student odyssey presentation by mld - mrs. … · 2016-12-04 · the iliad • in order to...
TRANSCRIPT
TheOdyssey
ByHomer
TheOdyssey
Heroes– TraitsandExamples
EssentialQuestions!
1.Whataresomeheroicqualitiesandpossibleflaws?
2. Isaleaderdifferentthanahero?3. Doheroesstillhaveresponsibilities?4. Isaheroperfect?
EpicHeroesandEpithetFrontSideofWorkOnlyAnswerthefollowingQuestions
1. Whatisanepithet?2. Whyareepithetsused?3. Whatischaracterization?4. WhatisRealism?5. Whatdoesitmeantovisualize
somethingandwhydoauthorsusevisualization?
EpicHeroesandEpithetExamples
”TheBoyWhoLived”“TheManofSteel”
EpicHeroataGlance1. Epichereisthecentralcharacter,inanepic2. Largerthanlifepowers3. Strength&Power4. Theyarenotperfect5. TheydoNOTlackcourage6. Hero’sbirth7. Godlike8. TheirfinaltaskmustbecompletedaloneWewilldiscusstheepicheroindetaillater.
EpithetAssignment1. Completetheassignmentonthebackof
yourworksheet2. Workwiththepersonbesideyou- doNOT
movefromyourseats.
HowdoyoudefineaHero?
Thinkofthecharacteristicsyouwouldwantinyourhero.
Writeashortessaydefiningyourhero,whoitmightbe,andhowtheyhaveinfluencedyourlife.
Pleaseseethedetailedinstructionsheet&rubric.
TheOdyssey
Module1Vocabulary
Module1Vocabulary
1. Mortified2. Atone3. Rebuke4. Evade5. Impudence6. Tremulous7. Avenge8. Ruse9. Guile10.Ardor
11. Sage12. Mammoth13. Implacable14. Appalled15. Formidable16. Contrived17. Contentious18. Plunder19. Insidious20. Incredulous
Plunder (v.):tostealgoods,especiallyusingforceandinatimeofwarorchaos
Example
After the hurricane devastatedthe coastal town, looters began to plunder everything they couldby breaking store windows and carrying off such goods as food and electronics.
Formidable (adj.):inspiringfearorrespectduetoimpressivelylargesize,power,intensity,orskillExample
The undefeated wrestler would prove to be aformidable first opponent for the young rookie.
Guile (n.):sly,crafty,ordeviousintelligenceExample
To a card counting expert, hissuccess may just be a matter ofusing his guile; however, most casino owners would probably beg to differ.
Mammoth (adj.):huge
Example
Unfortunately, the employee’serror was not a tiny problem; rather, it was a mammotherror which could cost the company millions of dollars in profit.
Incredulous (adj.):skeptical;unwillingorunabletobelievesomething
Example
The teacher couldn’thelp but be incredulouswhen the student claimed to have read the entire 400-page novel in one night.
Evade (v.):toescapeoravoid,esp.bytrickeryorclevernessExamples
Many politicians try tocater to both sides by evadingdifficult questions and giving“fluff” answers instead.
The bandit could only evade the police for so long before he was finally tracked down.
Insidious (adj.):causingharminawaythatisgradualornoteasilynoticed;treacherousorwaitingtoentrap;harmfulbutenticingorseductiveExample
He came up with an insidiousplan to frame his best friend for the crime, but he was not careful enough and ended up being exposed.
Contrived (adj.)*:fakeorartificial;havinganunnaturalorfalseappearanceorquality;deliberatelycreatedExample
After such a great build up, the movie’s contrivedending left the entire audience feeling disappointed and let down.
*can also be used as a verb
Avenge (v.):toinflictharminreturnforaninjurydonetooneselforsomeoneelse;togetrevenge
Example
The commander of the forces cried out “we must avenge our dead” before bravely riding his horse toward enemy lines.
Tremulous (adj.):shakingorquiveringslightly;nervousandtimid;jittery
Examples
The last of her college admissionsletters had finally come in, and she opened it with tremulous hands.
Due to his extreme illness, he spokein a weak and tremulous voice.
Rebuke (v.orn.):toexpresssharpdisapprovalorcriticismofsomeone;anexpressionofdisapprovalorcriticismExamples
Many people used Twitter to rebuke the comedian whoused profanity in what was supposed to be a family-friendly show.
The mayor’s statement was aclear rebuke of the corruptionof his predecessor’s administration.
Contentious (adj.):controversial;causingorlikelytocauseanargument;involvingheateddebate
Example
Unless you live in a borderstate, you might not be awareof how contentious of an issueimmigration reform has become.
Implacable (adj.)*:angryordeterminedinawaythatcannotbechangedorlessenedExample
The royal servants triedto beg and offer gifts to the king, but he was implacableand had them all executed.
*verb form is placate (to make less angry)
Ruse (n.):atrick;anactionmeanttodeceivesomeone
Example
Be very cautious if someonesends an email claiming you’vewon a foreign lottery; most likely it is nothing but a ruse.
Sage(adj.):verywise
Example
I always make a point oftrying to learn from myelders; their experience inlife makes it possible for them to offer sage advice.
Atone (v.):tomakeupforpastmistakes
Example
The repentant criminal walked into the churchto beg forgiveness and pray for the help he neededto atone for his life of sin.
Ardor (n.)*:enthusiasmorpassion
Example
Hefeltanardor forscienceveryearlyinlife,soitwasnosurprisewhenhedecidedtopursuemarinebiologywhenhebegancollege.
*ardentistheadjectiveformofardor
Impudent (adj.)*:notshowingproperrespectforanotherperson,oftenduetobeingcockyorboldExample:
“Impudent fool!” roared thequeen. “Don’t you know whoI am? You must bow in respectbefore this most awesome throne.”
*impudence is the noun form of impudent
Appalled (adj.)*:greatlydismayed,shocked,horrified,oroutraged
Example
My aunt was appalled whenshe tried to use her credit cardand she found out that her identity had been stolen.
*Other forms: appall (v.), appalling (adj.)
Mortified(adj.)*:ashamed,embarrassed,orhumiliatedExample
Thestraight-Astudentwasmortified whensheaccidentallydozedoffinclassandhadtobeawokeninfrontofeveryonebyherdisappointedmathteacher.
*Otherforms:mortify(v.),mortifying(adj.)
TheOdyssey
MythsandOralTraditionsNoteTakingGuide– Tobecompletedwithpresentation
ItisnotnecessarytowritedownALLinformation.Goodnote-takingmeansfocusingonlyonwhat’smostimportant,andalsoonbeingableto
useeffectiveshorthand.
WhatareMythsandOralTraditions
• Mythswerefictional,narrativestoriesthatattempttoexplaintheactionsofgodsorthecausesofnaturalphenomena.
• Helpedexplaintheunknownandsometimesteachalesson.• MythsdescribedtheGreek’slivesandinteractionswiththegodsand
goddesses.
WhatareMythsandOralTraditions
• Oraltraditionisthewayinformationwaspassedfromonegenerationtothenextgenerationduetotheabsenceofthewrittenword.
• Themessagesandstoriesweresharedthroughspeechorsongandmaytaketheformoffolktales,sayings,ballads,songs,orchants.
• Peopleusedoraltraditiontosharenews,history,lawandotherinformation
ReadtheexcerptontheTrojanWar,annotate,andidentifythreemainideas.Youwillbegivenanote—takingguidethatwillhelpyoufocusonthemostimportantinformationinthestoryandinthefollowingslides.
Homer
WhoisHomer?
• NooneknowsforsurewhoHomerwas!• SomeGreeksbelievedhewasablindminstrel(perhapsliterally,butlikely
metaphorically),orsinger,whocamefromtheislandofChios.• Somethinkhewasjustalegend(butsomehavearguedthatShakespeare
didnotexistordidnotwritehisownworks• HeiscreditedwithwritingtheepicstoriesofTheIliad andTheOdyssey,whichcontinuetoimpactWesternculturetoday.
• Hewasbornaround850BC,nearAsiaMinor– justfollowingatimeofgreatachievementinancientGreece.
Homer.(2014).TheBiography.com website.Retrieved05:39,Aug15,2014fromHttp://www.biography.com/people/home-9342775
TheIliad
• InordertounderstandtheOdysseyyoumustfirstunderstandthatOdysseus,whowastheherointheOdyssey,wasalsoacharacterintheIliad.
• TheIliadwasanepicpoemabouttheTrojanWar,thewarlasted10years.
• Achaeans(Greekwarriorsoldiers)wereattackingTroybecausethePrinceofTroy,Paris,ranoffwithHelen,thewifeofthekingofAgamemnonofMycenae(Sparta).
TheIliad
• ThemostfamousstoryfromtheIliadisthatoftheTrojanhorse.
