strengthening capacity to support marine …...goal 3.3: develop, apply and transfer appropriate...
TRANSCRIPT
Strengthening capacity to support
Marine Protected AreasPoWPA workshop, 6 December 2011
B. C. Choudhury & K. Sivakumar
With contributions from Tim Carruthers
Ecosystem services supported by MPA’s
Localized threats
• Indiscriminate and uncontrolled over
fishing and fisheries related impacts
• Coastal and marine developmental
projects and chronic impacts
• Stochastic natural events such as
cyclone, earthquake, tsunami, global
warming
Climate changethreats
And related
demographic and
landuse patterns
Restoration and recovery of the
marine habitat types and their obligate
flora and fauna (e.g. Great Barrier
Reef)
Restoration of ecological processes and
their services (E.g. Gulf of Kutch
National Park and Marine Sanctuary in
India)
Enhanced the livelihood options of
local communities using marine
resources (e.g. Gulf of Mannar
National Park)
Positive benefits of protection
Marine Protected Areas in the world
Source: World Environment Library
Gulf of KachchGulf of Kachch
Gulf of MannarGulf of Mannar
BhitarkanikaBhitarkanika
WandurMiddle ButtonNorth Button
Rani JhansiSouth Button
WandurMiddle ButtonNorth Button
Rani JhansiSouth Button
CingueCothbertGalathea
CingueCothbertGalathea
LohabarrackNorth ReefMangrove
South Reef
LohabarrackNorth ReefMangrove
South Reef
KadalundiKadalundi
Marine National ParksWildlife SanctuariesCommunity Reserve No Conservation Reserves
Marine National ParksWildlife SanctuariesCommunity Reserve No Conservation Reserves
LothianHallidaySajnakhali
LothianHallidaySajnakhali
BhitarkankaBhitarkanka
ChilikaChilikaGahirmathaGahirmatha
CoringaCoringa
KrishnaKrishna
PulicatPulicat
Point CalimerePoint Calimere
MalvanMalvan
PittiPitti
Marine Protected Areas in IndiaMarine Protected Areas in India
Coastal and Marine Biosphere Reserves, Ramsar sites & Important Bird Areas in India
Gulf of MannarGulf of Mannar
SunderbansSunderbans
NicobarNicobar
AsthamudiAsthamudi
BitharkanikaBitharkanika
ChilkaChilka
KolleruKolleru
VembanadVembanad Point CalimerePoint Calimere
Biosphere ReservesRamsar sitesImportant Bird Areas
Biosphere ReservesRamsar sitesImportant Bird Areas
Courtesy: Birdlife International
Existing methodologies to identify MCPAsExisting methodologies to identify MCPAs
Global (macro-level) priority setting approaches for biodiversity conservation
Biodiversity hotspotsHabitat based, e.g., rain forests(Myers, 1988)
Major tropical wilderness areas Ecosystem based, e.g., high biodiversity tropical areas(Myers, 1990; Mittermeier, 1990)
Mega-diversity countries Country based biodiversity assessment method e.g., B-17(Mittermeier et al., 1997)
Available methodology in India
•Untawale, 2000
– based on threatened taxa status
•Singh et al., 2000
– both on taxa and habitat types
– suggested 12 sites along Indian coastline
Existing micro-level approach for IndiaExisting micro-level approach for India
• Important Bird Areas (IBAs) – Birdlife International
• Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) – Birdlife Internation al
• Special Area Conservation (SAC) – EU’s Habitat Directive
• Marine Eco-regions – WWF & Nature Conservancy
&• Important Coastal & Marine Biodiversity Areas (ICMB A)
Other options for site IdentificationOther options for site Identification
Criteria for identification of ICMBAsCriteria for identification of ICMBAs
1. Ecosystem resilience
2. Ecosystem function
3. Biodiversity uniqueness
4. Cultural, Religious & Aesthetic significance
5. Socio-economic potential
6. Land tenure
Six “Conservation amplifiers” were picked up from standard methods for criteria development
CRITERION 1
Coastal ecosystem resilienceIndicators1.Considerable area
2.Ecosystem contiguity
3.Habitat diversity (mangrove, mud flat, coral, seagrass, sand beach etc)
4.Adequacy of the site to maintain ecosystem level processes (nutrient flow, salinity changes)
5.Wildlife corridor (connected by vegetation, water or others)
Indicators1.Considerable area
2.Ecosystem contiguity
3.Habitat diversity (mangrove, mud flat, coral, seagrass, sand beach etc)
4.Adequacy of the site to maintain ecosystem level processes (nutrient flow, salinity changes)
5.Wildlife corridor (connected by vegetation, water or others)
Ecosystem functions
Indicators
1.Freshwater discharge/ recharge function
2.Coastal erosion control
3.Carbon sequestration value
4.Natural protection against disaster
