structure of cardiac muscle excitation contraction coupling properties of cardiac muscle
TRANSCRIPT
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RK Goit, LecturerDepartment of Physiology
Structure of Cardiac MuscleExcitation-Contraction Coupling
Properties of Cardiac Muscle
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• heart is composed of 3 major types of cardiac muscle: atrial muscle, ventricular muscle, & specialized excitatory & conductive muscle fibers
• atrial & ventricular types of muscle contract in much the same way as skeletal muscle, except that the duration of contraction is much longer
• excitatory & conductive fibers contract only feebly
• cardiac muscle fibers are made up of many individual cells connected in series & in parallel with one another
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• cardiac muscle fibers arranged in a latticework, with the fibers dividing, recombining, & then spreading again
• cardiac muscle is striated in same manner as in skeletal muscle
• cardiac muscle has myofibrils that contain actin & myosin filaments almost identical to those found in skeletal muscle– these filaments lie side by side & slide along one another during
contraction in the same manner as occurs in skeletal muscle
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Cardiac Muscle as a Syncytium • cardiac cells are so interconnected that when one of
these cells becomes excited, the action potential spreads to all of them, from cell to cell throughout the latticework interconnections
• heart actually is composed of two syncytiums: the atrial syncytium, which constitutes the walls of the two atria, & the ventricular syncytium, which constitutes the walls of the two ventricles
• division of the muscle of the heart into two functional syncytiums allows the atria to contract a short time ahead of ventricular contraction
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properties of heart can be divided into 2 groups:Beating heart Quiescent heart
• Automaticity• Rhythmicity• Contractibility• Excitability• Conductivity• Distensibility• Functional syncitium• Long refractory period• Extrasystole & compensatory pause
• All or none law• The staircase phenomenon• Length-tension relationship• Summation of subminimal stimuli
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Properties of cardiac muscle• Automaticity– capability of contract even in the absence of neural control
• Rhythmicity– heart beats are extremely regular
• Contractibility– cardiac muscle contracts in response to a stimulus
• Excitability – ability of the cardiac muscle to respond to different stimuli
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• Conductivity– impulses produced in the SA node is conducted by the
specialized conducting pathway
• Distensibility– occurs due to compliance of the cardiac muscle
• Functional syncytium– due to the presence of numerous gap junctions
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• Long refractory period
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• Extrasystole & compensatory pause– when the ventricle is stimulated in the relaxation period
(relative refractory period), the cardiac muscle may contract
– It may occurs because a papillary muscle may fire an impulse before normal impulse reaches the ventricles
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• All or none law– if the heart is stimulated with subthreshold stimuli no response
is seen
– a threshold stimulus is the weakest stimulus that evokes a response
– amplitude of contraction in response to the suprathreshold stimuli remains the same as that with the threshold stimuli
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• Staircase phenomenon– if a quiescent ventricle is stimulated repeatedly such that the
interval between consecutive stimuli is less than 10 s, the first 3-4 contractions are progressively more forceful
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• Length-tension relationship (Frank-Starling law) – the force of contraction of cardiac muscle is directly proportional
to the initial length of the muscle fibers
• Summation of subminimal stimuli– when subminimal stimuli are applied repeatedly, the stimuli
summate & produce a response
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• Frequency force relationship– changes in cardiac rate & rhythm also affect myocardial
contractility
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• Load velocity relationship
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References
• Ganong Review of Medical Physiology, 23/E• Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12/E Guyton & Hall • Understanding Medical Physiology, 4/E Bijlani &
Manjunatha
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Thank You