StressStressThe Good—the Bad—And the UglyThe Good—the Bad—And the Ugly

Stress is a bad thing—right?Stress is a bad thing—right?

Well, it sure can be.Well, it sure can be.

BUT it is one of the reasons why you are BUT it is one of the reasons why you are

here today, and reading this screen. Without here today, and reading this screen. Without a stress response to times of danger and a stress response to times of danger and threat, homo sapiens may not have survived threat, homo sapiens may not have survived as a species.as a species.

As a matter of fact, stress is sometimes a As a matter of fact, stress is sometimes a

veryvery goodgood thing! thing!

Let Me Explain…Let Me Explain…

Stress Can be quite useful if you want to…

Stress Can be quite useful if you want to…

Perform at your peak level.Perform at your peak level. Fight for your life.Fight for your life. Run for your life.Run for your life. Do something super.Do something super.

Perform at your peak level.Perform at your peak level. Fight for your life.Fight for your life. Run for your life.Run for your life. Do something super.Do something super.

Let Me Illustrate…Let Me Illustrate…Let Me Illustrate…Let Me Illustrate…

Put Quite simply stress is your mind-body preparing for an activity that requires extreme, i.e. greater than normal,

energy/performance. The ultimate would be a life or death situation. Except then, we don’t call it stress any more— we’d use terms like fight or flight, adrenaline rush, etc.

You could think of stress as a general arousal level—mental and physical—on a scale of 1 –

10. A zero would not be desirable, or attainable (that

would mean you were dead). A ten would not be desirable in

most circumstances in life, but it might be, in very extreme

situations…

You could think of stress as a general arousal level—mental and physical—on a scale of 1 –

10. A zero would not be desirable, or attainable (that

would mean you were dead). A ten would not be desirable in

most circumstances in life, but it might be, in very extreme

situations…

For example, if you For example, if you wanted to wanted to

compete with compete with some of the some of the

world’s greatest world’s greatest athletes, you athletes, you might want a might want a

somewhat greater somewhat greater than average than average

arousal level, say arousal level, say 6 – 8.6 – 8.

For example, if you For example, if you wanted to wanted to

compete with compete with some of the some of the

world’s greatest world’s greatest athletes, you athletes, you might want a might want a

somewhat greater somewhat greater than average than average

arousal level, say arousal level, say 6 – 8.6 – 8.

Or if you were Or if you were fighting to save fighting to save

the human the human race, you race, you

might want an might want an even greater even greater arousal level, arousal level,

say 7 – 9.say 7 – 9.

Or if you were Or if you were fighting to save fighting to save

the human the human race, you race, you

might want an might want an even greater even greater arousal level, arousal level,

say 7 – 9.say 7 – 9.

Or if you were running for your life, you Or if you were running for your life, you might even want to get close to a 10…might even want to get close to a 10…

Or if you were running for your life, you Or if you were running for your life, you might even want to get close to a 10…might even want to get close to a 10…

The pumped-up-ness can be used to take The pumped-up-ness can be used to take positive action. (Psychologists and other positive action. (Psychologists and other scientists actually have funny terms for scientists actually have funny terms for

this, but they’re not very funny.) this, but they’re not very funny.)

The pumped-up-ness can be used to take The pumped-up-ness can be used to take positive action. (Psychologists and other positive action. (Psychologists and other scientists actually have funny terms for scientists actually have funny terms for

this, but they’re not very funny.) this, but they’re not very funny.)

When action is over, that is a cue When action is over, that is a cue

for your mind-body to wind down to a more for your mind-body to wind down to a more useable level of arousal.useable level of arousal.

When action is over, that is a cue When action is over, that is a cue

for your mind-body to wind down to a more for your mind-body to wind down to a more useable level of arousal.useable level of arousal.

You would be glad for every ounce of your You would be glad for every ounce of your arousal if you were fighting to save arousal if you were fighting to save

humanity or running for your life. The humanity or running for your life. The difference between this type of arousal and difference between this type of arousal and the “bad” kind—what we usually call stressthe “bad” kind—what we usually call stress

—a couple of simple, yet —a couple of simple, yet VERYVERY crucial crucial elements. In a truly dire situation:elements. In a truly dire situation:

If you were trying to jump higher than most mere

mortals, you might gear up to

a 9 or even 10 when in the act. Afterwards, you’d experience some release, and calm down to a lower level, say maybe 6, that fits the

demands required by a lower-demand situation once the action is complete.