• ItisunknowniftheIliad isbasedonhistoricalevidenceornot,thatisstillquestionable
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COg7FaDie9E
TheOdyssey
Homer’sOdysseyfollowsthestoryofthefamousAchaeanwarriorOdysseus
whofoughtintheTrojanWar.
BackgroundInfoFortheOdyssey• HomersettheOdyssey600yearsbeforeitwaswrittendown.
• ItwasaglorioustimeinancientGreekhistory,withgreatculturalachievement.
• Gods/andGoddesseswerethoughttofrequentearth• GodlikemortalswithspecialqualitiesthoughttoliveinGreece.
• TheOdysseybeginsaftertheTrojanwar.• Thestorycentersaroundthe
struggle’sofaGreekheronamedOdysseusandhis10yearjourneyhometoIthaca
Odysseus’JourneyHome,fromTroytoIthaca
BackgroundInfoFortheOdyssey• Epicbeginsin“mediasres”orinthemiddleoftheplot.• TenyearshavepassedsincethefallofTroy• OdysseusisimprisonedontheIslandofCalypsobyaseanymph,namedCalypso
• OdysseushasnowaytoescapefromCalypsountilthegodsintervene.
• HermesissenttoCalypso’sislandtohelprescueOdysseus.HermeshelpsOdysseusmakeaboat.
• OdysseusthensalestoPhaeacia wherehetellshistaletoKingAlcinous.
• TheEpicBegins….
TheOdyssey
EpicPoetry&EpicHero
WhatisEpicPoetry?
• Anepicisalong,oftenbook-length,narrativepoemthatretellstheheroicjourneyofthedeedsofgodsandheroes.
• Epicpoetryfocusesonadventuresandaccomplishmentsofahero,whoinsomewayembodythevaluesoftheircivilizations.
WhatisEpicPoetry?• Thestylisticfeaturesfoundinmanyepics:
• “Inmediares”(manyepicpoemsbegininthemiddle)• Epithets(descriptivephrases,characteristics)• UsuallyinvokeadivinespiritoraMuse• Startswiththestatementofthetheme• Conceit• Extendedmetaphorsandsimiles• Includeslonglistsorspeeches• Devineinterventiononhumanactions• HumandecentintoHades(knownastheunderworld)• TheHeroembodiesthevaluesofhiscultureorcivilization• Thesettingisvastandcoversalargerareaormanycountriesorstates
WhatisEpicPoetry?• Epicpoetrywasparticularlycommonintheancientworldbecausetheepicwasidealforexpressingstoriesorally.
• Thesestoriesweretoldaloudtothosewhocouldnotreadorwrite.
• Manyofthesestoriesweremadeuponthespot,bytravelingsingersorentertainers,calledrhapsodies.
WhatisanEpicHero?• Anepicheroisthemaincharacterinanepicpoem,typicallyonewhoembodiesthevaluesofhisorherculture.(http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/lit_terms_e.html
• ThecharacteristicsofanEpicHeroare:• Nobelbirth• Capableofgreatstrengthandcourage
• Theactionsmustbebeyondwhatacommoneriscapableofdoing
• Travelsofavastdistance• Distancemakesthehero’sactionsbetter
• GreatWarrior• Goonalongjourneyorinvolvedinagreatwar
• NationalHeroism• Humility
• Theheroishumbleanddoesn’tbragabouthisaccomplishments• Hedoesthedeedsbecausetheyneeddone,notforfameandfortune
• SupernaturalFoesand/orReceivesSupernaturalHelp
CornellNotes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErSjc1PEGKEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQvjvi08QSk
TheShipofOdysseus
WhatqualitiesofthisshiphasSchmied emphasized
withhisuseofcolorandshape?Explain.
HowtoproperlyciteTheOdyssey
MLAFormatting
• IncitingTheOdyssey,citebydivision(book)andline,withperiods(butnospaces)separatingthenumbers.Forexample,(9.649)referstoBook9,line649.
Example:Forexample,afterPolyphemusasksOdysseuswhotheyareandwheretheyarefrom,Odysseusreplies,“WearefromTroy,Achaeans,blownoffcourse/byshiftinggalesonthe
GreatSouthSea”(9.204-05).
MLAFormatting
Blockquotes:Versequotationsofmorethanthreelinesshouldbeginonanewline.Indenteachlineoneinchfromtheleftmarginandcontinuetodoublespacethelines,addingnoquotationmarksthatdonotappear
intheoriginal.Placethecitationafterthelastlineofthequotation(aftertheline’sendpunctuationmark,i.e.period).Reproducethearrangementoftheoriginallines(quotethepoemlinebylineasit
appearsontheoriginalpage)withoutslashmarks;ifalineistoolongtofitwithintherightmargin,continueitonthenextlinebutindentthe
continuationanadditionalquarterinch.
Example:Furthermore,Odysseustellsthe Phaecians abouthowPolyphemusbecameintoxicatedafterdrinkingOdysseus’wine:
Evenashespoke,hereeledandtumbledbackward,hisgreatheadlollingfromsidetoside;andsleeptookhimlikeanycreature.Drunk,hiccupping,hedribbledstreamsofliquorandbitsofmen.(9.319-322)
MLAFormatting
TheOdyssey
TheHero’sJourney
TheEpicHeroCycle
� Based on Joseph Campbell’s The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949)
TheHero’sJourney
1. Separation- leavesaplaceofcomfortorsafetytoventureoutintheworld.
2.Initiation- faceunfamiliarcircumstancesthatbegintoteachhimmoreabouthimselforthechallengeshemustface.
3.Conflict-Mustfightthebattleorfacehisenemy.Hemeetshisultimatechallengeandeithertriumphsordiesvaliantlyinhiseffort.
TheHero’sJourney
4.Return- Theherousuallyreturnshometoacelebration.
5.Boon- Theherohasaprizetoshowforhistriumph(usuallyawoman).
TheOdyssey
Conflict&Characterization
Characterizations
Indirect andDirect
Characterization
Istheartofcreatingcharactersforanarrative,includingtheprocessofconveyinginformationaboutthem.Itmaybeemployedindramaticworksofartoreverydayconversation.Charactersmaybepresentedbymeansofdescription,throughtheiractions,speech,orthoughts.• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/characterization
Directvs.Indirect
• Thewritermakesdirectstatementsaboutacharacter’spersonalityandtellswhatthecharacterislike.
DirectCharacterization
• Thewriterrevealsinformationaboutacharacterandhispersonalitythroughthatcharacter’sthoughts,words,andactions,alongwithhowothercharactersrespondtothatcharacter,includingwhattheythinkandsayabouthimorher.
IndirectCharacterization
IndirectCharacterization
•Speech:Whatdoesthecharactersayandhowdoeshe/shespeak?
•Thoughts:Whatisshownaboutthecharacterthroughhis/herprivatethoughtsandfeelings?
•Effect:Whateffectdoesthecharacterhaveonotherpeople?Howdotheyfeelorreacttohim/her?
•Actions:Whatdoesthecharacterdo?Howdoesthecharacteractindifferentsituations?
• Looks:Whatdoesthecharacter’sappearancesayabouthis/herpersonality?
STEALtoremember!
Don’tWriteThisDown
Whenareyougoingtoletusintheclassroomtheloudstudentasked.ThesleepystudentsaidMr.Mortonsaidwecancomeinwhenwe’requiet.QuietdownstudentssaidMr.Morton.ThestudentswerestillverynoisystudentsIthoughtyousaidyouwantedtocomeinandsitdownsaidMr.Morton.
Don’tWriteThisDown
“Whenareyougoingtoletusintheclassroom?”theloudstudentasked.Thesleepystudentsaid,“Mr.Mortonsaidwecancomeinwhenwe’requiet.”“Quietdown,students,”saidMr.Morton.Thestudentswerestillverynoisy.“Students,Ithoughtyousaidyouwantedtocomeinandsitdown,”saidMr.Morton.
Howarethesepassagesdifferent?
DirectCharacterizations
Narrator explicitly describesacharacter.
Ex:Tomstruggledinschoolbuttriedhard.Pamwaslazybutlearnedreallyquickly.
Explicit:Clearlystated.
IndirectCharacterization
Charactertraitsreveledthroughactions
Ex:Jessleftthepizzacrustonherfloor.Timhelpedold Ms.Joneswithherbags.
Indirectcharacterizations areimplicit.
Implicit:not clearlystated,implied.
Review
Direct characterization: thenarratorexplicitlydescribesthecharacter.
Indirect characterization:character’straitsarerevealedthroughtheiractions.
Practice
1. Readthepassage.2. Writewhatindirectcharacter traitisshown.3. Explainyouranswer.
Example
Mr.Mortonwasteachingthestudentsaboutcharacterizations.Kyleletoutabigyawn.“IndirectCharacterizationsareimplied,notexplicitlystated,”saidMr.Morton.
