Stratification And

Stratification And

EducationEducation

Social Mobility

Social Mobility

Four Species Of Capital

Four Species Of Capital

Economic Capital

Economic Capital

Human Capital

Human Capital

Social Capital

Social Capital

Cultural Capital

Cultural Capital

Socia

l Mobility

Socia

l Mobility

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FaEdFaEd

FaOcFaOc 1stOc1stOc

EdEd

OcOc

Blau and Duncan 1967Blau and Duncan 1967

Speci

es

Of

Speci

es

Of

Capit

al

Capit

al

Important Resources

Important Resources They’re Fungible

They’re Fungible

(Able To Be Exchanged For Other Capital)

(Able To Be Exchanged For Other Capital)

They’re Transferable

They’re Transferable

(Usually From Generation To Generation)

(Usually From Generation To Generation)

They’re Unequally Distributed

They’re Unequally Distributed

(Often Because Of Accumulated

(Often Because Of Accumulated

Disadvantage)

Disadvantage)Economic Capital

Economic CapitalHuman Capital

Human CapitalSocial Capital

Social CapitalCultural Capital

Cultural Capital

Speci

es

Of

Speci

es

Of

Capit

al

Capit

al

Transf

err

ed F

rom

Genera

tion T

o

Transf

err

ed F

rom

Genera

tion T

o

Genera

tion

Genera

tion

Able

To B

e E

xchanged F

or

Oth

er

Able

To B

e E

xchanged F

or

Oth

er

Reso

urc

es

Reso

urc

es

• • Economic Capital:

Economic Capital:

Control of fControl of financial resources (e.g., cash, assets)

• • Human Capital:

Human Capital:Accumulated knowledge, skills, and physical

Accumulated knowledge, skills, and physical

capabilities gained through education

capabilities gained through education

• • Social Capital:

Social Capital:The collective value of all social networks (who

The collective value of all social networks (who

you know) and the inclinations that arise from

you know) and the inclinations that arise from

these networks to do things for each other.

these networks to do things for each other.

• • Cultural Capital:

Cultural Capital:Linguistic/cultural competencies (primarily

Linguistic/cultural competencies (primarily

tastes and dispositions) valued but not taught in

tastes and dispositions) valued but not taught in

schools.schools.

Embodied • Objectified • Institutionalized

Embodied • Objectified • Institutionalized

George BeckerJames ColemanPierre Bourdieu

Economic CapitalEconomic Capital

Poverty LinePoverty LineSingle: $10,830Single: $10,830Family: $22,050Family: $22,050

At/Below PovertyAt/Below PovertyAsian 12.5%Asian 12.5%White 12.3%White 12.3%Latino 25.3%Latino 25.3%Black 25.8%Black 25.8%

Race In SchoolsRace In SchoolsUrban: 35% WhiteUrban: 35% White

Suburban: 65% WhiteSuburban: 65% White

Economic CapitalEconomic Capital

Census 2010 BS MA MD/JD PhDAll

Workers59k 71k 125k 100k

Men 73k 88k 148k 117k

Women 44k 55k 88k 71k

Whites 60k 72k 128k 100k

Blacks 47k 58k 105k 93k

Hispanics 48k 74k 82k 96k

Human CapitalHuman Capital

Can Count To 20 Can Count To 20 White – 69%White – 69%Asian – 69%Asian – 69%Black – 69%Black – 69%

Hispanic – 41%Hispanic – 41%

Can Write NameCan Write NameWhite – 64%White – 64%Asian – 61%Asian – 61%Black – 58%Black – 58%

Hispanic – 49%Hispanic – 49%

Knows All LettersKnows All LettersWhite – 36%White – 36%Asian – 39%Asian – 39%Black – 37%Black – 37%

Hispanic – 15%Hispanic – 15%

School Readiness At Age 5School Readiness At Age 5

Can Read WordsCan Read WordsWhite – 75%White – 75%Asian – 79%Asian – 79%Black – 67%Black – 67%

Hispanic – 55%Hispanic – 55%

Nat’l Household Education Survey 2007

Some of the Some of the Hispanic Hispanic

deficiency can be deficiency can be accounted for by accounted for by

English being English being some students’ some students’

second language.second language.

Economic CapitalEconomic Capital

DeceaseDeceasedd

AbsenteAbsenteee

DivorcedDivorced

Social CapitalSocial Capital

Biracial Kids With Biracial Kids With White FathersWhite Fathers

Have Higher IQs Than Have Higher IQs Than Biracial Kids With Biracial Kids With

Black FathersBlack Fathers

Black Kids Adopted Black Kids Adopted By By White ParentsWhite Parents

Have Higher IQs Than Have Higher IQs Than Black Kids Adopted Black Kids Adopted By By Black ParentsBlack Parents

Moore 1986; Nisbett 1998

Cultural CapitalCultural Capital

Expanded Mobility ModelExpanded Mobility Model

Economic Economic CapitalCapital

Cultural Cultural CapitalCapital

Wisconsin 1971Wisconsin 1971

Social Social CapitalCapital

Human Human CapitalCapital

OccupatioOccupation n

AspirationAspirationss

EducationaEducational l

AttainmentAttainment

Educational Educational AspirationsAspirations

ACTUAL ACTUAL OccupatioOccupatio

nn

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Is It

Diff

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nce

s In

Is It

Diff

ere

nce

s In

O

pport

unit

y?

Opport

unit

y?

Facts:

Minority Kids Are More Likely

. . . to be in single-race schools

. . . to attend schools where teachers don’t live nearby

. . . to attend public schools

. . . to attend large urban schools

. . . to attend highly tracked schools

. . . to attend bureaucratic schools

. . . to attend poorly-resourced schools

. . . to be taught by uncertified teachers

And To Face Micro-Expectations In These Environments