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Zambia Country Report

STRENGTHENING UNIVERSITY CONTRIBUTIONS TO CLIMATE COMPATIBLE DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

SARUA CLIMATE CHANGE COUNTS MAPPING STUDY

VOLUME 2 COUNTRY REPORT 11 2014

STRENGTHENING UNIVERSITY CONTRIBUTIONS TO CLIMATE COMPATIBLE DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

Zambia Country Report

Series Editor: Piyushi Kotecha

Authors: Penny Urquhart and Heila Lotz-Sisitka

Note

This is the Zambia Country Report of the Southern African Regional Universities

Association (SARUA) Climate Change Counts mapping study. It brings together

background documentation on climate change in Zambia, insights into knowledge and

research needs and capacity gaps (individual and institutional), a mapping of existing

university roles and contributions to climate compatible development (CCD); as well as a

discussion on possibilities for CCD learning pathways and future collaborative knowledge

co-production and use in Zambia.

This report is one of a set of 12 Country Reports in Volume 2, which inform Volume 1: the

integrated regional Knowledge Co-production Framework of the Climate Change Counts

mapping study, and which includes comparative regional analysis using the outputs of the

other SADC countries, as well as the proposed regional framework for collaborative

research on climate compatible development.

© SARUA 2014

Southern African Regional Universities Association (SARUA)

PO Box 662

WITS

2050

SOUTH AFRICA

The contents of this publication may be freely used and reproduced for non-profit purposes, provided full acknowledgement of the source is given. All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-0-9922355-3-6

Series Editor: Piyushi Kotecha

Authors: Penny Urquhart and Heila Lotz-Sisitka

Project Management and Coordination: Botha Kruger, Johan Naudé, Ziyanda Cele

Research and Workshop Facilitation: Charles Namafe, Manoah Muchanga, Dick Kachilonda, Dylan McGarry

Project Steering Committee: Professor Xikombiso Mbhenyane, University of Venda; Professor Raymond Mande Mutombo, University of Lubumbashi; Professor Mark New, University of Cape Town; Professor Samson Sibanda, National University of Science & Technology; Professor Pius Zebhe Yanda, University of Dar es Salaam

Copy-editing: Kim Ward

SARUA is a not-for-profit leadership association of the heads of the public universities in the 15 countries of the SADC region. Its mission is to promote, strengthen and increase higher education, research and innovation through expanded inter-institutional collaboration and capacity-building initiatives throughout the region. It promotes universities as major contributors towards building knowledge economies, national and regional socio-economic and cultural development, and for the eradication of poverty.

The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this document and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of SARUA and do not make any commitment for the Association.

Core mapping study Partners

Programme Owner Implementation Partner

Supplementary Study Sponsors

SADC Regional Environmental Education Programme

University Sponsors and Hosts

Rhodes University

Tshwane University of Technology

Universidade Agostinho Neto

Université des Mascareignes

University of Cape Town

University of Dar Es Salaam

University of Fort Hare

University of Malawi

University of Namibia

University of Pretoria

University of Seychelles

University of Swaziland

University of Zambia

Vaal University of Technology

Zimbabwe Open University

The Climate Change Counts mapping study is the inception phase of the SARUA

Programme for Climate Change Capacity Development. The mapping study was made

possible through the professional, financial and in-kind support of multiple partners. The

principal study sponsor was the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN).

May 2014

1 SARUA Climate Change Counts mapping study: Zambia Country Report

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 6

1.1 Regional climate risks and university leadership for climate compatible development in southern Africa .................................................................................................................................... 6

1.2 The SARUA Climate Change initiative: History and objectives ............................................... 10

1.3 The SARUA CCD mapping study: Mapping existing capacity and future possible knowledge co-production possibilities ................................................................................................................ 12

1.4 Key concepts ........................................................................................................................... 12

2 METHODOLOGY, DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS LOGIC .................................................... 16

2.1 Research design ...................................................................................................................... 16 2.1.1 Document analysis .......................................................................................................................... 16 2.1.2 Stakeholder and university staff consultations (national workshop) .............................................. 16 2.1.3 Questionnaires ................................................................................................................................ 17

2.2 Limitations of the mapping study ........................................................................................... 18

2.3 Expanding the mapping study ................................................................................................ 19

2.4 Analysis logic .......................................................................................................................... 19

3 NEEDS ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................. 20

3.1 Introducing the needs analysis ............................................................................................... 20

3.2 Socio-economic context ......................................................................................................... 20

3.3 Observed and projected climatic changes, impacts and vulnerabilities ................................ 21 3.3.1 Observed climatic changes .............................................................................................................. 21 3.3.2 Projected climatic changes.............................................................................................................. 21 3.3.3 Impacts and vulnerabilities ............................................................................................................. 22

3.4 Identified needs: Short to medium term national priorities for CCD in Zambia .................... 23 3.4.1 Identified adaptation and mitigation priorities articulated in policy and strategy ......................... 23 3.4.2 Identified adaptation and mitigation priorities articulated by workshop participants ................... 24 3.4.3 Identified needs for CCD articulated in questionnaire data ............................................................ 26

3.5 Specific knowledge and capacity needs: CCD research, knowledge and individual and institutional capacity gaps (related to CCD priorities) ....................................................................... 28

3.5.1 Needs analysis: Specific research needs and knowledge gaps ........................................................ 28 3.5.2 Needs analysis: Individual capacity gaps ......................................................................................... 38 3.5.3 Needs analysis: Institutional capacity gaps .................................................................................... 39

4 INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 41

4.1 Introducing the institutional analysis ..................................................................................... 41

4.2 Policy and institutional arrangements.................................................................................... 41 4.2.1 Policy and institutional arrangements governing Higher Education in Zambia............................... 41 4.2.2 Policy context for climate change ................................................................................................... 42 4.2.3 Institutional arrangements for climate change ............................................................................... 42

4.3 Research and development frameworks................................................................................ 43

4.4 Some current CCD initiatives and programmes ..................................................................... 44

4.5 Existing status of CCD research, education, outreach and networking in Zambia ................. 46

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4.5.1 Understandings of CCD: National policy, stakeholders and university staff .................................. 46 4.5.2 Current research related to climate compatible development ....................................................... 49 4.5.3 Curriculum innovations and teaching for CCD ................................................................................ 57 4.5.4 Community and policy outreach ..................................................................................................... 60 4.5.5 Student involvement ....................................................................................................................... 60 4.5.6 University collaboration and networking ........................................................................................ 61 4.5.7 University policy and campus management ................................................................................... 63

4.6 What existing practices can be strengthened and what can be done differently? ................ 64 4.6.1 Co-ordination, collaboration and improved partnership building .................................................. 64 4.6.2 Strengthen and expand understandings of CCD ............................................................................. 64 4.6.3 Capacity building for CCD and staffing ............................................................................................ 64 4.6.4 Curriculum development and curriculum innovation ..................................................................... 65 4.6.5 Research recommendations ........................................................................................................... 66

4.7 The role of university leaders ................................................................................................. 66

5 KNOWLEDGE CO-PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES ................................................................... 67

5.1 Current knowledge co-production practices via multi-, inter- and transdisciplinary approaches ........................................................................................................................................ 67

5.1.1 Clarifying the meanings of multi-, inter- and transdisciplinary approaches to research................. 67 5.1.2 The current ‘status’ of multi-, inter- and transdisciplinary approaches to research and knowledge co-production ................................................................................................................................................ 69

