studies in philippine linguistics...a technical lexicon of pilipino 67 5.1.2 there is a eonsiderably...

SSTUDIESTUDIES ININ P PHILIPPINEHILIPPINE LLINGUISTICSINGUISTICS

Volume 5 Number 2 1984

The elaboration of a technical lexicon of Pilipino 248 pp.

by Alfonso O. Santiago; Fe T. Otanes, series ed.

Presentation and interpretation of data 57

© LINGUISTIC SOCIETY OF THE PHILIPPINES and SUMMER INSTITUTE OF L INGUISTICS

ISSN: 0119-6456

Sample Citation Format

Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista. 1977. “The noun phrase in Tagalog—English code switching”. Studies in Philippine Linguistics 1:1, 1–16. Online. URL: http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ [etc.] + access date.

PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

5.0 In t roduct ion

A s s t a t e d i n Chapter 1, the general aim of t h i s s tudy is t o determine how the intended users of P i l i p i n o would react t o t h e d i f f e r e n t p o s s i b i l i t i e s i n the e l abora t ion of a P i l i p i n o s c i e n t i f i c lexicon. To achieve t h i s aim, a survey was conducted on the preferences of co l l ege s tudents , co l lege professors , and p r a c t i t i o n e r s f o r t h e probable use of c e r t a i n terms i n the d i s c i p l i n e s o r spheres of medicine, biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics.

The r e s u l t s of the survey a r e t o p i c a l l y presented i n t h i s chapter according t o the s p e c i f i c problems s t a t e d i n Chapter 1. Every r e s u l t presented is subsequently followed by d iscuss ions and corresponding inferences.

5.1 Which of t h e l e x i c a l e l abora t ion p o s s i b i l i t i e s a r e most o r l e a s t - - - p r e f e r r e d by t h e intended users?

The fo l loving list show the 'most' and ' l e a s t ' p refer red (h ighes t - and lowest-ranked) choices f o r each of the 20 items of the ques t ionnai re i n each d i s c i p l i n e o r f i e l d by the corresponding 60 respondents ( see Appendix B). The a s t e r i sked terms i n t h e left-hand column a r e the opt ions t h a t were chosen by at l e a s t 50% of t h e respondents i n each d i s c i p l i n e ; the a s t e r i sked terms i n t h e right-hand column a r e the opt ions chosen by 5% or l e s s of t h e same set of respondents.

MED

Host Prefer red - Least Prefer red

2 . dalubsakit-babae (CT/CD) 2. ginecologo (S-1)

4. a l i s bahay-bata (CT) 4. *histerectomia (S-1)

6. mula-sakit (CT) 6. *etyolodyi (E-2)

58 A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o

8. himatay (CT) 8. *apoplej ia (S-1)

9. pagdugo-utak (CT) 9. *serebra1 hemoreyds (E-2)

10. kardyograpo (5-2) 10. card iografo (S-1)

Notes on t h e f i r s t ten e n t r i e s :

I n MED, t h e supposed indigenous terms v e r e l abe l l ed CT (Current Tagalog) instead of M (Maugnayin) s ince they were not taken from the Maugnaying Ta lasa l i t aan book. They a r e terms supplied by t h i s researcher . some of which vere suggested by t h e respondents during the t ryou t .

The following numbers a r e excluded from t h e analysis due to Mne l a b e l l i n g d i f f i c u l t y :

No. 2 (dalubsakit-babae) a s i t could be c l a s s i f i e d e i t h e r as CT o r CD; a de r iva t ion from 'dalubhasa s a s a k i t ng babae' . - -

No. 5 (maga-apendiks) as i t could not be c l a s s i f i e d ea (T or E-2.

