stresses found in structural members
DESCRIPTION
Stresses Found In Structural Members. Forces Acting Simply Supported Beam. Bending. Bending. Load. Load Applied. A. Beam will want to Bend. Support Wall Below. A. Bending. Load. Load. A. We would prefer if it did this. Support Wall Below. A. Tension Induced. Load. Load. A. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Stresses Found In Structural Members
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Forces Acting Simply Supported Beam
1.Bending
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Bending
Support Wall Below
Load Load Applied
A
A
Beam will want to Bend
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Bending
Support Wall Below
Load Load
A
A
We would prefer if it did this
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Tension Induced
Support Wall Below
Load Load
A
A
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Tension Induced
Support Wall Below
Load Load
A
A
Tension
If is does what we want
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Counteract Tension
Support Wall Below
Load Load
A
A
Tension
Reinforcement to counteract
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Counteract Tension
Support Wall Below
Load
Reinforcement as low as possible
Load Load
Tension
Effe
ctiv
e D
epth
Reo for crack control
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Forces Acting Simply Supported Beam
Compression
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Compression Induced to Top of Beam
Support Wall Below
Load Load
A
A
Tension
Compression
Usually the Concrete can Withstand without Reo
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Compression Acting at Supports
Support Wall Below
Load
Reinforcement as low as possible
Load Load
Tension
Effe
ctiv
e D
epth
Reo for crack control
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Compression Acting at Supports
Support Wall Below
Load
Reinforcement as low as possible
Load Load
Tension
Effe
ctiv
e D
epth
Reo for crack control
For high compression reo will prevent surcharge
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Compression Acting at Supports
Support Wall Below
Load Load
A
A
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Compression Acting at Supports
Wall Below
Load
Section A-A
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Compression Acting at Supports
Wall Below
Load
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Compression Acting at Supports
Wall Below
Load
Beam compressed against support by load
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Compression Acting at Supports
Wall Below
Load
Stirrups placed to prevent bursting
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Compression Acting at Supports
Support Wall Below
Load
Stirrups closely spaced to prevent bursting
Load Load
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Compression Acting at Supports
Support Wall Below
Load
Stirrups spaced further apart as no compressive force
Load Load
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Compression Acting at Supports
Support Wall Below
Load
Stirrups required to support top steel – FRAMING BARS
Load Load
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Forces Acting Simply Supported Beam
Shear
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Shear Acting On Simply Supported Beam
Support Wall Below
Load Load
A
A
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What is Shear?
Shear
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2 Types of Shear Forces
• Vertical Shear
• Horizontal Shear
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Shear Forces
• Vertical Shear
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Shear Forces
Support Walls Below resist downward force
Load Load Load
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Shear Forces
No Resistance where there is no support
Load Load Load
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Shear Forces
Beam will shear at support
Load Load Load
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Shear Forces
Reinforcement at supports to resist shear
Stirrups omitted for clarity
Load Load Load
A
A
B
B
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Shear Forces
Support Walls Below resist downward force
Load Load Load
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Shear Forces
• Horizontal Shear & Diagonal Shear
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Horizontal Shear
Support Wall Below
Load
Reinforcement to Prevent Horizontal Shear if requiered
Load Load
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When 2 Types of Shear Forces Meet• Diagonal Tension Cracking
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Diagonal Shear
Support Wall Below
Load
Stirrups Prevent Diagonal Shear
Load Load
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Multi Span Beam
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Load on Continuous span Bean
Support Walls Below
Load Load
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Load on Continuous span Bean
Support Walls Below
Load Load
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Load on Continuous span BeanLoad Load
Tension Tension
Tension
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Forces that act on Beams
Compression
Shear
Bending
BendingCompression
ShearShear
Bending
Shear
Compression
Load Load
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Contra flexure
Point of Maximum Bending
Point of Maximum Bending
Point of Maximum Bending
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Contra flexure
Bending Reduces
Bending Reduces
Bending Reduces
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Contra flexure
ZERO Bending
ZERO Bending
ZERO Bending
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Fixed End Beam
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Load on Continuous span Bean
Support Walls Below
Load Load
Fixe
d C
onne
ctio
n
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Load on Continuous span Bean
Support Walls Below
Load Load
Fixe
d C
onne
ctio
n
Tension Tension
Tension Tension
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Compression Acting at Supports
Support Walls Below
Load Load
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Compression Acting at Supports
Support Walls Below
Load Load
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Fixed End Beams
Support Walls Below
Load
Point of Contra flexure
Load Load
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Forces that act on Beams
Fixed or Restrained End
Compression
Shear
Bending
Bending Compression
ShearShear
Bending
Bending
Shear
Compression
Load Load
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Cantilevers
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Compression Acting at Supports
Support Walls Below
Load Load Load
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Compression Acting at Supports
Support Walls Below
Load Load Load
Point of Contra flexure
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Forces That Affect Columns
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Forces That Affect ColumnsLOAD
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Forces That Affect ColumnsLOAD
Bursting Force`
Bursting Force`
Bursting Force`
Bursting Force
Bursting Force
Bursting Force
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Compression Acting at Supports
Column compressed by load
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Compression Acting at Supports
Stirrups to Counteract
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S4[1].03Purnell Bros
Stirrups to prevent Bursting
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Forces That Affect Columns
Bending
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S4[1].03Purnell Bros
It is difficult to predict which way columns will bend
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S4[1].03Purnell Bros
Columns must also be able to withstand mechanical impact
