Below the SurfaceConfronting Stereotypesand Fighting Prejudice

by Roland Trego

Targeted Learners Ethnically diverse, integrated-skill, noncredit Level 9 students or higherObjectives Heighten awareness of stereotypes and bias Foster awareness of the negative effects of stereotyping Cultivate empathy toward targets of bias Share experiences and opinions relating to prejudice Discuss imagery and the ideas we associate with it Sharpen critical thinking skills Engage strategic competence Develop SCANS competencies Deliver input through multiple learning modes and channels Expand strategies for vocabulary retention Isolate and focus on forming the passive voice with simple present, simple

past, and present perfect

Picture from Race Relations, Australia and New Zealand,A Comparative Survey, 1770s-1970s, by K. R. Howe

“Below the Surface, Confronting Stereotypes and Fighting Prejudice,” original materials by Roland Trego.Permission is given to reproduce these materials for classroom use only. Any other use, especially for publication in any medium, whether or not for

profit, is prohibited without express written authorization of the author. r t r e g o @ c c s f . e d u

DEAR ABBYRacism in America in Its Subtlest* Forms

*slightest, least noticeable

DEAR ABBY: You printed a letter from “Disillusioned American,” who intervened when she saw a man chastise a couple for speaking a foreign language outside a Kmart. You said the man was being xenophobic. I do not share your opinion. Name another country that allows foreign-language channels to operate, contributing to the fragmentation of that country.—Lawrence in Avon Park, FL

Dear Lawrence: Cable News Network (CNN) is an English-language network that is broadcast in more than 210 countries and territories in English.

?

DEAR ABBY: I am proud of being not only American, but also a Chinese American. However, occasional racist remarks are still thrown at me for no other reason than my appearance. I am frequently asked where I am from. When I answer “Pittsburgh” (where I was born and raised), the response I often get is, “No, where are you really from?” I know people are curious about my heritage, but Caucasians (even ones with accents) are not treated this way.

—Proud Chinese American

Dear Proud Chinese American: Don’t be so quick to assume that Caucasians with accents are not also asked where they come from. In this country, anyone with an accent is considered “exotic” and, as such, inspires curiosity.

DEAR ABBY: I came to this country 20 years ago and attended college in the Midwest. I have also been accosted by “patriots” on campus, in restaurants, and wherever I happened to be having a conversation in my language. Because I choose to speak another language does not mean that I don’t know English. I find it fascinating that Americans, when in other countries, expect people to accommodate their language needs, but they do not afford the same courtesy to people who come to this country.

—Theresa in Houston, TX

Dear Theresa: That’s a good reason why American students should learn at least one foreign language.

Learn English, lady! This is America.

“Below the Surface, Confronting Stereotypes and Fighting Prejudice,” original materials by Roland Trego.Permission is given to reproduce these materials for classroom use only. Any other use, especially for publication in any medium, whether or not for

profit, is prohibited without express written authorization of the author. r t r e g o @ c c s f . e d u

Teacher’s Script (paraphrasing in bold)

Dear Abby: You printed a letter from a person who was unhappy because she had lost faith in America. She interrupted and stopped a man who was criticizing a couple for speaking a foreign language outside a Kmart. You said the man was showing an unusual fear of foreigners. I do not share your opinion. Name another country that allows foreign-language channels to operate and help divide the country.—Lawrence in Avon Park, FLDear Lawrence: Cable News Network (CNN) is an English-language network that is broadcast in more than 210 countries and territories in English.

Dear Abby: I am proud of being not only American, but also a Chinese American. However, occasional racist remarks are still made to me just because of the way I look. I am frequently asked where I am from. When I answer “Pittsburgh” (where I was born and raised), the response I often get is, “No, where are you really from?” I know people are curious about my background, but white people (even those with accents) are not treated this way. —Proud Chinese AmericanDear Proud Chinese American: Don’t be so quick to assume that white people with accents are not also asked where they come from. In this country, anyone with an accent is considered unusual and interesting, and because they are, they make people curious.

Dear Abby: I came to this country 20 years ago and attended college in the Midwest. I have also been approached and impolitely spoken to by overly proud Americans on campus, in restaurants, and wherever I happened to be having a conversation in my language. Because I choose to speak another language does not mean that I don’t know English. I find it fascinating that Americans, when in other countries, expect people to make an extra effort to meet their language needs, but they do not show the same consideration and politeness to people who come to this country.

—Theresa B., Houston, TXDear Theresa: That’s a good reason why American students should learn at least one foreign language.

Student A. Quiz each other. You ask the odd questions (1, 3, 5, 7…), and Student B asks the even ones (2, 4, 6, 8…). Don’t show your paper to your parter. That way, you will have to pronounce the words correctly, and your partner will have to listen.1. “Disillusioned American” felt it was inappropriate for the man to criticize the couple speaking a

foreign language.2. (Listen to Student B. Answer true or false.)3. Lawrence thinks letting people use other languages weakens our country.5. Proud Chinese American thinks people assume she’s from another country.7. Proud Chinese American has never lost her Chinese accent.9. Theresa seldom has the chance to speak her mother tongue. (=native language)11. Theresa feels Americans need to study languages more. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Student B. Quiz each other. Student A asks the odd questions (1, 3, 5, 7…), and you ask the even ones (2, 4, 6, 8…). Don’t show your paper to your partner. That way, you will have to pronounce the words correctly, and your partner will have to listen.1. (Listen to Student A. Answer true or false.)2. Lawrence feels the man was being xenophobic. /zε nə fo b I k/ 4. Lawrence believes that they don’t have foreign-language stations in other countries.6. According to Proud Chinese American, people treat her differently because she’s Chinese.8. Abby says that Americans find accents attractive.10. In Theresa’s opinion, Americans make a good effort to help people who aren’t fluent in English.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Student A. Quiz each other. You ask the odd questions (1, 3, 5, 7…), and Student B asks the even ones (2, 4, 6, 8…). Don’t show your paper to your parter. That way, you will have to pronounce the words correctly, and your partner will have to listen.1. “Disillusioned American” felt it was inappropriate for the man to criticize the couple speaking a

