stress (exam 5)
TRANSCRIPT
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Stress and Health
Chapter 11
Psychology 101
Dr. Akiyama
Fall 2011
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Overview
Causes of Stress
Process of Appraisal
Stress and the Body Personality and Health
Coping with Stress
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Stress and Health
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The Stress-and-Coping Process
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What Causes Stress?
Not just final papers and exams
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Stress
The anxious or threatening feeling thatcomes when we interpret a situation as
being more than we can handle
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Natural Disasters
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Scarring Effects of Natural
Disasters
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Increase in
Suicide Rate
Floods Hurricances Earthquakes
Type of Natural Disaster
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War
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Traumatic Events
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College
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Reactions to Crises and
Catastrophes
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
A disorder resulting from exposure to a
major stressor, with symptoms of:
anxiety
nightmares
poor sleep
reliving the event
concentration problems
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Life Events
Change itself may cause stress by forcing
us to adapt to new circumstances.
Impact of change depends on person and
how change is interpreted.
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Examples: Life Events
Death of spouse/family member
Divorce
Imprisonment
Marriage
Job loss
Pregnancy
School transfer
Vacations
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Microstressors: The Hassles of
Everyday Life
Most common source of stress arises
from the daily hassles that irritate us.
Microstressors place a constant strainon us.
The accumulation of daily hassles
contributes more to illness than do major
life events.
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Hassles
Traffic Health of a family member
Rising price of common goods
(Gasoline; food; rent) Too many things to do today (school,
friends, family, work)
Loneliness
Money troubles
Academic grades
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What is the Result of Daily
Hassles?
Overload: The gradual accumulation of
everyday stresses.
Burnout- Physically and psychologically
overwhelmed & exhausted; cynical; low
motivation
25%of college students experience burnout
C iti A i l f
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Cognitive Appraisal of
Stress
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The Stress-and-Coping Process
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Appraisals
Refers to our initial, subjective evaluation
of a situation in which we balance the
demands of a situation against our ability
to meet those demands
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Three Appraisals to Stress
Do I perceive the stressful event as:1. Harm/Loss? (-) Emotions High
Stress
2. Threatening? (-) Emotions HighStress
1. Challenging? (+) Emotions Less
Stress
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Perceptions of Control and Stress
The expectation that our behaviors canproduce satisfying outcomes.
Self-efficacy: Feelings of competence
A state of mind that varies from one specifictask and situation to another.
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The Stress-and-Coping Process
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How Does Stress Affect
the Body?
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Cannons Physiological Response
to Threat
Appraisal of Harm\Loss or Threat Hypothalamus Activation
Pituitary Gland releases Adrenocortico-
tropic hormone (ATCH- stress fighter) Activates the sympathetic nervous system
Fight or Flight Response (Hyperalertness)
enera ap a on
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enera ap a onSyndrome
ccording to Selye, a stress response to any kind ostimulation is similar. The stressed individual goes
through three phases.
EPA/YuriKochetkov/L
andov
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PsychoneuroimmunologyDuring stress, energy is mobilized away
from the immune system making itvulnerable.
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Relationship between stress and the
immune system
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Health-Related Consequences
Stress can have a variety of health-relatedconsequences.
KathleenFinlay/
Masterfile
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Pathways From Stress to CHD
Under stress, people engage in behaviors thatare less healthy and they are morephysiologically reactive.
Both of these contribute to coronary heartdisease.
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Personality and Health
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The Stress-and-Coping Process
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Stress and Personality
Type A personality - person who isambitious, time conscious, extremely
hardworking, and tends to have high levels of
hostility and anger as well as being easily
annoyed. 3x more likely to get heart disease
Type B personality - person who is relaxed
and laid-back, less driven and competitivethan Type A, and slow to anger.
Menu
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Stress and Personality
Type C personality - pleasant butrepressed person, who tends to
internalize his or her anger and anxiety
and who finds expressing emotionsdifficult.
Associated with Cancer- increase stress
hormones
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Which Personality Type best
Describes You?
A. Type A
B. Type B
C. Type C
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Optimistic Explanatory Styles
Optimism is a generalized tendency to
expect positive outcomes.
Characterized by a focus on the good things-
positive appraisals
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Pessimistic Explanatory Styles
Depression is a state of hopelessness
brought on by the negative self-
attributions people make for failure.
12% of men and 21% of women will
experience a major depression
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Coping With Stress
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The Stress-and-Coping Process
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Coping
Actions we take to reduce stress
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Coping Strategies
Problem-focused coping - designed to
reduce stress through direct actions
Difficulty at school Talk with your professor;
form a study group; visit a tutor
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Coping Strategies
Emotion-focused coping- Changing theemotional reaction to stressors.
Role of Positive Emotions
Denial & Distraction Opening Up
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Perceived Control
Research with rats and humans indicates that
the absence of control over stressors is a
predictor of health problems.
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