StressStress~Body and minds reaction to ~Body and minds reaction to

everyday demandseveryday demands..

Two major systems affected:Two major systems affected:1. Nervous System1. Nervous System

2. Endocrine System2. Endocrine System

PerceptionPerception~ Act of becoming aware through ~ Act of becoming aware through

the senses.the senses.

Two Types of Stress:Two Types of Stress:

• DistressDistress (Negative stress)- too much (Negative stress)- too much stress, not knowing how to cope.stress, not knowing how to cope.

• EustressEustress (Positive Stress)- stressful (Positive Stress)- stressful feelings of excitement. Challenges, feelings of excitement. Challenges, reasons to wake up in the morning. reasons to wake up in the morning.

StressorStressor ~ any stimulus that ~ any stimulus that

produces a stress produces a stress response.response. Five Categories of Stressors:Five Categories of Stressors:

Biological-Biological- illness, disabilities, injuriesillness, disabilities, injuriesEnvironmental-Environmental- poverty, pollution, noise, poverty, pollution, noise,

crowdingcrowdingCognitive-Cognitive- the way you perceive a situationthe way you perceive a situationPersonalPersonal Behavior-Behavior- negative reactions in the negative reactions in the

body and mind caused by using tobacco, alcohol, body and mind caused by using tobacco, alcohol, or drugsor drugs

LifeLife Situation-Situation- death of a pet, relationship death of a pet, relationship problemsproblems

Physical Changes Physical Changes

• Short-term-Short-term- Headaches, upset stomach, Headaches, upset stomach, heart rate increases, perspiration increases, heart rate increases, perspiration increases, breathing faster, adrenaline is released.breathing faster, adrenaline is released.

• TMJ Syndrome-TMJ Syndrome- grinding of teeth and jaw. grinding of teeth and jaw.

• General Adaptation Syndrome-General Adaptation Syndrome- body’s body’s response to stress. response to stress.

• AdrenalineAdrenaline ((The Emergency Hormone)- The Emergency Hormone)- secreted by the adrenal glands to prepare secreted by the adrenal glands to prepare body to respond to a stressor.body to respond to a stressor.

Physical Changes cont…Physical Changes cont…

• Long-TermLong-Term: Frequent colds or flu, : Frequent colds or flu, Cardiovascular disease, ulcers, Cardiovascular disease, ulcers, insomnia, migraines, high blood insomnia, migraines, high blood pressurepressure

Social/Mental/Emotional Social/Mental/Emotional EffectsEffects

• Difficulty concentrating, mood Difficulty concentrating, mood swings, substance abuseswings, substance abuse

• Chronic Stress-Chronic Stress- stress associated stress associated with long-term problems that are with long-term problems that are beyond a person’s control. beyond a person’s control.

~Less intense then flight or fight ~Less intense then flight or fight response but lasts longer.response but lasts longer.

Three Stages of Body’s Three Stages of Body’s ResponseResponse1.1. Alarm-Alarm- body’s initial response to a physical, body’s initial response to a physical,

mental, or social stress. Flight or Fight response mental, or social stress. Flight or Fight response prepares body for action.prepares body for action.

2.2. Resistance-Resistance- the body adapts to the rush created the body adapts to the rush created by the alarm and reacts to the stressor. Flight or by the alarm and reacts to the stressor. Flight or Fight takes place. Fight takes place.

FightFight-your ability to resist a challenge.-your ability to resist a challenge.FlightFlight-may be able to run faster then usual.-may be able to run faster then usual.

3.3. Fatigue-Fatigue- Wear and tear on the body, lowers level Wear and tear on the body, lowers level of activity, and lowered resistance to disease.of activity, and lowered resistance to disease.

Physical-Physical- soreness, pain in muscle soreness, pain in muscle Psychological-Psychological- depression, boredom, isolation depression, boredom, isolation Pathological-Pathological- tiredness, get sick quicker tiredness, get sick quicker

Fight or Flight Examples:Fight or Flight Examples:

• Imagine you are a goalie in a soccer game. The ball Imagine you are a goalie in a soccer game. The ball has been kicked by an opposite team player and is has been kicked by an opposite team player and is heading straight towards the goal. Your heart starts to heading straight towards the goal. Your heart starts to beat faster as you up for the ball and make the block. beat faster as you up for the ball and make the block.