foreign language.2. (Listen to Student B. Answer true or false.)3. Lawrence thinks letting people use other languages weakens our country.5. Proud Chinese American thinks people assume she’s from another country.7. Proud Chinese American has never lost her Chinese accent.9. Theresa seldom has the chance to speak her mother tongue. (=native language)11. Theresa feels Americans need to study languages more. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Student B. Quiz each other. Student A asks the odd questions (1, 3, 5, 7…), and you ask the even ones (2, 4, 6, 8…). Don’t show your paper to your partner. That way, you will have to pronounce the words correctly, and your partner will have to listen.1. (Listen to Student A. Answer true or false.)2. Lawrence feels the man was being xenophobic. /zε nə fo b I k/ 4. Lawrence believes that they don’t have foreign-language stations in other countries.6. According to Proud Chinese American, people treat her differently because she’s Chinese.8. Abby says that Americans find accents attractive.10. In Theresa’s opinion, Americans make a good effort to help people who aren’t fluent in English.

Your name ______________

Step 1. Ask your classmates. If a person answers yes, write her name. (If she says no, you may not write her name!) You must have six different names:

a. A stranger has called Jose racist names before.1. _____________ thinks Where are you from? is an impolite question.2. _____________’s boss doesn’t allow her/him to speak (Chinese, Vietnamese, Spanish,

Arabic…) at work.3. _____________ got hired because she/he knows (Chinese, Vietnamese, Spanish, Arabic…).4. _____________ watches a (Chinese-, Vietnamese-, Spanish-…) language channel

every day.5. _____________ used to watch CNN when she/he lived in ____________. native country

6. _____________ thinks letting people speak other languages divides our country.

7. A stranger has told _____________ to learn to speak English.

Step 2. Go back and ask one student you spoke with more questions. Listen, but don’t take notes. Then sit down and write what you found out. You must write at least three sentences. Double-space.Example: Jose was going home after work one night. As he was crossing the street, two guys in a pickup drove by really fast and almost hit him. As they went around the corner, one of them opened the window and yelled, “We’ll get you next time, little wet-back!” They laughed and drove off.

2. disillusioned: unhappy because of a loss of belief or faith

He doesn't vote anymore because he's _________ with politics. The politicians never do what they promise to do.

4. to fragment (a fragment): to break or divide into bits or pieces

When the rock hit the windshield, the glass ___________, and a small piece went into her eye, and she drove off the road.

6. the heritage: the beliefs, traditions, history, etc., passed from one generation to the next

Our country has a ___________ of freedom and independence, but it has also a history of racism and prejudice.

8. to assume (an assumption): to believe that something is true, even if you really aren’t sure

Since his last name was Chinese, she __________ he could speak Chinese, but she was wrong. He didn’t know a word!

10. exotic: unusual and attractive, especially from other countries

The party had _________ entertainment: male and female belly dancers!

12. a courtesy: politeness, good manners, consideration

The hotel guest complained to the manager about the front desk person’s lack of ________. She said he was rude and acted like everything annoyed him.

14. to intervene, intervened: to stop an action that is happening between other people

I saw that the hotel clerk giving her a rough time because she couldn’t speak English very well, so I _________ and helped her get what she needed.

16. to chastise, chastised: to criticize very strongly

When the boss found out about the employee’s racial remark, she called him into her office and ________ him. She told him he would be fired if it ever happened again.

18. to accost, accosted: to come up to a stranger and speak in an unfriendly way

On the way home, some drunken pig __________ her on the street. He said he was really into Asian girls and he kept saying, “Come on, let me have some.”

20. exotic: unusual and attractive, especially from a distant or tropical country

The party had ___________ entertainment: male and female belly dancers who balanced swords on their heads!

22. to fragment (a fragment): to break or divide into bits or pieces

When the rock hit the windshield, the glass ___________, and a small piece went into her eye. It hurt so bad that she was unable to keep steering, and she drove off the road.

24. to intervene, intervened: to stop an action that is happening between other people

When I saw that the hotel clerk was giving her a rough time because she couldn’t speak English very well, I __________ and helped her get what she needed.

26. to accommodate, accommodated (an accommodation): to have enough space for

This room can ___________ four people comfortably.

28. to accommodate, accommodated (an accommodation): to give someone what she needs or asks for

To ____________ the parents’ requests, the school hired a bilingual teacher’s aide to help the students who had just arrived in the country.

30. a courtesy: politeness, good manners, consideration

The hotel guest complained to the manager about the front desk person’s lack of ________. She said he never smiled or greeted her, and he acted like everything annoyed him.

32. xenophobic /zε nə fo bik/ very afraid of strangers or foreigners

The little town was located hundreds of miles away from anything, and its inhabitants weren’t used to seeing strangers. They were so ________ that whenever someone came to town, they would follow him around everywhere, suspicious of what he was up to (doing).

Vocabulary from “Racism in America in Its Subtlest Forms”a. to accommodate, accommodated (an

accommodation): to have enough space for

b. to accommodate: to give someone what she needs or asks for

c. to accost, accosted: to come up to a stranger and speak in an unfriendly way

d. to assume (an assumption): to believe that something is true, even if you really aren’t sure

e. to chastise, chastised: to criticize stronglyf. disillusioned: unhappy because of a

loss of belief or faith

g. exotic: unusual and attractive, especially from a distant or tropical country

h. to fragment (a fragment): to break or divide into bits or pieces

i. the heritage: the beliefs, traditions, history, etc., passed from one generation to the next

j. to intervene, intervened: to stop an action that is happening between other people

k. a patriot: a person who is proud of his country and eager to defend it

l. xenophobic: very afraid of strangers or foreigners

Use words from above to fill in the blanks below.1. When the boss found out about the employee’s racial slur (= an insensitive, mean

remark), he called him into his office and _________________ him. The boss told him he would be fired if it ever happened again, and he wrote him up. (= put a warning letter in his personnel file)

2. Since his last name was Chinese, she ______________ he could speak Chinese, but she was wrong. He couldn’t speak a word!