If you were trying to jump higher than most mere

mortals, you might gear up to

a 9 or even 10 when in the act. Afterwards, you’d experience some release, and calm down to a lower level, say maybe 6, that fits the

demands required by a lower-demand situation once the action is complete.

Now this is where it gets Now this is where it gets

BAD!BAD!Now this is where it gets Now this is where it gets

BAD!BAD! If your mind-body

is geared up to take extreme action, and there is

nowhere to run or jump, you get…

If your mind-body is geared up to take extreme

action, and there is nowhere to run or jump,

you get…

And this is where it gets And this is where it gets

UGly!UGly!And this is where it gets And this is where it gets

UGly!UGly! If your mind-body If your mind-body

is prepared for battle, and there is prepared for battle, and there is no way to fight or nowhere to is no way to fight or nowhere to

run, you get…run, you get…

If your mind-body If your mind-body

is prepared for battle, and there is prepared for battle, and there is no way to fight or nowhere to is no way to fight or nowhere to

run, you get…run, you get…

Panic Panic Attack!Attack!

Panic Attack Excitement

Excitement and panic/anxiety/stress are really very similar reactions (to different extremes). One critical difference is whether you are able to use the mind-body arousal. The other side of the coin is whether

you are creating more arousal in a situation than you can use productively.

Excitement and panic/anxiety/stress are really very similar reactions (to different extremes). One critical difference is whether you are able to use the mind-body arousal. The other side of the coin is whether

you are creating more arousal in a situation than you can use productively.

So, how does this happen that your mind-body gets aroused for do or die, when all you

have is to do?

So, how does this happen that your mind-body gets aroused for do or die, when all you

have is to do?

A bit more explanation…A bit more explanation…A bit more explanation…A bit more explanation…

Well there is some good news—Well there is some good news—and some bad newsand some bad news……

The bad news is that it is all in your head, (and by association, your body as well).And the good news is that it is all in your head, and…More good news you can learn to focus in a way that you can control your arousal level, or at least lower it.Even more good news if you practice, you can get a calming response quickly.And yet more good news you can feel better about yourself and what you do…

At times when you are stressing out, I could At times when you are stressing out, I could predict that there are a few things you are predict that there are a few things you are

doing that are causing distress…doing that are causing distress…And therefore can learn to do differently.And therefore can learn to do differently.

Time traveling. Focusing on What Is Not/Nothing. Bad coaching—being negative when optimal performance/results calls for encouragement and support. Imagining things (and not good ones)!Practicing a stress imbalance.

Time traveling. Focusing on What Is Not/Nothing. Bad coaching—being negative when optimal performance/results calls for encouragement and support. Imagining things (and not good ones)!Practicing a stress imbalance.

First: The Time Traveling issues…

the the Past-- Past--

the the Past-- Past--

the the Future--Future--

the the Future--Future--

The time machine can take you one of 2 places—

The time machine can take you one of 2 places—

And this is what you might get…

And this is what you might get…

You press

Recalling past failures…accidents that validate that bad things happen…things that you’ve messed up…mistakes made…anything negative others might have thought about you…areas of weakness…ways that you were not good enough…anything that might have gone wrong…what you might have been to blame for…etc., etc., etc.

Recalling past failures…accidents that validate that bad things happen…things that you’ve messed up…mistakes made…anything negative others might have thought about you…areas of weakness…ways that you were not good enough…anything that might have gone wrong…what you might have been to blame for…etc., etc., etc.

And here’s what happens…

You start thinking about things like…

You press And here’s what happens…

You start thinking about things like… Imagining future failures…accidents that validate that

bad things will happen…things that you might mess up…mistakes that could be made…any negative judgments that others could make…areas of potential weakness…ways that you may not be good enough…anything that might go wrong…what you could be to blame for…etc., etc., etc.

Imagining future failures…accidents that validate that bad things will happen…things that you might mess up…mistakes that could be made…any negative judgments that others could make…areas of potential weakness…ways that you may not be good enough…anything that might go wrong…what you could be to blame for…etc., etc., etc.

Ever heard don’t worry, don’t stress?Well intentioned, but helpful? Probably not. Let me illustrate.

Next Focusing on What is NOT/NothingNext Focusing on What is NOT/Nothing

What have I asked you to do? What have I asked you to do?