5.2 Multi-, inter- and transdisciplinary research possibilities: Benefits and constraints ............ 70 5.2.1 Benefits and constraints.................................................................................................................. 70 5.2.2 Possibilities to strengthen this kind of research ............................................................................. 71

6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ............................................................................................ 72

6.1 Synthesis perspective knowledge, research, individual and institutional capacity needs analysis .............................................................................................................................................. 72

6.1.1 Broad adaptation and mitigation needs.......................................................................................... 72 6.1.2 Specific knowledge and research gaps ............................................................................................ 73 6.1.3 Notable themes ............................................................................................................................... 73 6.1.4 Individual capacity gaps .................................................................................................................. 73 6.1.5 Institutional capacity gaps .............................................................................................................. 74

6.2 Synthesis perspective on the institutional assessment .......................................................... 74

6.3 A broad map of Zambia CCD knowledge co-production pathways ........................................ 75

6.4 Possibilities for linking into a networked system of knowledge co-production in the SADC region ................................................................................................................................................ 77

APPENDIX A: WORKSHOP ATTENDANCE LIST ............................................................................. 78

APPENDIX B: ACTIVE RESEARCHERS IDENTIFIED WHO ARE CONTRIBUTING TO CC /CCD RELATED RESEARCH ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................. 83

APPENDIX C: UNIVERSITIES QUESTIONNAIRE ............................................................................. 84

APPENDIX D: STAKEHOLDER QUESTIONNAIRE ........................................................................... 88

APPENDIX E: IDENTIFIED SOURCES OF EXPERTISE FOR CCD FOR ZAMBIA................................. 90

May 2014


Tables

Table 1: Workshop programme outline ..................................................................................................... 17

Table 2: Needs identified by different stakeholders / disciplinary specialists (derived from questionnaire

data) ........................................................................................................................................................... 26

Table 3: Knowledge, research and individual and institutional capacity gaps identified by workshop

participants ................................................................................................................................................. 31

Table 4: More detailed research and knowledge needs from Zambian policy documents, workshop and

questionnaires ............................................................................................................................................ 35

Table 5: Some CCD initiatives and programmes in Zambia ........................................................................ 44

Table 6: First ten articles listed with ‘Climate Change’ and ‘Zambia’ in the search, with first author origin

.................................................................................................................................................................... 50

Table 7: Diversity of university faculties and departments involvement in climate change research ....... 52

Table 8: Research projects currently being undertaken in response to CC and the need for CCD ............ 54

Table 9: Courses oriented towards climate compatible development ...................................................... 58

Table 10: Roles ascribed to the different partners involved in the knowledge co-production process .... 62

Table 11: CCD Knowledge co-production partners (potential, with some already actualised) .................. 62

Table 12: CCD knowledge, research, capacity building and institutional capacity gap analysis for one of

the Zambia cross-cutting priorities: Curriculum Development and Youth Capacity building ................... 75

Table 13: Active researchers who are contributing to CC/CCD related research activities in Zambia ....... 83

Table 14: Identified sources of expertise for CCD in Zambia...................................................................... 90

Figures

Figure 1: Projected change in the annual average temperature (°C) and annual average rainfall (mm) over

the SADC region, for the time-slab 2040–2060 and 2080–2099, relative to 1970–2005 ................................. 7

Figure 2: Projected change in the annual average temperature (°C) and annual average rainfall (mm) over

the SADC region, for the time-slab 2040–2060 and 2080–2099, relative to 1970–2005 ................................. 8

Figure 3: The SARUA Climate Change Capacity Development Programme, showing the mapping study . 11

Figure 4: Conceptual framework for Climate Compatible Development (adapted from Mitchell and

Maxwell, 2010) ........................................................................................................................................... 13

Figure 5: Research approaches .................................................................................................................. 67

May 2014


Acronyms

BID Background Information Document

CCAM Conformal-Cubic Atmospheric Model

CCD Climate compatible development

CDC Curriculum Development Centre

CDKN Climate and Development Knowledge Network

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CFFU Climate Change Facilitation Unit

CGCMs Coupled Global Climate Models

CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

CSO Civil Society Organisation

DRR Disaster Risk Reduction

DSEE Distance Sustainable Energy Engineering

EERG Energy and Environment Research Group

ERB Energy Regulation Board

ESCO Energy Service Company

FFEWS Famine and Flood Early Warning System

GHG GreenHouse Gas

GIS Geographical Information System

HEI Higher Education Institution

HEMA Higher Education Management Africa consortium

INC Initial National Communication

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPPS International Programme in Physical Sciences

KTH Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden)

LRCE Lusaka Regional Centre of Expertise

LSSE Language and Social Sciences Education

MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements

MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification

MSc Master of Science

MU Mulungushi University

MUEESA Mulungushi University Environmental Education Student Association

NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action

NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action

NCCDC National Climate Change and Development Council

NCCRS National Climate Change Response Strategy

NCSA National Capacity Self-Assessment

NGO Non-Governmental Organisation

PPCR Pilot Programme on Climate Resilience

May 2014


PRSAP Poverty Reduction Strategy and Action Plan

R&D Researh and Development

REDD Reduced Emissions from Deforestation's and Forest Degradation

SADC Southern African Development Community

SADC REEP Southern African Development Community Regional Environmental Education Programme

SARUA Southern African Regional Universities Association

SASSCAL Southern African Science Service Centre for Climate Change and Adaptive Land Use

SHS Solar Home Systems

SNC Second National Communication

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UN-REDD+ United Nations - Reduced Emissions from Deforestation's and Forest Degradation

UNZAEESA University of Zambia Environmental Education Student Association

ZCCN Zambia Climate Change Network

ZMD Zambia Meteorological Department

May 2014


1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Regional climate risks and university leadership for climate compatible development in southern Africa

Globally, southern Africa is one of the most vulnerable regions to the impacts of climate

change. Current climate variability and vulnerability to extreme events such as floods and

droughts is high, and a range of existing stressors, including water availability, land

degradation, desertification and loss of biodiversity constrain food security and development.

Reduction of the region’s structural poverty is further challenged by health threats such as

malaria and HIV/AIDS, as well as institutional and governance aspects. Climate change will

compound many of these interlinked problems for regional livelihoods, which are often based

on subsistence agriculture, and for regional economies, which are often dependent on natural

resources. The region’s high vulnerability to climate change is a function of the severity of the

projected physical climate impacts and this multi-stressor context, which heightens both

exposure and sensitivity to the impacts.

In addition to its role as a risk multiplier, climate change introduces new climate risks. Already

the observed temperature changes for southern Africa are higher than the increases reported

for other parts of the world (IPCC 2007); projections indicate a 3.4°C increase in annual

temperature (up to 3.7°C in spring), when comparing the period 1980–1999 with the period

2080–2099. Mean warming over land surfaces in Southern Africa is likely to exceed the

average global land surface temperature increases in all seasons.1 Further projections are for

overall drying for southern Africa, with increased rainfall variability; a delay in onset of the

rainy season with an early cessation in many parts; and an increase in rainfall intensity in some

parts. [See Figure 1. 2] Additional climate-driven risks, in addition to the direct effects of

increased temperature and increased incidence and/or severity of extreme events like floods

and droughts, include more wind storms, hot spells and wild fires. Both the heightened and

the new risks will act at the local level to compound other stressors and development

pressures faced by people, and at the national level on the region’s natural resource-

dependent economies. The all-encompassing nature of the impacts highlights the fact that

climate change is not a narrow environmental problem, but a fundamental development

challenge that requires new and broad-based responses.

