strategies and techniques of individual and group counseling (2)

8/11/2019 Strategies and Techniques of Individual and Group Counseling (2)

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Strategies and Techniques ofIndividual and Group

Counseling

Emma V. ReyesDivision Seminar in Guidance and

Counseling


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Helping:Providingassistance toanother personwho would

benefit from anact of kindness

The Concept of Helping


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Informal helping Giving alms to a beggar Volunteering to pack relief goods

Babysitting for a friend Assisting an elderly cross the street


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ormal Helping - A planned service offered by trained

professionals whose behaviors are governed by acode of ethics to meet the identified needs of

clients- Objectives: prevention, remediation

-Helping professions include medicine, law,education, psychology and counseling, socialwork


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Fundamental Tenets of Effective

Helping(Eisenberg and Patterson, 1979) 1. Understanding of Human Nature

The helper must have a thoroughunderstanding of human behavior in its socialand cultural context, and be able to apply thatunderstanding to the particular circumstancesof each client.


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Fundamental Tenets

2. Change in the ClientThe ultimate purpose of helping is to

enable the client achieve some kind ofchange that he/she will regard assatisfying.


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Fundamental Tenets

3. The Quality of the RelationshipThe quality of the relationship is

significant in providing a climate forgrowth.


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Fundamental Tenets 4. Self-Disclosure and Self-Confrontation

The helping process consists primarily of self-disclosure and self-confrontation on the part

of the client, facilitated by interaction with thehelper.

Self-disclosure revealing significant personal informationSelf-confrontation process whereby the client looks at himself

with an expanded perspective that allows for the developmentof new perceptions


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Fundamental Tenets

5. An Intense Working ExperienceThe helping process is an intensive workingexperience for the participants.

For the helper: attentive listening; informationabsorption; message clarification; treatment

planning; etc.For the client: effort to understand what is difficult to

understand; endurance of confusion, conflict, anduncertainty; commitment; etc


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Any profession in which the primaryresponsibility is to assist individualsin need.

Examples of helping professionsinclude education, law, medicine,

nursing, social work, and counseling. Gladding, S.(2001).The Counseling Dictionary.NJ: MerrillPrentice Hall.

Helping Profession


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A point of view in education in education thatemphasizes the total development ofindividual students and utilizes instructional

services to help students develop theirabilities and learn to cope. Guidance alsodeals with helping students learn to make achoice.

Gladding, S.(2001).The Counseling Dictionary. NJ:Merrill Prentice Hall.

Guidance


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Guidance

Service provided to student; always inthe school setting include functionssuch as:

CounselingPsychological testingPlacement

Information/OrientationIndividual InventoryGroup ProcessResearch


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The application of mental health,psychological or human developmentprinciples, through cognitive, affective,

behavioral or systemic interventions,strategies that address wellness,personal growth, or careerdevelopment, as well as pathology.

American Counseling Association

Counseling


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Counseling

Definition: Counseling denotes aprofessional relationship between atrained counselor and a clientdesigned to help the latter resolveproblems of an emotional orinterpersonal nature Burks and Stefflre,1979)


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The profession that involves theuse of an integrated approach tothe development of a well-functioning individual primarilyby helping him/her to utilizehis/her potentials to the fullest

and plan his/her future inaccordance with his/her abilities .

Defining Guidance and Counseling(Republic Act 9258)


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The Helping Process

Helper and Client


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The Helping Relationship

Definition: A relationship establishedbetween a helping professional and aclient

Goals: 1. Changes in behavior and lifestyle2. Increased awareness or insightand understanding

3. Relief from suffering4. Changes in thoughts and selfperceptions


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The Helping Relationship

Helping Formula

Personalityof the Helper HelpingSkills = Growth FacilitatingConditions SpecificOutcome


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The Helping Formula

Personality of the Counselor: Traits, Attitudes, Values

Counseling Skills : Developed through academic

preparation and practice

Growth Facilitating Conditions: Trust , Respect, Positive

regard, Nonjudgmental attitude

Specific Outcomes: For the person, family, communityand society


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Counseling Approaches

Psychodynamic - is a form of depth psychologywhose primary focus is to reveal theunconscious content of a client's psyche in aneffort to alleviate psychic tension. Although itsroots are in psychoanalysis, psychodynamictherapy tends to be briefer and less intensive

than traditional psychoanalysis.


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Counseling Approaches Humanistic - emerged in reaction to both

behaviorism and psychoanalysis and is thereforeknown as the Third Force in the development ofpsychology. It is explicitly concerned with thehuman context of the development of theindividual with an emphasis on subjectivemeaning, a rejection of determinism, and aconcern for positive growth rather thanpathology. It posits an inherent human capacityto maximize potential, 'the self-actualizingtendency'.