Resist bending
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S2 Naremburn Church
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Forces That Affect WallsNo Top Restraint
Shear
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Footing
Retained Load
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Footing
Retained Load
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Retained LoadReinforcement in this location is virtually useless
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Retained Load
Reinforcement as close as possible to load
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Retained Load
Reinforcement as close as possible to load
Reinforcement should be embedded to maximum depth
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Retained Load
Reinforcement as close as possible to load
Reinforcement should be embedded to maximum depth
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Retained Load
Shear
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Retained Load
ShearShear force overcome by Reinforcement at Base
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Retained Load Wall will act as a Cantilevered BeamTe
nsio
n
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S1 – 21 St Lukes Grammer
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St Lukes Grammer S1 -23
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S012 Cardiff Markets
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Footing
Retained Load
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Footing
Retained Load
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Retained LoadReinforcement is virtually useless
Tens
ion
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Retained Load
Reinforcement as close as possible to load
Tens
ion
![Page 81: Stresses Found In Structural Members](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568163ff550346895dd59fca/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Retained Load
Reinforcement as close as possible to load
Reinforcement should be embedded to maximum depth
Tens
ion
![Page 82: Stresses Found In Structural Members](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568163ff550346895dd59fca/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Retained Load
Reinforcement as close as possible to load
Reinforcement should be embedded to maximum depth
Tens
ion
![Page 83: Stresses Found In Structural Members](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568163ff550346895dd59fca/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Retained Load
Shear
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Retained Load
Shear
Shear force overcome by Reinforcement at Base
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Wall will act as a Cantilevered BeamTe
nsio
n
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S1-21
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Forces That Affect Retaining WallsWith Top Restraint
Footing
Retained Load
First Floor Slab
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Footing
Retained Load
First Floor Slab
Shear
Shear
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Footing
Retained Load
First Floor Slab
Shear
Shear
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Retained Load
Shear
Shear
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Retained Load
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Retained Load
Tens
ion
Tens
ion
Tens
ion
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Retained LoadWall will act as beam restrained at ends
Tens
ion
Tens
ion
Tens
ion
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Retained LoadReinforcement at Centre as far from load as practical – Maximum Bending
Tens
ion
Tens
ion
Tens
ion
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Forces That Affect Retaining Walls
Retained LoadWall will have a point of Contra flexure
Tens
ion
Tens
ion
Tens
ion
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Section 11 @ S1-02
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Walls not Retaining Loads
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Stability
Force
Force may be;• Wind• Earthquake• Impact
![Page 100: Stresses Found In Structural Members](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568163ff550346895dd59fca/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Stability
Force
Force may be;• Wind• Earthquake• Impact
![Page 101: Stresses Found In Structural Members](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568163ff550346895dd59fca/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Stability
Force
Effective Width
Force may be;• Wind• Earthquake• Impact
![Page 102: Stresses Found In Structural Members](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568163ff550346895dd59fca/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Stability
Force
Effective Width
Force may be;• Wind• Earthquake• Impact
Direction of force may not be predictable
Embedment is Critical
![Page 103: Stresses Found In Structural Members](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568163ff550346895dd59fca/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Stability
Force
Effective WidthForce may be;• Wind• Earthquake• Impact
Direction of force may not be predictable
Effective Width Embedment is Critical
![Page 104: Stresses Found In Structural Members](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568163ff550346895dd59fca/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
StabilityTypical Configuration
Force
Effective WidthForce may be;• Wind• Earthquake• Impact
Direction of force may not be predictable
Effective Width
Shear Reinforcement
Tension Reinforcement
Embedment is Critical
![Page 105: Stresses Found In Structural Members](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568163ff550346895dd59fca/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
StabilityTypical Configuration
Force
Effective WidthForce may be;• Wind• Earthquake• Impact
Direction of force may not be predictable
Effective Width
Shear Reinforcement
Tension Reinforcement
Embedment is Critical
![Page 106: Stresses Found In Structural Members](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568163ff550346895dd59fca/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Stability
Force
Effective Width
Force may be;• Wind• Earthquake• Impact
Direction of force may not be predictable
Effective Width
Force
Embedment is Critical
![Page 107: Stresses Found In Structural Members](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568163ff550346895dd59fca/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Stability
Force
Effective Width
Force may be;• Wind• Earthquake• Impact
Direction of force may not be predictable
Effective Width
Force
![Page 108: Stresses Found In Structural Members](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568163ff550346895dd59fca/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
StabilityEffective Width
Force may be;• Wind• Earthquake• Impact
Direction of force may not be predictable
Effective WidthEmbedment is Critical
Embedment is Critical
![Page 109: Stresses Found In Structural Members](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568163ff550346895dd59fca/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
StabilityEffective Width
Force may be;• Wind• Earthquake• Impact
Direction of force may not be predictable
Effective WidthEmbedment is Critical
Embedment is Critical
Shear Reinforcement
Tension Reinforcement no need to embedIn base or top
![Page 110: Stresses Found In Structural Members](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568163ff550346895dd59fca/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
StabilityEffective Width
Force may be;• Wind• Earthquake• Impact
Direction of force may not be predictable
Effective WidthEmbedment is Critical
Embedment is Critical
Shear Reinforcement
Tension Reinforcement no need to embedIn base or top