structure and function of the cell
DESCRIPTION
Structure and Function of the Cell. Cells make up all living things. Cells are the basic unit of life. Cells. Tissues. Organs. Organ systems. Organisms. CELL THEORY. 1665 – Robert Hook - Looked at cork, gave the little chambers the name “cells”. CELL THEORY. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Structure and Function of the Cell
![Page 2: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cells make up all living things
![Page 3: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Cells are the basic unit of life
Cells
Tissues
Organ systems
Organs
Organisms
![Page 4: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
CELL THEORY• 1665 – Robert Hook - Looked at cork,
gave the little chambers the name “cells”
![Page 5: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
CELL THEORY
1674 – Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - first to look at living cells
- saw “animalcules” or little animals
![Page 6: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
CELL THEORY
1838 – Schleiden - All plants are made of these Cells
1839 – Schwann - All animals are made of these cells
1855 – Virchow –Noticed that Cells make more of
themselves.
![Page 7: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
FINAL CELL THEORY
• All living things are made up of one or more cells
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
• Cells come from previously existing cells – NO spontaneous generation!
![Page 8: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes:
- literally means “before nucleus”
- primitive single celled life, the first!
- example: bacteria
- still has DNA just not enclosed in a nucleus
![Page 9: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Prokaryotes Vs. EukaryotesEukaryotes:
- literally means “true nucleus”
- DNA enclosed by the nuclear membrane
- Can be single celled like protists (amoebas, paramecium)
- Or can be part of a multicellular organism like: plants, animals or fungi
![Page 11: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Prokaryotes Vs. EukaryotesEukaryotes:
- significantly larger than prokaryotic cells
- have many more organelles than prokaryotic cells
![Page 12: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
How do we study cells?
• Microscopy – using a device that magnifies an image of a very small specimen
– Magnification:
– Resolution:
![Page 15: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Here’s our specimen, but what’s wrong?
![Page 16: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Magnify, still no good?
![Page 17: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Increase resolution
![Page 18: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Light microscopy
• Pros: more affordable– Easier prep– Can observe living cells
• Cons: – More limited in terms of
Mag/Res
![Page 19: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Lightmicroscopy
![Page 20: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Electron microscopy
• Pros: – Significantly greater
mag/res
• Cons: – Specimen Prep is much
more involved– Specimen prep will kill
specimen, no live observations
![Page 21: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Electron microscopy
*Color is added, EM’s Only see produce black And white images
![Page 22: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
All cells must perform the same few functions to stay alive
BUT, since they have different organelles, they might go about it differently
![Page 23: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
I. All cells must control what enters and exits a cell
II. All cells must convert the energy in nutrients to into energy it can use
III. All cells must make, modify and ship proteins to where they need to go
![Page 24: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
IV. All cells must be able to store nutrients, digest large molecules and recycle damaged organelles
V. All cells must grow and divide
VI. All cells have a particular shape and can move IF THEY NEED TO
![Page 25: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
We will be starting with function I
![Page 26: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Plasma Membrane
Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and certain organelles within the cell
![Page 27: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Phospholipid
Hydrophilic Phosphate head
Hydrophobic Fatty acid Tails
![Page 28: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Remember the Triglycerides?What’s the difference?
![Page 29: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
In water what will happen?
![Page 30: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Water on outside of cell
![Page 31: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Water on outside of cell
Also Water on Inside of cell
![Page 32: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Double layer allows:
• All hydrophobic parts to be away from water
• All hydrophilic parts to be near water
![Page 33: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Membrane – more than just phospholipids
![Page 34: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
A little more than just phospholipids
![Page 35: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Plasma membrane contains:
Proteins embedded in phospholipid bilayer;
Cholesterol tucked between fatty acids
Carbohydrate chains
![Page 36: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Why proteins?
• Proteins increase contact with water and act as channels through which certain molecules can pass
![Page 38: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Why cholesterol?• Cholesterol keeps the membrane fluid and
flexible; prevents solidification
Why Carbs? Carbohydrate chains act as cell “ID” tags.