Now this is where you need to concentrate…

Concentrate very hard on not thinking about a purple elephant…don’t think of the color purple or an elephant…don’t think about what it would be to like to see an elephant that was purple…don’t imagine how strange it would be to see a huge purple elephant walking across

campus.

I just made it more likely

that you would think about a

purple elephant.

Next What about Coaching?Next What about Coaching?

Allow me to illustrate… Allow me to illustrate…

Think about the kinds of things you say or think to

yourself when you are stressing vs. when you are

feeling confident. If you are stressing out, it’s a good

bet that some of the ideas are negative…blaming…

highlighting weaknesses…past or future mistakes…

not motivating…deflating…etc…

Now, could you imagine Michael’s coach saying this?…

Now Michael, our whole season is on the line, and we don’t have time to get a very good shot. Remember that

last game when you took the last shot—it was such an easy one, and you missed it! I sure hope you don’t do that

again. And you haven’t been playing very well today; your shooting has been awful—you are making me a

wreck! The way that you’ve been playing, I’m not sure I even like you any more. Now that I think about it, I’m not sure I want you taking the last shot—you missed your last

one and I’m afraid you’ll screw it up. But then there really is no one else to shoot it. But, what if you miss, the

whole team will be down on you, and we’d all be sooo disappointed in you for ruining our season. So don’t you

dare miss this shot—or I’ll bench you until you get hemorrhoids from sitting so long!

How are you Coaching your self?How are you Coaching your self?

Think about it…What kinds of things might a first rate coach

might be saying instead, the kind of messages that would produce the best shot at winning? Then

you have a clue as to what kind of messages you want to be giving

yourself. Which of these 2 thought clouds would you want in

your own head? Are you coaching yourself

towards Success? Or Something Else???

Think about it…What kinds of things might a first rate coach

might be saying instead, the kind of messages that would produce the best shot at winning? Then

you have a clue as to what kind of messages you want to be giving

yourself. Which of these 2 thought clouds would you want in

your own head? Are you coaching yourself

towards Success? Or Something Else???

What does matter is that whether you focus on success, What does matter is that whether you focus on success,

or you focus on failure or you focus on failure you make it more likely to happen. you make it more likely to happen.

Some people think that it is more realistic to think about

the possibility of screwing up. Maybe—but that doesn’t matter.

One Last Thought Exercise…

If you will lend me your Imagination…

One Last Thought Exercise…

If you will lend me your Imagination…

Imagine taking a deep Imagine taking a deep bite of a large, very bite of a large, very

tart, very juicy lemon tart, very juicy lemon slice. Imagine that it is slice. Imagine that it is

cold and oozing with cold and oozing with juice, and that the juice juice, and that the juice is swirling around your is swirling around your tongue and your teeth. tongue and your teeth. Take a moment to focus Take a moment to focus

on this picture and on this picture and imagine your teeth imagine your teeth

sinking into this lemon sinking into this lemon slice, and feel the slice, and feel the

texture of the pulp and texture of the pulp and the sensation of the the sensation of the

tart, cool juice swirling tart, cool juice swirling around your tongue and around your tongue and

your teeth.your teeth.

If you have a good imagination, you If you have a good imagination, you probably found yourself salivating. This probably found yourself salivating. This

mind-body connection is a simple reminder mind-body connection is a simple reminder that your mind is a powerful and complex that your mind is a powerful and complex tool. It is well worth your investment to tool. It is well worth your investment to

make sure that you make it work for you – make sure that you make it work for you – not against you.not against you.

When you think about the worst that may When you think about the worst that may happen, you are giving your mind-body the happen, you are giving your mind-body the message to respond to the worst. You may message to respond to the worst. You may know in your head that the situation is not know in your head that the situation is not

really life and death, but your body does not really life and death, but your body does not necessarily know what level of danger exists, necessarily know what level of danger exists,

only that there is danger. This is what the only that there is danger. This is what the message might sound like…message might sound like…

TThishis is what your body might hear if it were is what your body might hear if it were in words:in words:

