A. Problem with Verbs

A.1 Explanation

As we know that verb is a complex one in part of speech. It has special form in every arrangement in sentences. According to the function, verb can be function as predicate. Hence, it generally shows the action of the sentence. A good sentence is the sentence that has a good form, started from noun or from using an appropriate verb itself. Thus, the verb needs enough explanation for asssisting us to understand more and to minimize an error in writing or speaking English. Because actually, there are many problems in establishing the verb used in the sentence. For example :

The sound of the drayer that bothers my concentration.

=)At glance, that example is the right one. But we need to analyze the meaning of the sentence before. We have to think it gramatically and meaningfully. The sound of the drayer that bothers my concentration means . Actually, this sentence is thoughtless, and something that has made this sentence awkward is no more that as a relative pronoun in which it needs more explanation if this relative pronoun defended. Hence, this sentence has some possibilities for making it to be a good sentence. Here are :

1. The sound of the drayer bothers my concentration. (that is omitted)

2.The sound of the drayer that bothers my concentration is annoying. (that is defended and added by using Linking verb as more explanation)

The other examples:

1. The prettiest girl in our class with long hair and brown eyes.

a. The prettiest girl in our class with long hair and brown eyes looks at me.

b. The prettiest girl in our class has a long hair and brown eyes.

c. The prettiest girl in our class having long hair and brown eyes is my friend.

2. In my opinion, too soon to make a decision.

a. In my opinion, too soon to make a decision is a bad way.

b. In my opinion, its too soon to make a decision.

3. Do you know wheather the movie that starts at seven?

a. Do you know wheather the movie starts at seven or not?

b. Do you know the movie that starts at seven is good?

4. Sam almost always a lot of fun.

a. Sam almost always has a lot of fun.

b. Sam is almost always a lot of fun.

c. Sam is almost always having a lot of fun.

5. The book that I lent you having a good bibiliography.

a. The book that I lent you has a good bibiliography.

6. An awesome thing to be taught by an awesome lecturer with fashionable apparel.

a. An awesome thing is taught by an awesome lecturer who is fashionable apparel.

b. An awesome thing, taught by an awesome lecturer with fashionable apparel is Speaking materials.

7. The handsome boy in Restaurant with white skin and wears a jacket.

a. The handsome boy in Restaurant has white skin and wears a jacket.

b. The handsome boy in Restaurant with white skin and wearing a jacket is my friend.

c. The handsome boy in Restaurant has white skin ang he wears a jacket.

B. Logical Conclusion

Logical conclusion is the statement that has appropriate form and meaning. It expresses a truth in the present, repeat, even in the past.

Logical conclusion consist of 3 kinds :

1. Events in the Past

must followed by have plus past participle expresses a logical conclussion about something that happened in the past. The conclussion is based on evidence.

Example :

a. The street are wet, it must have rained last night.

FACT CONCLUSION (PAST)

b. The pen wont write, it must have run out of ink.

c. The car wont work, it must have run out of gass.

d. I dont see Rini, she must have left early.

2. Events in the Present

must followed by be and -ing form or an adjective expresses a logical conclusion about something that happened in the present.

Example :

a. The line is busy, someone must be using it.

b. Andi is absent, Andi must be sick again.

3. Events that repeat

must followed by V1expresses a logical conclusion that happened in repeatation.

Example :

a. The light is always off in his room at 10 oclock, he must go to bed early every night.

b. She usually goes to the movie every Saturday night, she must go there with her beloved.

C. Preferences

Preferences consist of 3 types :

1. Prefer

You can use this form to say what you prefer in general.

2. Would prefer

You can use would prefer to say what somebody wants in a particular situation (not in general)

3. Would rather

Here are the formulas :

a. Prefer to do and Prefer doing

Prefer something to something else

=) I prefer this umbrella to the umbrella you used 2 days ago.

Prefer doing something to doing something else

=) She prefers sharing to shopping in the supermarket.

Prefer + to infinitive

=) Ann prefers to live in this country.

Prefer to do something rather than do something else

=) I prefer to finish my homework today rather than go shopping to the market.

b. Would Prefer

Would prefer + to infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive

=) She would prefer to stay at home rather than go walking to the mall.

Would prefer + to infinitive + N + rather than + bare infinitive + N

=) I would prefer to look your eyes rather than touch your skin.

c. Would Rather

Would rather + V1

=) I would rather have a coffee.

Would rather + V1 + than + V1

=) She would rather stay than go out.

Would rather + V1 + noun + than + V1 + noun

=) Ann would rather finish the task than play together with her friend.

Would rather + S2 + V2

=) Angga would rather you came early.

The negative form

Would rather + not + V1

=) I would rather not go for this time.

D. Imperative Sentences

Imperative sentence is a type of sentence that gives advice or instructions or that expresses a request or command. (Compare with sentences that make a statement, ask a question, or express an exclamation.)

1. Statement

They say to him that she must do her homework.

=) you can analyze that the sentence above is Indirect Sentence even it describes a command.

2. Question

=) Ani asked me, Will you come to my house tomorrow?

Ani asked me if I would come to her house the following day.

=) From that sentence, youll comprehend more about how to make a question sentence and it can be pointed by question mark.

3. Exclamation

Exclamation is able to be used to express surprised.

Example : He said, Thank you!

=) He thanked me.

From three kinds of the sentences above, you can compare with imperative sentence as our material now.

An imperative sentence typically begins with the base form of a verb, as in Go now! The implied subject you is said to be "understood" (or elliptical): (You) go now!

Imperative sentence is devided into 2 forms, positive form and negative one.

Formula :

a. Positive Form

Verbal: V1 + O

Example: Go out!

Do it now!

Louder please!

Nominal: Be + Adjective

Example: Be careful!

Be quiet, please!

b. Negative Form

Verbal: Dont + V1 + O

Example: Dont do anything!

