strategic environmental and social assessment (sesa ... · 1.3 the environmental and social impacts...

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PPRROOJJEECCTT ((AAPPAAMMEEPP))

COUNTRY: ZAMBIA

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL

ASSESSMENT (SESA)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Task Team Team Leader: Yappy Silungwe, Senior Irrigation Engineer, OSAN.1

Team Members: Jean-Marie Meng-Lihinag, Principal Agricultural Economist,

OSAN.1

Lewis Bangwe, Senior Agriculture Specialist, ZMFO.

Natan Jere, Senior Procurement Officer, ZMFO

Damian Ihedioha, Principal Agro-Industry Specialist, OSAN.1

Owusu M. Agyei, Principal Financial Management Specialist,

SARC/ORPF.2

Bertha Munthali, Nutrition Specialist, Consultant

Sibekile Mtetwa, Environmental Specialist, Consultant

Sector Manager: Ms. Josephine MWANGI, OSAN.1

Resident Representative: Mr. Freddie KWESIGA, ZMFO

Sector Director: Mr. Chiji OJUKWU, OSAN

Regional Director: Mr. Ebrima FAAL, SARC

Peer Reviewers

Mr. Evans NTAGWABIRA, Senior Rural Infrastructure Engineer, OSAN.2

Ms. Nathalie GAHUNGA, Chief Gender Officer, OSAN.3

Mr. Eklou ATTIOGBEVI SOMADO, Principal Agronomist, OSAN.2

Mr. Olagoke OLADAPO, Chief Agricultural Economist, OSAN.3

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

GAFSP: AGRICULTURE PRODUCTIVITY AND

MARKET ENHANCEMENT PROJECT

(APAMEP)

________________________________________

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL

ASSESSMENT

(SESA)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

_________________________________________

Zambia APAMEP – SESA Summary Page | 1

Project Title : GAFSP: AGRICULTURE PRODUCTIVITY AND

ENHANCEMENT PROJECT Country : THE GOVERNMENT OF ZAMBIA

Department : OSAN

Division : OSAN.1

Project Number : P-ZM-AA0-009

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Government of Zambia has prioritised agriculture among the key sectors that would spur economic growth and reduce poverty. To this effect, a National Agricultural and Cooperative Policy was

enacted in 2004 calling for the development of an efficient, competitive and sustainable agriculture sector

through strengthening farmer organisations and development of infrastructure in high potential agricultural areas. The Government intends to provide support to link farmers and producers to markets

as a sustainable way of reducing poverty by improving their incomes, increasing agricultural production

and sustaining economic growth.

1.2 In line with this policy the Government, with support from the African Development Bank

(AfDB), prepared and submitted a funding proposal to the Global Agriculture and Food Security

Programme (GAFSP). The GAFSP agreed to fund this project whose overall objective is to reduce poverty by ensuring food, income and nutritional security among the smallholder farm households in six

(6) targeted districts. The specific objectives are mainly to (i) increase agricultural production by 30%

among the smallholder farmers; (ii) increase market engagement to 50% of production among smallholder farmers; (iii) enhance institutional capacity of key sector players; and (iv) reduce chronic

malnutrition from 45% to 30% among under-five children in the target area.

1.3 The environmental and social impacts and benefits of the Project have been analyzed through a detailed Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) in line with the requirements of the

Zambian environmental regulations and the AfDB’s Environemntal and Social Assement Procedures

(ESAP). This report summarizes the findings of the SESA, the legal and policy frameworks under which the assessments were undertaken, a description of the project environment, an analysis of project

alternatives, an evaluation of potential impacts, and information related to Environmental and Social

Management Plan (ESMP). Separate site specific Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMP)

will be prepared for each sub-project/cluster during the implementation stage of the Project.

2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND JUSTIFICATION

2.1 The specific project objective is to improve household income of agriculture, livestock and

fisheries’ farmers by developing rural infrastructure, enhancing the institutional capacity building, and

improving diagnosis, treatment and control of diseases. The Project comprises thress components, (i) Agricultural Production and Productivity, (ii) Value Chain Development and Market Linkages, and (iii)

Institutional Strengthening. The details are indicated in the following paragraphs:

Component 1: Agricultural Production and Productivity. This component has three sub-components:

Sub-component 1.1: Irrigation Development. The proposed investments will entail expansion of

existing irrigation schemes and construction of new irrigation schemes. For the new irrigation schemes in Sinazongwe District, provision has been made for smallholder farmers to venture into aquaculture in the

form of fish-ponds embedded to the tail-end of a canal and cage-culture in Lakes Kariba and Lusiwasi,

close to the irrigation water abstraction points for Buleya Mulima A and B and Siatwinda irrigation schemes.

Sub-component 1.2: Crop Diversification and Intensification. Good Agriculture Practices -

Conservation Farming and Mechanisation: The project intends to scale up the on-going promotion of good agriculture practices like the “multiple-benefit” approaches for sustainable agricultural


intensification by smallholder farmers. Conservation Farming: For rain fed agriculture, the project will

promote dry-season land preparation using minimum tillage methods, utilizing fixed planting stations (small shallow basins), retention of crop residue from the previous harvest in the field or use of other

mulches or ground covers, and rotation of crops in the field. This will be combined with planting of trees

like Faidherbia albida which will provide mulch and nutrients and reduce the need for chemical

fertilizer. Crop Diversification: The project will diversify crop production in all six targeted districts by promoting production of non-traditional crops like cassava, soya beans, sorghum, and orange sweet

potatoes which have been selected based on tolerance to droughts, low input requirements, marketing

potential, value addition and nutritional value. Crop Intensification: The project has also identified maize, cassava and sorghum for intensification, processing and value addition while groundnuts, cowpeas and

common beans for soil fertility improvement in a maize/legume crop rotation and also for nutritional

purposes. The project will also support seed selection, multiplication and packaging for groundnuts, cowpeas and common beans in order to increase their adoption under conservation farming.

Sub-component 1.3: Livestock Development: In the selected districts the project will target small ruminants and chicken. This will include the provision of low cost solutions to increase income through

the improvement of health, productivity and off-take for local chicken.

Component 2: Value Chain Development and Market Linkages

Sub-component 2.1: Agro-processing Infrastructure Development. Agro-processing Infrastructure Development: The project will facilitate installation of 3 processing plants through a matching grant

(80/20) to District Cooperative Unions (DCUs) for industrial milling and processing of maize and

cassava. These will be placed as follows: (i) maize milling plant Serenje, Gwembe and Kaoma Districts, and (ii) cassava milling plant at Serenje District for flour, starch and chips. Strengthening Agro-dealer

Capacity – The project will support community-based agro-dealers by enabling them to be able to

properly bring agro-inputs and services to smallholder farmers in their local communities. This will

inturn increase access of small scale farmers to agricultural inputs by creating retail outlets in the rural areas.

Sub-component 2.2: Market Linkages. Agro-Market Centre Development: The project will empower Zambia National Farmers Union (ZNFU) to set up Agro-Market Centres at Serenje, Kampiri-Mposhi,

Sinazongwe, Gwembe, Mpika and Masaiti Districts. Market Linkages: The project will strengthen out

grower and market linkages between farmers and existing processors for maize, soya beans, sorghum and cassava (processors and millers). Rural Feeder Roads: Rehabilitation of rural feeder roads will be carried

out in each of the participating Districts (30 km per District) totalling 300 km in order to connect

smallholder farmers to markets and also existing major road networks. Road-side Markets: The project

will identify 20 farmer-initiated roadside market centres and improve them for better trade. The project will provide parking-bay along the road for motorists, shelter with stands and sanitation facilities.

Component 3: Institutional Strengthening

Sub-component 3.1: Capacity Building. The project will train 100 District extension staff as trainers

of trainers in all the targeted districts who will also train 150 front line extension staff in various technologies. These will further train 750 lead farmers and each lead farmer will disseminate the

technologies to 100 farmers thereby achieving a total of 75,000 households being trained. There will be a

deliberate targeting of more than 50% of female headed households. Community Nutrition Education: The project will support nutrition training for the extension staff from MAL and other relevant Ministries

such as Health and Education using the existing facilities at farmer training centre or farm institute.

Support to Farmer Institutions: The project will support the strengthening of the existing 6 primary cooperatives/associations in the target districts which will have the overall responsibility of managing all

the targeted crops throughout the value chain including nutrition education.

Sub-component 3.2: Project Management. This sub-component will address the capacity gaps of

existing staff in the MAL and other related Ministries including the Ministry of Education and Health.

