono District, Ntenjeru, Nakisunga, Mpata and

Mpunge sub counties. The initiative started in one group of

48 women in 2004 and has been scaled up and is

implemented in 16 groups. Gradually increasing with the

capacity to support 6 new members per year to acquire a

tank in 2006 to date the scheme can support 24 new

beneficiaries per year.

More information

Katosi Women Development Trust-

www.katosi.org

Nakato, M. and Bavuma R.N. (2011) The Tank

Revolving Scheme: Accelerating Self Supply in Katosi,

Uganda, 6th International RWSN Forum, Kampala

(http://rwsnforum.wordpress.com/programme/

Session 9)







Margaret Nakato ([email protected] /

[email protected])


Increase in the price of construction materials.

Low incomes for women causing delays in payments.

There is need to encourage women groups to meet.

Group organisational challenges.

Transparency is a key in managing the scheme.

Who is currently involved? 365 Women members of Katosi Women

Development Trust (KWDT)

Women leaders of the 16 women groups.

Other community members

Local leaders

KWDT staff members

To increase their access to water at households,

women opted for domestic rain water harvesting and

initiated a revolving scheme that allows first

beneficiaries to pay the full cost of the acquisition of a

8,000 litre tank in agreed instalments, to support

secondary beneficiaries.

In bi-weekly group meetings, beneficiaries are selected,

repayments made and monitored. Women were

trained to construct the tanks, trained in group

dynamics, leadership, financial and records

management.

[top] Najjemba Veron of Kulubi women’s group one of the 193 benefi-

ciaries of the domestic rain water harvesting tank; [bottom] Bukwaya

Women’s Group Meeting, Treasurers update repayment records.






SAFE WATER


Right to Water



Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

24

Advantages and Opportunities Re-charges the local aquifer, which actually increases the

amount of groundwater water available for local abstraction.

Applicable to any semi-arid environment with seasonal rivers

(around 40% of the world's land)

A method of ‘self supply’ that empowers remote, rural

communities to meet their own needs and priorities.

Sand Dams: A Solution for

Dryland Communities.

Where is it working now? Sand dams are most prevalent in Kenya. At least 1,000 have been

built in the south-east counties of Machakos, Makueni and Kitui;

currently at a rate of 130 per year. There have been over 1,000

sub-surface sand dams built in Brazil, and reports of wide-scale

sand dam programmes in Angola. India has a substantial number of

structures similar to sand dams, particularly in Rajasthan. Pilots and

scaling up are happening in eight further sub-Saharan countries.

More information

www.excellentdevelopment.com/dams

An introduction to sand storage dams

(www.sanddam.org)

Side event on Thurs 15th between 13:15 and 14:15,

Hall: Palais de l’Europe, Room: Europa 3 (PEU3)

Excellent Development exhibition stand - 12-17

March, Hall 3, Room 3.044/3.045







Jonny McKay ([email protected])

Costs, Barriers and Risks Sand dams cost between US$ 6,700-US$11,000

Community commitment is vital to ensure ownership and

sustainability.

The community require knowledge of design principles and

construction techniques.

Construction is labour intensive.

Who is currently involved? Excellent Development (UK)

Africa Sand Dam Foundation (Kenya).

Other key organisations supporting or implementing sand dams include:

The Utooni Development Organisation (UDO), SASOL, the Mennonite

Central Committee (MCC), the Christian Council of Mozambique (CCM)

and WaterAid.

Sand dams are the world's most cost-effective method

of rainwater harvesting in drylands. The dam traps

sand and sediment in which seasonal river flow is

captured and stored. The dams provide a local, safe

and reliable source of water for people living in

remote, rural areas. Drylands support 80% of the

world’s poorest people. The potential for sand dams

to increase access to safe water for poor, rural

communities is therefore enormous. They require

little cost to implement and have virtually no

operational and maintenance costs. A sand dam in Nzaaya Muisyo valley, Machakos

county, Kenya.






SAFE WATER


Right to Water



Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

26


Cost Effective: 4 times cheaper

High Quality: same as a machine drilled borehole

Reaches un-served small, remote rural communities

Easier Access: sites far from paved roads

Not dependent on high cost imported machinery

Substitutes labour for capital investment

Flexible: Ready-to-go in emergencies

Proven: in Niger and Senegal

Manual well drilling to reduce

borehole cost in Senegal


In Africa manual drilling for rural water supply is

occurring in Niger, Senegal, Nigeria, Madagascar, Mali,

and Ethiopia. It has been used for many years in Asia

and Latin America.

More information

Video of Manual Drilling in Senegal

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3RhFJkRlrls







[email protected]


Resistance from governments and donors

Seen as inferior technique


Promoted in Senegal by EnterpriseWorks/VITA as part

of the USAID/PEPAM project a consortium of RTI,

Tetra Tech ARD and EWV/RI funded by USAID

Senegal.