Indicators
1.Freshwater discharge/ recharge function
2.Coastal erosion control
3.Carbon sequestration value
4.Natural protection against disaster
CRITERION 2
Biodiversity uniqueness
Indicators1.Presence of Globally threatened species2.Presence of Regionally threatened Species (IWPA 1972)3.Presence of restricted range species4.Presence of flagship species5.Presence of endemic species6.Nursery and Breeding site provisions for species of conservationsignificance7.Congregation area for species of conservation significance8.Congregation area for migratory species
Indicators1.Presence of Globally threatened species2.Presence of Regionally threatened Species (IWPA 1972)3.Presence of restricted range species4.Presence of flagship species5.Presence of endemic species6.Nursery and Breeding site provisions for species of conservationsignificance7.Congregation area for species of conservation significance8.Congregation area for migratory species
CRITERION 3
Cultural, Religious & Aesthetic significance
Indicators
1.Cultural value
2.Religious value
3.Historical value
4.Aesthetic value
Indicators
1.Cultural value
2.Religious value
3.Historical value
4.Aesthetic value
CRITERION 4
Socio-economic potential
Indicators
1.Renewable natural resource extraction opportunity
2.Ecotourism prospects
3.Support for agriculture
4.Aquaculture and Fisheries
Indicators
1.Renewable natural resource extraction opportunity
2.Ecotourism prospects
3.Support for agriculture
4.Aquaculture and Fisheries
CRITERION 5
Land tenure (Governance)
Indicators
1.Government ownership or other private ownership
Indicators
1.Government ownership or other private ownership
CRITERION 6
Survey for identification of ICMBAsSurvey for identification of ICMBAs
Coast StatesCoastal Length (Km)
Number of sites surveyed and examined *
West
Gujarat 1610 44
Maharashtra 720 32
Goa 120 10
Karnataka 280 46
Kerala 590 75
East
West Bengal 210 16
Orissa 480 25
Andhra Pradesh 1014 42
Tamil Nadu & Pondicherry 950 60
Total 5974 350
* within 5 km on the landward side
Number of sites visited and examined
Coast States Identified ICMBAs Total
West
Gujarat & Diu-Daman 15
62
Maharashtra 14
Goa 4
Karnataka 12
Kerala 17
East
West Bengal 2
44Orissa 14
Andhra Pradesh 15
Tamil Nadu & Puducherry 13
Total 106 *
Identified ICMBA sites
* An ATLAS of 106 ICMBA site prepared
Prioritization based on
Prioritization among ICMBAs for immediate attentionPrioritization among ICMBAs for immediate attention
• Additional biodiversity values of candidate site’s
surrounding landscape matrix
• Habitat vulnerability to range of threat
• Land tenure system
Coast States Prioritized ICMBAs Total
West
Gujarat & Diu-Daman 3
13Maharashtra 3
Karnataka 3
Kerala 4
East
West Bengal -
9Orissa 3
Andhra Pradesh 3
Tamil Nadu & Puducherry 3
Total 22 *
Prioritized ICMBA sites
* Fact Sheets in ICMBA Atlas were coloured in Red
Prioritized ICMBA sites
• For example – Gujarat and Tamil Nadu
Chandipur
ChilkaRushikulya
Naupada
BantumilliMachilipatnam
Kaliveli
Pichavaram
Palk Bay
MadhavpurAlia Bet
Purna
Thane
Purnagad
Achra-Malvan
KaliNetraniKundapur
Kolavipalem
Vypin-Fort KochiKumarakom
Kumbalangi
Identified ICMBAs in Gujarat & Diu - DamanIdentified ICMBAs in Gujarat & Diu - Daman
Prioritized sites
KoteswarSangi
Gasabara
Porbandar
Madhavpur
Diu
Alia betWadgham
Sabarmati
Navbandar
Kotpar Narmada
Purna
UmergaonDamanganga
Mangroves in Purna
Mudflat in Alia Bet
Turtle hatchery in Madhavpur
Protection of migratory species requires networks of protected areas including Trans
Boundary Protected Areas
• Sea turtles
• Dugong
• Whales
• Sharks
• Birds
Many of the threats to marine habitats are land based: a ‘ridge to reef’ approach is recommended
• Unsustainable coastal development
• Forest clear-felling
• Strip mining
• Hill-slope erosion
• Unsustainable agriculture
• Pesticide runoff
• Nutrient input from urban areas
• Nutrient inputs from farming
Goal 1.2: Integrate land and seascape
Trans Boundary Marine Protected Areas
E,g. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere
Reserve (India and Sri Lanka)
• Dugong
• Sea turtles
• Sharks
• Whales
• Sea birds etc
Goal 1.3: Transboundary protected areas and MPA collaborations
Ability and capacity to enforce an MPA is essential for success
• All links in the
enforcement chain
need to be strong
Goal 1.4: Substantially improve site based MPA planning and management
Internal issues as well as identified external threats