3. On the way home, some drunken pig _____________ her on the street. He said he was really into Chinese girls and he kept on saying, “Come on. Don’t make me beg for it.”

4. The __________s formed an army to fight the enemy forces.5. The party had ___________ entertainment: male and female belly dancers!6. When the governor’s car drove by, a protester through a rock. When it hit the

windshield, the glass _____________, and a small piece went into the driver’s eye. Blinded, he lost control of the car and drove off the road.

7. To _________________ the parents’ requests, the school hired a bilingual teacher’s aide to help the students who had just arrived in the country.

8. This hotel room will _________________ four people comfortably.9. He doesn't vote anymore because he's _______________ with politics. No politician

ever does what he promises to do.10. Our country has a ________________ of freedom and independence, but it has also

a history of racism and humiliating treatment of minorities.11. When I saw that the hotel clerk was giving her a rough time because she couldn’t

speak English very well, I ________________ and helped her get what she needed.12. The little town was located hundreds of miles away from anything, and its inhabitants

weren’t used to seeing strangers. They were so ________________ that whenever someone would come to town, they would follow him around everywhere, suspicious of what he was up to (= doing).

Let’s take another look. Use words from the list to fill in the blanks in the sentences below.a. to accommodate, accommodated (an accommodation): to have enough space for or to

give someone what she needs or asks forb. to accost, accosted: to come up to a stranger and speak in an unfriendly wayc. to assume (an assumption): to believe that something is true, even if you really aren’t sure d. to chastise, chastised: to criticize stronglye. disillusioned: unhappy because of a loss of belief or faithf. exotic: unusual and attractive, especially from a distant or tropical countryg. to fragment (a fragment): to break or divide into bits or pieces h. the heritage: the beliefs, traditions, history, etc., passed from one generation to the nexti. to intervene, intervened: to stop an action that is happening between other peoplej. a patriot, (patriotic, adj.): a person who is proud of his country and eager to defend it k. xenophobic: very afraid of strangers or foreigners

1. When their president said their country was in danger and that they must go to war to defend themselves, they supported him because they felt it was a ___________ thing to do.

2. Later, when they discovered that their president had not told the full truth, the citizens felt very _____________. Who could they believe if they couldn’t believe their leaders?

3. She ______________ that since he was African American, he was a Democrat, but he was actually a conservative Republican!

4. Of course they were proud of being American, but they also wanted their daughter to be aware of her Chinese _______________, so they spoke Mandarin with her and taught her Chinese characters.

5. When she heard her son use the word “nigger,” she _______________ him and had a long conversation with him about prejudice.

6. When the teacher walked by some students in the hall and heard one of them calling the other racist names, she _______________ and took them both to the counselor for a serious discussion.

7. They widened the doors and installed special sinks in order to ______________ disabled students.

8. After the violent protest, the sidewalk was covered with ____________s of glass from the shattered windows.

9. On his way to school, he is ______________ by the same beggars and drug addicts every day. He wishes they would leave him alone.

10.She absolutely loved ______________ flowers and plants, so when she visited the Amazon jungle, she felt like she was in heaven!

Circle the tense of each sentence.

a. A stranger has called Jose racist names before. simple present simple past present perfectb. A year ago, a stranger called him racist names. simple present simple past present perfect

1. His boss doesn’t allow him to speak Spanish at work. simple present simple past present perfect

2. Her company hired her because she knows Mandarin. simple present simple past present perfect

3. People in other countries watch CNN every day. simple present simple past present perfect

4. A stranger has told her to learn to speak English. simple present simple past present perfect

5. Time Warner Inc. broadcasts CNN in over 210 countries. simple present simple past present perfect

6. Strangers ask me where I’m from. simple present simple past present perfect

7. People don’t treat Caucasians this way. simple present simple past present perfect

8. Americans consider anyone with an accent to be exotic. simple present simple past present perfect

9. His boss wrote him up. simple present simple past present perfect

10. She chastised him for his offensive comment. simple present simple past present perfect

11. On my way home, a guy on the street accosted me. simple present simple past present perfect

12. Two guys in a pickup almost hit me. simple present simple past present perfect

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Circle the tense of each sentence. a. A stranger has called Jose racist names before. simple present simple past present perfectb. A year ago, a stranger called him racist names. simple present simple past present perfect

1. His boss doesn’t allow him to speak Spanish at work. simple present simple past present perfect

2. Her company hired her because she knows Mandarin. simple present simple past present perfect

3. People in other countries watch CNN every day. simple present simple past present perfect

4. A stranger has told her to learn to speak English. simple present simple past present perfect

5. Time Warner Inc. broadcasts CNN in over 210 countries. simple present simple past present perfect

6. Strangers ask me where I’m from. simple present simple past present perfect

7. People don’t treat Caucasians this way. simple present simple past present perfect

8. Americans consider anyone with an accent to be exotic. simple present simple past present perfect

9. His boss wrote him up. simple present simple past present perfect

10. She chastised him for his offensive comment. simple present simple past present perfect

11. On my way home, a guy on the street accosted me. simple present simple past present perfect

12. Two guys in a pickup almost hit me. simple present simple past present perfect

Active Voice& Passive Voice

Voice

Active Voice Simple Present: Someone makes a racist remark. Simple Past: Someone made a racist remark. Present Perfect: Someone has made a racist remark.

