4th Quarter

LANGUAGE

FUNCTION

GRAMMAR

POINTS

SPECIFIC

RULES

EXAMPLARS REMARKS

• Used to report

or describe an

action whereby

the subject or

doer of the

action is not as

important as the

action that is

carried out.

• The pronoun I

is not used. The

focus of the

statement is not

the doer but the

object being

acted upon.

Passive Voice Passive Voice :

be + past

participle of

the verb

Active Voice:

I placed a glass

of water in front

of this dark

screen.

Passive Voice:

A glass of water

was placed in

front of the dark

screen.

Reinforcement

Lesson

LANGUAGE

FUNCTION

GRAMMAR

POINTS

SPECIFIC

RULES

EXAMPLARS REMARKS

• Used for

expressing

possibilities and

expressing

choices.

Passive Voice

with Modal

Auxiliaries

Modal

(can, could,

may, might,

must, ought to,

shall, should,

will, would) + be

+ past participle

(by + agent).

A :

Today we can

use computers

to prepare

calling cards.

(Focus : “we”)

P:

Today

computers can

be used to

prepare calling

cards.

(Focus:

“computers”)

LANGUAGE

FUNCTION

GRAMMAR

POINTS

SPECIFIC

RULES

EXAMPLARS REMARKS

A:

Scientists may

use computers

to help them do

research.

(Focus:

scientists)

P:

Computers may

be used by

scientists to help

them do

research.

(Focus:

computers)

LANGUAGE

FUNCTION

GRAMMAR

POINTS

SPECIFIC

RULES

EXAMPLARS REMARKS

A:

A doctor might

use a computer

to get the latest

information

about MRI scan.

(Focus: a

doctor)

P:

A computer

might be used

by a doctor to

get the latest

information

about MRI scan.

LANGUAGE

FUNCTION

GRAMMAR

POINTS

SPECIFIC

RULES

EXAMPLARS REMARKS

• Expresses an

action that

happened in the

past and

continues to the

present .

Passive Voice

of Verb in the

Present Perfect

Tense

have (has,

have + been +

past participle

(+ by + agent).

Adverbs of

frequency

usually come

after the

auxiliary verb.

Active Voice:

New

Technology has

revolutionized

the

communications

industry.

Passive Voice:

The

communications

industry has

been

revolutionized

by new

technology.

Reinforcement

LANGUAGE

FUNCTION

GRAMMAR

POINTS

SPECIFIC

RULES

EXAMPLARS REMARKS

Using Modals

May, Might,

Could

May is used to

indicate:

a. something

we feel which

will possibly

happen.

b. something

we allow or give

permission for

He may win the

race.

You may leave

now.

Reinforcement

LANGUAGE

FUNCTION

GRAMMAR

POINTS

SPECIFIC

RULES

EXAMPLARS REMARKS

Might is used to:

a. Mean

something

less likely

than may.

b. Be more

polite than

may when

asking

permission

He might win

the race.

Might I see

your payment,

sir?

LANGUAGE

FUNCTION

GRAMMAR

POINTS

SPECIFIC

RULES

EXAMPLARS REMARKS

Might is also

used as the

subjunctive of

may in reported

speech. Might is

the past form of

may.

Could is used to

talk about what

was possible in

the past, what

we were able or

free to do.

May I come in?

(direct speech)

She asked

whether she

might come in.

(reported

speech)

My brother

could swim

when he was 5

years old.

LANGUAGE

FUNCTION

GRAMMAR

POINTS

SPECIFIC

RULES

EXAMPLARS REMARKS

• One way of

expressing

speculations

about the future

Infinitives

• A verb form

usually

preceded by to,

and which is

used as a noun,

adjective, or

adverb.

• to live, to tell,

to have, to be.

Active and

Passive Forms

of Infinitive

Active:

(Not) to + verb

Affirmative:

Many people

would be afraid

to live in a

space colony.

Negative:

We are warned

not to walk on

the surface of

the planet.

LANGUAGE

FUNCTION

GRAMMAR

POINTS

SPECIFIC

RULES

EXAMPLARS REMARKS

Active and

Passive Forms

of Perfect and

Infinitive

Continuous

Active

(not) to be +

v- ing

Many people

can expect not

to be living in

space within

100 years.

LANGUAGE

FUNCTION

GRAMMAR

POINTS

SPECIFIC

RULES

EXAMPLARS REMARKS

Perfect Active

(not) to have + past participle

Passive Perfect

(not) to have been + past participle

The town people appear not to have discovered the UFO.

People appear not to have been bothered by visiting aliens.

END