The Project will also support outsourcing extension services from NGOs and private companies.


Sub-component 3.3: Monitoring and Evaluation. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E): The Project M&E system will be established to enable the PMU, MAL and key stakeholders track project

implementation using results-based logical framework indicators and targets. Environmental and Social

Management: The Project will undertake all the requisite environmental assessment for sub-projects,

implement the Environmentla and Social Managemetn Plan, and finance all environmental monitoring and mitigation measures. The Project activities will promote climate change adaptation and foster

livelihoods diversification.

The APAMEP will be implemented in Sinazongwe, Gwembe, Chongwe, Rufunsa, Serenje and Chitambo

districts (Figure 1-1)

Figure 1-1 The Districts earmarked for the implementation of the APAMEP.

3. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 3.1 The Zambia Environment Management Agency (ZEMA) has put in place checks to ensure that no new development degrades or destroys the environment in any way. Any developer who undertakes to

carry out a major development is required to carry out sustainable development, thus an EIA is required

before any such development occurs.

3.2 The National Conservation Strategy (NCS) was adopted as a policy document by the

Government of the Republic of Zambia in 1985 which led to the establishment of environmental

legislation and institutional set up in the country. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process in Zambia is governed by the provisions of the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act

(EPPCA) No. 12 of 1990, Statutory Instrument No. 28 of 1997–the Environmental Impact Assessment

Regulations. Under EPPCA, it is mandatory that all development plans, policies and projects undergo a process of environmental impact assessment and the administrative clearance by the Zambia

Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) in conformity with the provision of the Act. ZEMA is a

statutory body created under an EPPCA in 1992 with the mandate of environmental protection, pollution

control, and monitoring implementation of mitigation measures highlighted in environmental and social

Serenje & Chitambo

Sinazongwe & Gwembe

Chongwe & Rufunsa


management plans. APAMEP is covered by a Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA)

which was prepared by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock in accordance with the Zambia environmental regulations and the AfDB’s Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures (ESAP).

3.3 The important policies for Agriculture, Livestock and fisheries projects include the Poverty

Reduction Strategy (PRS); Vision 2030; National Agricultural Policy (NAP), 2004-2015; and the Fifth National Development Plan (FNDP), 2006 - 2010. Agriculture and food security are major pillars in these

policies and the APAMEP is set to address the same issue. Zambia is a signatory and party to more than

twenty one international, conventions, treaties and protocols. Of the many treaties, the following are among the most important: i) The convention of biological diversity, ii) The convention on wetlands of

significant importance, iii) The convention concerning the protection of world and natural heritage, and

iv) African convention on conservation of nature and natural resources.

4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT

4.1 Zambia is a landlocked country in southern Africa, lying to the south of Congo and north of

Zimbabwe, with a total land area of around 752,600 square kilometres. Terrain consists mainly of high plateau with some mountains and hills. Elevation varies from greater than 2300 m in the Mafinga Hills on

the north-east national border, to 329 m in the valley of the Zambezi River. The western part of the

country consists mainly of plateau, typically at 1000–1300 m above sea level. The terrain is more variable in the east. The Muchinga Mountains form a north-east to south-west ridge (up to 1788 m) in the

Central and Northern Provinces. Deep valleys occur along the Luangwa and Zambezi Rivers in south-

eastern Zambia. Topographic depressions also occur in parts of Northern and Luapala Provinces, where many of the low-lying areas are occupied by swamps, of which the largest is the Bangweulu swamp.

4.2 The current SESA study covers the six selected districts. The APAMEP will be implemented in

Sinazongwe, Gwembe, Chongwe, Rufunsa, Serenje and Chitambo districts. The following is a description of the physical, biological and socio-economic environment of the four selected zones:

Topography, 4.3 On a regional scale the major topographic features in the study area are plateaus and valleys. The

plateaus stand at altitudes of 1000 m to 1500 m above sea level (asl) with occasional high ground (1500

to 2000 m) in the northeast of the country consisting of mountains in Nyika and Mbala areas. The plateau

is also covered by large expanses of floodplains in the north (Bangweulu Swamps and chambeshi swamps) . The valleys (500 – 1000 m asl) occur along the Luangwa river to the south of the project area,

and are separated from the plateaus by escarpments.

Topography of Sinazongwe & Gwembe

There are three distinct physiographic regions, the main plateau in the north-west, the Zambezi valley in

the south-east and the escapement zone in between. The escapement zone is deeply dissected and rugged. On the plateau we have flat to gently undulating country with a mean height of 1281m asl. The broad

flow of the Zambezi valley in the study area has a mean height of 686m asl and slopes gently south-

eastwards to the lake..

Topography of Chongwe & Rufunsa Chongwe and Rufunsa lie on the Zambezi – Luangwa watershed. The terrain around Chongwe is

generally flat and gently rolling becoming more rugged eastwards past Rufunsa.

Topography of Serenje & Chitambo The area is situated on the Mkushi – Serenje – Chitambo plateau and straddles the watershed of the Congo and Zambezi rivers. The plateau is relatively flat and undulating and broken occasionally by such

hills as the Ika Hills.

Geology

4.4 General Geology: The complex geology and multiplicity of techno-thermal events in the project districts, reflect Zambia's somewhat unique position effectively sandwiched between the Kasai,

Zimbabwe - Kaapvall and Tanzania cratons. Differential movements between these stable blocks,

together with their buttressing effects, have played an important role in the geological evolution of the


country. The geology of the country is dominated by crystalline rocks, although a number of sedimentary

sequences also occur.

Geology of Sinazongwe & Gwembe

The districts are partly on the escapement and partly in the Zambezi valley. On the escapement the districts are underlain by the basement which is unconformably overlain by the Muva supergroup. In the

Zambezi valley the above series of rocks are unconformably overlain by a series of sedimentary rocks,

which are overlain by the Madumabisa mudstone and then by the Escarpment Grits –the Karoo Super group. Within the upper Karoo in the Middle Zambezi is a unique occurance of Fossilised tree trunks.

Geology of Chongwe & Rufunsa The area around Chongwe is underlain mainly by the Gneissic and magmatite undifferentiated rock of the

basement complex with a few outcrops of the Muva Super-group (Precambrian) meta-sediments and the

biotitic schists of the Katanga Super group. Extensive alluvium have been deposited along the floors of

the Mwapula river.

Geology of Serenje & Chitambo The area around Serenje is underlain mainly by the Coarsely porphyroblastic biotite granites of the basement complex. The area around Chitambo is also mainly underlain by the coarse porphyroblastic

biotite granites of the basement complex, with the Muva metasediments predominating eastwards.

4.5 Hydrogeology

The hydrogeology of Zambia is influenced by the geology of the country. It can be described in terms of

the five main geological formations:

Table 0-1 Summary of the Hyrogeological Units

MAIN LITHOLOGIES GROUNDWATER OCCURANCE

AVERAGE RANGE OF BOREHOLE DEPTH (m)

AVERAGE RANGE OF SUSTAINABLE BOREHOLE YIELDS (m3/d)

1. The Crystalline Basement Supergroup

Principally in weathered and fractured zones. 10 – 35 thick

40 -50 m 50 - 100

2. The Muva Super-group

Linked to the weathering and fracturing of the rock

40 -60 m 10 – 30 m

3. The Katanga System Linked to the weathering and fracturing of the rock

40 -60 m 10 – 30 m

4. The Karoo System

Saturated sandstone and grits. Generally confined aquifers

50 – 70 m 100 - 300

5. The Alluvial Deposits

Primary porosity and permeability in gravel lenses and sand layers

20 - 70 100 - 5000

Groundwater potential is estimated at 57.5 km3/year. The lack of adequate storage reservoir capacity and

limited groundwater development has undermined this potential. This means that groundwater resources

are a good potential source for the Livestock project.

4.6 Soils

Soils of Sinazongwe & Gwembe In the valley, soils are skeletal and of low fertility. They are sandy when derived from Karoo sandstones,

grey and clayey when derived from Karoo mudstone and shale. All the soils in the escapement are

skeletal. Those overlying schists being characteristically brown micacious. The plateau soils are sandy and gravelly when derived from granitic rocks, but are clayey and micacious and contain numerous

quartz blocks when derived from schists.

Soils of Chongwe & Rufunsa:


Soils are well conserved where dense vegetation is. In these districts soils are mainly brown to light grey

on the schistose and metasiltstone terrains and sandy to loamy on granite gneiss and quartzite terrain.