Dont disturb me now!

Dont come to me!

Dont move!

Nominal: Dont + be + adj

Example: Dont be lazy!

Dont be fast!

Imperative sentence can be formed by would, could, can, and plese as an expression of request.

Example : Would you please come to me soon!

Would you please not be late!

Would you please not come to me soon!

Notice : Dont put to in imperative sentence. It is wrong if you say Would you please not to come me soon!.

It can also express an invitation.

Example : Come in and sit down!

Lets sing together!

Imperative sentence can also formed with Noun in front of the sentence.

Example : Everybody move!

No one knows!

E. Pronouns

1. Reflexive Pronoun

a). We use a reflexive pronoun when the subject and object are same:

Andy cut himself while he was shaving. (not Tom cut him)

Dont get angry. Control yourself! (said to one person)

But, we dont use a reflesive pronoun after bring/ take something with :

She went out and took an umbrella with me. (not with herself)

b). We dont use a reflesive pronoun after feel/ relax/ concentrate:

They feel great after having a swim. (not They feel themselves great)

Its good to relax.

c). Study the difference between selves and each other:

Suci and Ani looked at themselves in the mirror.

(=Suci and Ani looked atSuci and Ani)

But: Suci looked at Ani and Ani looked at Suci. They looked at each other.

d). We also use reflexive pronoun in another way. For example:

She bought a television by herself.

Analyze the following sentences !

1. She looked at her in the mirror.

She looked at herself in the mirror.

2. It was a lovely holiday. We really enjoyed very much.

It was a lovely holiday. We really enjoyed ourselves very much.

3. He himself better after taking a rest.

He feelsbetter after taking a rest.

4. Did the teenagers enjoy themselves when they were on holiday?

5. The film itself was not good, but they liked the characters in that film.

6. Mrs. Tanisa took an umbrella with herself.

Mrs. Tanisatook an umbrella with her. OrMrs. Tanisatook an umbrella by herself.

7. John and Lucy stood in front of the mirror and looked at one other.

John and Lucy stood in front of the mirror and loked at themselves.

(John and Lucy looked at John and Lucy)

8. John and Lucy looked at each other.

9. I will repair my television by me.

I will repair my television by my self.

I will repair my television on my self.

10. Who told you Lia was getting married?

Liaherself told me or Linda told me herself.

2. Relative Pronoun

Relative pronoun is a kind of pronoun that used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause. The other function of relative pronoun is refering to noun antecendents which immediately preceede them. The kinds of Relative Pronoun :

a. Defining Relative Pronoun

1. Who

Who is used to refer person (as the subject in the sentence).

e.g.

+ Marco Simoncelli was the Moto GP rider.

+ Marco Simoncelli was killed in the accident at Sepang circuit.

We can see the sentences above have the same subject. And the second sentence is the key whether we use who or whom. Because the same thing is subject, so we can combine them like this :

Marco Simoncelli who was the Moto GP riderwas killed in the accident at Sepang circuit.

2. Whom

Whom is used to refer person (as the object in the sentence).

e.g.

+ Casey Stoner is the 2011 world champion.

+ Ardan likes Casey Stoner .

As we know that the key is at the second sentence. Because the same person in both of them are Casey Stoner, and in the second sentence he is placed in object possiton, we can combine them like this :

Casey Stoner whom Ardan likes is the 2011 world champion.

3. Which

Which is used to refer or replace things, animals, plants whether it is subject or object of the sentence.

e.g.

+ Im fixing the camera.

+ The camera doesnt work.

From the sentences above, the same thing is thecamera. So,we can combine them like this:

Im fixing the camera which doesnt work.

4. That

That is used to replace everything whether it is human,things, animals plants etc.

That has the same function with who, whom and which. So, from the sentences that have been combined, we may replace each relative pronoun with That.

Marco Simoncelli who was the Moto GP riderwas killed in the accident at Sepang circuit.

Marco Simoncelli that was the Moto GP riderwas killed in the accident at Sepang circuit.

+ Casey Stoner whom Ardan likes is the 2011 world champion.

+ Casey Stoner that Ardan likes is the 2011 world champion.

# Im fixing the camera which doesnt work.

# Im fixing the camera that doesnt work.

b. Non-defining Relative Pronoun

It adds some informations to the phrase that explained or as apposition. Dont forget to put a comma.

e.g.

- Sebastian Vettel, who is the F1 driver, gets the world championship.

- Tasikmalaya, in which I live, is very famous of kelom.

c. Connective Relative Pronoun

They are who, whom, whose, which that usually placed after the object of the main verb.

e.g :

- I told Tantan, who said it wasnt his bussiness.

Both of Non-defining Relative Pronoun and Connective Relative Pronoun are almost the same, but there is a difference between them. Non-defining relative pronoun describe a noun, meanwile connective relative pronoun doesnt describe the noun.

Analyze the following sentences !

1. A boy who/whom is standing beside me is my boyfriend.

2. I thanked to the man who/whom helped me yesterday.

3. I bought a new car whom/which/whose door can be on and off automatically.

4. She belongs to an organization which/that specializes in saving endangered species.

5. A specialization in saving endangered species which/that is possessed by Mr. Veil is oout of work lately.

6. That is my decision which/that she doesnt has to leave this room.

7. Those ideas, which/that we have discussed throughly dont need to be addressed anymore.

8. We want to know on who/whom the prank

9. Give this candy to whoever/whomever asks for it first.

10. I will give whatever/whomever you want.

11. I will hire whoever/whomever you reccomend.

12. Nobody who/that watched the match will ever forget.

Which Vs That

To distinguish among which and that is stated to the clause possessed by the sentence. Notice, that refers to main clause, while which explains sub-clause.

Example :

She belongs to an organization which/that specializes in saving endangered species.

