structures of seed plants ch 12.4 7th

8/14/2019 Structures of Seed Plants Ch 12.4 7th

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Chapter 12 Section 4


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List 3 functions of roots and 3 functions ofstems.

Describe the structure of a leaf.

Identify the parts of a flower and their

functions.


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The deepest roots ever discovered belonged toa wild fig tree in South Africa.

The roots penetrated the soil to a depth ofmore than 120 meters!

http://blogs.bootsnall.com/km/files/2007/04/bz_figtree.jpg


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Root system:

roots

Shoot system:

stems & leaves

Vascular Tissues of the root & shoot systems:

Xylem transports water & minerals from shoots to roots

Phloem transports food molecules to all parts


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Most are underground

3 Main Functions:Supply plant with water & dissolved minerals

Hold plants securely in the soil

Store surplus food made during photosynthesis(sugar & starch)


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Epidermis:Layer of cells that covers the surface of the roots

Root Hairs:Cells that extend from the root to increase thesurface area

Root cap:Protects the tip of the rootProduces a slimy substance (easier to push

through soil)


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http://www2.volstate.edu/MSD/BIO/1020/lab11s6.jpg


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Taproot System: One main root Grows downward

Smaller roots branch off Can reach water deep underground Ex: dicots, gymnosperms


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http://www.scq.ubc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/plantroots.gif


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Fibrous Root System:Several roots spread out from the

base of a plants stem

Roots are usually the same sizeGet water from close to the soil

surface

Ex: monocots


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Vary in shape and size

Usually located above ground

Stem Functions:Connects plants roots to its leaves and flowersSupports the plant bodyTransport material between root and shoot

systemsStores materials (ex: cactus stores water)


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Soft

Thin

Flexible

Ex: wildflowers, clovers, poppies, beans,tomatoes, corn


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Trees and shrubs have woody stems

Live in cold winters (dormant) with growth in

the spring and summer

Beginning of each growth period: large xylemcells are produced

As Fall approaches cells become smaller anddarker (growth rings)


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Vary greatly in shape (round, narrow, heart-shaped, fan-shaped)

Vary in size (ex: Duckweed vs. Rafia Palm)

https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0627/5b32718392628/5b327189ed5f5.jpg http://www.rarepalmseeds.com/images/RapRuw.jpg


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Main function: make food for the plant

Chloroplasts capture energy from the sun

Leaves absorb CO2 from the air

Make food (sugar) from CO2 and H2O


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Related to their function:photosynthesis

Cuticle: outer surface, prevents waterloss

Epidermis: single layer of cells belowcuticle

Stomata: tiny openings for CO2 to enter

Guard cells: open and close the stomata


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http://phsgirard.org/APbiology/Chapter35/LeafStructure.jpg


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Most photosynthesis takes place here

2 layers:

Upper layer: Palisade (contains manychloroplasts)

Second layer: Spongy layer (xylem & phloemhere, CO2 moves freely)


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http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/images/fig12a-big.gif


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Cactus leaves = spines

Sundews catch insects

https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0627/5b32718392628/5b32718ca6737.jpg


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Adaptations for sexual reproduction

Many shapes, colors, fragrances

Many flowers produce nectar (fluid thatcontains sugar)


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Sepals:Outermost ring, protects the bud

Often green

Cover and protect the flower while it is a bud

Petals:Broad, flat, thin leaf-like parts

Attract insects

Animals help reproduction by carrying pollen

Stamens

Pistils


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Stamen:Found just above the petals

The male reproductive structure of flowers

Thin stalk called a filament, topped by ananther

Anthers are sac-like structures that producepollen


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Stamen_(PSF).png


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Pistil:Female reproductive structure of flowers

One or more

Tip is called the stigma (pollen grains collect here)

Style: the long, slender part of the pistil

Ovary: rounded base containing an egg in an ovule

Ovule develops into a seed, ovary develops into a fruit


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http://www.wsd1.org/argyle/environmental/outdoorclassroom/Entries/2007/2/21_Hand_Pollination_of_Strawberry_Blossoms_files/flower12.gif


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Help plants reproduce

Flower arrangements

Food: artichokes, broccoli, cauliflower

Make tea: chamomile, hibiscus

Spices: saffron, cloves

Perfumes, shampoos, lotions


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Why do some plants have brightly coloredflowers and other plants do not?

Describe 2 types of root systems, and list oneplant that has each type

structures of seed plants ch 12.4 7th

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