1
Afterclass,DeijaaskedDanaaquestion,“I’msorry,Dana,butmylittlebrotherwassickandmyparentsmademestayhomeandwatchhimyesterday.CanIseeyourreadingnotes?”Danahuffedandrolledhereyes.SherepliedtoDeija,“Uh,Idon’tknowwheretheyarerightnow.”
SuggestedAnswerDanaisrude,uncaring,andunhelpful.
ExplanationDeija asks Dana for something reasonable. Rather than politely declining, Dana does a bunch of rude stuff.
2Whileplayingfootballwithhisfriends,Evanoverthrewtheballandaccidentlybrokehismom’spicturewindow.Nobodywashome,butalloftheotherboyssoonfoundexcusestoleave.WhenEvan’smomcamehome,sheaskedwhathadhappened.Evanlookedherinthefaceandsaid,“Abirdsmashedintothewindow,Mom.”
SuggestedAnswerEvanisdishonestandcowardly.
ExplanationRather than telling his mom the truth about what happened, Evan lies. This shows that he is dishonest and not brave enough to fess up to what he did.
3
Tevinwasinexcruciatingpainfromfootballpractice.Hehadbeengettingterriblesleepeversincetrainingstarted.Hecouldhardlysleeptenminutesbeforethepaincausedhimtorollaround.Hisbodywastellinghimtoquittheteam,butTevinrefusedtohearit.Hehadonegoalinmind:tomaketheteam.Tevinwouldn’tstopuntilhisbodystoppedhim.
SuggestedAnswerTevinisdedicatedorcommittedandheishardworking.
ExplanationTevin is working very hard on his training even though it is affecting him in painful ways. This shows that he is dedicated or committed to the cause and that he is willing to work hard.
4
Timwaswalkingaroundthestorewhenhebumpedintoadisplayofsoupcans,knockingthemallover.Timboughttwocartonsofeggsthengothitbytheautomaticdooronthewayout.Italmostbroketheeggs.Timletoutasighofrelief.Whilewalkingthroughtheparkinglot,Timtrippedoverthecurbandlandedontheeggs,gettingthemalloverhisshirt.
SuggestedAnswerTimisclumsyoraccident-prone.
ExplanationTim can’t even go to the grocery store without getting into several accidents. He is either clumsy or unlucky.
5
Kimhadabunchofoutfitsandaccessories.IttookherforevertodecidewhichcombinationmightimpressKevin.Shecalledhersisterseveraltimesforadvice.Still,Kimcouldnotdecideontherightoutfittowear.
SuggestedAnswerKimisfashionableandinfatuated.
ExplanationKim is infatuated with Kevin. This is why she is working so hard to impress him. Since she is trying to impress him with her clothing, this shows that she is probably fashionable.
SpecificExamplesfromTheOdyssey
•Thedifferencebetweendirectandindirectcharacterizationistellingversusshowing.
•Example:ZeusgiveshisopinionofOdysseuswhenhesaystoAthena:“Mychild,whatawordtoletoutbetweenyourteeth!HowcouldIforgetthatfinefellowOdysseus,afterall!Heisalmostoneofus.Wisebeyondmortalmen,readybeyondalltooffersacrificetothelordsofthebroadheavens.”(indirectcharacterization)
TheDifference
•Thedifferencebetweendirectandindirectcharacterizationistellingversusshowing.
•Example:“Thegoddessofwisdom”thistellsyoudirectlythatsheisthewisestofall.(directcharacterization)
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCshdu8loDo
WhatisConflict• Conflictisaliteraryelementthatinvolvesastrugglebetweentwoopposingforces.• InternalConflicts
• Occurswhenacharacterexperiencesconflictingoropposingemotionsordesires.
• Goodvs.evilinsidethecharacter• Externalconflict
• Characterstruggleswithoutsideforcesorissues,whichimpacthisprogress.
• Mostcommonexternalconflictistheprotagonistfightingagainsttheantagonist.
Externalvs.Internal• Externalconflicttakesplaceoutsideofthebody
• Internalconflicttakesplaceinsideofthebody
FunctionofConflict
• Conflictisessentialwithinastoryline.• Internal,external,orbothtypesofconflictareessentialinthestorylineinordertodeveloparesolutionofaconflict,whichismeanttoentertainthereader.
http://literarydevices.net/conflict/#
CONFLICTAllheroesmustfaceconflictatsomepoint.Conflict isthestrugglebetweenopposingforces.
Doyouknowwhatthefourmaincategoriesofconflictare?
manvs.man externalmanvs.societymanvs.naturemanvs.self internalå
External
Man vs. ManThe most straightforward type of conflict pits the
protagonist directly against another character with apparently opposing aims.
External
Man Against SocietyIn many stories, the protagonist battles an unjust
element of government or culture.
External
Man vs. NatureThis type of conflict pits a story's main character
or characters against a natural force such as a flood, predatory animal, or disease epidemic.
InternalMan vs. Self
Some literary conflicts take the form of a character struggling to overcome fear,
addiction, emotional damage or other crippling personal issue.
MovieClipshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHXak1aEexI&t=230s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cc1ePErv5ss
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5OERqTniro
REVIEW
https://www.schooltube.com/video/5853891486ab4a82a579/Clash%20of%20the%20Gods%20-%20The%20Odyssey%20Pt.%201
https://www.schooltube.com/video/60b192f5d7714c8a9fd0/Clash%20of%20the%20Gods%20-%20The%20Odyssey%20Pt.%202
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xqgwxw_clash-of-the-gods-odysseus-warriors-revenge_school
http://www.learner.org/courses/worldlit/odyssey/watch/Sirens:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nu0aFTS9oA4&t=230s#t=0.833852
Imagery
https://prezi.com/bezfovdvpwph/the-odyssey-imagery/
Imagery
Alliteration:Therepetitionofthesameorsimilarsoundsatthebeginningofwords:“Bettyboughtsomebutterbutthebutterwasbitter.”
Assonance:Therepetitionorapatternofsimilarsounds,especiallyvowelsounds:“freeasabreeze”“highasakite”“quiteright”“mysterymastery”“Mosessupposeshistoesareroses”
Consonance:Therepetitionofsimilarconsonantsounds(especiallythoseattheendsofwords): “sweetsilentthought”
Imagery
Imagery: figurativeordescriptivelanguage
Metaphor: Afigureofspeechcomparingtwothings,usuallybysayingonethingisanother: “Hewasalioninbattle”
Onomatopoeia: Awordthatisusedtoimitatesounds: “hiss,zing,cock-a-doodle-doo”
Personification: Whennonhumanorabstractthingsaregivenhumancharacteristics:“theskyiscrying”
Simile: Whentwothingsarecomparedusingthewords“like”or“as”:“Whathappenstoadreamdeferred?Doesitdryuplikearaisininthesun?”
Synecdoche: Whenapartisusedtodescribethewhole: “Allhandsondeck!”
TheEpicHeroCycle
� Based on Joseph Campbell’s The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949)
� Monomyth� Archetypes� Hero’s journey
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Heroes!
Menelaus Paris Dtomedes Odysseus Nestor Achilles Agamemnon
CompareandContrastHeroes
Takealookattheheroesonthepriorslide.Howdotheircharacteristicscompareto
thatofaGreekhero?
Remembertheheroyouwroteabout,compareandcontrasttheirtraitstothatof
aGreekhero.
TheOdyssey
ReviewBooks1- 11
TheOdyssey
GreekVirtues
GreekVirtuesAllGreekswerechallengedtolivebythevirtuessetbytheirculture.BreakingoneoftheGreekvirtuesmeantangeringthegods.Thevirtuesare:1. Loyalty2. Hospitality3. Respectforthegodsandgoddesses4. Respectforallformsoflife5. Courage
TheOdyssey
Theme
ThemeRespectfortheGods
• Respectforthegodsisshownthroughthenumerousdescriptionsofsacrificesandofferings.Disrespectforthegodsinevitablyleadstodisaster.
Fate• Homerbelievedthatthegodscontrolled
fate.Odysseus’sfateistiedtohis’character’oractions.
Theme1. Cunningoverstrength2. Temptation3. Hospitality4. Loyalty5. Perseverance6. Vengeance7. Appearancevs.Reality
TheOdyssey
BookbyBookReview
Book1– KeyPoints
1. ItisrevealedthatmostGreeksoldiershavemadeitbacktoSparta
2. Odysseus,sonofLaertes,hasnotreturnedhometoIthaca,hisnativeland
3. Hehasbeenmissingfor20yearsandisbeingdetainedonCalypso’sislandfor7ofthoseyears
4. Odysseus’swife,Penelope,waitsfaithfully5. Odysseus’sson,Telemachus,isstressingoutaboutthe
suitorswhohaveinvadedhishouse;theyarenothospitable
Book1– KeyPoints
1. ThejourneybeginsafterOdysseusandhismenplunderTroy• TheyleftTroywithoutshowingrespectforthegodsandthe
godsbecameangry2. Epicpoetrytypicallycallsuponamusetostartthepoem
• Odysseuscallsuponthemuseforinspiration• Thepoembeginsinmediasres(inthemiddle)• OdysseushaslandedinPhaeacia andbeginstotellKing
Alcinious hisstory.3. Odysseusisdeterminedtogethome
• Heweatheredmanybitternightsatsea.Hehasadeepheartandfoughtforonlynoblepurposeofsavinghisownlifeandbringinghismenhome.