Main Clause Sub-Clause

According to the note above, you can analyze the sentence above that the appropriate answer is that. Because the sentence specializes in saving endangered species refers to an organization in which an organization works to specialize in saving endangered species.

Compare with this sentence!

A specialization in saving endangered species, which/that is possessed by Mr. Veil, is out of work lately.

The appropriate answer for this sentence is which. Why? Lets see the underlined sentence. It is explained by main clause, is out of work. You can imagine that something which is out of work is a specialization in saving endangered species, which is possessed by Mr. Veil.

Whoever Vs Whomever

how to differenciate between whoever and whomever?

there is a way to distinguish whoever and whomever. Lets see the form below!

(Her/Him + She/He = WhoeverHer/Him + Her/Him = Whomever)

Example :

Give this candy to whoever/whomever asks for it first.

Lets see the sentence above!

The way: Devide into two parts of clause.

1. Give this candy to her/him

2. She/he asks for it first

=) That sentences deliver her/him and she/he. So, the appropriate answer is whoever.

Compare with this sentence below!

I will hire whoever/whomever you reccomend.

=) I will hire him/her.

You recommend him/her.

=) That sentences deliver her/him and her/him. So, the appropriate answer is whomever.

3. Demonstrative Pronoun

Demonstrative pronouns are a pronouns that use to show the direction, location, or place of things.

Demonstrative pronouns consist of :

Demonstrative Pronouns

Function

This (singular)

Refers to things that are near at hand

These (plural)

Refers to things that are near at hand

That (singular)

Refers to things that are farther away

Those (plural)

Refers to things that are farther away

Such

Refers to singular things

One (singular)

Refers to singular things

Ones (singular)

Refers to plural things

Example :

This

This is my pen

These

You must bring these

That

That is your bag

Those

Those are my letters

Such

Such is my dream

One

This blackboard is more clean than that one

Ones

I like this one but she likes those ones

This, these, that and those in the sentence can be a subject, direct object, or object of preposition.

Example :

This as subject

This is my girlfriend

This as direct object

Would you take this?

This as object preposition

Look at this.

These as subject

These are my oldfriend.

These as direct object

You can put these in the kitchen.

These as object preposition

He is good at these.

That as subject

That is your fiancee

That as direct object

I will get that next month

That as preposition

You can wait me besides that

Those as subject

Those are your fault

Those as direct object

I must leave those for a moment

Those as preposition

You can go with those

Such or so may function as demonstrative prounoun.

Example :

1. His teacher was pleased with his composition and she told him so (this/that).

So in here is referfs to what his teacher say to him about his composition.

2. I like Mary and Maggi because such (those) are very kind to me.

Such here is indicated for plural countable noun.

3.If such (this/that) is her desicion, she may go now.

Such here is indicated for singular countable noun.

The demonstrative Pronoun is identical to demonstrative adjective,but those are used differently.

Demonstrative Pronoun is not followed by the object directly.

Example : this is my belt

Demonstrative Adjective is followed by the object directly.

Example : this belt is mine.

Note :

Dont be confused if you use Demonstrative pronoun, you thing that is meaning less. Because you must know that demonstrative pronoun is only used when the speakers have known each other about something there is talking about.

Exercise :

Analyze the following sentence!

1. I must tell you these. I want to go to Europe.

2. I want to buy orange, aple, and mellon, because that is very cheap.

3. This girl is yours.

4. It such is your choice, you can take it now.

5. Her friend were pleased her style, and he told her so.

Answer!

1. I must tell you this. I want to go to Europe.

2. I want to buy orange, aple, and mellon, because those are very cheap.

3. This girl is yours.

4. It such is your choice, you can take it now.

5. Her friend was pleased her style, and he told her so.

4. Interogative Pronoun

Interrogative pronouns are pronouns used in order to ask the questions. There are interrogative pronouns :

1. What: can be used to ask about noun usually.

2. When: can be used to ask about the time.

3. Where: can be used to ask about the place.

4. Why: can be used to ask about the reasons.

5. Who : can be used to ask about the people that funtion as subject.

6. Whom: can be used to ask about the people that funtion as object.

7. Whose: can be used to ask about possessive pronoun.

Choose the right answer in these following sentences !

1. ( Whose/whom/who) shoes are they? They are mine.

2. (How/what/which) are they coming? By bus.

3. (Which/what/how) trosers do you want, the red one or the blue ones? I want the red one.

4. (How/when/what) far is Paris from Caen?

5. (Where/who/whom) you doing homework? In my bedroom.

Answer

1. Whose shoes are they? They are mine.

2. How are they coming? By bus

3. Which trousers do you want, the red one or the blue ones? I want the red one.

4. How far is faris from laen?

5. Where are you doing your homework? In my bed room

Choose the right answer in these following sentence !

1. Will (your /yours/youre) family attend the graduation ceremony.

2. Janie and ( I/ me/ mine) will have dinner at italian restaurant.

3. We will not take what does not belong to (our/ ours/ us).

4. My parents are worried about ( there/ their / there are) holiday plan.

5. Dont judge a book by (its/its/it) to

6. Please dont hurt (yourself/ myself/ herself) with that knife.

7. (whose/ whom/which) jacket is this lying on the sofa?

8. (everything/ everyone/ everybody) is going well.

Answer

1. Will your family attend the graduation ceremony?

2. Janie and I will have dinner at italian restaurant.

3. We will not take what does not belong to us.

4. My parents are worried about their holiday plan.

5. Dont judge a book by its to

6. Please dont hurt yourself with that knife.

7. Whose jacket is this lying on the sofa?

8. Everything is going well.

F. Nouns

a. Countable Noun

Generally, the nouns can be counted by one or a for singular nouns, and it can be two, three, four, a hundred, etc for plural nouns.

