structure structure organizationorganization process process how decisions are madehow decisions are...
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StructureStructure•OrganizationOrganization
ProcessProcess•How Decisions are madeHow Decisions are made
PolicyPolicy•Substance of policySubstance of policy
Institutional PowersInstitutional Powers Article One:Article One:
Congressional PowersCongressional Powers Declare WarDeclare War Raise and support Raise and support
armed forcesarmed forces Regulate armed Regulate armed
forcesforces Senate: approve Senate: approve
executive branch executive branch officialsofficials
Senate: advise and Senate: advise and consent on treatiesconsent on treaties
Tax and Spend Tax and Spend moneymoney
Article Two: Article Two:
Executive PowersExecutive Powers Make treatiesMake treaties Appoint officials Appoint officials
and ambassadorsand ambassadors Commander-in-chief Commander-in-chief
of armed forcesof armed forces
The Struggle for PowerThe Struggle for Power
Modern deference to PresidentModern deference to President
Public Opinion: Foreign policy is Public Opinion: Foreign policy is a presidential powera presidential power• When presidents ignore congress When presidents ignore congress
on foreign policy matters: public on foreign policy matters: public supports presidentsupports president
Congressional Power: $$$$$$$Congressional Power: $$$$$$$
Cabinet-Style Government(standard organizational structure)(standard organizational structure)
PresidentSecretary of… Secretary of… Secretary of…
Deputy Sec of…
Undersecretary of…
Undersecretary of…
Assistant Secretary of…
Assistant Secretary of…
Assistant Secretary of…
Career vs. AppointeeCareer vs. Appointee
Transition 2008-2009Transition 2008-2009
ww ObamaObama
CareerCareer
What is US Foreign Policy?What is US Foreign Policy?
White House National Security Council Presidential DirectivesPresidential Directives (from (from
Federation of American Scientists)Federation of American Scientists) US National Security Structure
State DepartmentState Department
State Dept home page
Organization Embassies Careers Nations (includes
background notes)background notes)
DoD StructureDoD Structure DoD Organization The Department of Defense The Office of the Secretary of DefenseThe Office of the Secretary of Defense Joint Chiefs of Staff
• JCS Structure United States United States Army United States United States Navy
• Navy Structure United States United States Marine Corps United States United States Air Force Unified Command Plan Defense Intelligence Agency National Security Agency (NSA) Defense Science BoardDefense Science Board publications publications
Intelligence CommunityIntelligence Community Office of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence
• ODNI Structure• DNI National Intelligence Strategy (2005)DNI National Intelligence Strategy (2005)• National Intelligence CouncilNational Intelligence Council
National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) President’s Intelligence Advisory Board President’s Intelligence Advisory Board
(PIAB). Central Intelligence Agency
• World Factbook• CIA list of CIA list of World LeadersWorld Leaders and Cabinet Members of and Cabinet Members of
Foreign GovernmentsForeign Governments• CIA-sponsored page of CIA-sponsored page of links on intelligence issueslinks on intelligence issues• Freedom of Information Act details for CIA Freedom of Information Act details for CIA
documentsdocuments
Congressional OversightCongressional Oversight• House Armed Services Committee• House Committee on Foreign AfairsHouse Committee on Foreign Afairs• House Select Committee on Homeland SecurityHouse Select Committee on Homeland Security• House Permanent Select Committee on House Permanent Select Committee on
IntelligenceIntelligence
• Senate Committee on Armed Services • Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Senate Committee on Foreign Relations • Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Senate Committee on Homeland Security and
Government AffairsGovernment Affairs• Senate Select Committee on IntelligenceSenate Select Committee on Intelligence
• Congressional Budget Office Congressional Budget Office (CBO)• Government Accountability Office Government Accountability Office (GAO)• CRS Reports through the Federation of American CRS Reports through the Federation of American
ScientistsScientists
National Security Council MembersMembers PresidentPresident Vice PresidentVice President Secretary of StateSecretary of State Secretary of DefenseSecretary of Defense Secretary of Energy (2007)Secretary of Energy (2007) Any others the President wishes to addAny others the President wishes to add
AdvisorsAdvisors Chair JCSChair JCS DNIDNI
Current NSC Committee Structure (2009)
NSC
NSC Principals Committee
NSC Deputies Committee
NSC Interagency
Policy Comm.
NSC Interagency
Policy Comm. NSC
InteragencyPolicy Comm
NSC Interagency
Policy Comm
Obama Modifications2009
2001-2009NSC HSC
NSC HSCCommittees
Committees
NSC HSCStaff Staff
2009NSC HSC
NSC HSCComm.
Comm.
National SecurityStaff
Evolution of the NSCEvolution of the NSC
Intended DesignIntended Design But sometimes…But sometimes…
CJCS DNI
NSC Committees
President
National Security Advisor
Trusted Advisor
Trusted Advisor
National Security Staff
Analytical Model (Rational Actor)Analytical Model (Rational Actor)
Cost Benefit AnalysisCost Benefit Analysis
OptionsOptions CostsCosts BenefitsBenefits
AA ?? ??
BB ?? ??
CC ?? ??
Organizational Process ModelOrganizational Process Model
State Defense Treasury
CommerceHomeland
Security
Advice to the PresidentAdvice to the President Solution to foreign crisisSolution to foreign crisis?? State: NegotiateState: Negotiate Treasury: SanctionsTreasury: Sanctions Commerce: TradeCommerce: Trade DNI: Need better intelligenceDNI: Need better intelligence CIA: Covert OperationsCIA: Covert Operations Defense: Use forceDefense: Use force
• Army: Ground troopsArmy: Ground troops• Navy: Carrier air powerNavy: Carrier air power• Marines: Amphibious landingMarines: Amphibious landing• Air Force: BombingAir Force: Bombing