Book5– KeyPoints1. AthenaappealstoZeusanddemandsthatitis
timeforOdysseustobefreed2. Zeuscomplies,andsendHermestoalertCalypso
thatthegodshaveorderedOdysseus’srelease3. CalypsoissaddenedtoseeOdysseusgo,but
followsZeus’sorders– after7years,heisfree!
Book5– KeyPoints1. Odysseusisdowntroddenandheartbroken,oftencrying
abouthisfate• Heissearchingforhisownidentityandinnerpeace,but
feelscursedbythegods• HedesperatelywantstoreturnhometoPenelope,but
Calypsodetainshimfor7years.• EventhoughheisdetainedbyCalypsohisheartisloyalto
Penelope
2. CalypsoadvisesOdysseustobuildaraftandsailaway3. Hesailsfor18daysbeforePoseidonsendsstormsthat
capsizehim4. Athenacalmsthewindsandfinally,Odysseuslandsin
thelandofPhaeacians
Book9– KeyPoints1. OdysseusiswelcomedbyKingAlcinous,who
givesabanquetinhishonor(9.1110)2. Alcinous demandstoknowwhoOdysseusis3. Odysseusrecountshistravelsoverthepast20
years• Hereiswheretheflashbackbegins• Books9-12areaflashbackofOdysseus’sjourney
aftertheTrojanWartopresentday4. Odysseus’desiretoreturnhomedrivesallof
theactionintheOdyssey
Book9– LandoftheCicones1. FirststoponOdysseus’journeyhomeaftertheTrojan
War2. CarriedbythewindtotheIsleofIsmarus3. Odysseusandhismencauseamutinyonthelandand
lootthecity4. Theydranktoomuchwine,slaughteredsheep,and
kidnappedthewomen• Odysseus’menfelldrank,ate,andfellasleeponthe
beach.Thenextmorning,theCiconians returnediththeirfiece kinsmenfromthemountains.
5. TheCicones wagedwar6. Sixfromeveryshipwerekilled– atotalof72men
anddrivestherestouttosea.
Book9– TheLotusEaters1. ZeuswasangrywithOdysseusforhisbehavior– Zeus
“stirredthenorthwind”andsentastorm2. Theysailedforninedaysandonthetenthdaylanded
wheretheLotusEatersLive3. Odysseussenthismenouttodiscoverwholivedonthis
land• TheyweregiventheLotusplanttoeat
• TheLotusplant“madeanymanwhosampleditlosehisdesiretoeverjourneyhome”
4. Odysseusforcedhismenbackontotheshipandtiedthemtotheirrowingbenches
5. Odysseusdisplaysepicherocharacteristics• Wisdom- whenhesendsoutasmallcrew,ratherthanhis
entirecrew• Odysseusrealizedthedangerofthelotusflower,heactsdecisively,
orderinghisshipstosailawayimmediately.
Book9– TheCyclops1. Odysseusandhismenlandinthecountryof
theCyclops,“acrudeandlawlesspeople”• “Theylivewithoutacouncilorassembleorany
ruleoflaw”• Thecyclopses areuncivilizedandunintelligent
2. Odysseusandhismenfindahighcavewithmanyflocksofsheepandgoats
3. Thecyclopses liveinisolation,“notlikemanwholivesbyeatingbread”• lawless
Book9– TheCyclops1. Odysseusandhismenlitafireandoffereda
sacrificetothegods,thenhelpedthemselvestotheCyclops’foodandcheese
2. TheCyclopsarrivesinthecave• WelearnthathisnameisPolyphemus,sonof
Poseidon• Heisruthlessandnothospitable
• PolyphemuseatstowofOdysseus’men
3. Polyphemussealstheentrancetothecavewithagiantboulderthatthemencouldnotmove
4. Odysseusdevisesaplantoescape
Book9– TheCyclops1. WhenOdysseusfirstgreetstheCyclops,
Odysseusassertsthathisjourney’swaywardpathhasbeenwilledbythegodZeus• OdysseusthenaskstheCyclopsforhospitality
bothasamatterofcustomandoutofobservanceofcourtesytothegods• Note:ItwascustomaryinAncientGreecetooffer
hospitalitytoanyguest– anystrangerorfriendcouldbedisguisedasagod.
Book9– TheCyclops1. Odysseusshapesagiantclubintoaspearand
heatsitinthefire2. OdysseusoffersPolyphemuswineandgetshim
drunk• OdysseustellsPolyphemusthathisnameis
“Nohbody”• ThisepicherocharactertraitshowsthatOdysseusisa
cleverandcunningman
3. WhenPolyphemusfallsasleep,heandhismenjamthespearintotheCyclops’eye,blindinghim• PolyphemuscallstotheotherCyclopsforhelp,
saying“Nohbody’s donethistome!”
Book9– TheCyclops1. Polyphemusremovestheboulderfromthecave
entrancetolethisflockofsheepout2. Odysseusandhismenrideoutofthecaveonthe
underbelliesoftherams3. Astheysailaway,Odysseusmistakenlyyellsbackat
Polyphemus,“TellthemOdysseusdestroyedyoureye!”• Here,oneofOdysseus’sflawsisrevealed:arrogance
/pride4. Twice,Polyphemushurlsapartofthemountain
towardstheship,nearlycapsizingthemenastheysailaway
5. PolyphemusappealstoPoseidontocurseOdysseus’travels- FORESHADOWING
Book10– CircetheGraceoftheWitch
1. OdysseusandhismensailtoAeolia,whereAeolus(keeperofthewind)lives
2. Odysseusrecountshistravels,andAeolusgiveshimanox-hidbagtiedupwiththewinds• Thiswastoaidtheshipsinsailinghome
3. Odysseus’smencontinuesailingandgetwithinsightofIthaca• Theyuntiethebag,andthewindrushedout,
sweepingtheboatsawayfromtheshoreandbacktoAeolia
4. AeolusdoesnotwelcomeOdysseusthistimeandbanisheshimaway
Book10– CircetheGraceoftheWitch
1. OdysseusandhismensailtoAeolia,whereAeolus(keeperofthewind)lives
2. Odysseusrecountshistravels,andAeolusgiveshimanox-hidbagtiedupwiththewinds• Thiswastoaidtheshipsinsailinghome
3. Odysseus’smencontinuesailingandgetwithinsightofIthaca• Theyuntiethebag,andthewindrushedout,
sweepingtheboatsawayfromtheshoreandbacktoAeolia
4. AeolusdoesnotwelcomeOdysseusthistimeandbanisheshimaway
Book10– CircetheGraceoftheWitch
1. Odysseusandhismensailforsixdays;ontheseventhdaytheylandinTelepylus wheretheLaestrygonians live
2. Theywanderashoretoexplore,onlytofindoutthelandishometoanotherraceofGiants
3. Thegiantsattack,killingmenandsmashingships
4. Onlyoneshipescapes,buttherestofthefleetisdestroyed
Book10– CircetheGraceoftheWitch1. ThemenlandattheislandofAeaea,whereCircelives2. Odysseussplitsthecrewintotwogroups;Odysseusleadsoneand
Eurylochus leadstheother• Eurylochus’groupisinvitedintoCirce’shome
• Sheoffersthemadrinkthaterasestheirmemoryandthenturnsthemintopigs
3. HermesintervenesandgivesOdysseusanherbalremedysohewillnotbevictimtoCirce’scurse• OdysseusisunscathedbyCirce’sdrinkandexplainsthatallhewants
todoisgohome4. AfterhisOdysseusandhiscrewspentoneyearwithCirceonthe
island,CirceturnsthepigsbackintomenandadvisesOdysseustoventuretotheunderworldandmeetTieresias,thedeadsoothsayerwhoknowshisfate
5. OnCirce’sIsland,Elpenor,theyoungestofOdysseus’crew,gotdrunkandfelloffCirce’sroofanddied.• Hisdeathwasnotnoticed
• InGreekcultureonlytraitorandenemieswereleftunburried.• Itwasadisgracenottoreceiveyourlastrites.