Soils of Serenje & Chitambo

Soils are well conserved where dense vegetation is. In these districts soils are mainly brown to light grey

on the schistose and metasiltstone terrains to the north of Serenje township and sandy to loamy on granite gneiss and quartzite terrain.

4.7 Climate The climate in Zambia is characterized by alternating wet (rainy) and dry seasons. The rainy season lasts

from November to March or April. Annual rainfall averages 1010 mm (range 750–1400 mm) and

increases progressively from south to north. Rainfall in Zambia is influenced by the southward movement of the equatorial low pressure belt in the summer months that is linked to the migration of the overhead

sun and the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) which is a zone in which the Congo air and

southeast and northeast trade winds converge (Davies, 1971). The mean annual rainfall distribution in

Zambia is characterized by a decrease from north to south that may be attributed to the shorter time the south is influenced by the ITCZ. The coefficient of variation (CV) of annual precipitation currently

ranges from 10 – 20% in the Copperbelt raising to 30% as one moves south.

4.8 Hydrology

General

Zambia has two shared water course systems namely the Congo River Basin in the north and north-eastern part of Zambia, which is shared with eight other riparian states, and the Zambezi River Basin,

which is shared with seven other riparian States. Most of the surface water is within the major rivers of

the Zambezi, Kafue, Luangwa, Luapula and Chambeshi, and lakes of Tanganyika, Bangweulu, Mweru, Mweru-wa-Ntipa, Kariba and Itezhi-tezhi

Sinazongwe & Gwembe Sinazongwe& Gwembe are on the Zambezi side of the watershed and is dissected by numerous rivers

flowing directly into the lake. These include Mwenda, Zhimu, Zongwe, Njongola, Chezya, Nabuguyu,

Lufua and its tributary Lutembo.

Chongwe & Rufunsa

Chongwe and Rufunsa lie on the Zambezi – Luangwa watershed. The tributaries of the Zambezi are

Chongwe, Musangashi, chakwenga and musensenshi. The tributaries of the Luangwa river are Rufunsa, Kaungo, Mupwasha and Mwapula.

Serenje & Chitambo The major rivers are, Lukowashi, kaombe, lusiwasi, Chipendezi which all drain into the Likusashi and

ultimately into the Luangwa. The Luwombwa, Kasanka, Mulembo, Munti, ng’answa, Sasa and lunika

drain into the Luapula river.

4.9 Flora and Fauna

On a national scale the species diversity in Zambia are estimated to be at 7,774 of which microorganisms

constitute 7%, flora 49% and fauna 44% (Chidumayo and Aongola, 1998). Fish biodiversity is highest in Lake Tanganyika which contains 62% of the 409 total fish fauna in the country. Generally, fish diversity

increases from south to north.

ii) Flora

Sinazongwe & Gwembe

The vegetation systems of the Sinazongwe & Gwembe primarily consist of (a)Mopani woodlands with a

high presence of acacia/munga woodlands which form dense to thick bush in the lower parts of the Zambezi valley. Miombo woodlands are prevalent as one moves further away from the Zambezi river.

These vegetation types are major habitat for a plethora of wildlife.


An assortment of indigenous wild fruit trees such as the masuku, wild figs, marula, baobab and elephant

oranges etc (Appendix 7) augments the indigenous Mopani and Miombo woodlands (Brachystegia speciformis - Julbernardia globiflora dominated forests).

Chongwe & Rufunsa

A variety of vegetation types occur in the Chongwe & Rufunsa districts, but miombo woodland with brachystegia and munondo species is characteristic of the upper plateau areas, whilst the lower Zambezi

valley area is characterised by acacia/munga and Mopani woodlands. Along the fringes of the Zambezi

River is a riparian forest typified by numerous large, shady trees such as jackalberry, mahogany and winterthorn.

Serenje & Chitambo The districts are characterised by diverse vegetation species of different densities. Where farmland is

predominant, indigenous vegetation is confined to the less easily cultivated areas, but has in places

survived in grazing land.

iii) Fauna

Sinazongwe & Gwembe

There are large mammal populations in Sinazongwe & Gwembe although mammals have significantly declined. A number of species (Elephants, Eland) that used to occur in large numbers in these districts are

disappearing or either moving away to safer areas because of habitat loss, human encroachment and

excessive hunting. However, this does not mean that the area is devoid of mammal species. (Sheppe and Osborne, 1971).

There are more than 69 known species of reptiles in the districts, but only one order Anura, and 27

known species of Amphibians. Except for the species belonging to the order Squamata, nearly all reptiles are aquatic. Large species of the reptiles are the Nile crocodile (Cocodilusniloticus), Savanna monitor

(Veranusexnthematicus), Python (Python sebae) and Pelusois sp. The species of amphibians worth noting

include Bufo sp., Xenopus sp., and Pyxicephalus sp.

Chongwe & Rufunsa

Large mammals in the Zambezi Valley area especially in National Parks include elephant, buffalo, kudu,

klipspringer, impala, waterbuck, bushbuck, Burchell's zebra, warthog and bushpig. Carnivores such as lion, leopard, caracal, serval, spotted hyaena and African wild cat are sometimes seen in the area.

Other species include chacma baboon, samango and vervet monkeys, white-tailed and water mongooses, thick-tailed bushbabies and lesser bushbabies. The Zambezi River abounds with numerous large hippo

herds and crocodiles are a common sight.

Several fish species of ecological and economic importance are present. Apart from tigerfish, other

species include banded tilapia, redbreast tilapia, Cornish Jack, bottlenose, sharptooth catfish, snake

catfish, vundu and Madagascar mottled eel. More than 30 fish species have been identified in the Lower

Zambezi River.

Serenje & Chitambo

Historically, the variety and numbers of wildlife in Serenje & Chitambo area have been reduced by human activities, through direct killing and harassment, or indirectly through habitat change and

encroachment. Diurnally active animals were physically identified, in addition other specific signs such

as dung, spoor and feeding signs were noted. No threatened and endemic or near endemic fauna species were observed in the project area during the study although they were reported to be there by the locals.

The existence of bees was signalled by a number of beehives in the area.

4.10 PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES

Sinazongwe & Gwembe


The districts have a large presence of fossilized trees (Chirundu Fossil Forest National Monument

site) and natural springs (Luumba spring - Gwembe District) ( sacred sites) in the Zambezi valley area and a uique Tonga culture. Sinazongwe town is also home to a small museum dedicated to the cultural

heritage of the Tonga people.

The sub-projects are not expected to affect any known Cultural heritage in the study areas but to

assist in case of any chance finds, a procedure for chance finds has been developed.

Chongwe & Rufunsa Rufunsa Game Management Area (GMA) of 374 sq. Km lies between Lower Zambezi National Park, the

Zambezi and Luangwa rivers, has magnificent scenery and rich historic assets. It contains a number of

important cultural and heritage sites. These include the Nyamfwiti Sacred Tree where suspected wizards were stoned, Kabila Rock used as a stop-over for slaves, and Mbambara ceremonial hut where local

people used to pray to their ancestral spirits during droughts. The old Feira settlement, which was

established in the late 16th Century and later renamed Luangwa Boma, is the oldest Portuguese

settlement in Zambia

Serenje & Chitambo

Two main cultural heritage areas were identified in the Serenje & Chitambo districts; the Nsalu Cave & Rock Painting and the Kundalila Falls. The Nsalu Cave & Rock Painting in Serenje District are 12,000-

year-old rock paintings found 30 km north of Kanona at 12°40 ' S 30°45' E. The Kundalila Falls on the

Kaombe River, 12.8 km SE of Kanona in Serenje District.

5.0 BENEFICIAL AND ADVERSE IMPACTS

Positive Environmental Impacts

5.1 The positive environmental impacts that will accrue from implementation of the project include (i) Catchment Restoration, to improve and integrate management of land, water and related biological

resources in order to achieve the sustainable and balanced use of these resources. (ii) Waste

Management, which involves rehabilitation and installation of sanitation facilities at the agricultural facilities, producing organic fertiliser from agricultural waste, and the installation of effluent treatment

facilities at agro-processing sites.