Because those are some nouns that can be counted, so its called countable nouns. We are going to talk about a dan an in singular nouns, using s and es in plural nouns, irregular plural nouns, nouns that is always plural, dan plural nouns that is from Latin.

Example:

1. I only have a pen but Anita has more than five different pens. (Aku hanya punya satu pulpen, tapi Anita punya lebih dari 5 pulpen yang berbeda).

2. There are many books and pencils on the library desks. (Ada begitu banyak buku dan pensil di atas meja perpustakaan).

3. I have two volleyballs. (Saya punya dua bola volley).

a.1 PENGGUNAAN a DAN an

1. Article a is used when noun preceded is pronounced consonant, beside that the article an is used when noun preceded is vowel sound. Notice: The usage of these nouns is based on pronunciation in front of the noun itself.

Example:

a cat- a dor- an umbrella

a tree- a knife- an angel

a house- a flower- an egg

2. When you spell an alphabet, you can use the article an in these alphabets: a, e, f, h, l, m, n, o, r , s, and x.

a.2 THE USE OF S AND ES

Plural noun is formed by adding s or es after noun.

1. Penggunaan s

The most of plural nouns in English is formed by adding s.

e.g.: Singular apple, cat, clue, door,egg

Plural apples, cats, clues, doors, eggs

2. Penggunaan es

a. Nouns with o

e.g.: Singular hero, mango, potato, tomato

Plural heroes, mangoes, potatoes, tomatoes

b. Noun with y

Plural nouns which is ended by y is formed bu adding -es, if y is preceded by consonant. Take a look at the change of y becomes i.

e.g.: Singular baby, berry, cherry, city,

Plural babies, berries, cherries, cities

But, if before y is vowel, so you just add s as plural form.

e.g. Singular play, toy, day

Plural plays, toys, days

c. Nouns with f and fe

If the noun is ended by f, the plural form is added -es and f becomes v. But, if fe in that word, the plural form is simple. You just add s and the f becomes v.

e.g. Singular elf, knife, leaf, thief

Plural elves, knives, leaves, thieves

d. Nouns with ch

Plural nouns is ended by ch is formed by adding es.

e.g. Singular arch, watch, witch, church

Plural arches, watches, witches, churches

e. Nouns with s

Plural nouns that is ended by s is formed by adding es.

e.g. Singular kiss, miss, bus

Plural kisses, misses, busses

f. Nouns with sh

Plural nouns that is ended by sh is formed by adding es.

e.g. Singular dash, dish, push, wish

Plural dashes, dishes, pushes, wishes

g. Nouns berakhiran x

Plural nouns that is ended by x is formed by adding es

e.g. Singular ax, box, fox, tax

Plural axes, boxes, foxes, taxes

h. Nouns with z

Plural nouns that is ended by z is formed by adding es

e.g. Singular buzz, topaz, waltz

Plural buzzes, topazes, waltzes

i. Nouns with th

Singular cloth

Plural clothes

a.3 IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS

Not all plural countable nouns are formed by adding s atau es. Some nouns have different form with its singular form, and it is irregular countable noun.

e.g. Singular child, foot, goose,

plural children, feet, gees

a.4 NOUN YANG SELALU DALAM BENTUK PLURAL

These are some nouns that are always in plural form. And its always added by -s or es.

e.g. scissors, shorts, glasses, pliers, tongs

1. The scissors are in the drawer. You can take them by yourself. (Guntingnya ada di dalam laci. Kamu dapat mengambilnya sendiri).

2. Where are my jeans? I put them here an hour ago. (Dimana jean saya? Saya menaruhnya di sini sejam yang lalu).

a.5 PLURAL NOUNS BERASAL DARI BAHASA LATIN

Generally, some plural nouns adopted from Latin are always followed the Latins rules. For example :

Notice: The ending -um becomes a; on becomes a; us becomes i; is becomes es. e.g. Singular datum, medium, focus

Plural data, media, foci

a.6 PROBLEMS WITH COUNTABLE NOUN

Countable nouns: many, number, few, fewer

Uncountable nouns: much, amount, little, less

1. (F) They have taken much trips recently

(T) They have taken many trips recently

2. (T) She will visit Bandung in a few months

a few is followed by countable noun and months is countable noun, too.

3. (F) There was a large amount of apples in the bowl.

(T) There was a large number of apples in the bowl.

4. (T) He visited many exotic places

many is followed by countable noun, place is countable noun.

5. (F) You have a number of choice

(T) You have a number of choices.

a number should be followed by plural of countable noun choice should be choices .

b. Uncountable Noun

1. Pengertian Uncountable Noun dan Contoh

Selaincountable nouns, ada benda-benda yang tidak dapat atau sangat sulit dihitung. Kata-kata-benda yang tergolong ke dalam kategori ini disebut uncountable nouns. Jumlah uncountable nouns cukup banyak, yang dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam benda berbentuk cair, padat (bermakna massa), gas, partikel, benda yang terbuat dari materi-materi sejenis, abstrak, bahasa, bidang ilmu, aktivitas yang dinyatakan dengangerund, permainan/games, dan nama penyakit. Tabel berikut menyajikan contoh uncountable nouns berdasarkan kategori yang disebutkan di atas.