When the soccer ball was coming towards the goal, the When the soccer ball was coming towards the goal, the response was to confront the situation or “response was to confront the situation or “FIGHTFIGHT””

• You’re riding your bike and suddenly you find yourself You’re riding your bike and suddenly you find yourself in the path of a fast moving car. You have a sudden in the path of a fast moving car. You have a sudden burst of energy that allows you to get out of the way of burst of energy that allows you to get out of the way of the car. the car.

When the car was in your path your response was to When the car was in your path your response was to move away or move away or “TAKE FLIGHT”“TAKE FLIGHT”

Causes of StressCauses of Stress

• Coping-Coping- time is a major factor in time is a major factor in relieving stress. relieving stress.

• Time Management Skills-Time Management Skills- effective ways of arranging time to effective ways of arranging time to prevent rushing, missed deadlines, prevent rushing, missed deadlines, and unnecessary stress. and unnecessary stress.

Five Ways to CopeFive Ways to Cope

1.1.Planning-Planning- think ahead, know what to expect think ahead, know what to expect2.2.Laughing-Laughing- accept reality, you are human accept reality, you are human3.3.Rechanneling your energy-Rechanneling your energy- run, walk, sing run, walk, sing4.4.Learn to Relax-Learn to Relax- clear your mind clear your mind5.5.Call on support group-Call on support group- ask people for help ask people for help

• Relaxation Response-Relaxation Response- a state of calm can a state of calm can be reached if one or more relaxation be reached if one or more relaxation techniques are practiced regularly.techniques are practiced regularly.

Personality TypesPersonality Types

Type A-Type A- Intense sense of urgency, need to Intense sense of urgency, need to accomplish as much as possible in a short period accomplish as much as possible in a short period

of time, very competitive and achievement of time, very competitive and achievement oriented. 85% are type A.oriented. 85% are type A.

Type B- Takes things in stride, not too much emphasis on time or quickness, calm, relaxed, easy going.

AnxietyAnxiety~ ~ is the condition of feeling uneasy or is the condition of feeling uneasy or worried about what may happen.worried about what may happen.• SymptomsSymptoms: fear, perspiration, : fear, perspiration,

restlessness, increased heart rate.restlessness, increased heart rate.

• CopingCoping: Stress management : Stress management techniques (relax, exercise) techniques (relax, exercise)

DepressionDepression~ a prolonged feeling of helplessness, ~ a prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness.hopelessness, and sadness.

Two Types of DepressionTwo Types of Depression::

1.1.Reactive Depression-Reactive Depression- response to response to stressful event (death)stressful event (death)

2.2.Major Depression-Major Depression- medical medical condition requiring treatment (last condition requiring treatment (last longer)longer)

Causes of DepressionCauses of Depression

• Inability to cope with life crisisInability to cope with life crisis

• Changes in brain structureChanges in brain structure

• Genetic predispositionGenetic predisposition

• Low serotonin levelsLow serotonin levels

• Traumatic family eventsTraumatic family events

• Physical illness or disordersPhysical illness or disorders

• Alcohol or drug useAlcohol or drug use

SymptomsSymptoms

Risks of DepressionRisks of Depression

• School performanceSchool performance-tend to be tired, difficulty -tend to be tired, difficulty concentratingconcentrating

• Social Isolation- Social Isolation- withdraw from family and withdraw from family and friendsfriends

• Drug AddictionsDrug Addictions-depend on drugs to alter mood-depend on drugs to alter mood• Other addictionsOther addictions-depend on certain behaviors-depend on certain behaviors• Physical illnesses-Physical illnesses-Immune system is Immune system is

suppressedsuppressed• Mental disorders-Mental disorders-Increase risk for many mental Increase risk for many mental

disordersdisorders• Suicide attemptsSuicide attempts

ResiliencyResiliency ~is the ability to adapt effectively and ~is the ability to adapt effectively and recover from disappointment; crisis.recover from disappointment; crisis.FactorsFactors::1.1.External Factors- External Factors- family, friends, family, friends,

community.community.2.2.Internal Factors- Internal Factors- your attitude, beliefs, your attitude, beliefs,

behaviors, perceptions.behaviors, perceptions.