Negative Environmental Impacts 5.2 The negative environmental impacts that will accrue from implementation of the project include;

(i) Temporary Visual Intrusion from rehabilitation/construction of irrigation and Value addition

infrastructure which will change the aesthetics of the project areas and leave marred landscapes. (ii)

Water logging which will result primarily from inadequate drainage and over-irrigation and, to a lesser

extent, from seepage from canals and ditches. (iii) Loss of Vegetation Cover for the

rehabilitation/construction of irrigation infrastructure, resulting in the loss of plant cover, compaction of soil, exposure of topsoil and possible erosion, disturbance and loss of fauna habitats, weakening and

degradation of soils, disturbance of the natural landscape and disfiguring of the natural morphology, (iv)

Soil and Land Degradation emanating from the extraction of construction materials from quarries and

borrow pits resulting in loss of vegetation and scarring of the landscape. (v) Wildlife disturbances from noise and vibrations from the development activities may disturb the normal roaming patterns of wild

animals and cause them to migrate away from the area. Any contamination of the rivers may cause fish

kills and destruction of other aquatic life, (vi) Bio-diversity changes, from converting virgin lands into cultivated lands e.g. irrigation schemes and introducing monocultures has the problem of affecting bio-

diversity and introducing pests and diseases that thrive on the new intensive crop, (vii) Loss of fragile

ecosystems, from establishing irrigation schemes in some areas impacting on fragile ecosystems like wetlands and mountain tops and from establishing the projects in marginal areas can pose serious threats

to further degradation of the marginal lands, (viii) Pollution of ambient air due to dust from construction

processes and emissions from processing plants, (ix) Pollution of ambient Water from wet processing of

agricultural products releasing effluents, (x) Noise, from The use of simple equipment and the conduct of the construction gangs can produce various levels of noise and vibration.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nsalu_Cave_%26_Rock_Painting&action=edit&redlink=1


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalila_Falls


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenje

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanona&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalila_Falls

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenje_District


Positive Social Impacts

5.3 The positive Social impacts that will accrue from implementation of the project include (i)

Improvement in livelihoods and local economies as the project will generate direct benefits to small to

medium scale farmers as well as some commercial farmers who are already participating in organized

supply chains through increased production of high value crops, and increased farm-gate prices due to

quality improvement, (ii) Gender and Youth Inclusion, as the gender mainstreaming strategy in APAMEP will focus on increasing access to project activities for women and youth as well as increasing

their participation in project implementation, community representation and decision-making, (iii) Food

security and risk reduction from intensification of small to medium size and commercial agricultural production systems which will have a positive impact on food security, (iv) Improved access to social

services, due to improved road conditions will provide increased access to social services, markets and

can improve the overall employment situation, (v) Improved aesthetics and life of agricultural facilities

- rehabilitation/construction of irrigation and Value addition infrastructure will improve their aesthetics

and this should be maintained.

Negative Social Impacts 5.4 The positive Social impacts that will accrue from implementation of the project include (i) Lack

of project ownership ,resulting from elongated planning periods, and low level of participation of all

relevant stakeholders during project planning and designing as a buy in process, (ii) Loss of assets or

access to assets due to establishment of sub-projects in some areas interfering with the normal access to

assets like grazing, fields or hunting grounds, (iii) Loss of natural and cultural heritage as the

Rehabilitation/construction of the infrastructure may affect some natural features, antics and relics in the project area. The area has unique fossilised tree trunks, natural springs and the Tonga culture, which need

to be preserved, (iv) Social misdemeanour by construction workers impacting on the social fabric as

they indulge in illicit sexual relationships. This will have an impact of breaking the social fabric and

spreading diseases such as STIs and HIV/AIDS, (v) Outbreak of social conflicts especially from the non-use of local resident manpower during the rehabilitation and construction of the infrastructures could

cause some frustrations at the local level, (vi) Occupational Health and Safety risks during the

rehabilitation/construction of the infrastructure which may entail heavy construction work, (vii) Outbreak

of Water-borne or water-related diseases are commonly associated with the introduction of irrigation eg

malaria, bilharzia (schistosomiasis) and river blindness (onchocerciasis), whose vectors proliferate in the

irrigation waters.

Mitigation Measures

5.5 In order to mitigate the potential negative impacts the implementing Agents will implement the

following mitigation measures: (a) re-vegetating cleared land, (b) restoration of borrow-pits, (c) use of gabions and appropriate drainage systems to control erosion, (d) installation of systems for solid waste

and effluent management (e) avoid natural and cultural heritage sites (f) employ the chance finds

procedure for unexpected archeological finds.(g) control Water-borne or water-related diseases in

irrigation schemes” by employing Malaria control methods, conducting routine medical testing,

treatment, and systematic snails hunting to control Bilharzias and designing canals with slow moving

waters to discourage hosting river blindness vectors.

Climate Change Resilient Activities

5.6 The agriculture (Crops, livestock and Fisheries) sector generates more greenhouse gas emissions

as measured in CO2 equivalent (18%) than transport. A large herd of small ruminants can produce a considerable amount of methane per day and can be a major source of land degradation (Clearing

vegetations from overgrazing). Livestock business is among the most damaging sectors to the earth’s

increasingly scarce water resources. Livestock’s presence in vast tracts of land and its demand for feeds contribute to biodiversity loss since 15 out of 24 important ecosystem services which have been assessed

as in decline, were being affected by livestock.

5.7 As for adaptation to climate change, for climate proofing the APAMEP, and for rendering the vulnerable livestock–related populations more resilient to climate change (Climate Resilient Agriculture

or Conservation Agriculture), APAMEP will set up Sustainable Rangeland and Pasture Management

Systems which will demonstrate best adaptation practices.


Gender Mainstreaming

5.8 About 51% of Zambia’s population are female while an estimated 33% of all rural households

are female headed. The gender mainstreaming strategy in APAMEP will focus on increasing access to

project activities for women as well as increasing their participation in project implementation, community representation and decision-making. The project has deliberately focussed on small ruminants

and poultry, which is a preserve of women, so as to empower women who are normally and traditionally

left out if large livestock are considered.

5.9 The project will support, at least 30%, involvement of women in management of the agriculture

and fisheries infrastructure, at least 80% in small ruminants and poultry projects, pasture development and rangeland management. These will be monitoring indicators for both the quarterly and annual

progress reporting. APAMEP will support also gender sensitisation and awareness raising for relevant

MAL staff, Provincial and District staff, beneficiaries (farmers) and local (traditional and political)

leaders. Such training will assist to (i) increase the gender awareness; (ii) strengthen the community leadership and participation skills with special emphasis on women and (iii) contribute to improved

decision making and empowerment skills training for women beneficiaries. The MAL’s gender desk

officer will be fully supported by the project so as to take a leading role in the proposed gender specific activities and to properly monitor and evaluate them.

HIV and AIDS

5.10 Zambia is affected by the HIV and AIDS pandemic with a rate of about 16% amongst 15 to 49

years age group and about 1 million Zambians are infected with HIV. The MAL’s HIV/AIDS strategy

focuses on: modification of the extension and research priorities; incorporation of HIV/AIDS related information in extension messages; and introduction of HIV/AIDS in the curricula of agricultural training

institutions. APAMEP will use the MAL’s extension messages.

5.11 HIV/AIDS continues to gradually spread, killing extension workers and farmers. The risk posed

by HIV/AIDS pandemic will be mitigated by awareness campaigns, incorporation of HIV/AIDS

messages in training of community leaders and staff, and through improved nutrition and income.

6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

6.1 The proposed Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) (Table 6-1) for the proposed

Project, provides guidelines for the management of potential environmental and social aspects at all

possible project sites. In each case the EMP identifies parties responsible for monitoring actions, and any training or capacity building needs. The following table is an outline of the significant environmental

and social issues.


Table 6-1 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) TEXT REF.

PROJECT ACTIVITY/ IMPACT MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT

MEASURES RESPONSIBILITY

5.2 POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS

(i) Catchment Restoration

Catchment Management Conservation works and agro-forestry programmes in the

hinterland of rehabilitated reservoirs, and irrigation schemes

Tree planting programmes.

Improve and integrate management of land, water and related biological resources in

order to achieve the sustainable and balanced use of these resources.

controlling soil erosion and stopping land degradation from

productive lands

Support tree nurseries, plantations, fencing of protected areas

Facilitate efforts to restore habitats,

Encourage regeneration and the development of fauna.

Carry out Conservation works and agro-forestry programmes.

establishment of conservation works like planting vertiver

grass, construction of swells and contours ridging

PMU

Local Government

Agriculture and Forestry Officers

beneficiaries

(ii) Waste Management

Installation of Industrial effluent treatment facilities at agro-related sites

Rehabilitation and installation of sanitation facilities in at the

agricultural facilities

Organic fertilizer production –

composting agriculture waste.

there will not be any effluent discharges that will pollute the environment

reducing the pollution from open defecation

It reduces the amount of waste that was being dumped into the

environment.