Manual well drilling is another tool to increase

rural water supply in a cost effective way. It

cannot be used everywhere but in areas with

favourable geology the cost is one-quarter of the

cost of a machine drilled well. The only difference

in the final product between a machine drilled well

and a manually drilled well, drilled to the same

depth, equipped with the same casing and gravel

pack, and developed using the same method is the

cost. Rotary jetting can install a 35 meter deep well in 1-2 days.






SAFE WATER


Right to Water



Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

27


Innovative and free solution.

Toolbox usable easily everywhere.

Large diversity of topics available on the same place.

Very pleasant, simple, practical and didactic presentation

of each issue.

many charts, illustrations and photos.

pointing essential items, comments and knowledge

Very much time saved for users, who can get also direct

access by web to other selected documents or videos.

WKIWATER, an electronic guidebook dedicated to capacity building

and self access of poor communities to water and sanitation


Wikiwater has been produced and works in partnership

with water and sanitation programmes managers in fifteen

National Caritas organizations in Africa.

It is also starting in India.

More information

www.secours-catholique.org







[email protected]


Wikiwater is free.

Some people have not enough confidence in their own

abilities and will need some help and encouragement of

local leaders, operators or NGO’s.


Poor people do not have sufficient knowledge of the most

suitable, cheap and available technologies. This guide

“Wikiwater” will provide it on a specific website in a wiki

size, in order to be very easily and quickly consulted

worldwide and to give the opportunity to make direct

comments.

- It tackles more than 100 topic headings, each one with a

short fact sheet (3-6 pages).

- Four main fields are covered:

- Water access technologies.

- Sanitation technologies.

- Tariff and pro poor financing.

- Water services governance and education. A rope pump Installation by villagers (Ouahigouya).






SAFE WATER


Right to Water



Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

28


Self-sustaining solution to health problems associated with a

lack of safe drinking water.

Environmentally sustainable.

Novel financing overcomes funding limitations of traditional

aid sources.

Features a point-of-use drinking water solution, viewed by

experts as an effective intervention.

One of the largest water treatment projects without public

sector funding; can be replicated elsewhere.

LifeStraw® Carbon

for Water Program

Where is it working now? The first Carbon for Water programme was launched in Kenya’s

Western Province in 2011.

According to the first six-month report, 1.397 million tons of carbon

emissions have been avoided, and 91 percent of recipient

households are regularly using the water filters.

Plans are underway to launch a similar programme in Indonesia on a

much larger scale in 2013.

More information

Visit: www.carbonforwater.com.




written on it


[email protected]


Financing to launch the programme (US$30 million) was

provided by Vestergaard Frandsen. The company plans to

recoup its investment and sustain the programme with carbon

financing.

The overriding challenge is to ensure that recipients use the

water filters consistently to provide family members with a

sufficient amount of safe drinking water to meet their health

needs. Ongoing community education and repair and

replacement centers located throughout Western Province

mitigate the risk that the filters may not be used.

Who is currently involved? Vestergaard Frandsen works in partnership with the Kenyan Ministry

of Public Health and Sanitation. The Ministry of Education is involved

at the provincial and district levels and the National Environment

Management Authority has been a supportive partner.

An accredited independent auditing agency is monitoring the

programme every six months throughout its duration.

Hundreds of Kenyans are employed year-round to maintain 32

repair and replacement centers and provide community education.

Through its LifeStraw® Carbon for Water

programme, Vestergaard Frandsen has given

LifeStraw® Family water filters to 880,000

households in western Kenya. They now have the

ability to purify their drinking water for ten years,

at no cost to themselves or their government. The

filters make treating water by boiling it (using

firewood) unnecessary. Vestergaard Frandsen earns

carbon credits for the avoided CO2 emissions;

revenue from the credits sustains the programme.

Installation of LifeStraw® Family water filter and train-

ing for family in Western Province, Kenya.






SAFE WATER


Right to Water


Technology

Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

29

Advantages and Opportunities Allows to demonstrate on site the efficiency and suitability of

green and innovative technologies;

Direct know-how transfer related to the operation of these

technologies to local actors;

Allows to check that the conditions (technical, financial,

environmental, human) of their implementation are sustainable

on the long term, in order to enable the replication of the

solution to other similar sites.

Pilot projects for water purification in rural areas,

implemented through FASEP-Green Innovation.

Where is it working now? Two pilot projects have been implemented to tackle drinking

water access problems in isolated rural areas:

in Kazakhstan, French company SFEC implemented a pilot

ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis unit in a remote village.

Today, the village’s inhabitants can drink a safe water.

in Bangladesh, French company L'Eau Pure designed and built a

pilot water treatment unit in order to remove arsenic from

textile industry effluents before producing drinking water.

More information Go and see Ministry of Economy's stand in the France Pavillion

of the 6th World's Water Forum Exposition, in Hall 3.

http://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/4078_mode-demploi-du-

fonds-detude-et-daide-au-secteur-prive-fasep

http://www.g2c.fr/portail/sommairesfec.php

http://www.eaupure.fr/ep/




written on it


[email protected]

[email protected]

Costs, Barriers and Risks Strong political will of the local public authorities is necessary

during the FASEP project but also for the follow-up after its end

or for its replication.

