Struggle for Hearts and Minds in the Third World

PSC783 Cold War Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, Part III

©Olga Zatepilina, Syracuse University

Marxism-Leninism vs. Americanism

• Marxist-Leninist theory of social change

• Soviet Union as an ideological model and a great power

• Modernization theory• Global development

education

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Communism vs. Americanism

• Assist communist and pro-Soviet governments in gaining and retaining power

• Introduce socialist methods of management

• Attract local elites to the communist ideals

• Prevent left-wing governments from coming to power

• Help local elites resist Soviet pressure

• Construct enlightened political institutions

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On Ideological Assistance to the Sudan Union Party of the Republic of Mali

• The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Central Committee

• Classified • 2/15/1965

• “…Build and equip a party school for 300 people;

• Accept 15 party members to the Moscow School of Higher Political Education

• Open clubs and cinemas and provide documentaries and films…”

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On Increasing Propaganda to Expose the Imperialist Policy of the United States toward the Central America

• The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Central Committee

• Classified

• Date unclear, 1964

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Patrice Lumumba University

• Established 1960 • 1961 named after Prime Minister of

the former Zaire • 2/3 international students• Russian People’s Friendship

University http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9707/26/russia.university/

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Patrice Lumumba University, cont’d

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• 47,000 alumni, 4300 Ph.D.s in 165 countries http://www.rudn.ru

• Ilich Ramires Sanches (a.k.a. Carlos the Jackal) http://205.243.133.2/carlos-j.htm

Ideological Operations and Foreign Policy, 4/27/1964

“Certain foreign policy objectives can be pursued by dealing directly with the people of foreign countries, rather than their governments… Through the use of modern instrument and techniques of communications it is possible today to reach large or influential segments of national populations—to inform them, to influence their attitudes, and at times perhaps even to motivate them to a particular course of action.” http://web.lexisnexis.com/congcomp/attachment/a.pdf?_m=883bf9d4620465cc978b2683ed7c1375&wchp=dGLbVtz-zSkSA&_md5=0205681d6d80b5f484b09986bc281a30&ie=a.pdf

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USIA and the Third World

• 1968 USIA officers get FSO status• European posts are downsized and new USIA

posts open in Asia and Africa • USIA operates in 170 countries• 1952-1967 Information Media Guaranty (IMG)

subsidizes sales of commercially produced books, newspapers, TV programs, films

• Focus on Education and Healthcare

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Fulbright Program• 18 heads of state or government• 11 members of the United States Congress• 1 Secretary-General of the United Nations• 1 Secretary-General of NATO• 37 Nobel Prize winners / 10 countries • 1 Olympic gold medal winner

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Senator J. W. Fulbright

Fulbright Program, cont’d

• Maya Angelou• Boutros Boutros-Ghali• Ingvar Carlsson• Aaron Copland• Umberto Eco• Salma Shan• John Updike• Shirley Williams “Most of all, I thank God for

my Fulbright,” Anna Moffo

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International Visitor Leadership Program

• Tony Blair• Gordon Brown• Indira Ghrandi• Hamid Karzai• John Agyekum Kufuor • Julius Nyerere• Anwar Sadat• Nicolas Sarkozy• Mikhail Saakashvili• Margaret Thatcher

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