structural policy indicators12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2468 10 12 14 1999 19902 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 0.5...

ISBN 92-64-03591-5

Economic Policy Reforms

Going for Growth

© OECD 2006

ANNEX A

Structural Policy Indicators

ECONOMIC POLICY REFORMS: GOING FOR GROWTH – ISBN 92-64-03591-5 – © OECD 2006 143

ANNEX A

Figure A.1. Cost of labour

1. Missing countries do not have statutory mininum wage.2. 2002 for France, Greece, Hungary and Portugal. 3. 2000 for Ireland, Slovak Republic and the United Kingdom.4. The cost of labour is the sum of the wage level and the corresponding social security contribution paid by

employers.

Source: Chart A: OECD, Labour Force Statistics, 2005; Chart B: OECD, Employment Outlook, 2005 and OECD, Taxing Wagesdatabase.

StatLink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/866734675434

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

20032

199830 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

KORES

PCZE

USAJP

NSVK

CANPOL

BEL GBRNZL HUN

AUSNLD IR

LPRT

GRCLU

XFR

A

AUSLUX

GRCNLD

BEL

FRA

SVK

POL

NZL

CAN

PRT

GBR

IRL

TUR

USA

HUN

ESPJPN

MEX

KOR

CZE

A. Minimum wages1

Percentage of median wage

B. Minimum cost of labour, 20034

Percentage of labour cost of average worker

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

ECONOMIC POLICY REFORMS: GOING FOR GROWTH – ISBN 92-64-03591-5 – © OECD 2006144

ANNEX A

Figure A.2. Net income replacement rates for unemployment1, 2

Percentage of earnings

1. Average of replacement rates for unemployed who earned 67% and 100% of average worker earnings at the timeof losing job.

2. The comparability of net replacement rates between two points in time may be affected by methodological ordefinitional changes.

Source: OECD, Benefits and Wages database.


200390

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

80

70

60

50

40

0

30

20

10

0

19990 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

200390

1999

CHE

NLD

LUXPRTSWE

FIN

DNK

CANSVK

FRAESP

NOR

JPN

BEL

EU15

AUTISL

DEU

CZE

NZL

HUN

USAKOR

GBR

POL

IRLAUS

GRC

ITA

DNK

CHE

SWE

ISL

FINLUX

SVK

CZE

NLD

GBR

PRT

BELNZL

AUT

POL

DEU

JPNNOREU15

CAN

IRL

AUS

FRA

ESP

HUN

USA

KOR

ITAGRC

A. Short-term (first year)

B. Long-term (after 5 years)

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average


ANNEX A

Figure A.3. Average tax wedge on labour1

Percentage of total labour compensation

1. Measured as the difference between total labour compensation paid by the employer and the net take-home payof employees, as a ratio of total labour compensation. It therefore includes both employer’s and employee’s socialsecurity contributions.

2. Single person with no child.3. Couple with 2 children, average of 3 family situations.

Source: OECD, Taxing Wages database.


200460

50

40

30

20

10

50

40

0

30

20

10

0

19980 10 20 30 40 50 60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

200460

1998

BELSWE

DEU

HUNITATUR

FIN

POL

AUT

CZEDNKSVK

FRA

NLD

GRCESP

NOR

PRTUSA

LUX

GBRCAN

CHE

IRL

AUS

NZL

ISLJPN

MEX

KOR

SWEBEL

HUN

ITADEUFIN

TUR

FRA

POL

GRCNLD

ESPAUT

DNKCZE

SVKNOR

PRT

USA

CAN

GBR

IRL

CHE

MEX

AUSNZL

JPN

LUXKOR

ISL

A. At 67% of average worker earnings2

B. At 100% of average worker earnings3

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

EU15

EU15


ANNEX A

Figure A.4. Labour taxationPercentage of average worker earnings

1. Average of implicit tax on continued work in early retirement route, for 55 and 60 years old.2. EU15, excluding Denmark and Greece.3. Implicit tax on continued work in regular old-age pension, for 60 years old.

Source: OECD, Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth, 2005.