1 IPCC. 2013. Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation: Africa. IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, draft for Final Government Review,

Chapter 22. 2 The projections of future climate change displayed in Figures 1 and 2 were provided by the Council for Scientific and Industrial

Research (CSIR), and have been obtained through downscaling the output of a number of coupled global models (CGCMs) to

high-resolution over Africa, using a regional climate model. All the CGCMs downscaled contributed to the Coupled Model

Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and Assessment Report 5 (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC). Details on these simulations are provided in the LTAS Phase 1 Technical Report no. 1. The regional model used is the

conformal-cubic atmospheric model (CCAM), developed by the CSIRO in Australia. For various applications of CCAM over

southern Africa, see Engelbrecht, F.A., W.A. Landman, C..J. Engelbrecht, S. Landman, B. Roux, M.M. Bopape, J.L. McGregor and

M. Thatcher. 2011. “Multi-scale climate modelling over southern Africa using a variable-resolution global model,” Water SA 37:

647-658.

May 2014


Note: The 90th percentile (upper panel), median (middle panel) and 10th percentile (lower panel) are shown for an ensemble of downscalings of three CGCM projections, for each of the time-slabs. The downscalings were performed using the regional model CCAM. All the CGCM projections are contributing to CMIP5 and AR5 of the IPCC, and are for RCP4.5.

Figure 1: Projected change in the annual average temperature (°C) and annual average rainfall (mm) over the SADC region, for the time-slab 2040–2060 and 2080–2099, relative to 1970–2005

May 2014


Note: The 90th percentile (upper panel), median (middle panel) and 10th percentile (lower panel) are shown for an ensemble of downscalings of three CGCM projections, for each of the time-slabs. The downscalings were performed using the regional model CCAM. All the CGCM projections are contributing to CMIP5 and AR5 of the IPCC, and are for RCP8.5.

Figure 2: Projected change in the annual average temperature (°C) and annual average rainfall (mm) over the SADC region, for the time-slab 2040–2060 and 2080–2099, relative to 1970–2005


May 2014

Figures 1 and 23 showed the projected change in the annual average temperature (°C) and annual

average rainfall (mm) over the SADC region, for the time-slabs 2040–2060 and 2080–2099, relative

to 1970–2005. Figure 1 CGCM projections are for RCP4.5 and Figure 2 projections are for RCP8.5.

Shifting perspective from ‘development’ to ‘climate compatible development’ requires significant

scientific and social innovation. New forms of learning, leadership, planning, policy making and

knowledge production are needed. New collaboration platforms will be needed within and between

countries and their universities. Universities have a key role to play in supporting societal innovation

and change for CCD. Not only do they develop the knowledge and competence of future leaders in

government, business and civil society, but they also provide immediate societal responses given

their pivotal role as centres of research, teaching, knowledge sharing and social empowerment.

Given the risk multiplier effect of climate change, coupled with the multiple stressor context, it is

clear that the impacts of climate change will be far-ranging, acting upon diverse sectors such as

transportation, agriculture, health, industry and tourism. This necessitates a wide-ranging and cross-

sector response, in which non-climate-related knowledge fields will be called upon.

Universities need to develop a strong understanding of the knowledge, teaching, research and

outreach implications of the external climate change development context in which they operate.

This calls for:

New scientific directions and practices;

New teaching and learning content and approaches;

Stronger forms of community outreach and policy outreach activities; and

Enhanced collaboration between universities and other knowledge producers and users in

society.

In recognition of the above issues and their longer-term implications for society and universities, the

Southern African Regional Universities Association (SARUA) hosted a Leadership Dialogue in 2011,

which resulted in a vision for a collaborative programme on climate change capacity development,

with a defined set of outcomes. This programme is highly relevant for Zambia, given the country’s

vulnerability to the impacts of climate change (Box 1).

3 Engelbrecht et al. 2014. “Multi-scale climate modelling”. Climate trends and scenarios for South Africa. Long-term Adaptation Scenarios

Flagship Research Programme (LTAS). Phase 1, Technical Report no. 1.

May 2014


1.2 The SARUA Climate Change initiative: History and objectives

Arising from the 2011 Leadership Dialogue, SARUA designed a five-year programme for Climate

Change Capacity Development, to deliver on its mandate of promoting, strengthening and increasing

higher education research and innovation, through expanded inter-institutional collaboration and

capacity building initiatives throughout the region. The five-year programme is endorsed by a

majority of Vice Chancellors within SARUA’s 62 public university members (as at August 2013). The

programme aims to build capacity for climate compatible development (CCD), which is emerging as

a platform for significant collaboration across the academic sector. The objectives identified are as

follows:

Collaborative network development (establishment of six topical collaborative networks)

Policy and community outreach;

Research (140 PhD students (average 10 per country) in two themed research programmes);

Teaching and learning (integration of CCD into undergraduate and Masters degree

programmes);

Knowledge management (regional database and knowledge management systems); and

Institutional learning and support (ongoing reflexive development of programme).4

The programme started with an extensive mapping study of current climate-related priorities and

university capabilities for CCD of countries in the region, supported by funding from the UK and

4 Butler-Adam, J. 2012. The Southern African Regional Universities Association (SARUA). Seven Years of Regional Higher Education

Advancement. 2006-2012. Johannesburg: SARUA.

Box 1: Zambia’s vulnerability to the impacts of climate change

Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA, 2007) states:

Zambia’s main climate change-related human vulnerabilities and livelihood impacts lie within

the areas of agriculture and food security; natural resources, wildlife and forestry; health;

water and energy. Climate change impacts in the form of floods, extreme heat, and droughts

have adversely impacted water quality, agricultural production, food security, water security,

wildlife and infrastructure and resulted in the displacement of human populations. Persistent

poverty and food insecurity will be aggravated by increasing environmental degradation and

climate change. Zambian communities’ strong dependence on rain-fed agriculture makes

them particularly vulnerable to the current and expected climatic changes, which can

precipitate widespread crop failure, negatively impact food and water security and,

ultimately, affect the sustainability of rural livelihoods. Since the 1980s, agricultural

production within Zambia’s agro-ecological regions I and II, which are especially vulnerable

to climatic effects, has been affected by late onset and shortening of the rainy season. The

country faces potentially dramatic reductions in maize production.

May 2014


Dutch-funded Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN). The Higher Education

Management Africa consortium (HEMA) is coordinating the study on behalf of SARUA. This Zambian

Country Report forms part of the mapping study.

The initiative is diagrammatically illustrated below.

Figure 3: The SARUA Climate Change Capacity Development Programme, showing the mapping study

The intended outcome of the SARUA mapping study will be a collaborative research framework to

enhance co-production of knowledge on CCD. It will include strategies to strengthen networks for

climate compatible development research, teaching, community and policy outreach involving

knowledge co-production processes between participating universities and policy and community

stakeholders. This framework will form the basis for the realisation of the longer term objectives of

the SARUA programme outlined above, as well as for a SADC-level research programme and various

country-based partnership agreements. It will provide a ‘knowledge platform’ for regional and

country-based fundraising for research and knowledge co-production. As such the framework seeks

to benefit universities themselves, while also strengthening regional interaction and co-operation.

The Regional Knowledge co-production Framework for Climate Compatible Development can be

obtained from the SARUA website www.sarua.org.