Berbentuk Cair

juice (jus)

tea (teh)

water (air)

blood (darah),

ink (tinta)

soup (sup)

milk (susu)

coffee (kopi

beer (bir)

oil (minyak)

kerosene (minyak tanah) gasoline (bensin), etc

Berbentuk Padat

soap (sabun)

bread (roti)

butter (mentega)

cheese (keju)

meat (daging)

gold (emas)

iron (besi)

silver (perak)

steel (baja)

glass (kaca)

paper (kertas)

wood (kayu)

cotton (kapas)

wool (wol)

ice (es), etc

Berbentuk Gas

steam (uap panas)

air (udara)

oxygen (oksigen)

nitrogen (nitrogen)

helium

smoke (asap)

smog (kabut asap)

pollution (polusi)

etc

Berbentuk Partikel

hair (rambut)

rice (nasi, beras)

corn (jagung)

wheat (gandum)

flour (tepung)

dirt (lumpur)

grass (rumput)

dust (debu)

powder (bedak)

chalk (kapur)

pepper (merica/lada)

salt (garam)

sand (pasir)

sugar (gula)

Benda yang terbuat dari materi-materi sejenis

furniture (furnitur)

food (makanan)

fruit (buah)

money (uang)

cash (uang cash)

mail (surat)

baggage (bagasi)

luggage (bagasi)

garbage (sampah)

hardware (piranti keras)

clothing (pakaian)

makeup (makeup)

equipment (peralatan)

jewelry (perhiasan)

junk (rongsokan)

scenery (pemandangan)

traffic (lalulintas)

machinery (permesinan)

Abstrak

time (waktu)

beauty (kecantikan)

confidence (keyakinan)

courage (keberanian)

education (pendidikan)

enjoyment (kesukacitaan)

fun (kesenangan)

health (kesehatan)

help (bantuan)

honesty (kejujuran)

hospitality (keramahan)

importance (pentingnya)

intelligence (kecerdasan)

justice (keadilan)

advice (nasihat)

information

news (kabar/berita)

evidence (bukti)

proof (bukti)

knowledge (pengetahuan)

luck (keberuntungan)

laughter (tawa)

music

patience (kesabaran)

piece (kedamaian)

pride (rasa bangga)

progress (kemajuan)

recreation (rekreasi)

space (ruang angkasa)

energy (energi)

homework (PR)

work (pekerjaan)

grammar (tata bahasa)

slang (bahasa gaul)

vocabulary

sleep (tidur)

truth (kebenaran)

significance (signifikansi)

violence (kekerasan)

wealth (kekayaan)

sadness (kesedihan)

dislike (antipati), etc.

Bahasa

English

Indonesian

Javanese (bahasa Jawa)

Japanese (bahasa Jepang)

German

Chinese

Spanish (bahasa Spanyol)

Arabic

etc.

Bidang ilmu

Mathematics

Economics

physics (fisika)

chemistry (kimia)

literature

psychology, ect

Permainan/games

Football

soccer (sepakbola)

badminton

basketball

tennis

chess (catur)

bridge

poker

etc,

Aktivitas yang dinyatakan dengan gerund

advertising (pengiklanan)

driving

swimming

shopping

studying

fishing

sleeping

traveling

marketing, etc

Fenomena alam

weather (cuaca)

wind (angin)

dew (embun)

fog (kabut)

rain

hail (hujan es)

heat (panas)

humidity (kelembaban)

lightning (halilintar)

snow (salju)

thunder (guntur)

darkness

light

sunshine

electricity

fire

gravity

etc

Nama penyakit (disease)

mumps (gondok)

measles (gondok)

Flu

cold (flu)

cancer

appendicitis (radang usus buntu)

2. Penggunaan uncountable nouns

General rules penggunaan uncountable nouns adalah sebagai berikut:

a. Uncountable nouns tidak dapat dipluralkan dengan menambahkan suffixsataues.INCORRECTjika:

Contoh:

a) The teacher gave us a lot ofhomeworks.

b) My mom has put too muchsaltson the soup. Its so salty.

b. Jika uncountable noun berfungsi sebagai subject kalimat, verb yang mengikutinya harus dalam bentuk singular. Perlu diperhatikan bahwa beberapa uncountable nouns pada tabel di atas diakhiri dengan huruf s. Uncountable nouns tersebut perlu dihafalkan, agar (misalnya kalau ujian) anda tidak salah karena mengira plural noun.

Contoh:

a) Homeworkhastobe done regularly. (PR harus dikerjakan secara reguler).

b) Bloodisimportant for transporting oxygen into each cell in our body. (Darah penting untuk mentransport O2ke dalam tiap sel di dalam tubuh kita).

c) Newsfrom Jakarta about the increased gasoline pricehas increasedpeople dislike to the government. (Berita dari Jakarta tentang harga bensin yang dinaikkan telah meningkatkan ketidaksukaan masyarakat kepada pemerintah).

d) Physicsisstudied by all high school students. (Fisika dipelajari oleh semua murid sekolah lanjutan).

c. Determiners yang digunakan untuk menerangkan uncountable nouns antara lain: some, a lot of, any, much, amount of, a little of, less, more, etc. Walaupun diawali dengan determiners, jika uncountable nouns berfungsi sebagai subject kalimat, verbs yang mengikutinya tetap dalam bentuk singular.

Contoh:

a) Much more moneyis neededto reduce poverty in Indonesia. (Jauh lebih banyak uang dibutuhkan untuk mengurangi kemiskinan di Indonesia).

b) Some new evidencehas been discovered. (Beberapa bukti baru telah ditemukan).

c) Heavy trafficduring rush hours alwaysmakesme stressful. (Lalu lintas yang padat selama jam-jam sibuk selalu membuat saya stress).

d. Uncountable nouns dapat dikuantitatifkan dengan menggunakan takaran atau container tertentu.

Contoh:

a) I am so thirsty. I needthree big glassesofwater. (Saya begitu haus. Saya butuh 3 gelas besar air).

b) Because Didit is so small, he needs to eatten plates of riceevery day. (Karena Didit begitu kecil (badannya), dia perlu makan 10 piring nasi tiap hari).

c) Milk is very important for our health. We must drink at leastthree glasses ofmilkevery day. (Susu adalah sangat penting bagi kesehatan kita. Kita mesti minum paling sedikit 3 gelas susu setiap hari).

