strategies for raising and sustaining high agricultural productivity in africa_2011

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Strategies for Raising and Sustaining High Agricultural Productivity in Africa ReSAKSS Plenary session Chair: Samuel Benin Presenters: Zhe Guo, Bingxin Yu, Alejandro Nin Pratt, Stella Massawe Research Team: Stan Wood, Melanie Bacou, Linden McBride, Joseph Karugia, Paul Guthiga, Maurice Ogada, Emmanuel Musaba, Pius Chilonda, Precious Zikhali, Mbaye Yade, Manson Nwafor, Maurice, Taondyande, Claude Bizimana 1-3 November 2011 UNECA, Addis Ababa

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"Strategies for Raising and Sustaining High Agricultural Productivity in Africa", presented at Agricultural Productivity and Food Security in Africa Conference, Addis Ababa,1-3 November 2011

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Page 1: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Strategies for Raising and Sustaining High Agricultural

Productivity in Africa

ReSAKSS Plenary session

Chair: Samuel Benin Presenters: Zhe Guo, Bingxin Yu, Alejandro Nin Pratt,

Stella Massawe

Research Team: Stan Wood, Melanie Bacou, Linden McBride, Joseph Karugia, Paul Guthiga, Maurice Ogada, Emmanuel Musaba,

Pius Chilonda, Precious Zikhali, Mbaye Yade, Manson Nwafor, Maurice, Taondyande, Claude Bizimana

1-3 November 2011 UNECA, Addis Ababa

Page 2: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

evidence- and outcome-based planning and implementation of agricultural-sector policies

and strategies in Africa

Strategic Analysis and Monitoring of CAADP and Agricultural Performance in Africa

Knowledge Management, Capacity Strengthening, and Policy Communications

support review and

dialogue

ReSAKSS organized around 4 nodes of operation

Page 3: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Background to this Study

• CAADP provides an agriculture-led integrated framework of development priorities for reducing poverty and hunger and increasing food security

– CAADP target: 6% AgGDP growth rate per year

– Possible for many African countries

– Substantial investments required (greater than the 10% target in many cases) because of moderate and slow productivity growth

Page 4: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

As countries enter operational phase of investment program design and execution,

Key Question: how to raise and maintain high agricultural productivity across different parts of the continent?

Page 5: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

ReSAKSS 2011 M&E work

• Answer above question, which requires addressing several follow-up questions:

– Fundamental and conceptual: definition and measurement of agricultural productivity

– Complex: understanding the determinants and drivers of productivity

– Challenging: program design and implementation by translating the knowledge into effective action

Page 6: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

What is “Productivity”?

• Partial Factor Productivity

– Land Productivity

Yield = Output / Harvested area

– Labor Productivity

LP = Output / Total hours worked

Useful measures but: do not measure productivity of all resources

can lead to misleading policy prescriptions

Page 7: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Land and Labor Productivity in SSA, 1961-2009

Labor productivity (2004-06 US$ PPP)

Lan

d p

rod

uct

ivit

y (2

00

4-0

6 U

S$

PP

P)

SSA as a whole: labor productivity >> land productivity; but land productivity increased much faster, more than tripled

Page 8: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

As expected, different picture when consider different sub-regions of Africa

Labor productivity (2004-06 US$ PPP)

Lan

d p

rod

uct

ivit

y (2

00

4-0

6 U

S$

PP

P)

Western

SSA Eastern &

Central

Southern

Page 9: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Again, different picture when consider different countries

Labor productivity (2004-06 US$ PPP)

Lan

d p

rod

uct

ivit

y (2

00

4-0

6 U

S$

PP

P)

Nigeria

South Africa

Ethiopia, 1993-2009

Kenya

Page 10: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Total Factor Productivity • Productivity of a production unit (farm, district,

region, country, etc) is the ratio of the outputs that it produces to the inputs it uses to produce those outputs

• TFP =

• Agricultural growth in the long run depends on TFP

– Efficiency: reallocation of productive factors

– Technical change: technological advancement

Inputs

Output

Total

Total

Page 11: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

TFP growth in SSA Two different periods: both driven more by

efficiency change than technical change

0.95

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

1

1.01

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

TFP

leve

ls 19

70=1

TFP components 1970-1984 1985-1994 1995-2009

Efficiency change -0.28 0.07 0.15

Technical change -0.03 0.05 0.10

TFP -0.32 0.12 0.25

Growth Rate (%)