YEAR 1 YEARS 3 AND ONWARDYEAR 2

Regional knowledge co-production framework

Programmes and actions as per knowledge co-production framework to establish and grow collaborative networks

Additional actions based on individual network development plans

Conduct a mapping study comprising:1. A comprehensive needs analysis of

country-specific CCD challenges and gaps

2. An institutional assessment of regional university strengths and knowledge production outputs on CCD

Develop a regional knowledge co-production framework to:1. Support universities in the SADC region2. Enhance African leadership, ownership

and capacity in CCD3. Strengthen the capacity, coordination

and collaboration of higher education institutions

4. Strengthen networks and relationships between universities, decision makers and other stakeholders

Refine final network design and research themes by:1. Disseminating mapping study findings

to regional stakeholders2. Launching the network development

phase 3. Extending invitations to all universities

for participation in SARUA network development

4. Refining research clusters and themes with stakeholder participation

5. Requesting Expressions of Interest from individual researchers, research entities and universities to join one or more SARUA collaborative networks

Configure and build networks designed to achieve:1. Revitalisation of Higher Education2. Development of SADC3. Regional scientific base4. Contextualisation of education 5. Climate resilience and adaptation

PHASE 1: Mapping StudyPHASE 3: Network

Development & Collaboration

Knowledge co-production roadmap

Expressions of Interest (EOIs)

PHASE 2: Transition and Network PlanningP

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SARUA Climate Change Capacity Development Programme

May 2014


1.3 The SARUA CCD mapping study: Mapping existing capacity and future possible knowledge co-production possibilities

Climate compatible development (CCD) is low carbon, climate resilient development. While the

concept clearly requires integration of development, adaptation and mitigation (see definitions

below), specific framing of the concept of CCD may vary between countries, universities and

disciplines, according to differing national, institutional and disciplinary goals, needs and values. The

scope and strength of existing expertise, networks and capacity for climate compatible development

research and knowledge production in SADC is largely unknown or unconsolidated. Despite the

emerging knowledge infrastructure for CCD in the region, opportunities for collaboration involving

higher education institutions within and between countries are yet to be fully explored.

To address these factors, the mapping study aimed to:

Explore diverse understandings of CCD on a country-by-country basis;

Scope CCD knowledge and capacity needs on a country-by-country basis (a ‘needs analysis’);

Identify and map research, teaching and outreach capabilities for CCD that exist in southern

African countries (an ‘institutional analysis’ of SARUA member universities); and

Produce an up-to-date picture of the extent of knowledge co-production and trans-

disciplinary research practices across the SARUA network and identify opportunities for

future collaboration.

While the mapping process has used a country-by-country approach, this is supplemented by a

regional perspective generated through analysis across countries, to provide a platform for regional

collaboration and knowledge co-production. This document contains the country analysis from

Zambia.

The mapping process was designed to be scientifically informed, participatory and multidisciplinary.

Through the workshop process new collaborative possibilities will emerge, and a stronger

engagement and participation in the SARUA five-year programme on Capacity Development for

Climate Change will be established.

1.4 Key concepts

Climate Compatible Development

Climate compatible development (CCD) is low carbon, climate resilient development. The concept

has been developed in recognition of the urgent need for adaptation, given current climate

variability and the severity of projected climate impacts that will affect the region; and the need to

reduce emissions as rapidly as possible to avoid more catastrophic climate change in the future.

Thus while CCD can be framed in different ways, given nationally and locally specific development

trajectories, it does require that current and future climate risks are mainstreamed into

development, and that both adaptation and mitigation are integral goals of development, as

indicated by Figure 3. Thus CCD not only recognises the importance of both adaptation and

mitigation in new development pathways, but, as further explained in Mitchell and Maxwell (2010),

“Climate compatible development goes one step further by asking policy makers to consider ‘triple

win’ strategies that result in low emissions, build resilience and promote development

May 2014


simultaneously”. In the southern African context, poverty reduction, as an integral component and

goal of regional and national development strategies, would be a desired co-benefit. Uncertainties in

major drivers of change, including climate, socio-economic and political risks, necessitate that CCD

be viewed as an iterative process, in which vulnerability identification and risk reduction responses

are revised on the basis of continuing learning. Climate compatible development emphasises climate

strategies that embrace development goals and development strategies that integrate the threats

and opportunities of a changing climate.5 Thus climate compatible development opens up new

opportunities for interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research, teaching and engagement with

communities, policy makers and practitioners.

Figure 4: Conceptual framework for Climate Compatible Development (adapted from Mitchell and Maxwell, 2010)

While CCD is the central concept used in the work that is funded by CDKN, it is important that this is

understood alongside the concept of climate-resilient development pathways as defined by the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the wider concept of sustainable

development (see definitions below).

5 Mitchell, T. and S. Maxwell. 2010. Defining climate compatible development. CDKN Policy Brief, November 2010.

May 2014


Climate-resilient pathways

The following definition of climate-resilient pathways is taken from the glossary of the Fifth

Assessment Report prepared by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)6:

“Evolutionary processes for managing change within complex systems in order to reduce

disruptions and enhance opportunities. They are rooted in iterative processes of

identifying vulnerabilities to climate change impacts; taking appropriate steps to reduce

vulnerabilities in the context of development needs and resources and to increase the

options available for vulnerability reduction and coping with unexpected threats;

monitoring emerging climate parameters and their implications, along with monitoring

the effectiveness of vulnerability reduction efforts; and revising risk reduction responses

on the basis of continuing learning. This process may involve a combination of

incremental changes and, as necessary, significant transformations.”

The IPCC highlights the need for a focus on both adaptation and mitigation, as indicated by the

following sentence: “Climate-resilient pathways are development trajectories that combine

adaptation and mitigation to realise the goal of sustainable development. They can be seen as

iterative, continually evolving processes for managing change within complex systems.”7

Sustainable Development

The most widely accepted definition of sustainable development, as formulated in the Bruntland

Commission’s ‘Our Common Future’ report in 1987, is “development that meets the needs of the

present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. This

definition has been highly influential in shaping international environmental and development

policy, since the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, where Agenda 21 was put forward as a global

development plan for aligning goals of economic development with social and environmental

sustainability. Early discussions on sustainable development tended to focus on the triple bottom

line concepts of environment, economy and society separately. More recent discussions on

sustainable development foreground the need for ‘strong sustainability’, in which society, economy

and environment are seen as interacting in an interrelated, nested system. The concept of

sustainable development as used widely today emphasises that everything in the world is connected

through space, time and quality of life, and thus necessitates a systems approach to understanding

and solving interlinked social, environmental and economic problems.

In 2002 South Africa hosted the World Summit on Sustainable Development, and the Johannesburg

Plan of Implementation re-affirmed commitment to Agenda 21, and the Millennium Development

Goals. These are currently under review and will be expanded through Sustainable Development

Goals. In 2012 the Rio+20 Conference was held in Rio de Janeiro, and the outcomes of this global

summit on sustainable development are captured in a document entitled ‘The Future We

6 IPCC. 2013. Fifth Assessment Report: Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation. Currently in draft form. 7 Ibid.

May 2014


Want’. One major shift in discourse and objectives from the early 1992 Summit and the Rio+20

Summit is a stronger concern for climate change and climate compatible development, especially

the emergence of a low carbon future, accompanied and partly implemented by Green

Economies. These international commitments, together with ongoing assessment of national

sustainable development concerns and goals, have driven the development of sustainable

development policy and practice. The concept of CCD highlights the necessity of integrating current

and future climate risks into development planning and practice, in the ongoing goal of achieving

sustainable development.

May 2014


2 METHODOLOGY, DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS LOGIC

2.1 Research design

This country-based study has been informed by an interactive and dialogical research design that

included document analysis of key national and regional documents focusing on climate change in

Zambia and in the SADC region. This produced an initial analysis which was used to plan for and

engage university participants and national organisations involved in the climate change and

development arenas in a consultation to discuss a) the validity of the analysis, and b) expanded

views and perspectives on the analysis, and to generate further insight into knowledge co-

production practice and possibilities for climate compatible development.