![Page 39: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Fluid Mosaic Model: theory that describes the composition of the membrane
- Fluid because it is flexible; p-lipids and proteins can shift position
- Mosaic because it is made of many small molecules that work together as a whole
![Page 40: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Membrane acts as a semi-permeable barrier (think bouncer!)
some stuff passes right through the phospholipids:
- small, hydrophobic, uncharged
![Page 41: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
some stuff can’t:
- ions (Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca++) - polar molecules (Sugars, Amino Acids)
- large nonpolar
But don’t we need these?!?! We’re getting there….
![Page 42: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
? ?
![Page 43: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
There are two general categories of transport:
Passive transport: The easy way; no energy required; molecules just flow
naturally across
Active Transport: the hard way; energy required; molecules need to
be pushed or carried across
![Page 44: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
BROWNIAN MOVEMENT
Molecules are ALWAYS moving
![Page 45: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Passive Processes: No energy needed
• Diffusion: Movement of solutes from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration until concentrations are equal.
• Concentration Gradient = differences in Concentration
![Page 46: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Gaseous Diffusion
High Conc. Low Conc. No membrane needed
![Page 47: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Think of it as molecules spreading out!
![Page 48: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Progression of Liquid Diffusion
![Page 49: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
High Conc. Low Conc.
?
![Page 50: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Facilitated Diffusion – movement of solute from high concentration to low concentration BUT requires
transport protein to move molecule that are too big or polar to get
through the bilayer on their own
Glucose is too big to fit through phospholipids and will be diffused through a transport protein to get
into the cell
![Page 51: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Osmosis – A Passive Process where water moves across a cell membrane from an area that is hypotonic (lots of water, little solute) to an area that is hypertonic (little water, lots of solute)
![Page 53: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
think of the water as trying to dilute the concentrated side to make the concentration even
Weak Iced Tea Strong Iced Tea
Move water until you get
Two perfect Iced teas
![Page 54: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Tonicity – term used to compare the concentration of one solution to another - will determine where water goes
3 ConditionsHypotonic
IsotonicHypertonic
![Page 55: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
The solution with the higher concentration is called Hypertonic.
The solution with the lower concentration is called Hypotonic
If the concentrations are equal, they are called isotonic
![Page 56: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
20% Salt Solution
10% Salt Solution
Which is Hypertonic?
![Page 57: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Inside is Hypertonic
![Page 58: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
10% Salt Solution
20% Salt Solution
Which is hypertonic?
![Page 59: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
?Outside is Hypertonic
![Page 60: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
20% Salt Solution
20% Salt Solution
Isotonic:
![Page 61: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Isotonic
![Page 62: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
CrenationC
ytol
ysis
Comparing Cell types chart
![Page 63: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
PlasmolysisVs.
Turgidity in Plant cells
- Turgor pressure: Pressure that the water INSIDE the cell puts on
the cell wall. Supports plant
![Page 64: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
A B A B
![Page 65: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Active TransportCell must use energy to force molecules to move across the
membrane from a low concentration to a high
concentration. Usually used to move ion and since ions can not go through the phospholipids requires a transport protein
![Page 66: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Active Transport:
![Page 67: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Vesicle TransportVesicle transport is different from Diffusion, Osmosis, facilitate diffusion and active transport in that we are moving large quantities (many molecules) rather than individual molecules. The cell must package the material in a vesicle and bring it in or out of the cell depending on the goal.
![Page 68: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
• Making a vesicle requires the cell to exert energy in the form of ATP, but we don’t have to concern ourselves with concentration differences. The two types of vesicle transport depend on direction -
• Moving materials into a cell in a vesicle is called endocytosis. Moving materials out of a cell is called exocytosis.
![Page 69: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Bulk transport into cell
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
(SOLIDS)
(LIQUIDS)
![Page 70: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Phagocytosis: “cell eating” large proteins, dead cells, bacteria substances WAY too big for even a protein;
Making/moving a vesicle requires energy ATP
![Page 71: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Pinocytosis: Cell drinking; bulk ingestion of liquids
Particularly important in kidney and intestinal cells
![Page 72: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Exocytosis – Bulk Transport out of cell
Way of releasing large quantities of stuff from the cell including : Hormones, mucus and cell wastes
NEEDS ATP
![Page 73: Structure and Function of the Cell](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052702/56815c3f550346895dca3e09/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)