MED

Most Prefer red - Least Prefer red - 11. *kontralagnat (CT) 11. * a n t i p i r e t i c o (S-1)

12. %a la t ipus ((3) 12. *para t i fo idea (S-1)

13. *saklt-ulo (CT) 13. *sepalaldya (E-2)

*ce fa la lg ia (S-1)

14. *sakit-but0 (CT) 14. *osteyopati (E-2)

15. pagpaplano ng 15. *plani f icac ion de

pamilya (CTIS-2) fami l ia (5-1)

16. panlaban s a 16. *contraceptive (S-1)

pagbubuntis (CTIS-2)

17. kabahagi (Eup) 17. *pene (S-1)

A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o 59

18. *punlay (M)

19. butas (CT/Eup)

20. pagpapatali (CT)

18. *isperm (E-2)

19. k i k i (Tab)

Notes on e n t r i e s 1 t o 20:

The following items a r e a l s o urcluded:

No. 15 (pagpaplano ng pamilya) as it could be c l a s s i f i e d e i t h e r CT o r S-2).

Nm. 17, 18, and 19 a s ' w p h e a i s t i c , coined, and taboo' opt ions , respect ive ly , appear only i n these numbers.

Accordingly, t h e t o t a l number of terms i n I B D included i n the d iscuss ion i s 14.

BIO

Most Prefer red - - Leaet Prefer red

1. biyolohiya ( 9 - 9 ) 1. *bnyolodyi 03-2)

2. b i o l o g i s t (E-1) 2. biologo (S-1)

3 . anatomya (S-2) 3. * a n a t m i (E-2)

4. b io log ica l (E-1)

5. palamulaan (M)

6. cell (E-1)

7. nukleo (S-2)

8. kromosoma (S-2)

4. b io logic0 (S-1)

5. *dyencalodyi (E-2)

6. s e l (E-2)

7. *wkleus (E-2)

8. kromosom (E-2)

crowsoma (S-1)

9. t i s s u e (E-1) 9. * t e j i d o (S-1)

10. mikrmkopiko (S-2) 10. miks ipa t in (H)

11. %ikroskopyo (S-2) 11. *aiks ipa t (H)

12. mikroorganismo (S-2) 12. h i k t a t a g h a y (H)

60 A Techpical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o

h i k r o b y o (S-2)

germ (E-1)

inorganiko (5-2)

*nagbabanyuhay (S-2)

b i n u t i l (M)

embryo (E-1)

*karniboro (S-2)

aquarium (E-1)

CAE

Most Prefer red - 1. kimika (5-2)

2. substansya (5-2)

3. kimiko (S-2)

4. ampirahe (S-2)

5. karburo (S-1)

6. *sangkapang kemikal (M)

7. ch lo ra te (E-1)

k lo ra to (S-2)

8. as ido k lo r iko (S-2)

9. pampamuo (M)

10. co l lo id (E-1)

11. c r y s t a l l i n e (E-1)

12. dioxide (E-1)

13. monoxide (E-1)

*mikhay (M)

*germen (S-1)

*inorganik (E-2)

*nagmemetamorpap (&-2)

*grad110 (S-1)

*embrion (S-1)

*carnivora (S-1)

*acuario (S-1)

Least Prefer red - 1. q u i l i c a (S-1)

2. *substans (E-2)

3. *quimico (S-1)

*cmpuesto quimico (S-1)

7. *c lora to (S-1)

*klora t (M)

8. *acid0 c l o r i c o (S-1)

9. *coagulante (S-1)

10. *coloide (S-1)


14. e b u l l i t i o n (E-1) 14. *ebullition (S-1)

pagkukumulo (M)

15. e f f lorescence (E-1) 15. e f f lo rescenc ia (S-1)

16. metalurhiya (S-2) 16. metalurdpi (E-2)

17. isomorphism (E-1) 17. *aysomorpism (E-2)

18. radioisotope (E-1) 18. *radioisotope (S-1)

19. v i s c o s i t y (E-1) 19. *viscosidad (S-1)

20. p r e c i p i t a t e (E-1) 20. *precipi tado (S-1)

PRY

Most Prefer red - 1. *pisika (5-2)

Least Prefer red - 1. * f i s i c a (S-1)

2 . p i s iko (S-2) 2. * f i s i c o (S-1)

3. akus t ika (5-2) 3. *acust ica (S-1)

4. dinamika (5-2) 4. *dinemica (S-1)

5. opt ika (S-2) 5. *dalubsugaan (M)