Based on FAOSTAT

Page 12: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

More workers; and Less land and inputs per worker

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Ind

ex

19

70

=1

Yield Labor productivity TFP

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Inputs/Ha Inputs/Worker HA/worker

TFP (green)

Yield (blue)

Labor productivity (red)

Inputs per hectare (brown)

Inputs per worker (yellow)

Land-labor ratio (pink)

Page 13: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Livestock, root crops, and oil crops explain more than 60% of output growth in 1995-2009

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

Contribution to growth Share in output

Page 14: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Yields Labor productivity TFP

Mozambique 3.50 2.72 2.32

Angola 6.62 4.28 1.97

Rwanda 3.26 2.56 1.79

Tanzania 3.59 2.01 0.67

Ethiopia 2.49 1.87 0.65

Côte d'Ivoire 1.91 1.94 0.62

Senegal 2.39 1.01 0.43

Niger 4.53 1.99 0.40

Zambia 3.92 2.51 0.37

Ghana 2.33 3.19 0.27

Mali 1.72 3.08 0.25

Best performing countries (annual average growth rates, 1995-2009)

Page 15: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Why is agricultural productivity growth in SSA so low?

• Intrinsic lower productivity of natural resources?

• No technology available?

• Poor infrastructure, high transaction costs and constrained market access?

• Policy: high prices of inputs as a result of distortions?

• Underdeveloped markets, institutions?

Page 16: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

No simple answers • Multiple factors interacting differently

– Natural resource quality – Population pressure – Infrastructure – Distance to major markets and road density – Market for outputs, inputs and services, labor markets – Policies and government interventions – Household characteristics

• This diversity suggests that spatial heterogeneity matters and that answers should be geographically focused

Page 17: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

A. Regional Spatial Characterization of

Agricultural Productivity Opportunities &

Challenges

B. Key System Typologies for focusing productivity

efforts (e.g. country x farming system)

C. Representative Farm Analysis of Productivity

Enhancing Options

D. Case Study Analysis of Factors Affecting the Scale

and Sustainability of Productivity Growth

Focus Geographies/Systems

Overview of Session (and Study) Framework and Sequence

Page 18: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Spatial Dimensions of Agricultural Productivity

Zhe Guo and Stanley Wood

HarvestChoice

International Food Policy Research Institute

[email protected]

Page 19: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Regional Spatial Data/Analysis Platform • A harmonized set of spatial variables, conformed to a

standardized 10km (5 arc minute) grid covering the whole of Africa (focusing on SSA), generated by HarvestChoice.

• About 300,000 grid cell records each with 200+ gridcell attributes. Attributes range from observed, e.g. rainfall through imputed, e.g. poverty, to highly-modeled, e.g. potential maize yields under different management practices.

• Provides a basis for undertaking consistent region-wide assessment of agricultural development opportunities and constraints, such as the ReSAKSS productivity study.

• Facilitates regional targeting and prioritization of agricultural development hotspots, e.g. AGRA breadbaskets, Feed the Future Farming Systems, Gates Ag. Development Strategy, CGIAR CRPs*

* As well as the type of regionally-strategic, agroecosystem-based concentration zones for agricultural production and processing proposed by Josue Dione in his plenary address.

Page 20: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Spatial variables influencing productivity

• Agricultural potential

• Footprint of agriculture

• Market access

• Demographics

• Human welfare

Page 21: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Agricultural potential Rainfall & Length of Growth Period

Long term average of annual rainfall Length of growth period

Page 22: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Agricultural potential Normalized Difference Vegetation Index & Potential Yield

Simulated potential yield Long term average of NDVI

NA

0

10

20

3040

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

10080

6040

200

IrrigationThreshold

% of Available

Soil Water

MaizeYield

Potential

t[DM]/ha

Fertilizer Application Ratekg[N]/ha

Page 23: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Footprint of agriculture Crop Land & Pasture Land

Cropland density Pasture land density

Page 24: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Footprint of Agriculture Farming System & Crop

Farming systems Maize harvested area

Page 25: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Footprint of Agriculture Productivity Constraints

Aluminum toxic Drought severity

Page 26: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Market Access Travel time to major settlements

Travel time to market with population greater than 20,000

Travel time to market with population greater than 500,000

Page 27: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Market Access Travel Time to Ports

Travel time to major ports Major port command area

Page 28: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Demographics Population