influence enforcement efforts
Goal 1.5: Prevent and mitigate impacts of key threats
Protected seascape can increase catches in surrounding buffer areas
• This was measured after establishing ‘no take’ zones in Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
Goal 2.1: Promote equity and benefit sharing
The multiple effective scales of MPA’s
•Global: Convention on Biological Diversity
•Mesoamerican reef (annual report card)
•National level: governance uniformity
•MPA – Specifically established National Park
Goal 3.1: Provide enabling policy, institutional and socio-economic support
IUCN classification of MPA’s
Goal 3.2: Build capacity for planning, establishment and management
Marine Protected Areas can contain zoning for multiple uses
Goal 3.3: Develop, apply and transfer appropriate technologies
Important permissible activities in various zones of the
Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve and National Park as
per consultation with stakeholders
Mon
itori
ng H
abita
t/ Sp
ecie
s
Cor
al r
eef
rest
orat
ion
Seag
rass
bed
re
stor
atio
n M
angr
ove
rest
orat
ion
End
ange
red
Spec
ies
reco
very
pro
gram
s
Cor
al w
atch
ing
usin
g gl
ass
botto
med
boa
t
Snor
kelin
g
Scub
a di
ving
Fish
ing
& c
rabb
ing
Res
earc
h w
ith p
erm
it
Nav
igat
ion
Aqu
acul
ture
Stoc
k en
hanc
emen
t of
fish
es
Mandapam Y Y Y Y Y N N N N Y N N Y Keelakkarai Y Y Y Y Y N N N N Y N N Y Vembar Y Y Y Y Y N N N N Y N N Y
Core Zone
Tuticorin Y Y Y Y Y N N N N Y N N Y Buffer Zone Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Eco-Development Zone
Y N N Y Y Y N N Y Y Y Y Y
Water Y N Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Tourism Zone Land Y N N Y N N N N - Y Y N
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park history
•1975: establishment
•1979: first formal zoning (12, 000 km2)
•1981: first formal zoning plan
(4.7% of area ‘no take’)
•1988: zoning strategy for 98% of area
•2004: implemented revised zoning plan
(including 33% of area ‘no take’)
Goal 3.3: Develop, apply and transfer appropriate technologies
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
Goal 3.4: Ensure financial sustainability
Example GBR zoning map, Cairns FNQ
Goal 3.4: Ensure financial sustainability
Effective development and implementation of an MPA requires
e.g. Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park•Adaptive management: built in flexibility
•Appropriate boundary definition: biological, cultural, political
•Transparent and highly participatoryprocess
•Incorporation of both scientific and traditional knowledge
Goal 3.5: Strengthen communication, education and public awareness
Rapid recovery of fish populations with protection
Goal 4.3: Assess and monitor ecosystem status and trends
Participatory Governance of Marine Protected Areas
Resources are in the CPR Regime
Multiple user agencies
Resources use are often non-sustainable
Conflicting interest of resource use
Current Status of EDC Zone (Administrative setup) of Gulf of
Mannar Biosphere Reserve
Director
GOMBRT
Su
b-z
on
e
Eco Developmental Officer
Mandapam Keelakarai Erwadi Thoothukudi
Danushkodi
Pambam
Uchipuli
No sub-zonal officer
Periapattinam
Thinaikulam
Keelakarai
Erwadi
Mariyur
Kamarajapuram
Vembar
Thoothukudi
Ratchenyapuram
No Zonal officer
Transferred
No sub-zonal officer
Zo
ne
No sub-zonal officer
No sub-zonal officerNo sub-zonal officer
No Zonal officer
Sociologist
Proposed Administrative Setup of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere
Reserve Management Authority
Rural Development Officer
(Sociologist)*EDO
(North)
Deputy Director
of Fisheries*
Zonal Officer
Eco-development
(Sayalkudi)
3 sub-zonal
Officers
NGOs
EDCs & VMCCs
Zonal Officer
Eco-development
(Tuticorin)
3 sub-zonal
Officers
NGOs
EDCs & VMCCs
Zonal Officer
Eco-development
(Mandapam)
3 sub-zonal
Officers
NGOs
EDCs & VMCCs
Zonal Officer
Eco-development
(Keelakarai)
3 sub-zonal
Officers
NGOs
EDCs & VMCCs
Tourism and
Interpretation Officer*
Tourism and
Interpretation Officer*
Governing Body
Director
Gulf of Mannar Biosphere
Authority
(CCF)
WLW
GOMNP
Research Biologist*
Scientist C
ACF
Protection, restoration
& Management
(South)
RFO
(Tuticorin)RFO
(Vembar)
ACF
Protection, restoration
& Management
(North)
RFO
(Mandapam)
RFO
(Keelakarai)
GIS & RS
(System Manager)
Laboratory
Aquarium
preservation staff
EDO
(South)
3 sub-zonal
Officers
NGOs
EDCs & VMCCs
Zonal Officer
Eco-development
(Tiruchendur)
Resources…
Thanks!
Stuart Chape