6. termodinamika (S-2) 6. *termodinanica (S-1)

7. atmospera (S-2) 7. *atmosfera (S-1)

8. presyon a taosper ika (s-2.) 8. *presion atmosferica (S-1)

9. puwersa sentr ipuga (S-2) 9. fuerza cen t r i fuga (S-1)

10. e l e c t r o l y t e (E-1) 10. * e l e c t r o l i t o (S-1)

e l e k t r o l i t o (S-2)

11. malyabilidad (S-2) 11. h l e a b i l i d a d (S-1)

12. molekula (S-2) 12. w l e c u l a (S-1)

13. phosphorescence (E-1) 13. *fosforescencia (S-1)


14. repraksyon (S-2) 14. r r e f r acc ion (S-1)

15. i n i t na l an tad (M) 15. * c a l m l a t e n t e (S-1)

16. baterya e l e k t r i k a (S-2) 16. *bater ia e l e c t r i c a (S-1)

17. termoelektr is idad (S-2) 17. *termoelectr icidad (S-1)

18. baporisasyon (S-2) 18. *Paporizacion (S-1)

19. t u l i n (M) 19. *Pelocidad (9-1)

20. *boltahe (S-2) 20. *kabolthan (M)

MAT

Most Prefer red - 1. h a t e m a t i k a (S-2)

2. h a t e m a t i s y a n (E-2)

dlgebra (E-1)

geometry (E-1)

a r i tme t ika (S-2)

ca l cu lus (E-1)

aksyom (E-2)

theorem (E-1)

c a l c u l a t o r (E-1)

konmutatibo (S-2)

t a t su lok (SUP)

anggulo (S-2 )

hypotenuse (E-1)

r i g h t angle (E-1)

Last Pre fe r r ed - 1. h t e m a t i c a (8-1)

2. h t e m a t i c o (S-1)

*sipnayanan (M)

3. a lgebrg (S-1)

4. sukgisan (M)

5. *ar i tmet ica (S-1)

6. *ca lculo (S-1)

7. axioma (S-1)

8. hunain (M)

9. *calculador (S-1)

13. *iputenusa (S-2)

14. r ay t enggel (E-2)


15. acute angle (E-1)

16. oblique angle (E-1)

17. cosecant (E-1)

18. cosine (E-1)

19. i n f i n i t e (E-1)

20. f i n i t e (E-1)

15. sihang kipot (M)

16. angulo obl icuo (S-1)

17. *cosecsnte (S-1)

18. *coseno (S-1)

19. impini t (E-2)

hangganin (M)

Notes on MAT e n t r i e s 1 t o 20:

Nos. 11 ( ta t su lok) and 12 (sulok) a r e excluded a s they a r e not Maugnayin terms. Tatsulok is a coined term by the Surian ng Wikang Pambansa, together v i t h o the r terms l i k e p e r i s u k a t , parihaba, e t c . which a r e now p a r t of P i l i p i n o lexicon; sulo)r is a c u r r e n t Tagalog word.

Tables 1 and 2 swmnariee t h e 'most' and t h e ' l e a s t ' p refer red opt ions i n each of the four d i s c i p l i n e s o r f i e l d s according t o the d i f f e r e n t p o s s i b i l i t i e s on t h e e l abora t ion of a P i l i p i n o s c i e n t i f i c lexicon a s out l ined i n Chapter 1. The da ta i n these two t a b l e s a r e a l s o presented i n the form of graphs (Figure 1 ) f o r easy reading and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .

The responses f o r MELl a r e not included i n t h i s sec t ion . A s s t a t e d e a r l i e r , t he indigenous terms ( labeled CT) used i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r d i s c i p l i n e were not taken from the Maugnaying T a l a s a l i t a a n book. Analysis of these terms i s presented i n Sect ion 5.1.3 ins tead .