2003100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0

19980 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

100

0 110

2003110

100

1998

AUS

AUT

BEL

CAN

FINFRA

DEU

ISL

IRL

ITA

JPNKOR

LUXNLD

NZL

NOR

PRT

ESP

SWECHE

GBR

USA

SWE

AUS

KOR

ISL

USAGBR

NZL

AUT

CANNOR

IRL

ESP

PRT

FIN

CHEDEU

JPN

BEL

LUX

FRA

NLD

ITA

A. Implicit tax on continued work: early retirement1, 2

EU15

B. Implicit tax on continued work: old-age pension2, 3

OECD average

OECD averageEU15

OECD average

OECD average


ANNEX A

Figure A.5. Income support for disability and sickness

1. EU15, excluding Finland, Greece, Ireland and Luxembourg.2. 1995 for Austria, Mexico and Poland. 3. The number for the United States may not be strictly comparable as it comes from a different source and refers

to 2003.

Source: Chart A: OECD, Transforming Disability into Ability, 2003 and National Compensation Survey (for theUnited States; Chart B: OECD, Employment Outlook, 2004.


14

12

10

8

6

4

2

00 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

1999

19902

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

0.5

1.0

0

LUX

PRTITA CHE

POLGRC

GBRDEU SVK

FRAIR

LES

PHUN

DNK ISLBEL FIN CZE

NLD AUTNOR

SWEUSA

AUS

AUT

BEL

CAN

DNK

FRA

DEU

ITA

KORM EX

NLD

NOR

POL

PRT

ESP

SWE

TUR

USA

GBR

B. Number of weeks lost due to sickness leave in 20023

A. Per cent of working age population non-employed and receiving disability benefits1

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

EU15

EU15


ANNEX A

Figure A.6. Employment Protection Legislation (EPL)Index scale of 0-6 from least to most restrictive

1. EU15, excluding Luxembourg.2. The figure for Spain is different from the one reported in Employment Outlook (2004) due to a re-assessment of

regulation in this area.

Source: OECD, Employment Outlook, 2004.


20036

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

0

3

2

1

0

19980 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 60

20036

1998

USA

GBR

TUR

CHE

SWE ESP

SVK

PRT

POL

NOR

NZL

NLD

M EX

KOR

JPN

ITAIRL

HUNGRC

DEUFRA

FIN

DNK

CZE

CAN

BEL

AUT

AUS

AUS

AUT

BEL

CZE

DNK

FIN

FRA

DEU

GRC

HUN

IRL

ITA

JPN

KOR

M EX

NLDNZL

NOR

POL

PRT

SVK

ESP

SWE

CHE

TUR

GBR

CAN USA

A. Restrictiveness of protection legislation on regular employment1

B. Restrictiveness of protection legislation on temporary employment1, 2

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

EU15

EU15


ANNEX A

Figure A.7. Difference between coverage rates of collective bargaining agreements and trade union density rates1, 2

1. The coverage rate is measured as the percentage of workers who are covered by collective bargaining agreements,regardless of whether or not they belong to a trade union. The union density rate is the percentage of workersbelonging to a trade union. Each data point on the figure is calculated as the simple arithmetic difference betweenthe two rates.

2. The 2000 data point for trade union density is 1998 for Spain and 2001 for Switzerland.

Source: OECD, Employment Outlook, 2004.


90

80

70

60

50

40

30

-10

0

10

20

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 901990

AUS

AUT

BEL

CANDNK

FIN

FRA

DEUITA

JPNKOR

NLD

NZL

NOR

PRT

ESP

SWE

CHE

GBR

USA

2000

EU15

OECD average

OECD average


ANNEX A

Figure A.8. Product market regulationIndex scale of 0-6 from least to most restrictive

1. EU15, excluding Luxembourg.2. Economic regulation includes all domestic regulatory provisions affecting private governance and product market

competition such as state control and legal barriers to entry in competitive market.



20035.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

0

19980 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.00

20035.0

1998

AUS

AUT

BELCAN

CZEDNK

FIN

FRADEU

GRCHUN

ISL

IRL

ITA

JPN

KOR

M EX

NLD

NZL

NOR

POL

PRT

ESP

SWE

CHE

TUR

GBRUSA

USA

GBR

TURCHE

SWE

ESPPRT

POL

NOR

NZL NLDM EXKOR

JPN

ITA

IRL

ISL

HUN

GRC

DEU

FRA

FIN

DNK

CZE

CAN

BEL

AUT

AUS

A. Restrictiveness of economy-wide product market regulation1

B. Restrictiveness of regulation having an impact on economic behaviour1, 2

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

EU15

EU15


ANNEX A

Figure A.9. State control of business operationsIndex scale of 0-6 from least to most restrictive

1. EU15, excluding Luxembourg.2. Covers scope and size of public entreprise as well as the direct state control over business enterprise (via voting

rights or legislative bodies). Even though a policy priority was selected for Slovak Republic on the basis of thisindicator, it is missing from the chart due to lack of data for 1998. The value of the index for 2003 is 1.9.