Passive VoiceWe form the passive voice by combining a form of the verb be with the past participle of the main verb. Use the object in the active voice sentence as the subject in the passive voice sentence. After the past participle, we use by … to say who the doer is. If the doer isn’t important information, we often drop it. In fact, 80% of passive sentences do not say who the doer is.

Important: Don’t confuse passive voice with past tense! Passive voice sentences can be in any tense, e.g., simple present, present continuous, simple past, present perfect, future… “BE” Verb Past Tense Subject Singular Plural Participle Doer

Simple Present A racist remarkSome racist remarks

is --

--are

mademade

Simple Past A racist remarkSome racist remarks

was--

--were

mademade (by someone)

Present Perfect A racist remarkSome racist remarks

has been --

--have been

mademade

EXAMPLESPresent perfect, active voice: A stranger has called Jose racist names before.Present perfect, passive voice: Jose has been called racist names before (by a stranger).

Simple past, active voice: A stranger called him racist names a year ago. Simple past, passive voice: He was called racist names a year ago (by a stranger).

Exercise. Change the following sentences from active voice to passive voice. Pay attention to the tense!1. His boss doesn’t allow him to speak Spanish at work.

→ He isn’t2. Her company hired her because she knows Mandarin.

3. Strangers ask me where I’m from.

4. People don’t treat Caucasians this way.

5. Americans consider anyone with an accent to be exotic.

6. His boss wrote him up.

7. She chastised him for his offensive comment.

8. On my way home, a guy on the street accosted me.

9. Two guys in a pickup almost hit me.

Can you do it? The following sentences are in active voice. Rewrite them in passive voice. Pay special attention to the tense of each sentence.1. The school does not allow us to use derogatory terms.

→ We are 2. The school requires us to take one course to learn about other cultures.

3. Strangers frequently ask her where she comes from.

4. She chastised him for his insensitivity.

5. On my way home, a panhandler accosted me.

6. Two skinheads robbed him.

7. Throughout our history, people have treated African Americans unfairly.

8. The legislature has passed new laws to fight discrimination.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Can you do it? The following sentences are in active voice. Rewrite them in passive voice. Pay special attention to the tense of each sentence.1. The school does not allow us to use derogatory terms.

→ We are 2. The school requires us to take one course to learn about other cultures.

3. Strangers frequently ask her where she comes from.

4. She chastised him for his insensitivity.

5. On my way home, a panhandler accosted me.

6. Two skinheads robbed him.

7. Throughout our history, people have treated African Americans unfairly.

8. The legislature has passed new laws to fight discrimination.

Stereotype: A too-simple, generalization (概念化 , تعميم, sự tổng quát hoá) about people that doesn’t consider individual differences.

Examples: All Chinese people are good at math. Gay people are artistic.

Prejudice: Pre- means before and judge means to make a decision. Prejudice is when a person forms ideas or opinions (usually based on stereotypes) about a particular group before she has met them or had any personal experience with them.

Bias: Bias is very similar to prejudice. Sometimes the two words are interchangeable.Example: When we omit (don’t include) people of color in our history lessons, we display a bias that suggests that their contributions are not important.

Discrimination happens when we treat people unequally because they belong to a certain group (for example, Asians, senior citizens, the disabled). Discrimination usually starts with negative stereotypes and prejudices. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Stereotype: A too-simple, generalization (概念化 , تعميم, sự tổng quát hoá) about people that doesn’t consider individual differences.

Examples: All Chinese people are good at math. Gay people are artistic.

Prejudice: Pre- means before and judge means to make a decision. Prejudice is when a person forms ideas or opinions (usually based on stereotypes) about a particular group before she has met them or had any personal experience with them.

Bias: Bias is very similar to prejudice. Sometimes the two words are interchangeable.Example: When we omit (don’t include) people of color in our history lessons, we display a bias that suggests that their contributions are not important.

Discrimination happens when we treat people unequally because they belong to a certain group (for example, Asians, senior citizens, the disabled). Discrimination usually starts with negative stereotypes and prejudices.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Stereotype: A too-simple, generalization (概念化 , تعميم, sự tổng quát hoá) about people that doesn’t consider individual differences.

Examples: All Chinese people are good at math. Gay people are artistic.

Prejudice: Pre- means before and judge means to make a decision. Prejudice is when a person forms ideas or opinions (usually based on stereotypes) about a particular group before she has met them or had any personal experience with them.

Bias: Bias is very similar to prejudice. Sometimes the two words are interchangeable.Example: When we omit (don’t include) people of color in our history lessons, we display a bias that suggests that their contributions are not important.

Discrimination happens when we treat people unequally because they belong to a certain group (for example, Asians, senior citizens, the disabled). Discrimination usually starts with negative stereotypes and prejudices.

ImagesWith your classmates, look at each picture and discuss the following questions:1. Which groups are represented in the picture? (women, seniors, Latinos,

Arabs, Jews, Chinese, gays, etc.)2. Does the picture portray* the people in a stereotypical way? If you think

so, what is the stereotype? Use the sentences below. *represent, describe, retratar, 刻畫,

رسم → This picture portrays women/seniors/gays… as pushy/stupid/criminals, etc.

or

→ The stereotype in this picture is that women/seniors/Latinos… are pushy/helpless/leaders...

3. Is this picture offensive* to anyone? If so, to whom? *insulting, upsetting, 進攻, , ذ مؤ"

مسيء

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

ImagesWith your classmates, look at each picture and discuss the following questions:1. Which groups are represented in the picture? (women, seniors, Latinos,

Arabs, Jews, Chinese, gays, etc.)2. Does the picture portray* the people in a stereotypical way? If you think

so, what is the stereotype? Use the sentences below. *represent, describe, retratar, 刻畫,

رسم → This picture portrays women/seniors/gays… as pushy/stupid/criminals, etc.

or

→ The stereotype in this picture is that women/seniors/Latinos… are pushy/helpless/leaders...