Book11– TheLandoftheDead
1. Odysseusmakesasacrificeto“sovereignDeath,”orHades,and“palePersophone,”hisbride,whowaskidnappedandforcedtolivewithhimforsixmonthsofeveryyear.• Persophone’s mother,goddessoftheharvest,
grievesduringthattime,causingwintertofall.
2. Elpenor,oneofOdysseus’men,wholayunburiedonCirce’sIslandvisitsOdysseusfirst• OdysseusweptinpityforElpenor.Thisaction
revealsthatOdysseusiscompassionateandcaring.
Book11– TheLandoftheDead
1. Odysseusseeshisdeadmother,Anticleia,aswellasAgamemnonandAchilles(hiscomradesduringtheTrojanWar)• Anticleia (hismother)diedfromabrokenheart-
longingforOdysseus• Odysseuswasnotawarethatshehaddied,this
wouldhavebeenshocking• Anticleia revealsthePenelopeisstillwaitingfor
Odysseus,but“hernightsanddaysallendinsorrow”
Book11– TheLandoftheDead1. OdysseusmeetsTiresiasintheunderworld2. Tireseias reveals,“Agodwillmakeyourjourney
bitter…”3. TiresiascautionsOdysseusabout”thecattleandrich
flocksofHelios”• IfOdysseusleavesthecattleunharmed,hewillreturnto
Ithaca• IfOdysseusharmsthecows,hiscrewwillbedestroyed
4. Tiresiasadvisesthat“evenifyouyourselfescape,you’llgethomeagainindistressandlate,insomeoneelse’sship,afterlosingeverysingleoneofyourcompanions.”
5. Finally,“Therewillbetroubleinyourhome”andOdysseuswilllikelytakerevengeagainstthem
Book11– TheLandoftheDead
1. Anepichero’sfateisoftenamatterofgreatimportancetothegodsandtothehero’shomeland.In77– 117,Odysseus’fateisthesubjectofaprophecybyTiresias,ablindseerwhonowdwellsamongthedead.Aprophecysuchasthiscanserveasforeshadowinginanepicorotherstory.(11.1129)
Book12
1. CircegreetsOdysseusandhismen,bringingfoodanddrinkandwarnsthemofthestrugglesahead
2. TheSirenswillluremeninwiththeirbeautifulsongs,theneatthemalive• CircewarnsOdysseustoputwaxinhismen’s
ears,andhavethemtiehimtotheshiptoresisttemptation
3. Scyllaisaviciousmonsterwith12feetand6headsand3rowsofteeththateatsmenpassingby
Book12
1. Charybdisisawhirlpoolinthewaterthat“sucksblackwaterdown,andspewsitoutthreetimesaday”
2. Circewarnsthatifthemensurvivethis,theyareNOTtobotherthecattleofHelios,aherdthatbearsnoyoungandneverdies– “theirheadsaredivine”
3. Odysseusandhiscrewencountereachoftheseobstacles• TheyrowpasttheSirensandsailunderthecliffof
ScyllainordertoavoidCharybdis,but6menarecapturedbyScylla
Book121. ThenmendocktheirshipandOdysseus
remindsthemennottokillacoworsheep2. Zeussendsanastywindthatkeepsthemen
quarantinedinsidetheshipforprotection;soontheirresourcesarealldepletedandthemengethungry
3. WhenOdysseusfallsasleep,EurylochusspeakstothecrewandsaystheyshouldeatthecattleandthenbuildatempletoHelios.TheykillthecowswithoutOdysseus’sconsent• Themenfeastfor6daysonthecattle
Book12
1. Zeusretaliatesandthrowsathunderboltattheirship,killingeveryonebutOdysseus• Odysseussailsawayonthebrokenmastandox-
hidebagfromAeolusthatcontainstherestofthewind
• Hedriftsfor9daysandonthe10th daylandsontheislandofCalypso
• CalypsodetainedOdysseusfor7years
TheOdyssey
WhatisPoetryCompletetheworksheet
WhatIsPoetry?
Alliteration: Therepetitionofthesameorsimilarsoundsatthebeginningofwords:
“Bettyboughtsomebutterbutthebutterwasbitter”
Assonance:Therepetitionorapatternofsimilarsounds,especiallyvowelsounds:
“freeasabreeze”“highasakite”“quiteright”“Mosessupposeshistoesareroses”
Consonance:Therepetitionofsimilarconsonantsounds(especiallythoseattheendsofwords):
“Sweetsilentthought”
WhatIsaParody
Imagery:FigurativeordescriptivelanguageMetaphor:Afigureofspeechcomparingtwothings,usuallybysayingonethingisanother:
”Hewasalioninbattle”
Onomatopoeia: Awordthatisusedtoimitatesounds:
Buzz,hiss,cock-a-doodle-doo
Personification:Whennonhumanorabstractthingsaregivenhumancharacteristics:
“Theskyiscrying”
WhatIsaParody
Simile:Whentwothingsarecomparedusingthewords“like”or“as”:
“Whathappenstoadreamdeferred?Doesitdryuplikearaisininthesun?”
Synecdoche:Whenapartisusedtodescribethewhole:
“Allhandsondeck!”
POETRYSLIDESHOWUnit/Poetry/IntroductiontoPoetry1
TheOdyssey
Symbolism
Symbols in The OdysseyFood
² Food has a negative association in The Odyssey
²Hunger and consumption of food represent weakness, lack of discipline, or submission to temptation
² The suitors of Penelope are constantly eating, representing disrespect and gluttony
Symbols in The OdysseyWedding Bed
²Wedding Bed symbolizes the constancy of Penelope and Odysseus’s marriage
² The symbolism is heightened by the trick that Penelope uses to test Odysseus when he returns
² The bed is a metaphor for the unshakable foundation of their love
Symbols in The OdysseyOdysseus’s Bow
² Bow symbolizes the physical superiority and character of Odysseus
² The suitors can't come close to stringing it, illustrating the fact that none of them is capable of leading Ithaca
²Only Odysseus can string the bow, showing that he is the proper mate for Penelope and the only man ready to be king of Ithaca
Symbols in The OdysseyThe Sea
²The sea represents a great man's journey through life with all its victories and heartbreaks
²The sea symbolizes this universal journey that we all undertake, in ways great or small
Symbols in The OdysseyIthaca
² Ithaca symbolizes home for Odysseus
² Ithaca symbolizes the end of the journey, the goal of the mythic trek
²Nevertheless, it is not gained without a fight
Symbols in The OdysseyThe Shroud of Laertes
²The shroud is weaved by Penelope
² It symbolizes her cunning as she confronts the suitors
²She lacks the power to fight them with physical strength so she wards them off with her wits
TheOdyssey
TheParody
Howoriginaltextsareusedforinspiration
WhatIsaParody• A parodyisanimitationofaparticularwriterorgenre,which
mimicsasubjectdirectlytoproduceacomicaleffect.(Spoof)– Thehumorouseffectisachievedbyimitatingandoverstressing
noticeablefeaturesinafamouspieceofliterature.– Mostofthehumorinrecentparodiesoffilmgenresisbasedonour
familiaritywithformulaplots,conventions,andcharacters.
• Aparody “mocks”anindividualspieceofwork.• Aparody appealstothereaderssenseofhumor.• FilmslikeScaryMovie,NotAnotherteenMovie,andTeamAmerica:
Wolrd Police,firstbuildonourhabitualexpectationsoftheirgenreandthenviolate/mockthem.
http://literarydevices.net/parody/
TheOdyssey
TheParody
http://dailypicksandflicks.com/2012/10/14/snl-odysseus-and-the-sirens-video/
https://vimeo.com/53622238
TheOdysseyTP-CAST
ExaminingPoetryhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5VoZX58vHI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Who8M_1iw7c
Types of Questions
Factual:Simple,straightforwardanswersbasedonfactswithinthetext.Theseanswersarefrequentlyeitherrightorwrong.
Example:WhoistheprotagonistintheOdyssey?
Interpretive:Hasmorethanoneanswerthatcanbereasonablysupportedwithevidencefromthetext.Theseareopen-endedquestionsthatrequireyoutoformulateopinionsinresponsetoideaspresentedinthemedium.Theopinionsmustbesupportwithdirecttextualevidence.
Example:HowdoesOdysseusshowtheheroicqualityofloyaltyinlines823-825?
Evaluative:Evaluativethinkingquestionsarethosewhichdealwithmattersofjudgment,value,andchoice.Theyarecharacterizedbytheirjudgmentalordefensivequalities.Theyareopinionsthatarebasedonthecontextofthetext.
Example:WasOdysseus’sdecisiontowithholdinformationfromhismenrightorwrong?