The following methods were used to compile the mapping study Country Report for Zambia, within

an overall interpretive, participatory and consultative, and social realist methodology8:

2.1.1 Document analysis

The country Background Information Document (BID) provides a summary of needs, priorities and

capacity gaps already identified within key country documents (see below) for climate change,

adaptation and mitigation, and in some cases, where this was available, climate compatible

development. This was used as a source of background information for the stakeholder and

institutional consultations held in each country. While the scope of CCD is necessarily wide, the

document analysis did not focus on sectoral policy and institutions, but concentrated on overarching

policy dealing with mainstreaming climate change into planning and development. The initial

document analysis was presented to stakeholders during the workshops, and was revised based on

outcomes of the consultations held in the country. In addition to drawing on the BID, the following

documents were analysed through rapid desk review, to develop the Zambia Country Report:

Initial National Communication (INC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change (UNFCCC), 2002;

Zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), 2007;

National Capacity Self-Assessment (NCSA) for implementation of the Rio Conventions, 2007;

Zambia National Climate Change Response Strategy, 2010;

Zambia Sixth National Development Plan, 2011;

Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience in Zambia – various documents, 2012; and

Climate Risk Capacity Building in southern Africa: Zambia Needs Assessment, March 2012.

2.1.2 Stakeholder and university staff consultations (national workshop)

As part of the SARUA Initiative Climate Change Counts, country consultations were held for one and

half days at the University of Zambia in Lusaka, Zambia on 9 and 10 July 2013. The workshop was run

8 A social realist methodology takes account of knowledge that has previously been established via scientific methods before engaging

with consultative and participatory knowledge production processes.

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with a combined group that included university, government, private sector and NGO participants.

See Appendix A for the list of participants. A workshop report was produced from detailed workshop

proceedings captured by a team of rapporteurs, and circulated to all who participated in the

workshop for verification and accuracy. Data produced in the workshops was also verified and added

to during plenary sessions. The workshop report forms a substantive basis of the data used for this

Country Report, combined with document analysis and questionnaire data.

Table 1: Workshop programme outline

Time Day 1: 9 July 2013 Day 2: 10 July 2015

INTRODUCTION SARUA Initiative Overview Recap day and Agenda for day 2

SESSION 1 Framing Climate Compatible Development

Breakaway groups and plenary

Who is doing what, where and why in Universities in climate compatible development? (Research, Teaching, Community Engagement)

Who is doing what and where amongst stakeholder groups?

How does this respond to the identified needs and priorities?

What are existing university plans? What are the gaps?

SESSION 2 Zambia priorities and needs

Knowledge and institutional gaps and capacity

Plenary discussion

Knowledge co-production introduction and example of trans-disciplinary research programme

Gaps in enabling environment, and needs for policy and practice support.

SESSION 3 Group discussion (Breakaway)

Zambia priorities and needs, knowledge and institutional gaps and capacity

Plenary report-backs from group work

Opportunities for collaboration

Policy implications for government, universities and donors

SESSION 4 What is the role of the university sector?

Identifying other knowledge partners

Way forward and closure

SESSION 5 Framing Climate Compatible Development

2.1.3 Questionnaires

Two different questionnaires were prepared to obtain more in-depth data on climate change and

CCD knowledge co-production practice and possibilities, and to enable people who were unable to

attend the country workshops to participate in the mapping study (see Appendices C and D). One

was designed for university professionals and the other for national and regional stakeholders

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involved in climate change and CCD. For Zambia a total of 26 questionnaires were answered, which

included 16 stakeholders and 10 university professionals. Questions covered the following areas:

2.1.3.1 University staff questionnaire

A. General demographic and professional information (name, gender, highest qualification, job

title, years of experience, years of experience with CC, name of university, country, faculty,

department, programme, contact details)

B. Understandings of Climate Change and Climate Compatible Development and views on critical

CCD issues and responses from universities (staff and university leaders)

C. Capacity, knowledge and research gaps (levels of involvement in CC and CCD research – local,

national and international; levels of single, inter- and transdisciplinary involvement in CCD

research; stakeholder involvement; funding and fundraising for CCD research; policy

contributions; major research programmes / projects; active researchers; research knowledge

networks)

D. Curriculum, teaching and learning (specialist courses; integration of CCD issues into courses;

cross faculty teaching; inter- or transdisciplinary teaching approaches; service learning

approaches; critical thinking and problem solving approaches; social or technical innovation

courses; assessment and examination of CCD issues; staff willingness and staff ability; actual

courses and teaching methods).

E. Policy, community engagement and student involvement

F. University collaboration (inside the university; between universities in country; with partners;

regional and international involvement)

G. University policy and campus management

2.1.3.2 Stakeholder questionnaire

The stakeholder questionnaire covered items A-C above, with an additional:

H. Interests, policies, networks and Centres of Excellence or Expertise

2.2 Limitations of the mapping study

This mapping study was constrained by a) a lack of baseline data on knowledge and research gaps

for climate compatible development and university-based responses in Zambia, and b) by time and

resource constraints that did not allow for in-depth field visitation, individual interviewing or

observation before, during and after the consultation process. Moreover, the information generated

at the country workshop relates to the number of participants, their expertise and the number of

different sectors and institutions present. Further, while every effort was made to obtain

questionnaire responses from as wide a range of stakeholders as possible, and follow-ups were

made post-workshop to enhance this, the range of questionnaire responses obtained does provide

certain limitations to the data set. However, the best available information was carefully

consolidated, reviewed and verified in the construction of this Country Report. Overall, the

mapping study was further constrained by a budget cut imposed mid-way through the study.

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While much information could be obtained on climate change- and CCD-related knowledge gaps,

research needs and capacity gaps, there is obviously more to be learned about these. Similarly, as

much information as possible was obtained on ‘who is doing what’ and on existing research,

knowledge co-construction practice and possibilities, but there is clearly also more to learn.

This Country Report therefore presents as a useful ‘initial document’ and it is hoped that Zambia,

and in particular, University of Zambia, the Mulungushi University, Copperbelt University, the

Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection, and the Ministry of Education,

Science, Vocational Training and Early Education, can take this analysis forward in ongoing mapping

and planning activities related to CCD research and knowledge co-production.

2.3 Expanding the mapping study

There are numerous ways to expand this study, most notably by administering the questionnaires

(included in Appendices C and D) in a manner that would include every academic at universities in

Zambia, and in a way that would allow for aggregate data within and across Faculties and

Departments. The scope of such a detailed analysis lay beyond the capacity of the current mapping

study. Data from questionnaires is therefore indicative rather than conclusive. Similarly, the

questionnaire for stakeholders can be administered with additional national and local stakeholders

(Appendix D) involved in environment and development initiatives in Zambia to understand the full

scope of climate change and CCD responsiveness in Zambia, and to further develop the knowledge

co-production capacity for CCD in Zambia. In many ways therefore the SARUA study, as reported in

the Country Report, maps out the pathway forward for more detailed and ongoing reflexive analysis

of CCD knowledge co-production capacity in Zambia, and through the questionnaires and analysis

provided for in this document, begins to provide for ongoing monitoring and development capability

for CCD knowledge co-production in Zambia. Ministries who could take this study forward could

include the Ministry of Education, Science, Vocational Training and Early Education; the Ministry of

Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Resources; together with other relevant

partners and stakeholders.