Establish treatment plants at agro-processing plants

Irrigate field and pastures

using treated effluent.

Install sanitation facilities at

irrigation schemes, road side markets, etc

Produce organic fertiliser from agro-waste

PMU

Local Government

Agriculture and Forestry Officers

beneficiaries

5.3 NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS

(i) Temporary Visual Intrusions

Rehabilitation/construction of agriculture, irrigation fishery and Value addition infrastructure will

require extraction of sand from the rivers; rocks from the mountains and other borrow pits.

Rehabilitation/construction of agriculture, irrigation fishery and Value addition infrastructure will

change the characteristics of the area and leave a marred landscape

Construction teams should ensure minimum footprint of

construction activities.

All altered landscapes (Sand

pits, borrow pits, brick moulding sites etc) should be rehabilitated by the contractor.

PMU

Construction

teams,

RDCs

ZEMA

(ii) Water logging and Salinisation

inadequate drainage and over-irrigation

seepage from canals and ditches

Water logging in the scheme

Concentration of salts in

soil...salinisation

Inadequate leaching

Create adequate drainage in the schemes.

Institute proper water management to avoid over-irrigation.

Avoid irrigating with saline water.

PMU

Local Government

Agriculture Ministry

Department of Forestry Officers

beneficiaries

(iii) Loss of Vegetation Cover

Vegetation clearing of project sites may occur during

rehabilitation/construction of the Agriculture, irrigation, Livestock and Fisheries infrastructure.

Over-stocking of goats.

Over abstraction of resources (tree cutting) may occur for

construction purposes and firewood.

Sensitive habitats may be

affected as materials are sought, e.g. Grass from wetlands.

Land left bare from site clearing

and overgrazing...prone to erosion

preservation of protected plant species,

use of alternative sources of energy,

awareness campaigns

Sensitive habitats should be

avoided.

Clearing should be limited to

working areas only.

Revegetation and reforestation must be

prioritized.

Over abstraction of

construction materials should be avoided.

Habitat restoration must be

done where ever needed.

Sustainable catchment

management must be practiced

GoZ,

ZEMA

Construction teams,

Project staff,

RDCs

Social Services Officers

Agric. Officers,

Beneficiaries

(iv) Soil and land degradation


TEXT

REF. PROJECT ACTIVITY/ IMPACT

MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT


Vegetation clearing, digging of

foundations, soil trampling and compaction from construction activities.

extraction of construction materials from quarries and borrow pits

Construction activities in marginal lands.

Accidental discharges and oil leaks from machinery.

Increased soil erosion due to

vegetation clearing, soil trampling and compaction.

Increased rapid runoff due to

vegetation clearing and soil compaction diminishing

infiltration capacity.

Deterioration of soil

characteristics due to increased erosion.

Further degradation of marginal

lands.

Soil and water pollution from oil

leaks.

Stabilization of loose soil,

controlled excavation,

preservation of vegetation

cover,

controlled transportation of

raw materials,

Appropriate landscaping.

Soil erosion control measures (e.g. re-vegetation, reseeding

of grasses, land preparation, terracing, use of gabions, etc)

Restoration of borrow pits,

sand and quarry stone abstraction sites and brick

moulding sites.

Use of good machines.

GoZ,

ZEMA

Construction

teams,

Project staff,

RDCs

Social Services

Officers

Agric. Officers,

Beneficiaries

Construction

teams,

Project staff,

(v) Bio-Diversity Changes

Drastic land use changes including converting virgin lands into

cultivated land – monoculture

Infestation of areas due to new

crops

monocultures affect bio-diversity and introduce pests and

diseases

Use of Integrated pest management

Introduce diversification at irrigation schemes

Beneficiaries

Project staff,

(vi) Loss of fragile ecosystems

Establishment of facilities in fragile ecosystems like wetlands and mountain tops.

Draining of wetlands.

Overgrazing from animals

fast degradation of the wetlands,

erosion of the mountain tops and

sides

loss of the natural purpose of

these systems (systems failure)

Sustainable use of fragile ecosystems.

Instituting proper wetlands

management.

Beneficiaries

Construction

teams,

Project staff,

(vii) Pollution of Ambient air

Land preparations,

Infrastructure construction excavations,

digging of foundations, roads, culverts etc

processing plant operations

All drying processes of fish, and

agricultural produce.

Production of smoke and dust

polluting the air.

Air Quality will be impacted by

emission of waste from land preparation, construction activities, and use of

infrastructure.

Dust can affect workers and the public – bronchial disorders,

impaired visibility and impaired plant growth.

Burning of agro-processing

waste, like husks.

Waste from rehabilitated

infrastructure must be handled properly to avoid smells.

Construction teams should use dust screens or nets in

windows, doorways and ventilators of rooms where demolition or other dusty

construction activities are occurring.

Dust suppression measures

must be instituted at all sites, like spraying of water.

Institute dust control and air

filtration processes.

Project

Management

Construction

teams

RDCs

(viii) Pollution of Ambient water

Increased use of chemicals in the agricultural processes.fertilisers, herbicides etc.

Processing of agro-products releasing effluents.

Actual act of clearance, Digging and excavating,

Rehabilitation works e.g. roads will release materials into the nearby water bodies, thus polluting them.

Over-abstraction of groundwater

Ambient water polluted by erosion materials from works.

Ambient water polluted by agro-

chemicals

Ambient water polluted by agro-

processing effluents.

Natural pollution from over-

abstraction of groundwater.

Use of existing servitudes for access

Avoiding massive clearing of

vegetation during the rainy season or dry windy periods

when wind erosion is likely to be high.

Onsite limit clearance

Institute Proper chemical application.

Institute integrated Pest Management methods.

Handle agro-processing effluents properly

Recycle agro-processing waste properly...composting.

Institute proper groundwater management to avoid over-abstraction.

MEWD

Project

Management

Construction

teams

RDCs

(ix) Noise


TEXT




Digging and excavations for

rehabilitation works.

Noise and vibrations from

machinery.

Movement of labour, and equipment

General Noise from workers

Small Magnitude: if manual

methods are used

affect the quietness of the

communities and provoke irritation and anger

hearing impairments due to

prolonged working under noisy conditions

disturb the normal roaming patterns of wild animals

Migration of wildlife away from

area.

Use Protective masks.

Restrict activities to daytime to avoid disrupting of others

including animal behaviour at night.

Instil good behaviour among

the workers.

Use manual methods as far

as possible – avoid heavy plant machinery.

Project

Management

Construction

teams

RDCs

5.4 POSITIVE SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS

(i) Improvement in livelihoods and local economies

Improved communal infrastructure like roads, clinics, bridges, schools

Targeting and selection of beneficiaries of the project.

Implementing extension work

Engagement in different activities

using the rehabilitated infrastructure like irrigation schemes, roads, feed mills,

nutrition gardens etc.

Engagement in value addition

activities.

Undertaking post harvest activities.

Expansion of the agricultural and value addition activities

Enhancement of the livelihoods of the communities, raising their

incomes and hence further improving productivity and lifestyles.

Social conflicts may arise due to increased wealth differentials

among the population.

Job opportunities for the

beneficiaries.

Expanded opportunities arising from the rehabilitated

infrastructure result in the creation of more long-term job opportunities.

Employment opportunities

Leadership should promote viable economic activities.

Awareness on replication by others should be a continuous

process

Offer appropriate training for

scheme members to manage the improved facilities.

APAMEP

local leadership

PMU

(ii) Gender and Youth Empowerment

increasing access to project

activities for women and youth

increasing their participation in project implementation, community

representation and decision-making

support, at least 30%, involvement

of women

women, and youth empowered

improvement of the life of women, in particular, and the household in general

deliberately target women

small ruminants for women

(iii) Food security and risk reduction

Intensification of agricultural production from the rehabilitated dip tanks, reservoirs, irrigation

schemes and nutrition gardens

improved access to markets and

better access to the opportunities of investment

Communities receive better harvest from improved facilities

Communities have healthy

animals from dipping in the rehabilitated dip tanks.

improve access to markets to help beneficiaries to make better production decisions

Employment good farming practices to maintain

productivity.

APAMEP,

PMU

Agricultural facility management

(iv) Improved access to Social services

Rehabilitation of link roads and bridges.

Refurbishment and installation of water supply and distribution

facilities (bore holes, watering points, wells, etc.)

improved road conditions will provide increased access to

social services, and markets

Service providers and goods

providers easily access the rural areas.