There is a potential catastrophe coming—gear There is a potential catastrophe coming—gear up to meet the threat.  Heart pump harder to up to meet the threat.  Heart pump harder to

give extra nutrients to my cells.  Breathe faster give extra nutrients to my cells.  Breathe faster to oxygenate my muscles to be more efficient.  to oxygenate my muscles to be more efficient.  Sweat more to cool me off in case I have to run Sweat more to cool me off in case I have to run or fight hard.  Give me adrenaline so I can be or fight hard.  Give me adrenaline so I can be

stronger and faster.  Muscles tense so that you stronger and faster.  Muscles tense so that you are ready for action.  Stress hormones and are ready for action.  Stress hormones and other brain chemicals contribute here too, other brain chemicals contribute here too,

because this could be a life or death situation, because this could be a life or death situation, and we must be ready for anything!  Brain, kick and we must be ready for anything!  Brain, kick

into hyper gear so that I can make quick into hyper gear so that I can make quick decisions—think fast; obsess on all potential decisions—think fast; obsess on all potential dangers in the environment—my life could dangers in the environment—my life could

depend on it; focus only on the dangers—I must depend on it; focus only on the dangers—I must survive!survive!

STESS OUT!

STESS OUT!

That would be That would be great if you were great if you were doing this…doing this… But not so great But not so great

if you were doing if you were doing this…where an this…where an

arousal level of 2 arousal level of 2 or 3 is where or 3 is where

Allison can take Allison can take her best shot.her best shot.

But not so great But not so great if you were doing if you were doing

this…where an this…where an arousal level of 2 arousal level of 2

or 3 is where or 3 is where Allison can take Allison can take her best shot.her best shot.

There is a saying that has been passed on There is a saying that has been passed on from generations past, attributed to from generations past, attributed to

many different people. I do not know the many different people. I do not know the truth of just where it came from, but I truth of just where it came from, but I think the person who came up with it think the person who came up with it must have been pretty smart. It goes must have been pretty smart. It goes

something like this…something like this…

If you practiced this in all the stress full If you practiced this in all the stress full areas of your life until you got very good at areas of your life until you got very good at

it, you’d be more serene, for sure.it, you’d be more serene, for sure.

Grant me the Serenity to Grant me the Serenity to accept the things I cannot accept the things I cannot

change, the Courage to change, the Courage to change the things I can, change the things I can, and the Wisdom to know and the Wisdom to know

the difference.the difference.

Grant me the Serenity to Grant me the Serenity to accept the things I cannot accept the things I cannot

change, the Courage to change, the Courage to change the things I can, change the things I can, and the Wisdom to know and the Wisdom to know

the difference.the difference.

Time Traveling

When your mental energy is focused on the past or the future, you are in a place of focus on what you cannot change nor take any useful action about (unless you really do have a time machine). That typically involves a situation where you would very much like to be able to do something, but cannot—so you add feeling out of control and helpless to the tangle.

The present is in reality the only place we can do anything useful.

We can think about past mistakes in order to do something better in the present.

We can think about the future in order to add motivation and meaning to present efforts. But all ties back to how you influence present actions.

So, you need to add a button

to your time machine

So, you need to add a button

to your time machine

Remember, when you are stressing, you are preparing your mind-body for action. Bring your focus back to what you can do now, something

about which you can take action.

MAIN MESSAGE When in doubt—

Remember, when you are stressing, you are preparing your mind-body for action. Bring your focus back to what you can do now, something

about which you can take action.

MAIN MESSAGE When in doubt—

Another O-L-D saying

Tomorrow is a mystery, and Tomorrow is a mystery, and yesterday is history; but now is yesterday is history; but now is a gift and that’s why they call a gift and that’s why they call

it the it the PRESENTPRESENT. .

Do -- Don’t Stew

Do -- Don’t Stew

Focusing on what is not/NothingFocusing on what is not/Nothing

If your mental energy is focused on what is not,

what you don’t want, you are more likely to get more of just that.

We can think about what we don’t want to happen as a means

to help clarify what we do want to happen.

Thinking about what we don’t want can add motivation and meaning

to what we do want. But the latter is our destination.

Bring your focus back to what you do want to happen. Recognize that your

mind is a powerful tool, and your mental focus has a strong influence on the

outcome. Whether you think positive, or think negative, you are setting forces in motion to move you in that direction.

Bring your focus back to what you do want to happen. Recognize that your

mind is a powerful tool, and your mental focus has a strong influence on the

outcome. Whether you think positive, or think negative, you are setting forces in motion to move you in that direction.

Bad CoachingBad Coaching

Being hard on someone—pointing out flaws, deficiencies, inadequacies, ways they are not as good

as they could be—can be useful

IFIF it serves as a challenge that motivates a person to perform better.