TheOdyssey
FigurativeLanguage
FigurativeLanguage
• Adeviation fromwhatspeakersofalanguageunderstandasordinaryinordertoachievesomespecialmeaningoreffect.– Writinggoesbeyondtheactualmeaning
• Thetwomostcommonfigurativedevicesaresimile – acomparison betweentwodistinctlydifferentthingsusing“like”or“as,”andthemetaphor – afigureofspeechinwhichtwounlikeobjectsareimplicitlycomparedwithouttheuseof
Examples:ofFigurativeLanguage
• Simile– Theboyisascunningasafox.
• (theboyisbeingcomparedtotheslynessofafox– theboyissly)
– Thebookwaslightasafeather.• (thebookisbeingcomparedtotheweightofafeather– meaningitislight)
• Metaphor– Mybrotherwasboilingmad.
• (thisimplieshewastoangry.)
– Theassignmentwasabreeze.• (Thisimpliestheassignmentwastooeasy.)
EpicSimile• Aformalandsustained simile.Likearegularsimile,anepicsimilemakesacomparisonbetweenoneobjectandanother using“like”or“as.”
• However,unlikearegularsimile,whichoftenappearsinasinglesentence,theepicsimileappearsinthegenreoftheepicanditmaybedevelopedatgreatlength,oftenuptofiftyorahundredlines.
• ExamplesincludeHomer’scomparisonbetweenOdysseusclingingtotherocksandanoctopuswithpebblesstuckinitstentacles.
EpicSimiles FoundintheOdyssey
• “Idrovemyweightonitfromaboveandboredithome likeashipwrightboreshisbeamwithashipwright’sdrillthatmenbelow,whippingthestrapbackandforth,whirlandthedrillkeepstwisting,neverstopping– Soweseizedourstakewithitfierytipandboreditroundandroundinthegiant’seye”– DescriptiveaccountofhowhedefeatstheCyclops
EpicSimiles FoundintheOdyssey
• “itscracklingrootsblazedandhissed– asablacksmithplungesaglowingasoradzeinanice-coldbathandthemetalscreechessteamanditstemperhardens– that’stheiron’sstrength– sotheeyeofCyclopssizzledroundthatstake.”– OdysseuscomparesthesizzlingsoundoftheCyclops’eyetothatofstickingafire-hotmetalrodinice-coldwater
Allusion
• Areference inliteraturetoaperson,place,event,oranotherpassageofliterature.
• Theuseofallusionsenableswritersorpoetstosimplifycomplexideasandemotions.
• Authorsassumethatthereaders willrecognizetheoriginalsourcesandrelate theirmeaningtothenewcontext.
Personification
• Togiveaninanimateobjecthumanqualitiesorcharacteristics.– Examplesofpersonification
• “Heldbacktolong,thetearsrandownhischeeksasheembracedhisson”(1024).
• “Herewherethefire’shotbreathcame”(1027).• “ItisashroudIweaveforLordLaerteswhencoldDeathcomestolayhimonhisbier”(1033).
• “wesawacavernyawningabovethewater”(986)• “WhentheyoungDawnwithfingertipsofroselituptheworld”(990).
Hyperbole
• Exaggerated statementNOTmeanttobetakenliterally.– Examplesofhyperbole
• “Anitwaslikeamastalugger oftwentyoars,broadinthebeam– adeepsea-going-craft– mightcarry:solong,sobigaround,itseemed”(990).
Prologue
• Separateintroductory sectionofaliterarywork.
Epilogue
• Sectionattheendofaliteraryworkthatservestocommentonorconcludewhathashappened.
TheOdyssey
BookbyBookReview
Book161. TelemachusarrivesatEumaeus’s hutandtellshimto
keephishomecomingasecret2. Odysseusseeshisgrownsonforthefirsttimein20
years3. AthenatellsOdysseustospeaktoTelemachusand
makehimselfknownandtonotconcealthefactssotheycan“planthesuitors’lethalfate”• AthenatransformsOdysseustohisyouthfulself
4. Atfirst,TelemachusthinksOdysseusisagod,butOdysseustellsthetruth• Theyhaveatearfulreunion
Book161. TelemachustellsOdysseusthatover100suitorshavemovedinto
theirhouse2. Telemachusfearsthat“revengemaybringabitterfate”but
OdysseusassureshimthatAthenaandZeuswillbeontheirsidegoingforward
3. Odysseuscomesupwithaplan• Hewillappearasabeggarandmingleamongthesuitors• Telemachuswillkeepquiet• Odysseuswilldivertthesuitors’attentionandTelemachus
willstealalltheweapons,leavingbehindonly2swordsandshieldsforeachofthem
4. Meanwhile,thesuitorscontinuewiththeirplantokillTelemachus.
Book161. EpicSimile:
• SometimescalledaHomericSimile,isanelaboratecomparisonthatmayextendformanylines.
• Useslike/as/sotomakecomparisonsbetweentwoseeminglyunlikeideasorobjects.
2. TheOdyssey hasa“timemachine”quality;readingTheOdysseyislikelookingthroughawindowtoaworldthatisverydifferentfromours.Despitethis,TheOdyssey istimeless.• Asaquestnarrative– itconveysauniversallessonaboutdetermination
andovercomingobstacles.
3. Rereadlines26-30oHowdotheselinesindicateanepicsetting?• Epicsrequiretheherototravelavastdistance
4. Rereadlines19-23.Identifytheepicsimile.
Book161. Whatsupernaturaleventisdescribedinlines61-67?
– AthenahascharmedOdysseusappearancesoheappearsyoungagain.
2. Rereadlines61-90.Whatcentralconflictisbeginningtofindresolutioninthisscene?Whatelementsindicatetheimportanceofthismoment?– Internalconflict– Telemachusdoesn’tbelieveOdysseusishis
fatherbecauseheappearsimmortalandgodlikebecauseofAthena’scharm.
3. Identifytheepicsimileinlines100-107.– ThecriesofTelemachusandOdysseusisbeingcomparedto
thatofahawkafterafarmerhasdestroyedhernestofbabybirds.
4. WhyisTelemachusinitiallydoubtfulofOdysseus’words?– Telemachusisinitiallydoubtfulbecauseofthechangein
Odysseus’appearance.Telemachusassumeshemustbeagod.
Book171. Telemachuswillgohometoseehismother,Penelope2. PenelopeasksTelemachustosharewhathelearnedabout
Odysseusonhisjourney• Telemachusadmitshelearnednothing,butconcealsthatfactthatOdysseushasreturned
3. Eumaeus takesOdysseustothecity• Odysseusisindisguiseasabeggar• AsuitornamedMelanthius shoutsinsultsatOdysseus,callinghima“disgustingpig”
• Antinous callsOdysseusan“insolentandshamelessbeggar”
Book171. AfterAntinous refusestogiveOdysseusbread,
Odysseusinsultshim,saying,“Itseemsasifthatmindofyoursdoesn’tmatchyourlooks”• Thereisplentyoffood,butAntinous isgreedy• Antinous isOdysseus’sfoilcharacter
2. Antinous angrilyreplies,“Inolongerthinkyou’llleavethishallunharmed”andthrowsastoolathim• Thisactofviolencewouldhaveangeredthegods
3. PenelopewantstospeaktothebeggartoseeifheknowsanythingaboutOdysseus
Book171. Rereadlines28-41.Eumaeus stilldoesnotknow
thatheisspeakingtoOdysseusindisguise.– Thisisknownasdramaticirony– whenthereaderknows
morethanacharacterknows.– Whateventdoesthisspeechcauseyoutoanticipate?
• WhenOdysseusentershisownhomeheismocked,abused,anddisrespectedbyhisownservants.
Book211. Penelopeissuesachallenge:
whoeveramongthesuitorsthatcanstringOdysseus’sbowandshootanarrowthrough12axehandleswillbehernewhusband• Anotherstalltactic• ThisisataskthatonlyOdysseuscanaccomplish
2. Thesuitorseachtryandfail3. Odysseusstepsupand
effortlesslyshootsthearrow
Book221. Odysseusripsoffhisraggedclothingandcollectsaquiver
fullofarrows2. HisfirsttargetisAntinous,whoissippingfromoneof
Odysseus’sgoblets;Odysseusshootshiminthethroat3. Thesuitors,atfirst,donotbelievethiswasintentional;then
Odysseusrevealswhoheisandwillkillthemall• Odysseus:“Therewillbekillingtillthescoreispaid.Youforcedyourselfuponthishouse.Fightyourwayout.”