Improving the availability of

water in the schemes, villages and agricultural facilities, thus reducing both the time and

energy spent by women and youths to go and fetch water.

improving the health situation of

the populations

Maintenance teams to be stationed at readily accessible

places for the roads.

Planned maintenance of

infrastructure to be instituted.

APAMEP,

Min. of Transport

RDCs

PMU

Infrastructure

facility management

(v) Improved aesthetics and life of Communal Assets

Rehabilitation/construction of communal assets

Restoration of infrastructure

Improvement of the aesthetics of communal assets.

Assets receive a new lease of

life and become more durable.

Maintenance teams to be stationed at readily accessible places for the communal

facilities.

Planned maintenance of

infrastructure to be instituted.

APAMEP,

PMU

Infrastructure facility

management

5.5 NEGATIVE SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS


TEXT




(i) Lack of Project Ownership

Poor participation of communities,

staff members and other stakeholders in the planning and designing of the project.

Project planning process

impaired.

Information not available

Lack of ownership of the project at the end of the day.

All relevant stakeholders

should be continuously involved and attend meetings from planning to construction

APAMEP

PMU

(ii) Loss of assets or access to assets

Establishment of sub-projects in some areas interfering with

communal assets.

Grazing and hunting grounds either cut off or taken up.

Foot paths disrupted

Avoid land acquisitions.

Build alternative foot paths,

bridges and crossing facilities.

APAMEP

PMU

(iii) Loss of natural and cultural heritage

The Rehabilitation/construction of

the Agriculture, Livestock and fisheries infrastructure affecting

some natural features

excavations for the works will

cause destruction of the natural features

Natural landscapes, features or

sceneries destroyed

Cultural Heritage, antics and

relics destroyed.

Avoid sites with cultural

heritage.

Use chance finds procedure

in case of any finds.

APAMEP

ZEMA,

PMU

Construction

teams

(iv) Social misdemeanour

Coming together of large groups of

people to form the construction gangs.

Having a source of income to engage in other social activities.

Impacts associated with the

construction teams include:

Disposal of liquid and solid

wastes.

Theft, alcoholism and sexually

transmitted diseases (especially HIV/AIDS).

EPAMEP should have an

HIV/AIDS policy and a framework (responsible staff,

action plan, etc) to implement it during project execution.

Construction team leaders to

curb thefts and misbehaviour through a code of conduct.

Construction team to manage

any of its waste properly.

EPAMEP

ZEMA,

PMU

Construction

teams

(v) Outbreak of social conflicts

Employment of migrant labour in

favour of locals

Wealth differentials between

beneficiaries and non beneficiaries.

Use of land previously designated for other use like grazing.

Over abstraction of water in

competition with other uses.

Social conflicts.

Sabotaging of the project

Fighting etc

Local labour must be

employed especially for all non technical work.

Manual labour must be used

to create employment for the youth.

Resources must be shared

equitably.

APAMEP,

PMU

Project

Management

(vi) Occupational Health and Safety risks

The movement of trucks to and from the site,

the operation of the various simple equipment e.g. picks, shovels

The actual use of the infrastructure e.g. agricultural activities injuries.

Generation of Pollutants such as dust and noise

Exposure of the workers to work-related accidents.

Health of workers compromised by dust and noise.

All safety precautions must be enforced.

Provide PPE to all workers.

Institute dust and noise

suppression measures.

APAMEP,

PMU

RDCs

(vii) Outbreak of Water-borne or water-related diseases

The introduction of irrigation.

Poor maintenance of irrigation

canals

Allowing stagnant pools to

develop.

Outbreak of malaria, bilharzia (schistosomiasis) and river

blindness (onchocerciasis)

increased use of agrochemicals,

deterioration of water quality, and

increased population pressure in the area

Employ Malaria control methods

routine medical testing, treatment, and snails’ (Biomphalaria, sp., Bulinus sp., Oncomelania sp.) removal from the irrigation canals (systematic snails hunt would do it) to control Bilharzias

design canals with slow moving waters to

APAMEP,

PMU

RDCs


TEXT




discourage hosting river blindness vectors

proper and planned maintenance of canals

proper and planned

maintenance of canals

regular cleaning of canals

not allowing water stagnation

provision of clean water points

in the irrigation schemes

proper water irrigation

management

7. THE MONITORING PLAN

7.1 The implementing Agent (FMARD) with the help of relevant authorities must monitor the

environmental effects of project implementation and the success of mitigation measures. This monitoring is

an important part of managing the impacts of the project. This should be done by an independent team of experts drawn from all spheres of the environment that may be affected.

The areas to be monitored are:

Soils: The farmers must ensure that no gullies or rills develop in the project

area.

Vegetation: To make sure the local residents do not collect firewood excessively.

Loss of natural and cultural heritage: To protect some natural features, antics and relics in the

project area, including chance finds.

Wildlife: Monitoring must be done to protect wild animals from being snared.

Marginal lands/fragile ecosystems: Marginal lands and fragile ecosystems must be protected

against overuse.

Chemical pollution: In order to monitor the amount of pollutants in the soil or water, samples

must be taken regularly from them for pollution testing.

Water resources: Both quality and quantity of water resources in the rivers must be

properly managed for sustainable livestock management to persist.

Ambient air quality: All air polluting activities need to be checked regularly to minimise their

effect on air quality.

Socio-Cultural Issues: Regular health checks of the work force/farmers are a way to monitor

disease patterns.

Noise and Vibrations: Monitor noise levels from the machinery to ensure that it conforms to

the limits recommended for noise levels.

7.2 It is recommended that all environmental parameters mentioned above be monitored during the

implementation and operation stages and any impacts should be mitigated as soon as possible. The farmers and the implementing Agent should monitor on a daily basis. In the course of monitoring, if and when any

significant impacts are detected, the monitoring team should meet and address the issue. All team members

should keep records of such meetings.


Table 7-1: Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ISSUE METHOD OF MONITORING AREAS OF CONCERN POSITIVE INDICATOR FREQUENCY COST

(US $ )

RESPONSIBLE

AUTHORITIES

Soils The Developer should make a

daily inspection of earth works, and ensure that slopes are suitably graded. Once

earthworks are complete the PMU should monitor the restoration measures

implemented by the Contractor, such as re-vegetation

Soil erosion

Conservation activities

Rangelands

management

an absence of rills,

gullies or other erosion features occurs

Regularly

and ongoing as project is implemented

282.35 Department of

Forestry

Vegetation The farmers must clear area to be used and site works only.

Clearing of the project site and disturbance of

animals.

flora and fauna

No unnecessary vegetation cleared

Regularly and ongoing as project is

implemented

282.35 Department of Forestry

Zambia Environmental Management

Agency (ZEMA).

Animals (Game corridors)

The farmers and the Environment Department staff should carry out regular inspections of the area and check that usual animal access

routes are maintained.

Game corridors

Usual animal access routes are maintained /not disrupted. Reduced, human,

animal conflict.

Regularly and ongoing as project is implemented

282.35 Zambia Environmental Management

Agency (ZEMA).

Zambia

Wildlife Authority

Birds Interference with nesting sites Nesting sites

Migratory routes

Reproductive patterns of birds undisturbed


implemented

282.35 Zambia Environmental

Management Agency (ZEMA).

Zambia Wildlife

Authority

Small mammals

habitat loss

Ensure that no unnecessary habitat loss occurs.

Animal habitats No Mammals are displaced from their

habitats.

Regularly and ongoing

as project is implemented

282.35 Zambia

Environmental Management Agency

(ZEMA).

Zambia Wildlife

Authority

Poaching Monitoring is the responsibility of the Zambia Wildlife Authority and the

Police Departments.

Poaching Number of poaching incidences reduced or

eliminated.

Regularly and ongoing

as project is implemented

282.35 Zambia


(ZEMA).

Zambia

Wildlife Authority

Police

department

Crime The PMU should Liaise with police

department if crime/theft becomes a problem.

Criminal activities in the

area

Crime theft kept to a

minimum. Incidences of stock theft and house breaking

minimized.

Regularly


282.35 Zambia

Wildlife Authority

Police department

District

Administrator

Noise Noise monitoring should be carried

out on an ad-hoc basis by the Environmental Monitor or the PMU to establish noise levels in the work

areas.

Noise Levels Noise levels at the

nearest sensitive receiver would be kept to a minimum.

Regularly


.

282.35 Ministry Of

Health

Zambia

Environmental Management

Agency (ZEMA).