2.4 Analysis logic

The analysis logic informing this Country Report is threefold. It firstly maps out a ‘needs analysis’

which identifies country based knowledge, research and capacity gaps for key CCD priorities as

articulated in documents, workshop and questionnaire responses. Secondly, it provides an

‘institutional analysis’ providing insight into existing institutional capacity for CCD knowledge co-

production. Thirdly, it provides a perspective not only on existing knowledge co-production practice

for CCD in Zambia, but also on knowledge co-production possibilities, based on information

gathered during the mapping study. It provides a knowledge base for producing knowledge co-

production pathways in Zambia, which may also assist Zambia to co-operate with other SADC

countries in regional knowledge co-production processes.

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3 NEEDS ANALYSIS

3.1 Introducing the needs analysis

The needs analysis starts with a brief overview of Zambia’s socio-economic context, which provides

the baseline for addressing the climate change-related needs and priorities in the country (section

3.2), and a summary of the observed and projected climatic changes for the country (section 3.3).

This is followed by an overview of the broader priorities for addressing climate change as identified

by policy (section 3.4.1), in workshops (section 3.4.2) and via the questionnaires (section 3.4.3). The

needs analysis then moves on to describe more specific priorities and needs, and their associated

knowledge, research and capacity gaps (section 3.5). A summative discussion of the needs analysis is

provided in section 6.1.

The following differentiation of knowledge, research and capacity gaps is used:

Knowledge gaps (e.g. insufficient knowledge of appropriate CCD technologies);

Research gaps (e.g. no research on cultural uptake of CCD technologies);

Individual capacity gaps (skills needed) (e.g. for technicians / systems thinking etc.); and

Institutional capacity gaps (which have inferred knowledge and research gap implications)

(e.g. resources to implement large scale technology change programmes).

It is possible that this analysis can be extended in future, and readers of the mapping study are

advised to use the information provided here as best available information (produced within the

constraints of the mapping study outlined above) rather than as definitive.

3.2 Socio-economic context

Zambia is a landlocked country located on the central plateau of the southern African region, with a

land area of 752 614 km² and a fast-growing population of about 13,47 million (2011 figure). The

country has a subtropical and tropical climate, modified by altitude, with three distinct seasons.9

Rainfall increases from an annual average of 600 mm in the lower south to 1 300 mm in the upper

north of the country. The country on the whole has high levels of climate variability, high

evapotranspiration, and high risks of flash flooding, with the southernmost agro-ecological region

(Region I) being prone to drought. Zambia is one of the few sub-Saharan African countries that is

water secure. Miombo woodlands cover more than half of the country. Environmental problems

include air pollution in mining towns, deforestation, water pollution and inadequate sanitation,

wildlife depletion and land degradation, with associated biodiversity loss.

While categorised as a least developed country, Zambia has the goal to be a middle income country

by 2030, helped by good economic growth over the past decade. However, about 73 percent of

9 August to November is hot and dry; November to April is the rainy season; and May to August is cool and dry.

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Zambians lives below the poverty line.10 The per capita income is around $1 200 (2010 figure).

Constraining factors to poverty reduction include poor infrastructure; undeveloped human capital;

poor health indicators, such as high HIV prevalence and slow progress on maternal and child health

and nutrition; environmental degradation and limited access to land; and inefficiencies in public

management. While the mining sector (mostly copper) has driven growth, there is a need to

diversify the still largely natural resource based economy, in which 85 percent of the Zambian labour

force works in agriculture. Life expectancy in 2010 was 52 years for women and 48 for men.

3.3 Observed and projected climatic changes, impacts and vulnerabilities

3.3.1 Observed climatic changes

The Zambia Meteorological Department (ZMD) states that observed climate trends over the past

decades include an increase in the frequency of extreme events – floods and droughts; delayed

onset and early cessation of rainfall, resulting in a shorter season with more intense rainfall; and an

increase in temperature in both the cool and warm seasons, particularly in the valleys. Drought

conditions have been on the increase during the last 30 years with the 1991/92 drought being the

worst experienced so far while the 1978/79 period saw the wettest conditions in Zambia. From 2000

to 2007, there have been two drought years, two flood years and two normal condition years. The

severity and geographical distribution of floods and droughts is also changing.

The mean annual temperature has increased by 1.3 °C since 1960, an average rate of 0.29 °C per

decade.11 The rate of increase is most rapid in the winter, at 0.34 °C per decade. The mean annual

rainfall over Zambia has decreased on average by 1.9 mm per month (2.3 percent) per decade since

1960, largely due to reduced rainfall between December and February. The severe droughts in the

1990s (1991/92, 1994/95, 1997/98) cannot all be linked to the El Niňo phenomenon alone. Flooding

in recent years, such as the above average rains in January 2008 that caused severe flooding, is

linked to a combination of both the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone and La Niňa.

3.3.2 Projected climatic changes

The mean annual temperature in Zambia is projected to increase by 1.2 to 3.4 °C by the 2060s, and

1.6 to 5.5 °C by the 2090s12, with slightly more rapid warming in the southern and western regions.

Rainfall projections do not indicate large changes in amount of mean annual rainfall. Seasonally, the

range of projections from different models is large, but the multi-model averages indicate decreases

in September-October-November (SON) rainfall and increases in December-January-February (DJF)

rainfall, particularly in the north-eastern parts. The proportion of total rainfall that falls in heavy

events is projected to increase annually, but mainly in DJF. All projections indicate substantial

10 According to the Poverty Reduction Strategy and Action Plan (PRSAP). 11 Figures in this paragraph are taken from the Zambia National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS), 2010. 12 Information in this section is taken from the UNDP Climate Change Country Profile and the NCCRS. However, note that workshop participants centrally involved in climate change in Zambia stated that there has been a 2°C increase over the past 50 years.

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increases in the frequency of hot days and nights, which has implications for heat-related stresses on

crop and livestock production, as well as on human health.

3.3.3 Impacts and vulnerabilities

Zambia’s main climate change-related human vulnerabilities and livelihood impacts lie within the

areas of agriculture and food security; natural resources, wildlife and forestry; health; water and

energy. Climate change impacts in the form of floods, extreme heat, and droughts have adversely

impacted water quality, agricultural production, food security, water security, wildlife and

infrastructure and resulted in the displacement of human populations.13 Persistent poverty and food

insecurity will be aggravated by increasing environmental degradation and climate change. Zambian

communities’ strong dependence on rain-fed agriculture makes them particularly vulnerable to the

current and expected climatic changes, which can precipitate widespread crop failure, negatively

impact food and water security and, ultimately, affect the sustainability of rural livelihoods. Since

the 1980s, agricultural production within Zambia’s agro-ecological regions I and II, which are

especially vulnerable to climatic effects, has been affected by late onset and shortening of the rainy

season. The country faces potentially dramatic reductions in maize production – for example, crop

yields from rain fed agriculture could drop by 50 percent in some African countries, including

Zambia, by 2020.

Climate-change related reductions in runoff and increased evaporation can reduce hydropower

generation potential.14 Health impacts could lie in increased incidences of vector and waterborne

diseases (including malaria and cholera), changing disease patterns and increased malnutrition.

There are high risks of ecosystems shift in some parts of Zambia such as South Luangwa. Increased

incidences of pests and diseases as well as forest fires can affect forestry; while droughts, especially

in the southern region, threaten Zambia’s valuable wildlife and tourism sectors. The NCCRS notes

that climate change will result in increased climate-induced migrations as well as additional and

disproportionate impacts, for example on women and children. Increased damage to physical

infrastructure, especially the road network as a result of extreme weather events, is also expected.