Population density Landscan 2009 Population density (GRUMP 2000)

Page 29: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Human Welfare Poverty & Global Hunger Index

Absolute number of poor living under $1.25 per day

Global Hunger Index

Page 30: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

POVERTY (1000 people)

FS_NAME E S W Total Cum %

Cereal-root crop mixed 2,764 11,811 30,570 45,145 15.5

Maize mixed 28,065 16,277 9 44,352 30.7

Root crop 14,219 2,451 27,644 44,314 45.9

Agro-pastoral millet/sorghum 384 1,868 24,729 26,981 55.1

Forest based 20,365 87 3,535 23,988 63.3

Highland perennial 23,278 23,278 71.3

Tree crop 1,569 541 17,199 19,308 77.9

MAIZE AREA (1000 ha)

FS_NAME E S W Total

Maize mixed 2,860 3,197 0 6,057 24.2

Cereal-root crop mixed 128 1,214 2,718 4,059 40.4

Large commercial_smalholder 3,440 3,440 54.1

Root crop 711 329 2,228 3,268 67.2

Tree crop 145 4 1,647 1,796 74.3 HIGH PHOSPHORUS FIXATION (SHARE OF GRID CELL AREA, %)

E S W Total

Highland perennial 34.0 34.0

Forest based 14.0 26.0 15.0 16.0

Tree crop 13.0 37.0 9.0 12.0

Highland temperate mixed 13.0 11.0 8.0 11.0

Maize mixed 17.0 6.0 6.0 11.0

TRAVEL TIME TO CLOSEST PORT (hours)

FS_NAME E S W Total

Coastal artisanal fishing 15 22 15 15

Large commercial_smalholder 19 19

Tree crop 17 16 20 19

Highland temperate mixed 26 18 19 21

Rice-Tree crop 26 26

Flexible approach to spatial aggregation and analysis

Page 31: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Ag. Mkt Pop

Pot. Access Density Potential Development Strategies

High High High HHH Perishable cash crops

HHH Dairy, intensive livestock

HHH Non-perishable cash crops

HHH Rural non-farm development

Low High HLH Non-perishable cash crops

HLH High input perennials

HLH Livestock intensification, improved grazing

Medium High High MHH High Input cereals

MHH Perishable cash crops

MHH Dairy, intensive livestock

MHH Rural non-farm development

Low High MLH High Input cereals

MLH Non-perishable cash crops

MLH Livestock intensification, improved grazing

Low High High LHH with irrigation investment

LHH High Input cereals

LHH Perishable Cash Crops

LHH Dairy, intensive livestock

LHH Rural non-farm development

Low Low LLL Low input cereals

LLL Limited livestock intensification

LLL Emigration

Example of Potential Regional Development Strategies

Source: ASARECA Strategy. Omamo et al. 2006

Page 32: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Summary • We use a region-wide, consistent, high-resolution

spatial database to underpin our efforts to; • delineate and characterize regionally-significant focus

areas • identify the nature and severity of specific productivity

constraints & opportunities

• Enables the study to take account of spatial (and spatio-temporal) heterogeneity of conditions under which we seek to raise productivity

• Provides a framework for scaling up/out the results of the farm level and case study analyses

Page 33: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

A Typology of Agricultural Productivity Zones

Bingxin Yu International Food Policy Research Institute

[email protected]

Page 34: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

A. Regional Spatial Characterization of

Agricultural Productivity Opportunities &

Challenges

B. Key System Typologies for focusing productivity

efforts (e.g. country x farming system)

C. Representative Farm Analysis of Productivity

Enhancing Options

D. Case Study Analysis of Factors Affecting the Scale

and Sustainability of Productivity Growth

Focus Geographies/Systems

Overview of Session (and Study) Framework and Sequence

Page 35: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Farming Systems • Spatial heterogeneity exists

• Common pattern across country border

• Concept of farming systems

• Bridge between macro (regional, national) and micro (household, pixel) analysis

• Identify pathways of technology adoption and agricultural productivity growth

• Design localized agri. development strategy and policy intervention based on sub-system

Page 36: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Farming Systems – cont’d

• Similarity in agricultural potential/ existing production pattern

• Definition: farmers, resources, interactions

• Biophysical, socio-economic and human elements interdependent

• Biophysical: land, water, forest, climate

• Human: demography

• Socio-economic : market access

Page 37: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Approach • Expand FAO definition of farming system