However being harsh may do just the opposite if a person is already in

a slump, feeling unsure of themselves and questioning their abilities.

Listen to the messages you are giving yourself, or

taking in from others. Honestly assess if they are really the most helpful to

achieve optimal performance.

Listen to the messages you are giving yourself, or

taking in from others. Honestly assess if they are really the most helpful to

achieve optimal performance.

Really listen

Ask yourself: is your attitude and thoughts what you would tell a best friend or a person

you really cared about and wanted to do well? If the message is damping your motivation and your confidence, then get clear on your

intentions, and modify the message so that it fits your goals.

The suggestions that you give yourself have at least as great of an effect as what you say to

or hear from others. It is well worth the effort to attend to the quality of your self-coaching—good or bad, so shall go the direction of your performance, with self esteem in close tow.

Good CoachingGood Coaching

Imagining ThingsImagining Things

Imagination can be a wonderful tool—thinking Imagination can be a wonderful tool—thinking outside the box can enable us to build better boxes.outside the box can enable us to build better boxes.

Imagining a desirable vision of the future can be a Imagining a desirable vision of the future can be a good thing if it motivates and empowers action toward good thing if it motivates and empowers action toward

building a better future.building a better future.

Imagining catastrophe, or the worst case scenario, Imagining catastrophe, or the worst case scenario, can even have its place if it leads us to take action can even have its place if it leads us to take action

towards preventing it.towards preventing it.

Mental rehearsal is a natural and useful ability. Again, it is important to evaluate what you are

rehearsing for. Are you practicing failure scenarios, or empowering ones? Are you tying yourself up with

“What if”-ing? If so, you may be suffering many negative outcomes in your mind Whereas when you focus on what is, even if the worst scenario came to

pass (and usually it doesn’t anyhow), you’d suffer only once.

Mental rehearsal is a natural and useful ability. Again, it is important to evaluate what you are

rehearsing for. Are you practicing failure scenarios, or empowering ones? Are you tying yourself up with

“What if”-ing? If so, you may be suffering many negative outcomes in your mind Whereas when you focus on what is, even if the worst scenario came to

pass (and usually it doesn’t anyhow), you’d suffer only once.

Practicing a Stress imbalancePracticing a Stress imbalance

Stress is a very useful response, or it wouldn’t have survived within the human gene pool! Especially in the fast pace of life in modern times, it

can be very advantageous to be moving at a hundred miles an hour, thinking fast, working hard and long

to accomplish important tasks.

However—just like humans need sleep to recover and repair from the

day’s activities—so too do people need to have a balance of periods of

relaxation to recover from periods of stress. We’ve all heard of “All work and no play…” Equally as true “All

stress and no relaxation…”

Stress is a very useful response, or it wouldn’t have survived within the human gene pool! Especially in the fast pace of life in modern times, it

can be very advantageous to be moving at a hundred miles an hour, thinking fast, working hard and long

to accomplish important tasks.

However—just like humans need sleep to recover and repair from the

day’s activities—so too do people need to have a balance of periods of

relaxation to recover from periods of stress. We’ve all heard of “All work and no play…” Equally as true “All

stress and no relaxation…”

Also consider that what you practice over and over becomes the automatic response that you get most

easily. Consider the common example of your signature. Even though it involves the precise

coordination of hundreds of muscles, not to mention thousands of nerves, you produce it exactly so every time you sign your name. Through repetition, you

have trained your nervous system. You might remember back to the first time you ever wrote your name in cursive—it wasn’t nearly so easy! But with

enough repetitions, it becomes an automatic and near perfect reproduction, without even thinking about it.

The Stress Habit

Think about it. How much have you practiced a Think about it. How much have you practiced a stress response, getting yourself pumped up more stress response, getting yourself pumped up more than is needed or desirable for a given situation or than is needed or desirable for a given situation or

task?task?

Most people don’t spend nearly as much time Most people don’t spend nearly as much time practicing a relaxation response, so feel that it doesn’t practicing a relaxation response, so feel that it doesn’t

come as easily or as naturally.come as easily or as naturally.

It starts to feel like that it is “just how I am,” much It starts to feel like that it is “just how I am,” much as it feels that your signature is just what it is. It is as it feels that your signature is just what it is. It is easy to forget that you once learned it, and probably easy to forget that you once learned it, and probably

have figured out how to change it some over the years have figured out how to change it some over the years (perhaps without recognizing just how you did that). (perhaps without recognizing just how you did that).