Examination of t h e 'most' and t h e ' l e a s t ' p refer red opt ions , and t h e i r corresponding t a b l e s and graphs, e l i c i t s t h e following:

5.1.1 There is a predominance of t h e S-2 ( r e spe l l ed Spanish terms) and t h e E-1 (English terms with no r e s p e l l i n g ) opt ions over t h e E-2 ( r e spe l l ed English terms), t h e S-1 (Spanish t-s with no r e s p e l l i n g ) , and t h e M (Maugnayin terms) options. The average of t h e percentages obtained by each of the e labora t ion p o s s i b i l i t i e s ac ross the four d i s c i p l i n e s shows t h a t S-2 ranks f i r s t (46.04%), more prefer red over E-1 which ranks a c lose second (39.79%). M ranks a very poor t h i r d (11.39), followed by E-2 (2.78%). S-1 (0%) ranks l a s t .

Note t h a t t h e r e s u l t s i n Table 2 which show S-1 and E-2 a s f i r s t and second, respect ive ly , of the ' l e a s t p re fe r red ' opt ions s t rong ly canplement t h e r e s u l t s i n Fable 1 where S-2 and E-1, a s the 'most p re fe r red ' opt ions , rank f i r s t and second, respect ive ly .

64 A Techhical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o

TABLE I

S U Y OF THE MOST PREFERRED ELABOUTION

POSSIBILITIES I N EACE OF ZBE POUR

SCIENCE DISCIPLINES

Coded Disc ip l ines Avernge Elaborat ion Perccn- P o s s i b i l i t i e s BIO CAE PBY UT* t age

(20) (20) (20) (18)

% 0 0 0 0 0

S-2 10 6.50 17 3

% 50.00 32.50 85.00 16.67 46.04

M 3 3 2 1

% 15.00 15.00 10.00 5.56 11.39

1 0 0 . 0 0 X Formula :

Given a d i s c i p l i n e :

Percentage - No. of 'most p re fe r r ed ' op t ions x 100 Tota l no. of i tems

*Tatsulok (No.11) and sulok (No.12) a r e excluded a s they a r e not Maugnayin terms.

A Technical Lexicon of Pilipino 65

TABLE 2

SUBWIRY OF lWE LEAST PREPERRED ELABORATION

POSSIBILITIES IN EACE OF 'IRE FOUR

SCIENCE DISCIPLINES

Coded Disciplines Average Elaboration BIO (BE F'EY MT* Percen- Possibi l i t i e s (20) (20) (20) (18) tage

Formula :

Given a discipline:

Percentage - No. of 'most preferrd' options x 100 Yotal no. of i t a s

*Tatsulok (No.11) and (110.12) are excluded as they are not thugnayin terms.

FIGURE 1

MOST PREFERRED LEAST PREFERRED


5.1.2 There is a eonsiderably high r a t i n g obtained by mst of the E-1 opt ions , averaging 39.79% and second only t o S-2. I n UAT and CHE, t he E-1 opt ions obtained r a t i n g s as high a s 66.67% and 52.50%, respect ive ly . Y e t no te t h a t E-1 obtained a comparatively low r a t i n g of '5.00% i n PHP a s aga ins t S-2's 85%. The reverse , however, happened f o r E-1 and 5-2 i n MAT where E-1 obtained a comparatively high r a t i n g of 66.67% as aga ins t S-2's 16.67%. These phenomena a r e not a t a l l su rp r i s ing s i n c e Table 1 shows only t h e '-st' preferred of t h e options. It could be poss ib le that a b e t t e r r a t i n g would come out f o r E-1 i n PBY and f o r 5-2 i n UAT i f t h e average percentage is taken not only from t h e highest-ranked opt ions but from the frequencies obtained by a l l t h e opt ions r ega rd les s of t h e ranking. This aspect w i l l be inves t iga ted under Sect ion 5.2.

Of the E-1 opt ions among the- 'most pre fe r red ' i tems, 22 conta in the following ' fore ign ' l e t t e r s and digraphs: 2, &, f, 1, x, 5, -. 11 The only l e t t e r s and digraphs that did not appear a r e 1, and E. On t h e o the r hand, i n t h e S-1 ' l e a s t p re fe r red ' opt ions t h e digraphs ch and - rr did not appear. (The letter il was not included i n the survey because no r ep resen ta t ive technical- terms containing it could be found by t h i s researcher.)