• Quantify factors affecting productivity of each farming system

•Agricultural activities

•Agricultural potential

•Population density

•Market access

•Nuance within each farming system

Page 38: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Methodology Spatial and Statistical Methods

1. Combine similar FAO farming systems

2. Sub-national spatial info

• Crop and livestock production

• Socio-economic indicators

3. Identify appropriate number of groups

4. Define groups within each farm system based on major agricultural activities

Page 39: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Data • Country X farming system X agricultural

potential

• Crop and livestock output value (SPAM and FAO international prices)

• Population density

• Market access

• Agricultural potential (NDVI)

Page 40: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

6 Major Farming Systems Unique constraints and comparative advantages Farming system

Pop. density

Market access Population Crop area Livestock

per ha hours million million ha mill. coweq

Tree-root

crop 0.4 7.0 99.3 28.3 27.3

Forest based 0.1 10.5 43.1 5.1 5.5

Highlands 1.0 6.1 70.5 8.0 38.2

Cereal-root

crop 0.3 6.4 83.1 30.3 61.0

Maize mixed 0.3 7.9 91.0 16.9 46.7

Pastoral 0.2 9.6 83.2 33.0 77.4

Page 41: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Tree-Root Crop Farming System • Major activities • cassava

• sweet potato

• cocoa

• cattle

• banana/plantain

• rice

• maize

• groundnut

• goat/sheep

• Value share

goat/sheep groundnut maize

rice banana cattle

other cocoa sweetpotato

cassava

Page 42: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Tree-Root Crop Farming System West and Central Africa

• Statistics determine 3 distinctive groups

Sub-system

Dominant agri. activities

Population density

Agricultural potential

Market access

1

Maize + banana

+ cattle high medium medium

2

Rice + sweet

potato + cocoa medium high high

3 roots high high low

Page 43: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Forest-Based Farming System • Major activities: rice, sweet potato, cassava,

groundnut, banana/plantain, coffee, cattle, pig/chicken

Sub-system

Dominant agri. activities

Population density

Agricultural potential

Market access

1 Rice + cattle low high low

2

Cassava +

banana low high very low

3 Root + banana low high very low

4 Coffee high low very low

Page 44: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Highlands Farming System • Major activities: maize, pulses, sweet

potato, cassava, banana, cattle, sheep/goat

Sub-system

Dominant agri. activities

Population density

Agricultural potential

Market access

1

Maize + sweet

potato + livestock high medium medium

2

Cattle dominate

livestock very high medium medium

3 Maize + cattle high medium low

4 Roots + cattle high high medium

5

Pulse + sweet

potato + banana

extremely

high high medium

Page 45: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Cereal-Root Crop Farming System

• Major activities: rice, maize, sorghum/ millet, pulse, sweet potato, cassava, groundnut, cotton, cattle, sheep/goat

Sub-system

Dominant agri. activities

Population density

Agricultural potential

Market access

1 Cassava medium high medium

2 Cattle medium medium medium

3

sorghum/millet

+ groundnut +

cattle high medium medium

Page 46: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Pastoral Farming System • Major activities: maize, sorghum/millet,

pulse, cassava, groundnut, cattle, sheep/goat

Sub-system

Dominant agri. activities

Population density

Natural endowment (NDVI)

Market access

1 Cattle medium medium low

2

sorghum/millet +

pulse + cattle medium low high

3

Cattle dominate

livestock low medium very low

4

Maize + cassava

+ cattle low medium low

5

sheep/goat

dominant livestock

extremely

low low

extremely

low

Page 47: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Maize Mixed Farming System East and Southern Africa

• Major activities: maize, sorghum/millet, pulse, cassava, sugarcane, tobacco, cattle, sheep/goat

Sub-system

Dominant agri. activities

Population density

Agricultural potential

Market access

1

Maize + tobacco +

cattle medium high low

2 Tobacco + cattle medium medium medium

3 Sugarcane + cattle medium medium medium

4

Cattle dominate

livestock high medium low

Page 48: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Heterogeneity within a Country case of Ethiopia

• Identify comparative advantages

Farm system

Sub-system

Maize share

Sorghum / millet share

Cattle share

Sheep/ goat share Pop. den

Agricultural potential

Market access

Highlands 2 10.1 4.8 55.5 7.4 high high low

Cereal-root

crop 2 6.9 5.2 63.5 8.9 high medium

very

low

Maize

mixed 3 8.4 8.7 51.8 9.2 medium medium

very

low

Pastoral 1 9.9 13.7 46.9 7.9 medium medium low

Pastoral 5 4.0 25.3 17.4 47.5 medium high medium

Page 49: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Determinants of Agricultural Productivity Growth and