Note:Yang dipluralkan adalah penakarnya. Pada contoh di atas, kata glass dan plate mengalami pluralisasi, sedangkan uncountable noun-nya tidak berubah.

e. Jika takaran atau containernya plural (lebih dari satu), dan dalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai subject, maka verb atau to be yang mengikutinya juga dalam bentuk plural.

Contoh:

a) Three big glasses of waterareneededto reduce my thirst. (Tiga gelas besar air dibutuhkan untuk mengurangi rasa haus saya).

b) Four glasses of milkwere drunkby my brother this morning. (Empat gelas susu diminum oleh kakak saya pagi ini).

c) Two plates of ricearenot enough for me. (Dua piring nasi tidak cukup buat saya).

d) Two trucks of paperhave been stolenfrom the warehouse. (Dua truk kertas telah dicuri dari gudang).

e) Two portions of mealalwaysmakemy breath short. (Dua porsi makanan selalu membuat nafas saya sesak).

3. Pengecualian

a. Uncountable nouns terdiri dari beberapa noun sejenis. Misalnya, fried rice, pizza, spaghetti, etc adalah tergolong dalam food, sedangkan apples, durians, mangoes, etc. tergolong fruit, dan begitu juga untuk uncountable noun lainnya. Untuk menyatakan/menekankan tipe atau perbedaan tipe nouns yang tergolong dalam uncountable noun tertentu, maka uncountable noun tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai countable noun.

Contoh:

a) Fried rice is one of my favoritefoods. (Nasi goreng adalah salah satu makanan favorit saya).

b) For his thesis, he studiedmeatssuch as beef, pork, and chicken. (beef = daging sapi, pork = daging babi, chicken = daging ayam).

c) Indonesia produces many differentfruits, including apples, durians, mangoes, mangosteens, jackfruits, rambutans, and so on. (mangosteen = manggis, jackfruit = nangka).

b. Advertising/advertisement, clothing/cloth

Advertising dan clothing adalah uncountable nouns, sedangkan advertisement dan cloth adalah countable nouns. Jika ingin menyatakan tipe iklan atau tipe pakaian, gunakan advertisement atau cloth.

Contoh:

a) Advertisingiswhat he does for living. (Periklanan adalah apa yang dia lakukan untuk hidup/periklanan adalah pekerjaannya).

b) Cigaretteadvertisementsarealmost everywhere. (Iklan-iklan rokok hampir ada di setiap tempat).

c) Clothingisone of the basic needs of human being. (Pakaian adalah salah satu kebutuhan dasar manusia).

d) Mr. Warjo, a homeless,doesnt have enoughclothesto wear. (Pak Warjo, seorang tuna wisma, tidak punya cukup pakaian untuk dipakai).

c. Time/times

Katatimedapat uncountable noun dan countable noun. Jika berartiwaktumaka kata time adalah uncountable noun. Tetapi jika berartikali, maka kata time adalah countable noun.

Contoh:

a) Although we have spent so muchtimeon this homework, were still unable to finish it. (Walaupun kita telah habiskan begitu banyak waktu pada (untuk mengerjakan) PR ini, kita masih belum bisa menyelesaikannya).

b) We have already gone to Bali fivetimes. (Kami telah pergi ke Bali 5 kali).

4. Nouns that can be Countable and Uncountable

Sometimes, the same noun can be countableanduncountable, often with a change of meaning.

Countable

Uncountable

There are two hairs in my coffee!

hair

I don't have much hair.

There are two lights in our bedroom.

light

Close the curtain. There's too much light!

Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise.There are so many different noises in the city.

noise

It's difficult to work when there is too much noise.

Have you got a paper to read? (newspaper)Hand me those student papers.

paper

I want to draw a picture. Have you got some paper?

Our house has seven rooms.

room

Is there room for me to sit here?

We had a great time at the party.How many times have I told you no?

time

Have you got time for a coffee?

Macbethis one of Shakespeare's greatest works.

work

I have no money. I need work!

Drinks (coffee, water, orange juice) are usually uncountable. But if we are thinking of a cup or a glass, we can say (in a restaurant, for example):

Two teas and one coffee please.

5. Common Problems with Count/Uncount Nouns

1. Uncount nouns used as count nouns

Althoughsubstancesare usuallyuncountnouns...

Would you like somecheese?Coffeekeeps me awake at night.Winemakes me sleep.

... they can bealsoused ascountnouns:

Id like a coffee please.

=

Id like a [cup of] coffee.

May I have a white wine.

=

May I have a [glass of] white wine.

They sell a lot of coffees.

=

They sell a lot of[different kinds of] coffee.

I prefer white wines to red.

=

I prefer [different kinds of] white wine to red.

They had over twenty cheeses on sale.

=

They had over twenty [types of] cheese on sale.

This is an excellent soft cheese.

=

This [kind of] soft cheese is excellent.

2. Some nouns havebotha count and an uncountform:

We should always havehope.George hadhopesof promotion.Travelis a great teacher.Where did you go on yourtravels?

3. Nouns with two meanings

Some nouns havetwo meanings, one count and the other non count:

Example:

His life was indanger.There is a seriousdangerof fire.

Linguistics is the study oflanguage.Is English a difficultlanguage?

Its made ofpaper.The Times is an excellentpaper.

Other words like this are:

business

Death

Industry

marriage

power

property

Tax

Time

Victory

use

work

4. Uncount nouns that end in-s

Some uncount nouns end in-sso they look like plurals even though they are singular nouns.

These nouns generally refer to:

Subjects of study:

mathematics, physics, economics, etc.

Activities:

gymnastics, athletics, etc.

Games:

cards, darts, billiards, etc.

Diseases:

mumps, measles, rabies, etc.

Example:

Economics isa very difficult subject.

Billiards iseasier than pool or snooker.