3. Is this picture offensive* to anyone? If so, to whom? *insulting, upsetting, 進攻, , ذ مؤ"

مسيء

Stereotypes and BiasResearchers believe that children begin to learn stereotypes and prejudices when they are very young. Many studies have shown that, as early as age 3, children hear and begin to use racially derogatory (disrespectful, disapproving, critical) words without really understanding what they mean. Children learn these stereotypes not only from the close family and friends, but also from TV, movies, computer games, radio, and advertising.

Psychologists say that the main reasons people use stereotypes are to increase the status of their own group by belittling (making fun of) other groups, to maintain the cohesiveness (unity) of their group, and to gain power so they can have special privileges. These behaviors can be seen from the children’s playground all the way to the workplace.

Prejudice often comes with hatred and fear. A 1994 report done by the Canadian Department of Justice found that racism (prejudice based on race), nationalism, and anti-Semitism (dislike of Jewish people) are the primary motives in hate crimes. The study found that most people involved in hate crimes are in their teens or early twenties. The report said these youths are not expressing teenage anxiety and rebellion, as many people may think. To the contrary, they are acting out long-held beliefs shared by their families and friends about people who are different from them.

Stereotypes are the basis of prejudice, or bias. Although there has been great progress with civil rights legislation, minorities continue to report prejudicial treatment (treatment based on prejudice) by store clerks, co-workers, and police. An African American man may dine in a fine restaurant anywhere in America, but he may still be humiliated afterward when he tries to hail a taxi and no one stops to pick him up.

Recent scientific research has shown that biases may remain deep in our minds, even when we haven’t thought about them for a long time or think our ideas have changed. In effect, they are hidden biases. Studies have suggested that these hidden biases can influence our behavior, especially when we are

under stress. A famous experiment showed that white interviewers sat farther away from black applicants than from white applicants. The white interviewers also made more errors when they spoke, and they ended the interviews 25 percent sooner. Another study suggests that hidden bias may affect how quickly police officers shoot in a dangerous situation, i.e., they may pull the trigger faster with people of color than with whites.

Research shows that African American teenagers are aware that other groups may feel they are intellectually inferior, and that this can affect their attitudes and achievement. Similarly, several studies have found that female college students did more poorly in their math classes when they were reminded that women aren’t supposed to be good at math. Such research highlights the potentially negative effects of prejudice and bias and the need to take them seriously.

(Information pieced together from tolerance.org, the Southern Poverty Law Center site, and the Anti-Defamation League)

Write About It! Think about a situation when someone made an unfair judgment about you or treated you unfairly because of your race or ethnicity, religion, age, gender, or sexual orientation. (You may also talk about something that happened to a friend or something you witnessed.) Answer each of the following questions when you write:

1. What happened? 2. Do you think the person who did this to you treats everyone that way, or did she treat

you that way specifically because of your race, religion, etc.? 3. How did the experience make you feel at the time it happened? Did you say anything

to the person about it? 4. Has the experience made you act or feel differently?

Examples I’ve stopped shopping at that place because... or I’ve started disliking or avoiding the person or people in his group because... or I now know how it feels to be treated that way, so I …

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Write About It! Think about a situation when someone made an unfair judgment about you or treated you unfairly because of your race or ethnicity, religion, age, gender, or sexual orientation. (You may also talk about something that happened to a friend or something you witnessed.) Answer each of the following questions when you write:

1. What happened? 2. Do you think the person who did this to you treats everyone that way, or did she treat

you that way specifically because of your race, religion, etc.? 3. How did the experience make you feel at the time it happened? Did you say anything

to the person about it? 4. Has the experience made you act or feel differently?

Examples I’ve stopped shopping at that place because... or I’ve started disliking or avoiding the person or people in his group because... or I now know how it feels to be treated that way, so I …

Stereotypes and BiasWork with a classmate and unscramble these mixed-up questions.1. what at life in stage / people begin do stereotypes acquire to?

At what stage in life…2. home at from aside / people where stereotypes learn do?

3. Canadian according report to the / reasons are what three the main / commit people crimes hate?

4. think do psychologists / can we biases have / without them being aware of?

5. “hidden bias” a might how / police a affect officer?

6. how about us can feel others / affect the way perform we?Can how

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Stereotypes and BiasWork with a classmate and unscramble these mixed-up questions.1. what at life in stage / people begin do stereotypes acquire to?

At what stage in life…2. home at from aside / people where stereotypes learn do?

3. Canadian according report to the / reasons are what three the main / commit people crimes hate?

4. think do psychologists / can we biases have / without them being aware of?

5. “hidden bias” a might how / police a affect officer?

6. how about us can feel others / affect the way perform we?Can how

Answer these questions about the reading, “Stereotypes and Bias.” You may write short answers, not complete sentences.1. At what stage in life do people begin to acquire stereotypes?2. Aside from at home, where do people learn stereotypes?

3. According to the Canadian report, what are the three main reasons people commit hate crimes?

4. Do psychologists think we can have biases without being aware of them?5. How might a “hidden bias” affect a police officer?

6. Can how others feel about us affect the way we perform?

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer these questions about the reading, “Stereotypes and Bias.” You may write short answers, not complete sentences.1. At what stage in life do people begin to acquire stereotypes?2. Aside from at home, where do people learn stereotypes?

3. According to the Canadian report, what are the three main reasons people commit hate crimes?

4. Do psychologists think we can have biases without being aware of them?5. How might a “hidden bias” affect a police officer?

6. Can how others feel about us affect the way we perform?

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer these questions about the reading, “Stereotypes and Bias.” You may write short answers, not complete sentences.1. At what stage in life do people begin to acquire stereotypes?2. Aside from at home, where do people learn stereotypes?

3. According to the Canadian report, what are the three main reasons people commit hate crimes?

4. Do psychologists think we can have biases without being aware of them?5. How might a “hidden bias” affect a police officer?