Economic Analysis of Alternative Strategies

Alejandro Nin Pratt

International Food Policy Research Institute

[email protected]

Page 50: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

A. Regional Spatial Characterization of

Agricultural Productivity Opportunities &

Challenges

B. Key System Typologies for focusing productivity

efforts (e.g. country x farming system)

C. Representative Farm Analysis of Productivity

Enhancing Options

D. Case Study Analysis of Factors Affecting the Scale

and Sustainability of Productivity Growth

Focus Geographies/Systems

Overview of Session (and Study) Framework and Sequence

Page 51: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

The Case of Maize

Maize-mixed,

39%

Cereal-root crop, 18%

Tree- root crop, 20%

Other, 23%

Page 52: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

1) Identify predominant production systems grouping households with similar crops

Maize-

specializedBeans-maize

Permanent

crops-maize

Share in regional maize

production45% 10% 46%

Number of households 0.86 0.45 2.2

Share of maize in output

value77% 23% 25%

Page 53: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

2) Identify groups of households within the previous groups that are different in their behavior and welfare under different scenarios

• Input use

• Assets

• Labor

• Sales and market access

Page 54: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Low

inputs

High

inputs

Low

inputs

High

inputs% over total households 18 3 47 6

Yield (Kgs/HA) 1,319 2,610 1,049 2,519

Value of inputs/HA 2.9 151 14 184

ASSETS

Area (HA) 1.3 1.5 1.86 2.44

Cow equivalents/HA 1 1.15 2.23 1.89

Value of equipment/HA 70 81 78 102

LABOR

Family work days 156 106 176 165

Hired work days 36 23 31 63

SALES

Maize sales as share of output % 18 24 11 10

Total sales/output value % 9 11 50 36

Maize-

specialized

Perm. Crops-

maize

Page 55: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

3) Use this information in household models

• Simulate household behavior given – Available technologies for different crops and

livestock activities

– Cash constraint

– Labor constraint

– Land constraint

– Transaction costs

• Understand the importance of different constraints on household decisions

Page 56: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

4) Link household models in an economy-wide model

• Analyze impact of different events on individual household decisions and the effect of these decisions on other households and the economy – Output prices in local, regional and national

markets

– Labor markets

– Consumption and demand

• Derive policy implications

Page 57: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Case Studies of Productive and Sustainable Agricultural

Investment Programs

Joseph Karugia and Stella Massawe

International Livestock Research Institute

[email protected]

Page 58: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

A. Regional Spatial Characterization of

Agricultural Productivity Opportunities &

Challenges

B. Key System Typologies for focusing productivity

efforts (e.g. country x farming system)

C. Representative Farm Analysis of Productivity

Enhancing Options

D. Case Study Analysis of Factors Affecting the Scale

and Sustainability of Productivity Growth

Focus Geographies/Systems

Overview of Session (and Study) Framework and Sequence

Page 59: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Learning from successes and failures

• Positive or negative outcomes provide useful basis for learning.

• Incorporating lessons in the design and implementation of agricultural interventions-better quality

• How do we define success?

– Increase in yields, agricultural labour productivity, introduction of new higher-value enterprise

Page 60: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Framework for reviewing the case studies

SPATIAL VARIATION

Page 61: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Wei Wei Integrated project in Kenya • Initiated in 1987, outputs were:

– Construction of intake weir on the Wei Wei river;

– Laying of an underground steel and PVC pipeline network to distribute water through gravity-fed sprinkler irrigation units on each plot;

– Reclaiming and improving over 700 hectares of land; Setting up of a pilot farm of 50 hectares to provide logistical, equipment and other inputs support to the whole scheme;

– Developing and allocating 540 individual plots of 1 hectare each.

• The project has generated a number of benefits to the community:

– Crop yields, earnings and food security: maize and sorghum yields have increased from a paltry 0.5 tonnes/ha to 3.5 tonnes/ha and 4 tonnes/ha, respectively.

– New crops such as green grams, cow peas and okra were introduced.