5. Group nouns

Some nouns, likearmy,refer to groups of people, animals or things, and we can use themeitheras singular nounsoras plural nouns.

army

Audience

committee

company

crew

enemy

family

Flock

Gang

government

group

herd

media

Public

regiment

staff

team

We can use these group nounseither as singular nouns or as plural nouns:

Example:

My familyisvery dear to me.

I havea large family.They arevery dear to me. (= The members of my family)

The governmentisvery unpopular.

The governmentarealways changing their minds.

Sometimes we think of the group as a single thing:

The audiencealwaysenjoysthe show.

The groupconsistsof two men and three women.

Sometimes we think of the group as several individuals;

The audienceclappedtheirhands.

The largest grouparethe boys.

The names of manyorganisationsandteamsare also group nouns, but they areusually pluralin spoken English:

Barcelonaarewinning 2-0.

TheUnited Oil Companyareputting prices up by 12%.

6. Two-part nouns

A few plural nouns, likebinoculars,refer to things that have two parts.

glasses

Jeans

knickers

pincers

pants

Pliers

pyjamas

Scissors

shorts

spectacles

tights

Trainers

trousers

Tweezers

Example:

Thesebinocularswere very expensiveThosetrousersare too long.

To make it clear we are talking aboutoneof these items, we usea pair of

I needa new pair ofspectacles.Ive boughta pair ofblue jeans.

If we want to talk aboutmore than one, we usepairs of :

Weve gotthree pairs ofscissors, but they are all blunt.I always carrytwo pairs ofbinoculars.

G. Type of Nouns

One of the most important types of words in English are nouns. Nouns are a part of speech that indicate people, things, objects, concepts, etc. There are seven types of nouns in English. Each type of noun can have important grammar rules when used. For example, one type of noun is the uncountable noun, mass noun or non-count noun. This type of noun is always used in the singular because it can not be counted. Here are the types of nouns in English with a short explanation and links to further resources to study each type of noun in more detail.

1. Abstract Nouns

Abstract nouns are nouns that refer to concepts, ideas, emotions, etc. Abstract nouns are nouns that you can not touch, are not made of materials, but play an important role in life. Here is a list of some common abstract nouns:

successdepressionlovehateangerpowerimportancetoleranceetc.

Example Sentences

Tom has had a lot of success this past year.Many people prefer to let love inspire them rather than hate.Jack has little tolerance for people who waste his time.The desire for power has ruined many good people.

2. Collective Nouns

Collective nouns refer to groups of various types. Collective nouns are most commonly used with groups of animals. Collective nouns can be used in both the singular and plural, although collective nouns tend to be used in the singular. Here are some common collective nouns referring to groups of animals:

herdlitterpackswarmhiveetc.

Example Sentences

The herd of cattle moved to a new field to graze.Be careful! There's a hive of bees someone near here.

Collective nouns are also commonly used for names of institutions and groups within institutions such as academic, business and governmental organizations.

departmentfirmpartystaffteametc.

Example Sentences

Staff will meet at ten thirty tomorrow morning.The sales department met its goals last quarter.

3. Common Nouns

Common nouns refer to categories of things in general, never to specific examples something that are named. In other words, when speaking about education in general someone might refer to 'university' in a general sense.

I think Tom should go to university to study science.

In this case, 'university' is a common noun. On the other hand, when 'university' is used as part of a name it becomes part of a proper noun (see below).

Meredith decided to go to the University of Oregon.

Note that common nouns that are used as the part of a name and become proper nouns are always capitalized. Here are some common nouns that are often used as common nouns and part of names.

universitycollegeschoolinstitutedepartmentstateetc.

Example Sentences

There are a number of states which are in financial difficulty.I think you need to go to college.

4. Concrete Nouns

Concrete nouns refer to things that you can touch, taste, feel, see, etc. There are actual things that we interact with on a daily basis. Concrete nouns can be both countable and uncountable. Here are some typical concrete nouns:

a. Countable Concrete Nouns

orangedeskbookcarhouseetc.

b. Uncountable Concrete Nouns

ricewaterpastawhiskeyetc.

Example Sentences

There are three oranges on the table.I need some water. I'm thirsty!My friend has just bought a new car.Can we have rice for dinner?

The opposite of concrete nouns are abstract nouns that do not refer to things we touch, but to things we think, ideas we have, and emotions we feel.

5. Countable / Count Nouns

Countable or count nouns are concrete nouns that can be used in both the singular and the plural form because they can be counted. Here are some examples of countable (count) nouns.

windowtreecomputerposteretc.

Example Sentences

There are a few trees in my backyard.She bought a new computer yesterday.

Countable nouns can take a definite or indefinite article depending on usage.

F. Gerundial and Infinitive Phrase

a. Gerundial Phrase

Gerund is the ing form of a verb. It is used as a noun.

Example : I enjoy walking in the park.

=) walking is gerund of a verb enjoy

Gerundial phrase can be placed as subject or object in the sentence. In this case, we are going to comprehend gerund as a subject in the sentence.

For example : The hunters shot the birds

It can be: The shooting of the birds by the hunters ...

These are the clasifications of the gerund as subject.

1. The subject in gerund is understood

a. Commonly, it is a general statement, especially with a form of be as the main verb.

Example : Playing with guns is dangerous.

Gerund be as main verb

Working in a factory is not disgrace.

b. It is understood from the general context

Example : He suggested avoiding dinner with his friend.

Bringing up the subject will only cause trouble.

2. The subject of gerund phrase is in another part of sentence

Example : On seeing the damage he had done, the child felt ashamed.

We thanked them for making such a generous contribution.

=) The subject of making is them and them is an object of main verb.

If a subject is included in the gerund phrase, it may be used :

a. In possesive or unchanged form

It consists of Formal and Informal form.

- Formal Form

Example : The girl resents her sisters getting more attention than she does.

I remember about my mothers having a new car.

Note : In formal form, theres a possesive form before word in gerundial phrase.