6. Can how others feel about us affect the way we perform?

Directions: With your partner, read through the following terms (a-h). Then, read 1-27 below and decide which category each one fits in (a, b, c, d, e, or f). Write the letter before the number. The first two have been done for you.a. name-calling and hostile* remarks

*unfriendly and aggressive b. persecution: extremely cruel treatmentc. a stereotyped. genocide: killing of a very large number

of people, mass murdere. prejudice/racism*

*prejudice based on race

f. a scapegoat: the person they blame for something (but isn’t really at fault)

g. an official sanction: a law or rule that punishes or takes something away

h. enemy-making

a 1. You spic! (from “Hispanic”) c 2. Mexicans are all lazy. __ 3. Go back to China! __ 4. Chinese students are hardworking.__ 5. Jewish people are sly and greedy.__ 6. I don’t want them living on my street.

They’ll be having barbecues on the sidewalk and making all sorts of noise.

__ 7. Those Italian guys only have one thing on their mind: sex.

__ 8. Faggot!__ 9. In the South, Blacks were forbidden to

use the same restrooms as whites. __ 10. I’d rather hire a Latino than a Black.

They follow orders and don’t give you attitude.

__ 11. The Arabs are a bunch of terrorists.__ 12. To protect our country during the war,

Japanese-Americans must move to special camps.

__ 13. Most Black kids are gang members.__ 14. Liberal politicians who support civil

rights reforms were sent death threats and called “nigger lovers.”

__ 15. I’m sorry, but Islam is not American. We are traditionally a Judeo-Christian society. We must fight to defend our heritage*! * 遺產, herencia, راث

__ 16. They all belong to the Russian mafia.__ 17. I’m not going to shop there. They’ll

just send their money to the PLO

(Palestinian Liberation Organization).

__ 18. In Nazi Germany, six million Jews were sent to the gas chambers.

__ 19. Learn to speak English! This is America.__ 20. Why don’t we have jobs? It’s obvious:

because they let so Mexicans into the country. __ 21. The constitution has just been amended1 to

ban2 same-sex marriage. 1changed 2forbid__ 22. A young gay man is “fag-bashed” (beaten

up because he’s gay), tied to a fence, and left to die.

__ 23. In Rwanda in 1994, 800,000 members of the Tutsi minority are massacred by the Hutu majority.

__ 24. African Americans are kidnapped and hanged by the KKK (a group of white racists).

__ 25. Black people’s churches are burned down by white supremacists.

__ 26. In Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1991, 200,000 Muslims and Croats are “ethnically cleansed” (murdered to make ethnically “clean”) by the Serbs.

__ 27. In Cambodia between 1975 and 1979, 1.7 million people (21% of the country’s population) are murdered by the Khmer Rouge (the Cambodian Communist party).

Where does it start and where does it end? Put these slips in order from the least serious to the most serious. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ name-calling and hostile* remarks _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ prejudice/racism_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a stereotype_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ genocide_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ enemy-making_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a scapegoat_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an official sanction_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ persecution

Where does it start and where does it end? Put these slips in order from the least serious to the most serious. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ name-calling and hostile* remarks _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ prejudice/racism_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a stereotype_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ genocide_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ enemy-making_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a scapegoat_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an official sanction_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ persecution

"Goodness, like evil, often begins in small steps. Heroes evolve*; they aren't born."

—Ervin Straubb, a survivor of the Holocaust

*develop gradually,演變, desarrollarse, эволюционируйте

Attitude SurveyWe have just finished talking and reading about stereotypes and bias. How have you been affected? Have your ideas or attitudes changed? Circle the answer.1. I notice stereotypes in the media (ads, movies, TV, etc.) more than I

did before.a) not at all b) somewhat c) a lot

2. I’m more aware of my own prejudices. a) not at all b) somewhat c) a lot

3. I feel more strongly than I did before that stereotypes can have serious negative effects in our society. a) not at all b) somewhat c) a lot

4. I now avoid making prejudiced statements about groups of people with my friends and family.a) not at all b) somewhat c) a lot

5. I’m now trying to be more friendly to people who are different from me.a) not at all b) somewhat c) a lot

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Attitude SurveyWe have just finished talking and reading about stereotypes and bias. How have you been affected? Have your ideas or attitudes changed? Circle the answer.1. I notice stereotypes in the media (ads, movies, TV, etc.) more than I

did before.a) not at all b) somewhat c) a lot

2. I’m more aware of my own prejudices. a) not at all b) somewhat c) a lot

3. I feel more strongly than I did before that stereotypes can have serious negative effects in our society. a) not at all b) somewhat c) a lot

4. I now avoid making prejudiced statements about groups of people with my friends and family.a) not at all b) somewhat c) a lot

5. I’m now trying to be more friendly to people who are different from me.a) not at all b) somewhat c) a lot

prejudice

scared

Vocabulary Retention: Choose four new vocabulary words you would like to remember (because you think they will be useful). What do these words make you think of? What do you associate them with? Take four index cards. On the front of the card, write the new word you want to remember. On the back, write a bubble map. Leave the new vocabulary word blank, but fill in other bubbles showing your associations. Look at the following examples:

Front

Front

Back

Back

???

closed society: Japan in 1800s

narrow-minded

xenophobic

us against them

They’re all the same.

????Asians are good at math.

Blonds are dumb.