According to a 2010 study, climate variability costs Zambia $4.3 billion over a ten-year period and

$7.1 billion under Zambia’s worst rainfall scenario. The effects of current patterns of climate

variability will dominate over those of potential climate change into the near future (until 2025).15

13 The 2006/07 floods affected 1 443 583 people in 41 districts of the nine provinces of Zambia, and all sectors of the economy (DMMU, 2007). 14 More than 90 percent of the country’s electricity is generated through hydroelectric power generation. 15 Professor Prem Jain, UNESCO Chair on Renewable Energy and Environment, University of Zambia, presentation at the Climate change Counts Workshop, Lusaka, 9 July 2013.

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3.4 Identified needs: Short to medium term national priorities for CCD in Zambia

Section 3.4 focuses on the broad priorities and needs for addressing climate change and moving

towards CCD in Zambia. Section 3.4.1 highlights key priorities and needs articulated in policy and

strategy, after which some of the broader priorities articulated by workshop participants are

discussed in section 3.4.2. This is followed by a presentation of the broader needs for CCD as

specified in the questionnaire responses (section 3.4.3). A summative perspective on both broad

priorities and specific identified needs (see section 3.5) for adaptation, mitigation and, ultimately,

for CCD, is provided in section 6.1.

3.4.1 Identified adaptation and mitigation priorities articulated in policy and strategy

Zambia has identified key needs and priorities, related to the abovementioned observed and

projected climatic changes, impacts and vulnerabilities. Zambia’s NAPA identifies ten priority

adaptation projects that focus almost exclusively on adaptation needs:

1. Strengthening of early warning systems to improve services to preparedness and adaptation to

climate change;

2. Promotion of alternative sources of livelihoods to reduce vulnerability to climate

change/variability in communities living around Game Management Areas;

3. Adaptation to the effects of drought in the context of climate change in agro-ecological region I

of Zambia;

4. Management of critical habitats;

5. Promote natural regeneration of indigenous forests;

6. Adaptation of land-use practices (crops, fish, and livestock) in light of climate change;

7. Maintenance and provision of water infrastructure to communities to reduce human-wildlife

conflict;

8. Eradication of invasive alien species;

9. Capacity building for improved environmental health in rural areas; and

10. Climate-proofing sanitation in urban areas.

Some adaptation measures already being implemented include: promotion of irrigation and efficient

use of water resources, strengthening early warning systems and preparedness, and using

GIS/remote sensing in mapping of drought and flood prone areas. With respect to adaptation and

disaster risk reduction, the aim in Zambia’s National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) is to

ensure that the most climate-sensitive sectors are protected from climate impacts by putting in

place climate-resilient adaptation actions and ensuring that disaster risk reduction is mainstreamed

in all sectors of the economy. The NCCRS lists numerous sector-specific adaptation activities.

The following overarching barriers to adaptation can be discerned from national climate change

documents reviewed:

Lack of financial resources to implement adaptation measures for climate change;

Lack of a clear and specific legal and policy framework;

Inadequate institutional, system and individual capacity in issues related to climate change;

Inadequate public awareness on climate change and its potential impact on the social-

economic situation, livelihoods and ecosystems;

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Inadequate skills to translate strategies into action at the community level;

Lack of private sector involvement in issues related to climate change;

Limited understanding of concrete or best practices/activities for adaptation to climate

change; and

Monitoring and evaluation plans, including environmental impact assessments, are weak

and lack best standards and practices that consider climate change implications and climate

as a non-static element.

With respect to mitigation and low carbon development, the aim in Zambia’s National Climate

Change Response Strategy is to ensure that mitigation actions are implemented in the most

greenhouse gas-intensive sectors of land-use (agriculture and forestry), energy, transport and

mining, and to ensure that development proceeds using low carbon pathways. In the transport

sector, they include promotion of mass public transport means for urban centres, promotion of non-

motorised modes of transportation as well as building a modern railway network for long distance

and low-carbon transportation of cargo and passengers. Mitigation actions recommended for the

energy sector have been pegged on the Government’s Renewable Energy Strategy (2010), which

recommends enhanced investment in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal,

small and mini hydro-power. The Low Emissions Capacity Building Project will support the

development of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), to reduce emissions from

selected sectors. The UN-REDD Programme–Zambia Quick Start Initiative will prepare Zambian

institutions and stakeholders for nationwide implementation of the REDD+ mechanism, including

completion of a national strategy to reduce deforestation by 2013.

Thus Zambia’s policy documents make a strong connection between climate change adaptation and

disaster risk reduction, calling for DRR to be mainstreamed into all sectors of the economy. With

respect to an integrated approach to adaptation and mitigation, this is recognised in the NCCRS,

which specifies that development should proceed using low-carbon pathways.

3.4.2 Identified adaptation and mitigation priorities articulated by workshop participants

Participants provided a range of responses during the workshop, which indicated a strong level of

engagement with the issue. They highlighted the following priority needs and issues to be

considered in addressing CCD in Zambia:

Youth-related aspects:

Full participation in policy making (60 percent of the population (13million) is youth);

Awareness creation among youth;

A youth consortium and focal point on climate change; and

Youth capacity building.

Awareness, knowledge, education:

Knowledge creation on climate change;

Local scientific knowledge and application of Indigenous knowledge;

Integration of CCD into the curriculum (at all levels); and

Awareness creation, teaching and learning materials.

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Implementation:

Lack of implementation of Climate Change programmes;

Gender mainstreaming;

Linking the policy and legal framework to CCD;

Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) in planning;

Sustainable forestry resource management; and

Mineral and water resources management.

Several issues emerged from the plenary discussion of the workshop and some key points were as

follows:

Climate change and environmental education, which could be main vehicles of

implementing CCD and related issues, are not yet institutionalised at all levels of education.

For example, Zambia Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) has untenable argument that

the curriculum is too full to accommodate such emerging issues;

Inadequate climatic data and poor institutional capacity to publish climatic data;

Inadequate documentation and publications on climate change adaptation and mitigation;

Inadequate technologies for climate adaptation and mitigation;

Limited human capacity i.e. limited number of personnel with expertise in CCD;

Limited research on climate change, compounded by poor information dissemination and

uptake of research findings;

Poor leadership and management among different stakeholders;

Poor vulnerability mapping i.e. Disaster Management Unit in Zambia has only mapped few

areas in Zambia; and

Lack of coordinated efforts among stakeholders especially Civil Society Organisation (CSOs)

and NGOs because they seem to compete against one another – in general, weak

collaboration within and between sectors and stakeholders.

Regarding a frequently mentioned point on the disjunction between policies and practice, the non-

implementation of policies was linked to the question of who sets the agenda – often this is donors,

who provide the money to develop the policies.

There was discussion on whether the school curriculum was indeed overloaded, and if so, how this

could be addressed to deal with important emerging issues such as climate change, while avoiding

“adjectival education” – i.e. gender education, HIV education. Participants noted that there has been

a recent curriculum review, which perhaps may result in removal of some of the repetitive elements,

to create space for critical new issues like climate change which need to be fully incorporated.

Finally, participants were in agreement that it is essential to use a collaborative approach to set the

research agenda, as we need efforts from all sectors of society, including even religious

organisations, to address the considerable challenges.