4. Eurymachus triestoreasonwithOdysseus,sayingitwasallAntinous’s fault,butOdysseuswillnotspareasingleman
5. Eurymachus drawshisswordtofight,butOdysseusshotanarrowstraightintohischest
6. Odysseusthenfiresarrows,killingeachman
DepictionoftheSlaughter
Book221. Melanthius,onesuitor,realizedtheweaponswere
hiddeninthestoreroomandwenttoretrievesomefortheremainingsuitors• TelemachusandEumaeus tiehimup,cutoffhisnoseandears,andthenfeedhimtothedogs
2. Odysseusthensummonsthe12women“who’vepouredinsultsonmyhead,onmymother,andwerealwayssleepingwiththesuitors”• Hemadethewomencarrythedeadbodiesouttotheyard
• Thenallofthewomenwerehanged
Book231. Odysseus,nolongerindisguise,reuniteswithhiswife,
Penelope2. Sheisindisbeliefthathehasreturnedandkilledthe
suitors3. Sheissuesonelasttest:PenelopetellsEurycleia tosetup
herbedoutsideherbedroomsothatOdysseusmaygetsomerest• Yearsago,Odysseuscarvedthebedpostoutofthetrunkofanolivetree;itisimmoveable,andonlyOdysseusknowsthis
4. Odysseusdescribesthisbed(orsymboloftheirstrongmarriage)andPeneloperealizedthatherhusbandhasfinallyreturned
Characters in The Odyssey
Odysseus² The protagonist of the
Odyssey²Odysseus fought among
the other Greek heroes at Troy
²Now struggles to return to his kingdom in Ithaca to Penelope and Telemachus
² Is brave and heroic but gives in to temptation
Penelope²Wife of Odysseus and
mother of Telemachus²Penelope spends her days
in the palace pining for the husband who left for Troy twenty years earlier and never returned
²Clever and steadfastly true to her husband
Telemachus²Odysseus’s son²An infant when Odysseus
left for Troy, Telemachus is about twenty at the beginning of the story
²An obstacle to the suitors desperately courting his mother
² Despite his courage and good heart, he initially lacks the poise and confidence to oppose them
Athena²Daughter of Zeus and
goddess of wisdom²Athena assists Odysseus
and Telemachus with divine powers
²She often appears in disguise as Mentor, an old friend of Odysseus
Poseidon²God of the sea and
Odysseus’s divine antagonist
²Despises Odysseus for blinding his son, the Cyclops
Calypso²Beautiful nymph who
falls in love with Odysseus when he lands on her island
²Holds him prisoner there for seven years until Hermes, the messenger god, persuades her to let him go
Polyphemus²One-eyed giant ²Poseidon’s son² imprisons Odysseus and
his crew and tries to eat them
²Odysseus blinds him through a clever ruse and manages to escape
Circe²The beautiful witch-
goddess who transforms Odysseus’s crew into swine
²With Hermes’ help, Odysseus resists Circe’s powers and then becomes her lover, living in luxury at her side for a year
Tiresias²A blind prophet who
inhabits the underworld²Meets Odysseus and
shows him how to get back to Ithaca
Sirens²Beautiful winged female
creatures who lure sailors with enchanting music
²Odysseus plugs his men’s ears with wax so they can’t hear
²He ties himself up so he is not tempted
Charybdis²A creature Odysseus
must conquer²Appears as a devouring
whirlpool
Scylla²A creature Odysseus
must conquer²Has six elongated necks
used to snatch men
TheOdyssey
CharacterizationReview
Directvs.Indirect
• Thewritermakesdirectstatementsaboutacharacter’spersonalityandtellswhatthecharacterislike.
DirectCharacterization
• Thewriterrevealsinformationaboutacharacterandhispersonalitythroughthatcharacter’sthoughts,words,andactions,alongwithhowothercharactersrespondtothatcharacter,includingwhattheythinkandsayabouthimorher.
IndirectCharacterization
IndirectCharacterization
•Speech:Whatdoesthecharactersayandhowdoeshe/shespeak?
•Thoughts:Whatisshownaboutthecharacterthroughhis/herprivatethoughtsandfeelings?
•Effect:Whateffectdoesthecharacterhaveonotherpeople?Howdotheyfeelorreacttohim/her?
•Actions:Whatdoesthecharacterdo?Howdoesthecharacteractindifferentsituations?
• Looks:Whatdoesthecharacter’sappearancesayabouthis/herpersonality?
STEALtoremember!
TheOdyssey
TheArgumentativeEssay
TheArgumentativeEssay
• Youressayshouldinclude5paragraphs– Introduction– Paragraph#1SupportingEvidence– Paragraph#2SupportingEvidence– Paragraph#3SupportingEvidence– Conclusion
TheArgumentativeEssay
• Developanintroductionparagraphwithathesisstatement.– Beginwithanattentiongetter.– Thenstateyourpurposeandgiveatleastthreesupportingideas.
– Stateyourthesisstatementattheendoftheparagraph.
TheArgumentativeEssay• Paragraph#1shouldbethefirstideainyourintroductoryparagraph.– Purpose- toproveyourargument
• TopicSentence– Whatoneideacanyougivethereaderthatwillhelpthembetter
understandyouropinion?• ExplainTopicSentence• Introduceandstateyourevidence
– Whatsupportingevidencecanyouincludetoproveyourtopicsentence» Usecitationifpossible.
• Concludingsentence– Theconcludingsentencereassertsthetopicsentenceofthisparagraph
andhelpsustobetterunderstandand/orproveyourpaper’soverallopinion.
• RepeatforParagraph2and3
TheArgumentativeEssay
• Conclusion– Thisparagraphrestatesyourpaper’soverallopinionandsupportingevidence.
– Remembertoleaveastronglastimpression!• Makesureyourfinalsentenceisassertiveandmemorable.
LiteraryTermReview
HaveStudentsworkonLiteraryTermWorksheetinClass.
DefineTermsinNotebook/Journal(StudentswillcompleteIdentifyingLiteraryTerms
worksheet– canbedoneingroups/pairs)
LiteraryTermReviewAudience:Theperson(s)readingatext,listeningtoaspeaker,orobservingaperformanceCharacterization:referstothestepbystepprocesswhereinanauthorintroducesandthendescribesacharacter.Thecharactercanbedescribeddirectlybytheauthororindirectlythroughtheactions,thoughts,andspeechofthecharacter.Connotation:aretheassociationspeoplemakewithwordsthatgobeyondbeingtheliteralordictionarydefinition.Manywordshaveconnotationsthatcreateemotionsorfeelingsinthereader.Connotationsrelatenottoaword’sactualmeaning,ordenotations,butrathertotheideasorqualitiesthatareimpliedbythatword.Conventions:Acommonfeaturethathasbecometraditionalorexpectedwithinaspecificgenre(category)ofliteratureorfilm.ItisconventionforanEnglishsonnettohavefourteenlineswithaspecific rhymescheme,abab,cdcd,efef,gg.TheuseofachorusandtheunitiesaredramaticconventionsofGreektragedy,whiletheaside,andthesoliloquyareconventionsinElizabethantragedy.Conventionsareoftenreferredtoapoetic,literary,ordramatic,dependinguponwhethertheconventionappearsinapoem,shortstoryornovel,oraplay.Denotation:Theminimal,strictdefinitionofawordasfoundinadictionary,disregardinganyhistoricaloremotionalconnotation.Dialogue:Thelinesspokenbyacharacterorcharactersinaplay,essay,story,ornovel,especiallyaconversationbetweentwocharacters,oraliteraryworkthattakestheformofsuchadiscussion.Dialogueeitherprovidescharacterizationoradvancestheplot.Inplays,dialogueoftenincludeswithinithintsakintostagedirections.DirectQuotation: areportoftheexactwordsusedinadiscourse.Antecedents: awordorphrasethatisrepresentedbyanotherword(suchasapronoun)Editing:toprepare(somethingwritten)tobepublishedorused,tomakechanges,correctmistakesinsomethingwritten.Epic:Anepicinitsmostspecificsenseisagenreofclassicalpoetry.Itisapoemthatisalongnarrativeaboutaserioussubject,toldinanelevatedstyleoflanguage,focusedontheexploitsofaheroordemi-godwhorepresentstheculturalvaluesofarace,nation,orreligiousgroupinwhichthehero’ssuccessorfailurewilldeterminethefateofthepeopleornation.Usually,theepichasavastsetting,andcoversawidegeographicarea,itcontainssuperhumanfeatsofstrengthormilitaryprowess,andgodsorsupernaturalbeingsfrequentlytakepartintheaction.Thepoembeginswiththeinvocationofamusetoinspirethepoetand,thenarrativestartsinmediasres(inthemiddle),Theepiccontainslongcatalogsofheroesorimportantcharacters,focusingonhighbornkingsandgreatwarriorsratherthanpeasantsandcommoners.