3. Concerns the involvement of the state in business operations via price controls or the use of command andcontrol regulation.



20036

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

0

3

2

1

0

19980 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 60

20036

1998

AUS

AUTBEL

CAN

CZE

DNK

FINFRA

DEU

GRC

HUN

ISLIRL

ITA

JPN

KOR

MEXNLD

NZL

NOR

POL

PRT

ESP

SWE

CHETUR

GBR

USA

USA

GBR

TUR

CHE

SWE

ESP

PRT

POL

NOR

NZL

NLD MEX

KOR

JPNITAIRL

ISL

HUN

GRC

DEU

FRA

FIN

DNK

CZE

CAN

BEL

AUT

AUS

A. Extent of public ownership1, 2

B. Restrictiveness of regulatory burden on business procedures1, 3

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

EU15

EU15


ANNEX A

Figure A.10. Barriers to entrepreneurshipIndex scale of 0-6 from least to most restrictive



20036

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

0

3

2

1

0

19980 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 60

20036

1998

USA

GBR

TUR

CHE

SWE

ESP

PRT

POL

NORNZL

NLD

M EX

LUX KOR

JPN

ITA

IRL

ISL

HUNGRC

DEU

FRA

FIN

DNK

CZE

CAN

BEL

AUT

AUS

IRLDNK

LUX

USA

GBR

TUR

CHE SWE

ESP

PRT

POL

NORNZL

NLD

M EX

KOR

JPN

ITA

ISL

HUN

GRC

DEU FRA

FIN

CZE

CAN

BEL

AUT

AUS

A. Administrative burdens on corporations and sole proprietor start-ups

B. Sector-specific administrative burden

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

EU15

EU15


ANNEX A

Figure A.11. Barriers to entryIndex scale of 0-6 from least to most restrictive

1. EU15, excluding Luxembourg.2. Concerns complexity of government communication of rules and procedures as well as of licences and permit

systems. Corresponds to the indicator of regulatory and administrative opacity.



20035.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

0

19980 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.00

20035.0

1998

AUS

AUT

BEL

CAN

DNKCZEFIN

FRA

GRCHUN

ISL

IRL

ITA

JPN

KORMEXNLD

NZL

NOR

POL

PRT

ESP

SWE

CHE

TURGBRDEU

USA

SWE

USAGBR

TUR

CHE

ESP

PRT

POL

NOR

NZL

NLD

MEX

KORJPN

ITA

IRL

ISL

HUN GRC

DEU

FRA FIN

DNK

CZE

CAN

BEL

AUT

AUS

A. Legal barriers to entry in industries1

B. Complexity of administrative procedures1, 2

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

EU15

EU15


ANNEX A

Figure A.12. Barriers to foreign direct investmentIndex scale of 0-6 from least to most restrictive



20035.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

0

19980 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.00

20035.0

1998

USA

GBR

TUR

CHE

SWE

ESP

PRT

POL

NORNZL

NLD

MEX

LUX

KORJPN

ITA

IRL ISL

HUN

GRC

DEU

FRA

FIN

DNK

CZE

CAN

BEL

AUT

AUS

AUSBELFIN

ISLIRL

KOR

USA

AUT

DNKFRANLD

DEUITA

LUX

CHEHUN

PRTCAN

JPN

MEX

ESPGBRNOR

GRC

NZL

SWE TURCZE

POL

A. Ownership barriers

B. Discriminatory procedures

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

EU15

EU15


ANNEX A

Figure A.13. Sectoral regulationIndex scale of 0-6 from least to most restrictive

1. Index of regulations in professional services (accounting, law, engineering and architecture). Even though a policypriority was selected for Canada and Japan on the basis of this indicator, they are missing from the chart due tolack of data for 2002. The value of the index for Canada and Japan for 1996 is 2.6 and 3.2 respectively.