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Brief- "Brief therapy" is an umbrella term for avariety of approaches to psychotherapy. Itdiffers from other schools of therapy in that itemphasizes (1) a focus on a specific problemand (2) direct intervention. It is solution-basedrather than problem-oriented. It is less

concerned with how a problem arose thanwith the current factors sustaining it andpreventing change.


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Systemic - seeks to address people not at anindividual level, as is often the focus of otherforms of therapy, but as people inrelationship, dealing with the interactions ofgroups, their patterns and dynamics (includesfamily therapy & marriage counseling).

Community psychology is a type of systemicpsychology.


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III. Helping Skills for Counselors

Counseling MicroskillsSpecific skills a counsellor can use to

enhance their communication with clients.These skills enable a counsellor to

effectively build a working alliance and engageclients in discussion that is both helpful andmeaningful.


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Microskill 1: Attending behaviour

Attending is the behavioural aspect of buildingrapport. When a counsellor first meets with aclient, they must indicate to the client thatthey are interested in listening to them andhelping them. Through attending, thecounsellor is able to encourage the client to

talk and open up about their issues.


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Eye contact is important and polite (inWestern society) when speaking or listening toanother person. This does not mean that thecounsellor stares at the client, but maintainsnormal eye contact to show genuine interestin what the client is saying.


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S: Face the client squarely; that is, adopt a posturethat indicates inv olvement.

O: Adopt an open posture. Sit with both feet on theground to begin with and with your hands folded, oneover the other.

L: As you face your client, lean toward him or her. Beaware of their space needs.

E: Maintain eye contact. Looking away or downsuggests that you are bored or ashamed of what theclient is saying. Looking at the person suggests thatyou are interested and concerned.

R: As you incorporate these skills into your attendinglistening skills, relax.


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Microskill 2: Questioning

Questions during the counselling session canhelp to open up new areas for discussion.They can assist to pinpoint an issue and theycan assist to clarify information that at firstmay seem ambiguous to the counsellor.

Questions that invite clients to think or recall

information can aid in a clients journey ofself-exploration.


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Types of Question

Probes a questions which begins with a who,what, where, how, or when.

What do you plan to do to complete yourproject?

Requests for Clarification Asking the client formore information.

Help me understand what this relationshipis for. is for?IS


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How questions tend to invite the client to talk abouttheir feelings.

What questions more often lead to the emergence

of facts. When questions bring about information regarding

timing of the problem, and this can include events andinformation preceding or following the event.

Where questions reveal the environment, situationor place that the event took place.

Why questions usually give the counsellorinformation regarding the reasons of the event orinformation leading up to the event.

It should be noted that care must be taken by thecounsellor when asking why questions. Whyquestion can provoke feelings of defensiveness inclients and may encourage clients to feels as thoughthey need to justify themselves in some way.


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Microskill 3: Confrontation

Generally speaking the term confrontationmeans challenging another person over adiscrepancy or disagreement. However,confrontation as a counselling skill is anattempt by the counsellor to gently bringabout awareness in the client of something

that they may have overlooked or avoided.


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Family focus (3)

Family focus may concern siblings, parents,children. Flexibility is required in the definitionof Family, as it can have different meanings

to different people, i.e. traditional, singleparent, nuclear and/or can include extendedfamily members, or very close friends who are

given family titles such as Aunt or Uncle.


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Mutuality focus (4)

Mutuality focus is concerned with how theclient reacts to the counsellor, because thiscould be an indication of how the clientdevelops in relation to other people. Itattempts to put the counsellor and client onan equal level, with the counsellor asking:

How can we work together? How wouldyou like me to help with this situation at thispoint?


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Cultural/environmental/contextfocus (6)

The counsellor will understand how a client isinfluenced by the community, in which theygrew up, but this can be extended to otherissues such as gender, race, ethnicity, religion,socio-economic status to gain a greaterunderstanding of the person the client is

today.


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Microskill 5: Reflection of Meaning

Reflection of meaning refers to the deeplyheld thoughts and meanings underlying lifeexperiences. For the counsellor who usesreflection of meaning in their work, they willfind that clients will search more deeply intothe aspects of their own life experiences.


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For example, imagine two individuals whotake a holiday on an island resort: the sameisland, the same resort, the same time of year.One of them passionately expresses thewonders of the sunsets, walks along the beachand leisurely life style. While the other

complains about the heat, sunburn andboredom they experienced.


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Thank you for listening

strategies and techniques of individual and group counseling (2)

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