- Informal Form

a. Gerund phrase after a main verb

Example: We cant understand them doing a thing like that.

I remember you being very strict with us.

Note : Gerund phrase is considered as the second part off a two-part object.

b. Gerund phrase after a preposition

Example: I dont approve of a woman walking by herself late at night.

Prep Sec-partgerund

Sometimes : I cant understand the doors not being open.

b. In an of phrase

1. Indicates an inanimate thing

2. The initiates the phrase

3. Personal Pronouns are not used as subject in of phrases.

Example : The childrens shouting.

It can be: The shouting of the children.

c. In a by phrase

It marks the passive voice of a transitive verb in a gerund phrase.

Example : The broadcasting by that station comes from the top of a skyscraper.

He resents being nagged by his wife.

c. Infinitive Phrase

Infinitive phrase is the to form of a verb. It is used as a noun.

Infinitive phrases functioning as nouns differ from gerund phrases in that they cant be preceded by determiners nor can they serve as objects of prpositions.

We are going to comprehend infinitive as subject that occurs chiefly with the same type of verbs as do other nominals : be, causative verbs, verb expressing emotion, and a few other verbs like require, take, mean.

a. Be

=) To be one of your heatmate needs a long struggle.

b. Causative Verbs

=) I would like to get you to wash my favorite raincoat this afternoon.

c. Verb expressing emotion

=) You must realize to do it immediately!

d. A few other verbs

=) You require avoiding gambling as soon as possible.

Some infinitive phrase subjects appear more commonly after anticipatory it.

Example: It would be wrong to ask for more money.

It will make him very happy to see his children again.

After a predicate adjective is an anticipatory it construction, the subject of the infinitive phrase may be in a for phrase, an of phrase, or either.

Here are the list of words that may be preceded by of, for, or either.

Adjective Followed

By FOR Phrases Only

Adjective Followed

By FOR or OF Phrases Only

Adjective Followed

By OF Phrases Only

(dis) advantageous

(dis)courteous

Generous

Advisable

Foolish

Good (= kind)

Beneficial

Impertinent

Intelligent

Delightful

(un)natural

Kind

Difficult

Noble

(dis)loyal

Easy

(im)polite

Magnanimous

Essential

(im)proper

Magnificent

Fatal

Rash

Malicious

Good (= beneficial)

Right

Nice (informal)

Hard

Rude

Unworthy

Hopeless

Strange

Important

Stupid

Necessary

Wicked

Pertinent (= relevant)

(un)wise

(un)pleasant

Wrong

(im)possible

Preferable

(ir)relevant

Satisfactory

Useful

Useless

Worthwhile

Example : Its difficult for me to do that.

Its impolite of (or for) you to keep avoiding him.

It was kind of you to help him.

G. Prepositional Phrase

Prepositional phrase indicates noun, pronoun or noun phrase. The function of prepositional phare can be adjective or adverb.

a. Adjective

=) The coast of the jeans was surprisingly high.

b. Adverb

=) The mets played at shea stadium.

Qualifying phrase by ing form nouns.

Pattern : the ing + of + noun

Example : Buying of computer needs a lot of money.

It should be : The buying of computer needs a lot of money.

H. Problem with Adjective

1. Definiton

Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. The Articles a, an, and the are adjectives.

the tall professor

the lugubrious lieutenant

a solid commitment

a month's pay

a six-year-old child

the unhappiest, richest man

If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adjective, it is called an Adjective Clause. My sister, who is much older than I am, is an engineer. If an adjective clause is stripped of its subject and verb, the resulting modifier becomes an Adjective Phrase: He is the man who is keeping my family in the poorhouse.

Before getting into other usage considerations, one general note about the use or over-use of adjectives: Adjectives are frail; don't ask them to do more work than they should. Let your broad-shouldered verbs and nouns do the hard work of description. Be particularly cautious in your use of adjectives that don't have much to say in the first place: interesting, beautiful, lovely, exciting. It is your job as a writer to create beauty and excitement and interest, and when you simply insist on its presence without showing it to your reader well, you're convincing no one.

2. Position of Adjectives

Unlike Adverbs, which often seem capable of popping up almost anywhere in a sentence, adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or noun phrase that they modify. Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set order according to category. When indefinite pronouns such as something, someone, anybody are modified by an adjective, the adjective comes after the pronoun:

Anyone capable of doing something horrible to someone nice should be punished.Something wicked this way comes.

And there are certain adjectives that, in combination with certain words, are always "postpositive" (coming after the thing they modify):

The president elect, heir apparent to the Glitzy fortune, lives in New York proper.

3. Degrees of Adjectives

Adjectives can express degrees of modification:

Gladys is a rich woman, but Josie is richer than Gladys, and Sadie is the richest woman in town.

The degrees of comparison are known as the positive, the comparative, and the superlative. (Actually, only the comparative and superlative show degrees.) We use the comparative for comparing two things and the superlative for comparing three or more things. Notice that the word than frequently accompanies the comparative and the word the precedes the superlative. The inflected suffixes -er and -est suffice to form most comparatives and superlatives, although we need -ier and -iest when a two-syllable adjective ends in y (happier and happiest); otherwise we use more and most when an adjective has more than one syllable.

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

Rich

richer

richest

Lovely

lovelier

loveliest

Beautiful

more beautiful

most beautiful

Certain adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative and superlative degrees:

Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms

Good

Better

best

Bad

Worse

worst

Little

Less

least

muchmanysome

More

most

Far

Further

furthest

Be careful not to form comparatives or superlatives of adjectives which already express an extreme of comparison unique, for instance although it probably is possible to form comparative forms of most adjectives: something can be more perfect, and someone can have a fuller figure. People who argue that one woman cannot be more pregnant than another have never been nine-months pregnant with twins.ammar's Response

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