Therefore you can learn to do it differently. Therefore you can learn to do it differently. There are quite a number of useful ways to practice a There are quite a number of useful ways to practice a relaxation response. People have been doing this in a relaxation response. People have been doing this in a

variety of ways for about as long as they have been variety of ways for about as long as they have been walking on 2 legs! The key is to identify what works best walking on 2 legs! The key is to identify what works best for you, and practice it enough so that you are able to use for you, and practice it enough so that you are able to use it when you find your stress level is higher than optimal it when you find your stress level is higher than optimal

for your current situation or activity.for your current situation or activity.

Breathe Well & Use aBreathe Well & Use aThere are lots of stress coping sorts of resources available, on the web—some of those resources are listed on a following slide—and elsewhere. So I won’t go into them here.

But I will mention one thing that all of them have in common from many different disciplines and world views. That is deep breathing, and many suggest the use of a key word that you most associate with a state of relaxation. One simple method Breathe in deeply for a count of 1 - 5, hold for a second or 2, then breathe out slowly for a count of 5 – 1. Focus on a word or two as you exhale—a word like relax, calm, cool, tranquil, peaceful, ohm, whatever floats your boat—whatever gives you the strongest association with the state of mind that you want to move towards. Imagine as though it is reverberating from the back of your mind…Repeat as many times as works for you…The more you practice attaining a relaxation response, the more automatic and easy and natural it will become when you really want to get it, when you need it.

There are lots of stress coping sorts of resources available, on the web—some of those resources are listed on a following slide—and elsewhere. So I won’t go into them here.

But I will mention one thing that all of them have in common from many different disciplines and world views. That is deep breathing, and many suggest the use of a key word that you most associate with a state of relaxation. One simple method Breathe in deeply for a count of 1 - 5, hold for a second or 2, then breathe out slowly for a count of 5 – 1. Focus on a word or two as you exhale—a word like relax, calm, cool, tranquil, peaceful, ohm, whatever floats your boat—whatever gives you the strongest association with the state of mind that you want to move towards. Imagine as though it is reverberating from the back of your mind…Repeat as many times as works for you…The more you practice attaining a relaxation response, the more automatic and easy and natural it will become when you really want to get it, when you need it.

One last word—Optimal is Sooo IndividualOne last word—Optimal is Sooo Individual

Stress level and optimal performance is very individual. Stress level and optimal performance is very individual. Some people are naturally more high strung and may do Some people are naturally more high strung and may do

well with a slightly well with a slightly higher levelfor many types of activities.for many types of activities.

Some people are naturally more “low strung” and the same Some people are naturally more “low strung” and the same level would impede their performance, and would want a level would impede their performance, and would want a

lower level to do their best. to do their best.

Develop awareness of your own level of optimal Develop awareness of your own level of optimal performance. When it is performance. When it is too high for your current for your current activity, practice your relaxation response to move activity, practice your relaxation response to move

down to a better zone to enable useful action. down to a better zone to enable useful action.

TheThe

Try some of these:Try some of these:

• Counseling & Consultation Services Counseling & Consultation Services Relaxation: Relaxation:

http://www.nmu.edu/counselingcenter/documents/TestAnxiety.ppt

http://www.nmu.edu/counselingcenter/relax.html

http://www.nmu.edu/counselingcenter/stress.html

Coming soon: Listen to an audio guided relaxation Coming soon: Listen to an audio guided relaxation experience—experience—

Arrival on our web site to be announcedArrival on our web site to be announced.

• Virtual pamphlet collection Virtual pamphlet collection

University Counseling Centers across the country University Counseling Centers across the country have contributed a large array of information on have contributed a large array of information on

Stress, anxiety and many other mental health and Stress, anxiety and many other mental health and self help topics specifically created for university self help topics specifically created for university

students:students:

http://www.dr-bob.org/vpc/virtulets.html

American Institute of StressAmerican Institute of Stress: http://www.stress.org/

This Mini-Workshop was created by

Thomas Stanger, Ph.D.

Director, Counseling & Consultation Services

Northern Michigan University.

Comments, feedback, suggestions?

The author can be contacted at:

This Mini-Workshop was created by

Thomas Stanger, Ph.D.

Director, Counseling & Consultation Services

Northern Michigan University.

Comments, feedback, suggestions?

The author can be contacted at:

tstanger@nmu.edu