ISSUE METHOD OF MONITORING AREAS OF CONCERN POSITIVE INDICATOR FREQUENCY COST

(US $ ) RESPONSIBLE AUTHORITIES

Health The PMU must ensure that education and awareness campaigns are implemented. The

Ministry of Health, local authority should carry out awareness campaigns on animal related

diseases, water-borne diseases and carry out vector control methods such as regular spraying of potential

breeding sites (ponds)

Public health

Ensure that stagnant

water is sprayed to destroy mosquito

larvae.

Waste management at

Sub-project sites.

Disease outbreak due to concentration of

people at the Sub-project sites.

Disease outbreak due

to dust and water pollution.

Control and management of various

animal diseases

Reduction in number of cases of such diseases as Avian flu,

foot and mouth, AIDS/STD related diseases recorded at

hospital and medical clinic Reduction in number

of diseases such as malaria and cholera


implemented

282.35 Health ministry

PMU

MAL

Archaeology Provision should be made to allow archaeologists to be present on site

during the excavation periods if they so wish. The PMU should inspect all excavations, and where

archaeological remains are found work must stop until the PMU has given the all clear to proceed. The

PMU should contact the Museums Authorities in the event of a significant archaeological find.

Archaeological

Findings

Archaeological remains not

excavated, disturbed or destroyed.

Regularly

and ongoing as project

is implemented

Room for chance finds

282.35 National

Heritage Conservation Commission

Energy The Developer must inspect the provisions made by the Contractor to supply energy to the workforce,

and ensure that fuel wood is not being collected. The Environmental Department should enforce

legislation which prohibits cutting down of trees. The Environmental Department, PMU and local

leadership (cultural and political) should sensitize the workers against cutting down of trees.

Types of energy sources used in the

project

Energy supplied by electric generator or other suitable source.

Deforestation and resultant erosion controlled and

reduced

Regularly 282.35 Department of Forestry.

Zambia Environmental

Management Agency (ZEMA).

Air Pollution Observations should be made on the level of dust generated during the Agricultural Activity

implementation by the Environmental Monitor or PMU. Dampening should be carried out if

levels are unacceptable.

Levels of dust emissions

Deposition of dust on surfaces should decrease with

increased dampening

Regularly 282.35 Health ministry

PMU

MAL

Water resources

Water resources should be

managed well

The Ministry of Health should test

borehole water quality in the area to ascertain the suitability for human consumption.

Watercourses and

impoundments.

Surface water quality

Ground Water Quality

Recommended

distances from watercourses.

Possible dam

construction sites.

Water made

available for environmental concerns.

Pollution of water resources

monitored/detected early and remedial measures taken on

time

Tests for water pollution to be

done regularly

282.35 Health ministry

PMU

MAL

Department of Water

Development, (DWD)

Zambia


Agency (ZEMA).

Landscape The PMU should make visual

inspection of earth works to ensure that excessive excavation is not being carried out. Temporary

screening may be appropriate in some cases.

Visual intrusions

Aesthetics

Landscape alteration

reduced to a minimum

Monthly 282.35 National

Heritage Conservation

Commission

Zambia


(ZEMA).

Complaints The PMU should inspect the record of complaints made by local

residents, to be kept by the farmers, and should check that action is taken quickly and that the number of

Complaints Number of complaints decreases.

Regularly 282.35 PMU

MAL

Zambia



ISSUE METHOD OF MONITORING AREAS OF CONCERN POSITIVE INDICATOR FREQUENCY COST

(US $ ) RESPONSIBLE AUTHORITIES

complaints do not rise significantly. Agency (ZEMA).

Local

governance

MLGC to ensure the following

compliancy to designs

Employment opportunities and

recruitment are transparent.

Allocation of land is overboard

Cultural values are respected.

Land management

Land allocations

Socio cultural issues

Local governance

Social Aspects,

Land rights

Disputes over land

reduced

Cooperation of

local leadership is secured

Locals employed in

the projects

Regularly 282.35 Ministry of

Local Government

District Councils

PMU

MAL

Agricultural Activities

Ensure that Agricultural Activities follow designs and

recommendations given for proper agricultural practices.

Ensure overall management of

the Programme.

Appropriate land use downstream

is done and no pollution of crops from contaminated water from spillages occur.

Siting of works, plan Land degradation curbed Program running

smoothly

Regularly 282.35 PMU

MAL

TOTAL COSTS OF MONITORING ALL THE PARAMETERS PER DISTRICT US$ 4,799.95

8.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION PLAN

8.1 For the successful identification and assessment of project specific environmental and social

impacts and development/recommendation, implementation and monitoring of the respective mitigation or enhancement measures, a continuous consultative process is required. The implementing agency,

Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAL) has the responsibility to effectively engage stakeholders in

achieving the project objectives for the benefit of all. Through consultations, it will create a bridge of communication between the public and the Government, which will improve the efficiency and

transparency of project execution. This public consultation plan (PCP) forms part of the SESA and is the

same for all categories of agricultural and Value addition projects. The development of this SESA is based on a consultative process comprising of key stakeholders at the national, provincial, district and

local levels and sought their feedback. Key government agencies and NGOs have been consulted at the

various levels to obtain their consent on the SESA

Consultation meetings will generally take two approaches; (i) individual interviews involving completion

of a standard questionnaire, (ii) focus group meeting. The consultations will be structured along the

following lines: Advance notification

Introduction and information

Early break-up into work groups or roundtables

Opportunity for each participant to make a presentation A closing session to allow open discussion between participants and JPAC members

APAMEP PMU will normally act as facilitators, although professional facilitators may be employed when it is appropriate. Members of the general public may state their views:

In a brief presented at the meeting or submitted to APAMEP PMUbefore the established

deadline. Speaking at the public meeting, using whatever form of presentation they consider appropriate.

The following table identifies the mitigation measures that require continuous consultations and

monitoring. It defines the goals and expected outcomes of the consultations and indicates the frequency of the consultations:


Table 8-1 Measures requiring continuous consultations

NO. ENVIRONMENTAL/ SOCIAL IMPACTS

PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES

RELEVANT INSTITUTION

GOALS AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES

CONSULTATION

FREQUENCY

1 Spread of HIV/AIDS Strengthen HIV/AIDS Awareness Campaigns in Schools, Training of school administrators and staff in HIV/AIDS issues, encouraging participation of the private and public sectors in HIV/AIDS issues and reinforcement of school curriculum with HIV/AIDS issues.

Min of Health

EIA Department

% increase in those affected. (Monthly statistics from hospital and clinics)

Monthly

2 Loss of vegetation Selective clearing of project sites, reforestation, preservation of protected plant species, use of alternative sources of energy, use of environmentally friendly technologies, awareness campaigns.

EIA Department,

Forestry dept

Increase in area of land cultivated and deforested

Before project implementation Annually during and after project implementation

3 Loss of Soil Stabilization of loose soil, controlled excavation, preservation of vegetation cover, controlled transportation of raw materials, appropriate landscaping.

Ministry Lands ,

EIA Department

Area and size of gullies formed Amount of silt deposited in watercourses

Annually

4 Loss of fragile ecosystems

Conduct feasibility studies before construction, use expert knowledge of ecologists, introduction of ecosystem conservation projects, fencing

Ministry Lands

EIA Department

Size of area affected

Annually

5 Soil and water pollution resulting from the accumulation of solid and liquid waste. Soil and water pollution from chemicals & fertilizers

Controlled disposal of wastes and effluent by use of appropriate disposal facilities, use of appropriate drainage structures, use of cleaner technologies, proper storage of materials, awareness campaigns

EIA Department

Ministry Lands

Change in chemical and biological water quality

Bi-annually

6 Dust, Emissions, Strong Light, Noise and Vibration

Controlled operation times, use of appropriate equipment, proper orientation of lights, use of alternative materials, use water sprinklers to control dust, use of scrubbers

EIA Department

Min of Health.

Number of complaints Extent of property and vegetation soiling

During construction

7 Water-borne and / or water related diseases

Provision of potable water supplies and sanitation facilities, capacity building in sanitation and health issues, awareness campaigns

Min of Health.

Increase in water related ailments

Annually

8 Loss of natural and cultural heritage.

Conduct feasibility studies, fencing, introduce proper antiquity education programmes

National Museums

Min. of Education

Number or size of property lost

Before project implementation During project implementation

9 Loss of animals and aquatic life.

Minimize vibrations and strong noise, enforcement of parks and wildlife law, conduct feasibility studies, avoid contamination of soil and water

ZEMA

Fisheries Dept

EIA Department

Animal count Fish and aquatic life estimates

Before project implementation Annually during project implementation

10 Disturbance of marginal areas

Avoid extraction of raw materials from marginal areas, no construction of structures in marginal areas.