LiteraryTermReviewEpicHero: Themaincharacterinanepicpoem– typicallyonewhoembodiesthevaluesofhisorherculture.Forinstance,OdysseusistheepicherointheOdyssey– inwhichheembodiestheclevernessandfast-thinkingGreekcultureadmired.EpicSimile:Aformalandsustainedsimile.Likearegularsimile,anepicsimilemakesacomparisonbetweenoneobjectandanotherusing“like”or“as.”However,unlikearegularsimile,whichoftenappearsinasinglesentence,theepicsimileappearsinthegenreoftheepicanditmaybedevelopedatgreatlength,oftenuptofiftyorahundredlines.ExamplesincludeHomer’scomparisonbetweenOdysseusclingingtotherocksandanoctopuswithpebblesstuckinitstentaclesoraHomericepicsimile.Epithets:Ashort,poeticnickname– oftenintheformofanadjectiveoradjectivalphrase- attachedtothenormalname.Frequently,thistechniqueallowsapoettoextendalinebyafewsyllablesinapoeticmannerthatcharacterizesanindividualorasettingwithinanepicpoem.TheHomericepithetinclassicalliteratureoftenincludescompoundsoftwowordssuchas“fleet-footedAchilles,”“Cow-eyedHera,”“Grey-eyedAthena,”orthe“wine-darksea.”Inothercases,itappearsasaphrase,suchasOdysseustheman-of-many-wiles.”Thehistoricalepithetisadescriptivephraseattachedtoaruler’sname.ThegenerallydescriptiveepithetwouldappearinOldNorseandGermanicculturestohelpdistinguishindividuals,thusgivingthemcolorfulnames.FigurativeLanguage:adeviationfromwhatspeakersofalanguageunderstandastheordinaryorstandarduseofwordsinordertoachievessomespecialmeaningoreffect.Thetwomostcommonfigurativedevicesaresimile– acomparisonbetweentwodistinctlydifferentthingsusing“like”or“as,”andthemetaphor– afigureofspeechinwhichtwounlikeobjectsareimplicitlycomparedwithouttheuseof“like”or“as.”Thesearebothexamplesoftropes.Anyfigureofspeechthatresultsinachangeofmeaningiscalledatrope.Anyfigureofspeechthatcreatesitseffectinpatternsofwordsorlettersinasentence,ratherthantwistingthemeaningofwords,iscalledascheme.Perhapsthemostcommonschemeisparallelism.Simile:Ananalogyorcomparisonimpliedbyusinganadverbsuchas“like”or“as,”incontrastwithametaphorwhichfigurativelymakesthecomparisonbystatingoutrightthatonethingisanotherthing.
LiteraryTermReviewAllusion:Acasualreferenceinliteraturetoaperson,place,event,oranotherpassageofliterature,oftenwithoutexplicitidentification.Allusionscanoriginateinmythology,biblicalreferences,historicalevents,legends,geography,orearlierliteraryworks.Authorscanoftenuseallusiontoestablishatone,createanimpliedassociation,contrasttwoobjectsorpeople,makeanunusualjuxtapositionorreferences,orbringthereaderintoaworldofexperienceoutsidethelimitationsofthestoryitself.Authorsassumethatthereaderswillrecognizetheoriginalsourcesandrelatetheirmeaningtothenewcontext.Thehistoricalallusionassumesacertainlevelofeducationorawarenessintheaudience.Alliteration: Repeatingaconsonantsoundincloseproximitytoothers,orbeginningseveralwordswithehsamevowelsound.Mostfrequently,thealliterationinvolvesthesoundsatthebeginningofwordsincloseproximitytoeachother.Alliterationisanexampleofarhetoricalscheme.Alliterationcanoccuratthebeginningormiddleorendofthewords.Example:“Ileanandloafatmyeaseobservingaspearofsummergrass,”byWaltWhitman.Assonance:Repeatingidenticalorsimilarvowel(especiallyinstressedsyllables)innearbyword.Assonanceinfinalvowelsoflinescanoftenleadtohalf-rhyme.Consonance:aspecialtypeofalliterationinwhichtherepeatedpatterofconsonantsismarkedbychangesintheinterveningvowels–i.e.,thefinalconsonantsofthestressedsyllablesmatcheachotherbutthevowelsdiffer.Examples:linger,longer,andlanguor,orrider,reader,raider,andruder.Donotconfuseconsonancewithconsonant.Consonant:Aspeechsoundthatisnotavowel.Flashback: Amethodofnarrationinwhichpresentactionistemporarilyinterruptedsothatthereadercanwitnesspastevents–usuallyintheformofacharacter’smemories,dreams,narration,orevenauthorialcommentary.Flashbackallowstheauthortofillinthereaderaboutaplaceoracharacter,oritcanbeusedtodelayimportantdetailsuntiljustbeforeadramaticmoment.Imagery:Acommontermofvariablemeaning,imageryincludesthe“mentalpictures”thatreadersexperiencewithapassageofliterature.Itsignifiesallthesensoryperceptionsreferredtoinapoem,whetherbyliteraldescription,allusion,simile,ormetaphor.Imageryisnotlimitedtovisualimagery;italsoincludesauditory(sound),tactile(touch),thermal(heatandcold),olfactory(smell),gustatory(taste),andkinestheticsensation(movement)
LiteraryTermReviewNarration:Narrationistheactoftellingasequenceofevents,ofteninchronologicalorder.Thetermalsoreferstoanystory,whetherinprose(ordinarylanguagepeopleuseinspeakingorwriting),orverse,involvingevents,characters,andwhatthecharacterssayanddo.Anarrativeislikewisethestoryoraccountitself.Somenarrationsarereportorialandhistorical,suchasbiographies,autobiographies,newsstories,andhistoricalaccounts.Plot: Thestructureandrelationshipofactionsandeventsinaworkoffiction.Inorderforaplottobegin,somesortofcatalystisnecessary.Whilethetemporalorderofeventsintheworkconstitutesthe“story,”wearespeakingofplotratherthanstoryassoonaswelookathowtheseeventsrelatetooneanotherandhowtheyarerenderedianorganizedsoastoachievetheirparticulareffects.OmniscientPointofView:Thestoryistoldformanall-seeingGod-like,omnipotentviewpoint.Youwouldusethirdpersonpronounsinthewriting,butyoucanchoosetodipintotheheadofanyofthecharactersandrevealthingsthathaveoccurredinthepastorwillhappeninthefuture.Onomatopoeia:Theuseofsoundsthataresimilartothenoisetheyrepresentforarhetoricalorartisticeffect.Forinstance,buzz,click,rattle,andgruntmakesoundsakintothenoisetheyrepresent.Revision:AchangeorsetofchangesthatcorrectsorimprovessomethingSetting: Thegenerallocale,historicaltime,andsocialcircumstancesinwhichtheactionofafictionalordramaticworkoccurs;thesettingofanepisodeorscenewithinaworkistheparticularphysicallocationinwhichittakesplace.Settingcanbeacentralorperipheralfactorsinthemeaningofawork.Thesettingisusuallyestablishedthroughdescription– butsometimesnarrationordialoguealsorevealsthelocationandtime.Thesis:Inanessay,athesisstatementisanargument,eitherovertorimplicit,thatawriterdevelopsandsupports.Inclassicalmetricalanalysis,Greeksreferredtothestressedsyllableinametricalfootasathesis,andtheunstressedsyllableinametricalfootasanarsis.Tone:Themeansofcreatingarelationshiporconveyinganattitudeormood.Bylookingcarefullyatthechoicesanauthormakes(incharacters,incidents,setting;inthework’sstylisticchoicesanddiction,etc),carefulreadersoftencanisolatethetoneofaworkandsometimesinferfromittheunderlyingattitudesthatcontrolandcolorthestoryorpoemasawhole.Thetonemightbeformalorinformal,playful,ironic,optimistic,pessimistic,orsensual.NotethatinPoetry,toneisoftencalledvoice.
LiteraryTermReviewDramaticIrony:“Ciceroreferredtoironyas“sayingonethingandmeaninganother.”Ironycomesinmanyforms.Verbalirony(alsocalledsarcasm)isatropeinwhichaspeakermakesastatementinwhichitsactualmeaningdifferssharplyfromthemeaningthatthewordsostensiblyexpress.Oftenthissortofironyisplainlysarcasticintheeyesofthereader,butthecharacterslisteninginthestorymaynotrealizethespeaker’ssarcasmasquicklyasthereadersdo.DramaticIronyinvolvesasituationinanarrativeinwhichthereaderknowssomethingaboutpresentorfuturecircumstancesthatthecharacterdoesnotknow.Inthatsituation,thecharacteractsinawaywerecognizetobegrosslyinappropriatetotheactualcircumstances,orthecharacterexpectstheoppositeofwhatthereaderknowsthatfateholdsinstore,orthecharacteranticipatesaparticularoutcomethatunfoldsitselfinanunintentionalway.ThemostfamousdramaticironyisOedipusRex.Hyperbole:AdeliberateexaggerationoroverstatementPersonification:Givinghumancharacteristicstonon-humanthings
http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/lit_terms_I.html#irony_anchorhttp://www2.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/general/glossary.htmhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/revisionhttp://www.the-writers-craft.com/omniscient-point-of-view.html