In addition to this discussion, Prof Prem Jain from the University of Zambia, who holds the UNESCO

Chair in Renewable Energy and Environment, considered the following to be the amongst the key

priorities for responding to climate change vulnerability in Zambia in a presentation at the SARUA

workshop:

Climate compatible approach should include practical matters such as reducing energy

consumption and traffic decongestion; and

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Deforestation is an underlying factor for increased GHGs in the atmosphere in Zambia.

As noted in the workshop, other responses to climate change of relevance for Zambia include the

following:

Arrest deforestation and embark on reforestation/afforestation programmes;

Conservation agriculture;

Decreased use of fossil fuels – petroleum, coal and gas; and

All round energy efficiency and increased use of renewable energy.

“Climate change is going to remain with us for rest of our life, thus it is our concern. The

future environment will be determined by our actions now.”

University professional, Zambia

3.4.3 Identified needs for CCD articulated in questionnaire data

Questionnaire data showed that while there is some relationship between institutional interest /

mandate and/or disciplinary interest / mandate and the definition of priority needs, on the whole

Zambia stakeholders who completed the questionnaires tended to highlight more cross-cutting

priorities, regardless of their institutional/disciplinary mandate (see Table 2).

Table 2: Needs identified by different stakeholders / disciplinary specialists (derived from questionnaire data)

Need identified Institutional interest / mandate

and/or disciplinary interest / mandate

Issues of sin respect of CCD so as to be well aware is of importance Statistics and Population Studies

Capacity building, networking, collaboration, partnerships Language and Social Sciences Education

Strengthen policy and institutional frame work. Collaboration of stakeholders with regional and international institutions

Language and Social Sciences Education

CCD projects implemented in agriculture, municipalities and human health Biological Sciences

People need to change this mindset towards the environment, if that can be done attaining CCD would be made much easier

Disaster Management Training Centre

Effective policy implementation concerning climate change is needed; Awareness creation on climate change among communities and schools


Population, the rate at which the number of people is increasing at a faster rate and it has to be considered in order for CCD to be achieved. Production levels have increased and are still increasing affecting the environment at whole.


Sustainable Energy development, Improvement of research and development

Language and Social Sciences

Need for sensitisation, most people do not even know issues concerning climate change. Behaviour change can only come with Education and sensitisation not only for those in schools but the entire community.

Language and Social Sciences

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Need identified Institutional interest / mandate

and/or disciplinary interest / mandate

The most critical aspect is deforestation and poor waste management which results in the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to burning of waste. Ignorance on the subject of climate change is also another aspect as people need to be educated on the dangers of these actions.

Soil Sciences

I think there is need for a balance to be struck between adaptation and mitigation strategies considering the country's context. This entails that adaptation should be the main priority in our development goals while at the same time embracing the opportunities of cleaner energy and other low carbon technologies that are being invented and availed to poor countries.

Development Studies

In the power sector, the discouragement of the usage of wood and charcoal for cooking and the encouragement of environmental friendly power sources such as solar systems. Proper waste management and drainage systems and usage of modern eco-friendly equipment in mines and other industries

UNICEF (Development)

Mindsets of people in the most rural of areas. Bring in more recycling facilities. Institutions being open to new technologies and innovations that help fight climate change or detect it

Unite 4 Climate (UNICEF), CCD

Cross/multi-sectoral planning and programme. Implementation and mainstream. Domestic resource mobilisation.

Disaster Risk Reduction (OXFAM)

Need to migrate smallholder agriculture production capacities to become less reliant on rainfall by supporting irrigation infrastructure – since impacts are already manifesting at an increased scale, urgent adaptation action is a must – crop, income and livelihood diversification will be very important to provide a safety net – improved information and knowledge system that address local needs and circumstances

Zambia Climate Change Network

Strengthening of policies on the environment Ensuring youth participation in decision making on climate change issues Improving on the dissemination of information about climate change to the public Introducing environmental education into the school curriculum and all the highest learning institutions

Environmental Education (Youth Environment Network)

Deforestation, charcoal production and management of forests; reducing traffic congestion.

CBNRM (World Wide Fund For Nature)

Deforestation and poverty Unite 4 Climate (UNICEF) CCD

To increase environmental awareness and local participation of the youth, women and vulnerable people such as in decision making or policy making

Physics, Energy and Environmental Group

Advocacy, curriculum integration of the CCD. Teaching and learning materials

Climate Change Advocacy

Poverty, corruption. Relevant technical skills development. Reducing use of paraffin through increased use of solar lighting.

Remote Sensing and Technical applications

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Table 2 shows that many stakeholders highlighted the need, as a priority in addressing CCD in

Zambia, for cross-cutting actions on awareness raising, education, capacity building, communication

and collaboration. Governance-related priorities mentioned by a range of stakeholders included

strengthening policies, implementation, cross-sectoral planning and programmes, partnerships, and

increased participation – for example of youth, women and marginalised people in policy and

decision making. Specific or sectoral priorities mentioned included switching to cleaner energy

sources such as solar power, reducing deforestation and sustainable forest management,

considering the increased consumption on the part of a growing population, and climate-proofing

resource-dependent livelihoods through climate-proofing small holder agricultural production and

diversifying livelihoods.

Thus, while there are different perspectives on broad priorities to address in Zambia, these did not

map out clearly at all along disciplinary or institutional mandates, but tended to focus on cross-

cutting issues, or even issues beyond the apparent disciplinary or institutional orientation of the

questionnaire respondent. This is positive for addressing the interdisciplinary and multi-sectoral

nature of climate change, and for harnessing skills in Zambia to address CCD through knowledge co-

production. Priorities expressed throughout the workshop and questionnaires seemed to be well

related to the particular needs of Zambia, with regard to youth, energy, the need for increased

awareness, education, capacity development, information sharing and partnerships, and

development and policy challenges.

3.5 Specific knowledge and capacity needs: CCD research, knowledge and individual and institutional capacity gaps (related to CCD priorities)

A second important part of the Needs Analysis undertaken in the context of the SARUA mapping

study involved more detailed analysis of CCD knowledge, research and capacity gaps, related to the

broad CCD priorities discussed above, with a focus on those identified in key national documents,

and as articulated by stakeholders and university staff attending the workshops and completing

questionnaires. These specific knowledge, research and capacity gaps, distilled from all three data

sources, are discussed in this section.

3.5.1 Needs analysis: Specific research needs and knowledge gaps

At a policy level the documents reviewed showed a range of knowledge and research gaps, as well

as individual and institutional capacity gaps, relevant to climate compatible development.

Human capital constraining factors identified in the Sixth National Development Plan include

increased scarcity of skilled manpower, limited access to higher and tertiary education, and a

mismatch between the existing supply of skills and the demand in the labour market. In the 2013

national consultations on the Post-2015 Development Agenda in Zambia, greater investment in a

quality education that leads to decent job creation for Zambian youth was ranked as the highest

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demand, as well as “the game changer to realise a prosperous middle income status for all

Zambians”.16

Zambia’s NAPA does not contain any explicit text on knowledge and research gaps. Research and

development is one of the seven pillars of the NCCRS, as is capacity building, and technology

development and transfer. The NCCRS states that R&D is important not only in understanding the

causes, manifestations and impacts of climate change, but also in responding to it.

A National Capacity Self-Assessment (NCSA) was carried out in 2007 to identify capacity needs,

constraints and priorities for the implementation of the Climate Change, Desertification and

Biodiversity Conventions. A key point of relevance to the SARUA initiative highlighted by the NCSA is

the “limited research capacity and expertise within the country and insufficient level of

contemporary, up-to-date knowledge in certain specialised areas (especially concerning climate

strengthening university contributions to climate … · 2014. 6. 23. · sarua climate change...

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