FASEP helps to initiate a solution, but human and financial local

involvement is required to insure the durability of the solution

in the long term.

Who is currently involved? Public authorities responsible for water and sanitation services

in developing countries ;

French Government ;

French companies and institutions with high expertise in water

and sanitation management.

The FASEP "Green Innovation" of the French

Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry is a Grant

development assistance instrument, funding the

construction and operation of demonstrators based

on innovative and green technologies developed

by French companies, in order to answer to

specific local needs expressed by a public entity

in developing or transitional countries.

The amount of a FASEP-Green innovation grant is

approximately between 100 000 and 600 000 €. Pilot potabilization unit implemented by French company SFEC in

the isolated rural village of Karaketken (Kazakhstan).






SAFE WATER


Right to Water


Technology

Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

30


Low price point - $15-27 per filter unit

Simple and easy to use

Easy maintenance

Clean tasting water

Water always available at point of use

No daily fuel consumption

Produced locally. Factory set up to produce filters can be in

any rural location with clay. Clay is available anywhere.

Filter can last up to 10 years avoiding breakage from sharp

objects

POU Ceramic Water Filter for a

rural solution to safe drinking water


Tanzania (3), Nigeria, Kenya (2), Ghana (2), Rwanda,

Ethiopia, Yemen, Benin, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Myanmar (8),

Philippines, Pakistan, Cambodia (3), Laos, China, Ecuador

(2), Peru (2), Colombia (2), Nicaragua (3), Guatemala (2), El

Salvador, Honduras, Cuba, Dominican Republic (2), Mexico,

Senegal, Somaliland

More information

Potters for Peace assists partners building ceramic water

factories worldwide.

www.pottersforpeace.org









Cost of a filter is usually highly subsidized by an NGO

Needs to be marketed directly to buyers but difficult when

NGOs give them away

The CWF is breakable if mistreated

Since it is ceramic material, transportation is an issue


UNICEF, UNDUP, International Red Cross, Oxfam, Rotary

International

The ceramic water filter is made from local clay

and burnout material; sawdust, coffee husks.

When the ceramic filter is fired, the sawdust is

burned out leaving microscopic pores to filter

water. A coating of colloidal silver is added making

the filter 99.98% effective in filtering out water-

borne protozoa and bacteria. The finished filter

costs $15-20 to purchase and can last up to 10

years depending on turbidity of water. Potters for Peace Ceramic Water Filter






SAFE WATER


Right to Water


Technology

Rural Water

Solution Fact

Sheet

31

Advantages and Opportunities The great advantage of the system is that underground water

cannot be over abstracted, as there is a depth limit, which is the

base of the shaft and the line of the tunnel. There is a drawback in

that the discharge of the Falaj is totally dependent on the level of

the water table, which in turn depends on rainfall. This feature

force the farmers to implement the concept of demand

management in such that it limits the farmer's choice to plants such

as dates which can withstand long dry periods.

Aflaj System as a suitable solution

for water supply in Arid areas


This system is working in our country Sultanate of Oman ,

Iran , Japan.

It can be applied in Arid and semi Arid regions of similar

nature and it will help to benefit from every drop of water

without stressing the aquifers and with low cost of

operation and maintenance.

More information The Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Water Resources-

Directorate General of Resources Management( email:

[email protected])

Eng.Hamad Khamis Al Hatmi ([email protected] )

Eng. Said Al-Habsi ([email protected])

Eng.Mahmood Mohammed Al Azri ([email protected])

Website: (www.mrmwr.gov.om)







[email protected]

Costs, Barriers and Risks The required resources for implementation depend on factors

such as topographical and geological nature of the location, water

table and targeted area levels. The construction cost of running

meter of surface channel is about 150 US Dollar/m and for

underground channel about 300 US dollar/m.

For operation and maintenance it needs at least 4 persons

permanently and around 3000 US dollar/year for each system.

The factor of success is continuous maintenance and protection

from extreme ground water abstraction.


All the local communities depending on the system and it is

supported by government institutions such as ministry of

Regional Municipality & Water Resources and the Ministry

of Agriculture and Fisheries besides other ministries which

provide services.

The ancient system of Aflaj in the Sultanate of Oman is

a method of developing and supplying groundwater, it

consists of a gently sloping tunnel, cut through alluvial

material and leads water by gravity flow from beneath

the water table at its upper end, to a ground surface

outlet and irrigation canals at its lower end. The

utilization of available water resources has evolved in

order to maximize yield through a high degree of skill

and efficiency. This has been achieved by intense social

co-operation in order to finance, contract and

maintain the Falaj System. Falaj scheme






SAFE WATER


Right to Water



· strategic direction 1 – ensure everyone’s wellbeing strategic action 1.1 - guarantee access...

Documents