Basis for prejudice

stereotype

Summary ofSkills, Strategies, and Competencies Addressed

SCANS Competencies Systems: Monitor and assess performance (quiz, survey); understand social systems Information: interpret read; report information gathered from interview; cluster Interpersonal: find someone who; politely request information; pair work to think

critically; pair up using vocabulary and contextualized sentences Personal: demonstrate sociability

Gardener’s Intelligences Verbal/Linguistic: Use language to express and appreciate the complexity of imagery

and advertising. Remember information. Report newly acquired information. Spatial/Visual: Use pictures for visual reinforcement. Make bubble maps. Make bubble maps. Bodily/Kinesthetic: Use movement (sequencing) to reinforce learning. Interpersonal: Use polished language forms to open requests for information. Practice

appropriate closings. Intrapersonal: Understand how one’s interpretations can be similar or different from

those of others. Discover ways to remember. Empathize.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Comprehension: understand information and grasp meaning; translate knowledge into

new context Description: Identify data. Analysis: Identify components and recognize hidden meanings of ads. Synthesis: Organize knowledge into meaningful chunks and use it to speculate and

draw conclusions Evaluation: Make judgments.

Sensitivity to Cultural Diversity Heighten one’s awareness of stereotypes and bias. Recognize the negative effects of stereotyping. Cultivate one’s empathy toward targets of bias. Look beyond stereotypes and recognize each person’s individuality.

Affective Domain Outcomes Receive: Become aware of an attitude, behavior, or value. Respond: Exhibit a reaction as a result of exposure to an attitude, behavior, or value. Organize: Determine that a new value or behavior is important (as evidenced by

attitude survey and writing samples).

Explain to students that discrimination, like the examples discussed above, can grow from assumptions and stereotypes that people make about others. Explain that an assumption is an idea that is taken for granted but not necessarily proven to be true.

Students will understand the following:1.Assumptions can lead to stereotypes and unfair judgments about individuals and groups.2.Stereotypes and biases can negatively affect our lives.

Chinese people are good at math, or that gay people are artistic. These are called stereotypes.

Distribute pictures to pairs or groups:Look at each picture.Which groups are represented in the picture? (women, seniors, Latinos, etc.)Does the picture portray (represent, describe, retratar, 刻畫, رسم ) the people in a stereotypical way? If you think so, what is the stereotype? Is this a positive or negative stereotype?

→ It’s portraying women/seniors/Latinos as (what? pushy, helpless, leaders…).Is this picture offensive to anyone? If so, to whom?

Ask class what stereotypes people in their native countries have about Americans. Write them on the board.

Race and EthnicityExplain race and ethnicity. Next, ask students what races and ethnicities are represented in the class.

Muslim, Indian, Arab, Chinese, Latino, JewishPrepare five large sheets of paper. At the top of each sheet, write the name of one of the groups that the

students named.Divide the class into five groups and supply each student in the class with a marker.Give each group one of the five sheets of paper. Ask them to list all the stereotypes they have heard

about the race/ethnicity written at the top of paper. Point out that many stereotypes will be negative. “If you write something negative, that doesn’t mean that you believe it.”

When they are finished, have the groups exchange sheets. Give them time to read and tell them to add stereotypes that haven’t been written.

Post the sheets on the walls of the class. Let everyone read them.

Ask the group:Which stereotypes do you feel are good ones? Which ones are bad?Do you belong to one of the groups students wrote about? If so, what do you think about the stereotypes about your group? Can you think of a particular TV program, movie, or advertisement with pictures or characters that are like these stereotypes?Where do we learn these stereotypes?Many social scientists feel that stereotypes can have many negative effects on a group of people. What negative effects do you think they’re talking about?

Pre-reading

a stereotype: A too-simple general belief or opinion about a group of people that doesn’t consider individual differences.Examples: All Chinese people are good at math. Gay people are artistic.

Prejudice. Pre- means before and judge means to make a decision. Prejudice is when a person forms ideas or opinions (usually based on stereotypes) about a particular group before she has met them or had any personal experience with them. For example, a person may be prejudiced against Arabs, gay people, or Latinos. Prejudice usually begins in an “in-group,” or group of people who are closely connected and share the same ideas and identity. Prejudice is often aimed at “out-groups,” or people in other groups.

Bias: A bias is an attitude or behavior based on stereotypes, instead of fact or real experience. It is very similar to prejudice.Example: When we omit people of color in our history lessons, we display a bias that suggests that their contributions are not important.

Ethnicity: Ethnicity is a connection with a group because you come from the same country or area, share the same culture or traditions, are of the same religion, or speak the same language. Examples: Latino, Irish, Jewish, Arab, African. Discrimination is behavior that treats people unequally because they belong to a certain group (for example, Asian, senior citizen, disabled). Discriminatory behavior often begins with negative stereotypes and prejudices.

An assumption (verb: to assume) is an idea that you believe is true, even though you really aren’t certain about it.Example: Non-Asians often make the assumption that Asians are good at math.

Comprehension questions presented beforehand as double-dictationorHand out beforehand. Teacher speaks, students write answers:ReadingHow do stereotypes negatively affect people?Researchers believe that children begin to learn prejudices and stereotypes when they are very young. Many studies have shown that, as early as age 3, children hear and begin to use racially derogatory words without really understanding what they mean. Soon the children begin to develop negative stereotypes about people outside their group, for example, other races or ethnic groups.

Prejudice often comes with ignorance, fear or hatred. A 1994 report done by the Canadian Department of Justice to gauge race relations in the country found that racism (prejudice based on race), nationalism, and anti-Semitism are the primary motives in hate crimes. The study found that most people involved in hate crimes are in their teens or early twenties. The report said these youths are not expressing teenage anxiety and rebellion, as many people may think. To the contrary, they are acting out long-held beliefs shared by their families and friends about people who are different from them. Second, no group is entitled to special privileges. Third, we should avoid putting other groups down as a way to elevate the status of our own groups.

Stereotypes are the basis of prejudice, or bias. Recent scientific research has shown that biases remain deep in our minds, even when we haven’t thought about them for a long time or we think our ideas have changed. They are hidden biases.

A number of studies show that hidden biases can influence our behavior, especially when we are under stress, distracted, relaxed, or in competition. A famous experiment showed that white interviewers sat farther away from black applicants than from white applicants. The white interviewers also made more errors when they spoke, and they ended the interviews 25 percent sooner. As a result, the black applicants didn’t have a chance to do as well as the white applicants.