Page 62: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Wei Wei Integrated project continued • The project has also created employment and income-generation

opportunities, either on the farms or through commerce

• Adoption of innovations, not only within the project area but also in those areas outside the project. The community members are expanding land under irrigation on their own initiative;

• Strengthening social capital through increased commercial activities. The farmers have also organized themselves into groups to negotiate for better prices for their produce.

• Lessons: Community involvement, introduced in an area with a tradition of irrigation, complementary investments, cost effectiveness of the irrigation approach used, capacity building, government support

Page 63: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Investment on Irrigation through ASDP in Tanzania

2006 2009

Average Rice yields in

irrigation schemes (t/ha)

1.8 to 2.0 4.0 to 5.0

Rice yields in Mbeya 1.5 2.0-2.5

Rice yields in Morogoro 1.5 5

Rice yields in Manyara 1.5 6

Maize yield in Siha 0.7 3.5-4.5

Onions From one season per year Three seasons per year.

Each season 60 bags

• Since 2006, rehabilitated old irrigation schemes and constructed some new ones

• As a result of the schemes, the area under irrigation increased from 264,388 ha in the year 2006/2007 to 317,245 ha in 2010 (20 % increase)

Factors for success: involvement of the farmers, government support, complimentary investments

Page 64: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Bura Irrigation Scheme in Kenya

• In Tana River District, started in 1981 production of cotton, maize and groundnuts, vegetables

• No cash crops planted for 15 years (from 1990-2005), no subsistence crops for 9 years (1994-2002): frequent breakdowns of the Nanighi Pumping Station or lack of adequate funds to operate the pumping units, lack of water

• Famine, increased poverty levels and unemployment for the Scheme farmers and community; at some point, farmers at the project were relying on famine relief food supplies.

• The irrigation canal network was heavily silted up covered by bushes

• Management challenges, several changes. In 2005, the Scheme was taken over by NIB

Page 65: Strategies for Raising and  Sustaining High Agricultural  Productivity in Africa_2011

Hifadhi Ardhi Dodoma (HADO) in Tanzania • Soil rehabilitation in Kondoa District; very deep gullies

• The objective was to reclaim degraded lands and improve agricultural and livestock keeping productivity by primarily enabling the local farmers to adopt effective land husbandry practices.

• Specific objectives: i) Ensure self-sufficient in wood requirements; ii) Encourage communal wood-growing schemes in the region; iii) Promote communal bee keeping and other income generating activities; iv) Encourage the establishment of shelter belts, windbreaks, shade trees, avenues and fruit tree growing; v) Conserve soil and water and to reclaim depleted land.

• The approach was top-down with little real participation of the local people in planning and implementing project activities. It emphasized cattle de-stocking, soil conservation measures such as contour banking and tree planting for shelterbelts, agro forestry and village woodlots.

• In severely eroded areas, cattle were excluded, effectively evicting their owners as well.

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HADO Cont’d • The HADO programme did demonstrate that restoration of

vegetative cover on some degraded semi-arid lands is possible.

• No baseline study was carried out at the beginning of the project, consequently, no basis for comparison

• Though large areas were conserved, the project was criticized for relocating people.

• Lessons: HADO project was a failure, mainly because:

– Like the earlier efforts in the colonial period, HADO was a top-down and technocratic project with little real participation by the local people in setting goals or in designing and implementing the project;

– A multi-disciplinary approach was not used, so forestry technical staff did all rehabilitation work

– Through the eviction of farmers the project exported problems elsewhere.

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Key Messages • Proper targeting: correct intervention for the Farming system?

• Involvement of the local communities and appropriate partnerships

• Correct implementation strategies: Avoid extreme actions drastic measures, targeting issues

• Invest in capacity; financial, technical, managerial

• Ensure supporting policy and institutional environment

• Complementary interventions

• Conditions for sustainability

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Next Steps

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A. Regional Spatial Characterization of

Agricultural Productivity Opportunities &

Challenges

B. Key System Typologies for focusing productivity

efforts (e.g. country x farming system)

C. Representative Farm Analysis of Productivity

Enhancing Options

D. Case Study Analysis of Factors Affecting the Scale

and Sustainability of Productivity Growth

Strategic Opportunities for

Productivity Enhancing Policies &

Investments

Focus Geographies/Systems

Overview of Session (and Study) Framework and Sequence

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Some Discussion Points • How can we improve the analysis

implementable results? – Data, methods, …

• What are key case studies (specific agricultural productivity) investment programs to learn from – both successful and not-successful?

• …