EIA Department

MAL

Size of area affected

Bi-annually


11 Incidence of Flooding Forestation of the catchment areas of the irrigation schemes, installation of flood control structures,

EIA Department

MAL

Number of trees planted Area planted with trees Number of people or properties affected

Annually

12 Exposure to Agro-chemicals

Encourage organic farming, and limit the use of Agro-chemicals. Conduct awareness training & workshops

MAL

Local Government Councils - ,

Min of Health

Number of people affected by agro-chemicals

Annually

9.0 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT

9.1 The implementation of the SESA will need to take place at all levels, taking into account the

coordination and implementation arrangements set out for the APAMEP programme. This involves agencies and entities at all levels up to community level. The proposed coordination and implementation

including institutional arrangement for the implementation of this SESA is indicated in figure 9-1 below.


Figure 9-1 Coordination and implementation arrangements for Environmental Safeguards

MAL Department of Planning and

Policy

(PROJECT MANAGEMENT)

Full Time Project Management Unit

(PMU)

Project Coordinator

Accountant

Procurement Officer

Matching Grant Specialist)

Subject Manager Component Heads attached from MAL:

a. Livestock b. Irrigation c. Crops and Climate Smart

Agriculture d. Fisheries e. Nutrition/Gender f. Marketing and

Agribusiness g. Cooperatives h. M & E Specialist

Provincial Agriculture

Coordinator (PACO)

Beneficiaries

Households

District Authorities District Agriculture Coordinator (DACO)

MEWD

ZEMA

Project Steering

Committee


10.0 FUNDING ARRANGEMENTS

10.1 The proposed environmental activities for the project will be funded directly by the project resources in accordance with the proposed plan laid out below:

Table 0-1 Budgetary requirements for the ESMF implementation No. ACTIVITY YEAR TOTAL NOTES

1 2 3 4 5

1.0 Institutional Development

Policy Workshops 30 30

2.0 Training

Safeguards officers at 6 districts

training 2 2 2 day workshop

Refresher workshop 1 1 1 day workshop

Relevant Line Ministry staffs at three Provinces

workshop 1 1 1 day workshop

Social Services officers, Line and sector Ministries at 6 Districts


Refresher workshop ½ ½ ½ day workshop

Designated safeguards focal points at

Community level


Community representatives and local leaderships

sensitization workshop 1 1 1 day workshop

3.0 Technical Assistance

General TA 25 25 25 25 100 100 days @ $200/day including expense

Specific TA 10 10 10 10 40 40 days @ $200/day including expense

4.0 Allowance for Subproject EMPs,

Environmental Management Plans 15 15 15 15 60 60 days @ $200/day including expense

Work plans any other required

safeguards instrument.

15 15 15 15 60 60 days @ $200/day

including expense

5.0 Annual Reviews 10 10 10 10 40 40 days @ $200/day

including expense

TOTAL 111 76 75 ½ 75 337½

Table 00-2 SESA implementation budget and disbursement schedule

Activity Description Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total cost [USD]

Capacity development As per section 11.1 6 942.00 6 942.00 6 942.00 20 825.00 37 784.00

Development of Site-specific

ESMPs

30 587.50 30587.50 61,175.00

Technical Assistance General and specific TA 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 30,000.00 150 000.00

Mitigation Measures 38 000.00 38 000.00 38 000.00 38 000.00 38 000.00 190 000.00

Monitoring 20 000.00 20 000.00 20 000.00 20 000.00 20 000.00 100 000.00

Annual reviews of SESA

(Audit)

Based on four annual

reviews (the last annual review is replaced by the end-of-project evaluation)

15 000 15 000 15 000 45 000.00

End-of-project SESA evaluation (Audit)

An evaluation of the impact of the SESA and the subprojects

21 500.00

Total 588 500.00


Notes:

Construction stage mitigation measures ( Erection of Waste Treatment Systems) under the responsibility of

the contractor and supervising engineer will be included in the Bills of Quantities (BoQ) estimated at 5% of the BoQ for environment and social mitigation/remediation measures.

Specific and clearly identified budget line for environmental and social issues should be included in the

tender documents

10% of contract value should be kept until the Environment Officer confirms that all the environmental and

social mitigation measures are appropriately implemented and ZEMA has approved.

There are no resettlement issues envisioned for the construction and operation of the proposed infrastructure. Should there be any resettlement issues and/or payment of compensation to the affected

population, the Government of the Republic of Zambia will implement the activities prior to the

commencement of the civil works. The funding for such activities will come from the counterpart funding

from the Republic of Zambia.

11 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE AND REPORTING

11.1 The implementation schedule for the SESA is outlined in table 11-1 and takes into account all activities

related to the proposed measures (enhancement and mitigation), the monitoring program, consultations,

complementary initiatives and institutional arrangements. To monitor the progress of the implementation of the

measures that has been identified in this SESA. Annual reviews will be carried periodically. The principal output of the annual reviews is an annual review report that documents the review methodology, summarizes the results, and

provides practical recommendations. To ensure early detection of critical environmental and social conditions and to

provide information on the mitigation progress and results, reporting deadlines have been specified in the implementation schedule.

Table 0-1 Implementation schedule for SESAESMP

No. PROJECT ACTIVITIES REPORTING DEADLINES

YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5

1.0 Various Capacity development Programmes

ESMP before project approval

Annually at end 4th quarter

2.0 Development of Site-specific ESMPs

End Year 1, of 1st quarter

3.0 Development of Site Specific Work plans

End Year 1, of 1st quarter

4.0 Technical Assistance Annually with each rain season

7.0 Annual reviews of SESA

Annually by end of 3rd quarter

8.0 End-of-project SESA evaluation

By end of 3rd quarter year four


12.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

12.1 The proposed project has potential to significantly improve small holder production, productivity and income in the target districts of Sinazongwe & Gwembe, Chongwe & Rufunsa and

Serenje & Chitambo. An improvement in the income of the Smallholder farmers will translate to

improved food security as they now will have cash to secure other needs. Besides, project development and operation will provide considerable economic opportunity for material/equipment

suppliers, construction contractors and agriculture professionals.

12.2 The environmental impacts that the developmental activities are likely to cause include disturbance of soil from digging of pits, ponds and foundations, and road construction activities, tree

cutting and general vegetation clearing, emission of dust, potential chance effects on natural and

cultural heritage and generation of noise. These envisaged environmental impacts will be

experienced during the construction phase and will be localized, minimal, short term and can be

mitigated. 12.3 During the operation phase of the expanded agriculture, Livestock fishery services, the

potential environmental impacts will include solid and liquid waste, Chemical and Biological wastes,

which will be generated from the normal operations of the facilities and can be managed by

incorporating the requisite waste and effluent handling units to the facilities. This impact would be exacerbated by inadequately trained staff; However the ESMP presented in the study will be used to

mitigate the impacts during and after the rehabilitation/construction of the Livestock

infrastructure. The Final benefits of this project to the nation will, by far outweigh potential

negative effects.

It is therefore recommended that:

All agricultural infrastructure must include the requisite waste disposal or handling systems.

The choice and type of construction materials and finish should maximize the blending

concept.

It is important that stakeholder organisations such as Rural District Councils (RDCs),

Department of Works, Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA). NGOs and

other interested parties are consulted and kept informed of the implementation progress so that

they can play their part.

Reduction and control of noise levels to minimize any disruption to the living conditions of

wildlife be strictly adhered to.

The land around any sub-project works should be left intact and pollution be minimised.

Bush clearance should be confined to the absolutely necessary part, buffer strips be maintained

and huge indigenous trees in the areas should be preserved as much as possible.

Labour intensive methods should be encouraged as they benefit the local community in terms

of job creation. For this the project should employ locals as much as possible to ensure that benefits remain in the area where development is taking place.

The use of destructive machinery should be avoided as much as possible. Machinery will

adversely affect soils and undergrowth.

Avoid any sites which are of archeological importance, ceremonial shrines or sacred

sites. In case of any natural and cultural heritage chance finds, the “chance finds

procedure should be employed unreservedly.

The recommended mitigation measures should be implemented to reduce significant

environmental impacts.

The project overally will not have any apparent significant environmental impacts if the

recommended mitigations are carried out.

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