NEWater

CapacitySingapore has 5 NEWater plants that can meet up to 40% of total demand today. NEWater is expected to meet up to 55% of total demand by 2060.

ChallengesNEWater is ultra-clean and safe to drink. It has passed over 150,000 scientific tests, meeting and surpassing all international drinking water standards and guidelines. However, this requires the use of advanced membrane and ultraviolet disinfection technologies, which makes producing NEWater from treated used water costly.

NEWaterPlant

NEWater

REVERSE OSMOSIS

ULTRAVIOLETDISINFECTION

Drains and canals

Sewers to collect used water

Reservoir

Used water is collected in a network of sewers and channelled to water reclamation plants.

Two water collection systems −Separate systems for collecting rainwater and used water to prevent cross-contamination.

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Rain water collection

taps43CsThe

of our

Importedwater

fromCatchmentsLocal

Water

ChallengesThe Linggiu Reservoir, which regulates the flow of the Johor River, fell to a historic low of 20% of its capacity in Oct 2016.

CapacitySingapore has 17 reservoirs to store collected rainwater.

ChallengesTwo-thirds of Singapore's land area is already water catchment to collect rainfall for storage in our reservoirs. Increasing the catchment area is costly and challenging given our urban density.

Urban stormwater is harder to purify compared to pristine freshwater sources and Singapore is one of the few countries in the world to harvest on a large scale urban stormwater for consumption.

LinggiuReservoir

JohorRiver

MALAYSIA

JohorSINGAPORE

CostIn 2015, it cost $1.3 billion to operate our

water system, almost three times more than in 2000.

To meet increasing demand, PUB has to continue investing in our water infrastructure by building new plants, upgrading existing ones and expanding potable and used water networks.

From 2000 to 2015, $7 billion was invested in water infrastructure. In the next five years (2017 - 2021), PUB will invest a further $4 billion in water infrastructure.

Our future water supply will come largely from costlier water sources, namely NEWater and desalinated water. These are weather-independent sources that will strengthen the resilience of our water supply against the effects of dry weather caused by climate change.

ChallengesCapacityCost

JurongLake

TekongReservoir

BedokReservoir

MarinaReservoir

MacRitchieReservoir

Lower PeirceReservoir

Upper PeirceReservoir

PunggolReservoir

UpperSeletarReservoir

KranjiReservoir

LowerSeletarReservoir

SarimbunReservoirMurai

ReservoirPoyanReservoir

SerangoonReservoir

TengehReservoir

PandanReservoir

Our 17 reservoirsTwo thirds of Singapore’s land is water catchment.

2 3

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Rainwater is collected through a comprehensive network of drains, canals and rivers, and channelled to reservoirs before it is treated to become drinking water.

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Desalinatedwater

Current and upcoming NEWater and desalination plants

TuaspringDesalinationPlant

SingSpringDesalinationPlant

KranjiNEWaterFactory

SembcorpNEWaterPlant

NEWater Plant

BedokNEWaterFactory

Keppel SeghersUlu PandanNEWater Plant

BEWG-UESHNEWaterPlant

KeppelMarina EastDesalinationPlant

Developing a5th desalinationplant on JurongIsland

Tuas DesalinationPlant

Desalination PlantDesalination Plant in development

Desalinatedwater

ChallengesDesalination is the most energy-intensive of our four taps. This makes desalinated water the most costly to produce.

DesalinationPlant

ULTRAFILTRATION REVERSE OSMOSIS

POSTTREATMENT

CapacityWe have three desalination plants which can meet up to 30% of total demand today. Two new plants will be built by 2020. Desalinated water is expected to meet up to 30% of total demand by 2060.

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MICROFILTRATION / ULTRAFILTRATION

Water is precious and vital to our survival. Getting clean drinking water to our homes is far more intricate than a mere turn of the tap. 50 years ago, Singapore had only two water sources − imported water and local catchment water. Today, we have four sources, or whatwe call Singapore's "Four National Taps".However, our water supply remains vulnerable to factors such as climate change.

CapacityUnder the 1962 Water Agreement Singapore signed with Malaysia, Singapore has the exclusive right to draw up to 250 million gallons of water from the Johor River each day.