Similarly, social scientists say there is growing evidence that hidden biases are related to discrimination in many areas, including real estate, rental housing, banking, insurance, hiring and promotions, and schooling. Minorities continue to report humiliating treatment by store clerks, co-workers, and police. Even though an African American man may dine in a fine restaurant anywhere in America, he may still be embarrassed when he tries to hail a taxi and no one stops to pick him up. More seriously, hidden bias among police officers may affect how quickly they shoot in a dangerous situation. As a result, people of color may be more likely to get shot than white people. Studies show that African American teenagers are aware that other groups may feel they are intellectually inferior, and that this can affect their attitudes and achievement. Similarly, several studies have found that when college women were reminded that women aren’t supposed to be good at math, their performance actually worsened. This is a called a self-fulfilling prophecy: If you keep saying I’m that way, I’ll become that way.

Some reasons people use stereotypes are: to belittle other groups, to increase the status of their own group, to maintain the cohesiveness of their group, and to gain power so they can have special privileges.

Writing prompt:“Think about a situation when someone made an unfair judgment about you or treated you unfairly because of your race or ethnicity, religion, age, gender, or sexual orientation.” (You may also talk about something that happened to a friend or about something you witnessed.)Answer the following questions when you write: What happened? What was unfair about it?Do you think the person who did this to you treats everyone that way, or did she treat you that way because of your race, religion, etc.? How did the experience make you feel at the time it happened? Did you say anything to the person about it? Has the experience made you act or feel differently? Examples: I’ve stopped shopping at that place. or I’ve started disliking or avoiding the person or people in his group. or I now know how it feels to be treated that way, so I … Have ss pass turn their papers in. Make extra copies of the well written ones so that everyone in the class will have one, including those who didn’t do the assignment or who were absent. Shuffle the papers and pass them back out to the class, making sure no one person has their own paper. Have each student read the personal experience of a classmate.  Attitudes and beliefs can change. Integration, by itself, has not been shown to produce dramatic changes in attitudes and behavior. However, studies show that when people work together in to solve shared problems through community service, their attitudes about diversity can change dramatically. By including members of other groups in a task, children begin to think of themselves as part of a larger community in which everyone has skills and can contribute.

Evaluation/AssessmentImagine what your life might be like if you were a person of another race, gender or sexual orientation. How might your day today have been different? 

1. Identifying stereotypes and preconceptions: how we see the world 2. Examining the process of labeling: why we feel the urge to stereotype 3. The consequences of intolerance: moving beyond limited perspectives

Step Three: Discussing the Dangers and Consequences of Intolerance

Ss tell racial jokes. After our discussion, not everyone was convinced that these jokes are "dangerous" or lead to more serious "steps," but they were at least beginning to consider the possibility. Our goal, after all, is not to make students feel guilty or ashamed, but rather to lead them to think about the consequences of their actions.

Where does it start? Where does it lead to?name-calling and hostile remarks: wet-back, spic, terrorist, Go back to China! Learn to speak English. This is America. a stereotype: They’re all lazy, gangsters, hardworking, horny, sly, greedy prejudice/racism: I don’t want to help or deal with these people because they’re all…, so I’m not going to hire them, approve their loan, sell them my house, do business with them…

enemy-making: These thieves, drug dealers, welfare mothers, thugs are un-American, and they’re destroying our country!a scapegoat: If they would stop letting so many Mexicans into the country, we would have jobs. an official sanction: Blacks and whites must use separate restrooms. Japanese-Americans must move to special camps to protect the country during the war. persecution: fag-bashing, cross-burning, hanging, assault, intimidation, death threatsgenocide: gas chambers, mass murder, Nazi Germany in the 1930s, Cambodia in the 1970s, or Rwanda in the 1990s

Holocaust survivor Ervin Straubb offers a powerful message to end this activity with: "Goodness, like evil, often begins in small steps. Heroes evolve; they aren't born."

Help students make the connection between small, individual acts and larger trends in society that may have global consequences.

Gandhi stated more than 50 years ago, "You must be the change that you wish to see in the world."

Pride in our own group does not mandate disrespect for others. Second, no group is entitled to special privileges. Third, we should avoid putting other groups down as a way to elevate the status of our own groups.   EvaluationThis lesson is designed to affect attitudes and receptiveness to new ideas, which are learning outcomes unlikely to be measurable by traditional assessment methods. Teachers should look for students’ willingness to participate, openness to new ideas, and their level of empathy toward targets of bias and discrimination. It is important that the basic principles of this lesson—freedom from bias and stereotypes and recognizing individuals—are interwoven into the classroom environment throughout the year. Changing attitudes around bias requires continual reinforcement.

Subject area: Behavioral StudiesStandard:Understands various meanings of social group, general implications of group membership, and different ways that groups function.Benchmarks:Understands how the diverse elements that contribute to the development and transmission of culture (e.g., language, literature, the arts, traditions, beliefs, values, behavior patterns) function as an integrated whole.

Subject area: Working with othersStandard:Contributes to the overall effort of a group.Benchmarks:Demonstrates respect for others in a group.

In the 17th and 18th century millions of African Americans were taken from their homeland and forced into slavery. For many years, Native Americans were forced from their land by European settlers who

immigrated to America. Japanese American citizens were unfairly imprisoned in camps in the United States during World War II simply because their ancestry was Japanese and the United States was in a war against the country of Japan. 4.Explain that our nation has made great strides fighting discrimination, such as the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the constitution, which abolished slavery; the Fifteenth Amendment, which made it illegal to deny people the right to vote because of the color of their skin or their religious beliefs; and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which made it illegal to discriminate against other persons in a public place or facility based on their color, sex, or religion. But despite these tremendous accomplishments, racism still exists today.