Proactive Factors-Proactive Factors- conditions that shield conditions that shield individuals from the negative consequences or individuals from the negative consequences or exposure to risk.exposure to risk.

Developmental Assets-Developmental Assets- building blocks of building blocks of development that help young people grow up development that help young people grow up as healthy, caring, responsible individuals.as healthy, caring, responsible individuals.

Therapy MethodsTherapy Methods

• Psychotherapy-Psychotherapy- an on going dialogue between a an on going dialogue between a patient and a mental health professional.patient and a mental health professional.

• Behavior Therapy-Behavior Therapy- treatment process that focuses on treatment process that focuses on changing unwanted behaviors through rewards and changing unwanted behaviors through rewards and reinforcements.reinforcements.

• Cognitive Therapy-Cognitive Therapy- treatment method designed to treatment method designed to identify and correct distorted thinking patterns that can identify and correct distorted thinking patterns that can lead to feelings and behaviors that may be troublesome.lead to feelings and behaviors that may be troublesome.

• Group Therapy-Group Therapy- treating a group of people who have treating a group of people who have similar problems and who meet regularly with a trained similar problems and who meet regularly with a trained counselor.counselor.

• Biomedical Therapy-Biomedical Therapy- use of certain medications to use of certain medications to treat or reduce the symptoms of a mental disorder. treat or reduce the symptoms of a mental disorder.

SuicideSuicide

• SuicideSuicide- Intentionally taking of one’s own - Intentionally taking of one’s own lifelife– Some teens view suicide as a way to end Some teens view suicide as a way to end

depression, or a way to escape problemsdepression, or a way to escape problems

• Cluster Suicides- Cluster Suicides- a series of suicides a series of suicides occurring over a short period of time and occurring over a short period of time and involving people who are connected in involving people who are connected in some waysome way

Risk Factor For SuicideRisk Factor For Suicide

• Prior suicide attemptPrior suicide attempt• Having a psychiatric disorder, such as depression, Having a psychiatric disorder, such as depression,

bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, personality disorderbipolar disorder, schizophrenia, personality disorder• Alcohol or substance abuseAlcohol or substance abuse• Family history of mental disorders or substance Family history of mental disorders or substance

abuseabuse• Family history of suicideFamily history of suicide• Family violence, including physical or sexual abuseFamily violence, including physical or sexual abuse• Firearms in the home Firearms in the home • Significant medical illness: Ex. CancerSignificant medical illness: Ex. Cancer

Early warning Signs of Early warning Signs of SuicideSuicide• Talking about suicideTalking about suicide• Withdrawing from social contactWithdrawing from social contact• Wide mood swingsWide mood swings• Preoccupation with death and dyingPreoccupation with death and dying• Changes in normal routine; sleeping patterns, Changes in normal routine; sleeping patterns,

eating eating • Personality changesPersonality changes• Risky or self destructive behaviorsRisky or self destructive behaviors• Giving away prized belongingsGiving away prized belongings• Saying goodbye to people as if they wont see Saying goodbye to people as if they wont see

them againthem again

StatisticsStatistics

““Suicide is a major, preventable health Suicide is a major, preventable health problem. In 2004, it was the 11problem. In 2004, it was the 11thth leading leading cause of death in the U.S., accounting for cause of death in the U.S., accounting for 32,439 deaths. The overall rate was 10.9 32,439 deaths. The overall rate was 10.9 suicide deaths per 100,000 people. An suicide deaths per 100,000 people. An estimated 8-25 attempted suicides occur estimated 8-25 attempted suicides occur per every suicide death”per every suicide death”

-National Institute of Mental Health (2004)-National Institute of Mental Health (2004)