Source: European Commission and OECD.


20026

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

0

3

2

1

0

19960 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 60

20026

1997

SWE

NLD

LUX

ITA

IRL

GBR

FRA

FIN

ESP

DNK

DEU

BEL

AUT

USA

GBR

TUR

SWE

ESP PRT

NOR

NLD

KORJPN ITA

ISL

GRC

DEU

FRA

FIN

DNK

CZE

CAN

BEL

AUT

AUS

A. Restrictiveness of regulation of professional services1

B. Restrictiveness of regulation of fixed and mobile telecommunications

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

EU15

EU15

OECD average


ANNEX A

Figure A.14. Educational attainment, 2003Percentage of population aged 25-34 and 45-54

Source: OECD, Education at a Glance, 2005.


100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

CANJP

NKOR

SWE FIN NORBEL USA

ESP

FRA IR

LAUS

DNKGBR

NZL CHENLD GRC

DEU POLMEX

LUX

HUNPRT

AUTSVK ITA CZE

TUR

NZL HUNFR

A IRL

CHENLD GRC

GBRLU

X ISLES

P ITA POLPRT

TURMEX

KORNOR

SVKJP

NCZE

SWECAN FIN USA

DNKAUT

DEU BEL

0

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

100

45-5425-34

AUS

ISL

A. Upper-secondary education

B. Tertiary education

EU15

EU15


ANNEX A

Figure A.15. Educational achievement

1. PISA stands for Programme for International Student Assessment.

Source: Chart A: OECD, Learning for Tomorrow's World, PISA 2003; Chart B: OECD, Knowledge and Skills for Life, PISA 2000.


60

40

20

0

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

-120-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 40200 60

ISLAUTITA SWE

MEXKOR

CZEHUN

CANPRTFIN IR

LES

PGRC

DNKPOL

LUX

GBRAUS

CHENOR

USABEL NZL DEUJP

N

USA

CHE

SWE

ESPPRT

POL

NOR

NZL

MEX

LUX

KOR

JPN

ITA

IRL

ISLHUN

GRC

DEUFRA

FIN

DNK

CZE

CANBEL

AUT

AUS

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

2003

2000

B. Variation in student performance, 2000Percentage of average variation of student performance in OECD countries

A. Average of PISA scores in reading, mathematics and science1

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

EU15

EU15


ANNEX A

Figure A.16. Barriers to external trade

1. A single producer support estimate is calculated for EU countries.

Source: Chart A: OECD, Producer and consumer support estimates database; Chart B: OECD, Economic Policy Reforms:Going for Growth, 2005.


80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

5

4

0

3

2

1

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

1 2 3 4 5 60

20036

1998

NOR

KOR

MEX

POL

HUNTUR

AUSCAN

CZEJPNNZLUSA

ISL

CHE

USA

TUR

CHE

SVK

POL

NOR

NZL

MEX

KOR

JPN

ISL

HUN CZE

CAN

AUS

A. Producer support estimate to agriculture1

Percentage of total value of agricultural production

B. Importance of external trade tariffsIndex scale of 0-6 from least to most restrictive

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

OECD average

1998

2004

EU15

EU15


ANNEX A

Figure A.17. Health expenditure, 20031

Percentage of GDP

1. 2002 for Australia, Japan and United Kingdom.

Source: OECD, Health database.


Figure A.18. Public investmentPercentage of GDP

Source: OECD, Economic Outlook, No. 78.


16

12

14

10

8

6

4

2

0

KORSVK

MEXPOL

LUX FIN IR

LTUR

AUTCZE

ESP

GBRJP

NNZL HUN

DNKAUS

SWEBEL PRT

NLD CANGRC

FRA

NOR ISLDEU USA

CHEITA

OECD average

EU15

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

01 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

JPN

TURKOR

ESPISL

MEX

PRT

CHE

NOR

SWEFRA

USA

NZL

FIN

GRCNLD

AUT

ITA

CANAUS

DEU

IRL

GBRBELDNK

Average 1998-2004

Average 1990-1997


OECD PUBLICATIONS, 2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16

PRINTED IN FRANCE

(12 2006 01 1 P) ISBN 92-64-03591-5 – No. 54947 2006

ISSN 1813-2715

structural policy indicators12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2468 10 12 14 1999 19902 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 0.5...

Documents