The occurrence of t h e major i ty of t h e ' fore ign ' l e t t e r s among t h e 'most prefer red ' opt ions is i n c o n t r a s t with t h e r e s u l t s of t h e Cervantes. PNC, Rivero-Labigan, and Sumayo s t u d i e s (see Chapter 3) i n which not one of the 'most prefer red ' choices w a s spe l l ed with a l e t t e r ou t s ide t h e Abakada. I n f a c t , moat of the E-1 terms were among t h e ' l e a s t prefer red ' choices i n t h e a fo resa id s tudies .

The reason perhaps i s t h a t i n t h e present s tudy, t h e terms used a r e r e l a t i v e l y more t echn ica l than those used i n t h e o the r s tud ies . It could be t e n t a t i v e l y in fe r red a t t h i s poin t t h a t the higher one goes i n t o more soph i s t i ca t ed terms, the s t ronger w i l l t h e temptation be t o adopt terms from English i n t h e i r o r i g i n a l s p e l l i n g . Furthermore, t h e repondents i n t h e present s tudy a r e col lege senior s tudents ( i n some unavoidable cases , junior s tudents ) , co l l ege professors , and p r a c t i t i o n e r s who a r e spec ia l i z ing o r are a l r eady specialists i n t h e i r r e spec t ive d i s c i p l i n e s o r f i e l d s and, the re fo re , a r e more exposed and v i s u a l l y conditioned t o E-1 forms. This i s not t h e case with t h e Cervantes, PNC. Rivero-Labigan, and Sumyo s tud ies . Moreover, i t could a l s o be poss ib le t h a t , l a t e l y , t he p u r i s t i c Abakada no longer holds sway i n t h e teaching of P i l i p i n o i n t h e schools , i n add i t ion t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e brand of P i l i p i n o p resen t ly evolving i n t h e mass media is no longer t h e p u r i s t i c type.

5.1.3 Ten of the M terms were i n t h e l ist of 80 'most p re fe r red ' opt ions , a s follows:

palamulaan pagkukumulo

banyuhay i n i t na lan tad


b i n u t i l t u l i n

sangkapang kemikal di-hangganin

pampamu0 hangganin

It i s e a s i l y no t i ceab le , however, t h a t a l l of these t e n words can a l s o be c l a s s i f i e d a s CT. They a r e i n sharp c o n t r a s t with t h e following o the r M terms which came out a s ' l e a s t p re fe r r ed ' opt ions:

miks ipa t in dalubsugaan

miksipat kabolthan

miktataghay sipnayanon

mikhay sukgisan

karbad hunain

k l o r a t t a t s i h a

sihang kipot

The term banyuhay (No.2 i n 'most p re fe r r ed ' ) , i n c i d e n t a l l y , is not a Maugnayin coinage. This term was a l r eady p a r t of P i l i p i n o l i t e r a t u r e even before t h e c r e a t i o n of t h e Lupon s a Agham of t h e NSDB ( see AIYAS I11 1965, p.225). Banyuhay i s another example of coining ( t h e o the r one is punlay of t h e Lupon) t h a t , although not even one morpheme i s r e t r i e v a b l e from i t , never the less got accepted perhaps because of i ts euphonic sound. It i s e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t from t h e case of t a t s u l o k t h a t a l s o got accepted ( s e e Appendix B, MAT, No.11) ev ident ly because i t conta ins t h e Tagalog word sulok ' corner ' which can be considered t o be t h e stem, while t a t - , although - - n e i t h e r a f u l l word nor an a f f i x , nonetheless g ives an imnediate c lue t o the meaning ' t h r e e ' because t h e word t a t l o i s s t i l l r e t r i e v a b l e from i t .

5.1.4 While S-2 ( r e spe l l ed Spanish term) was prefer red by t h e respondents over S-1 (Spanish term with no change i n s p e l l i n g ) , i t i s the reverse of t h e i r r eac t ion toward English i n which E-1 (English term with no change i n s p e l l i n g ) was prefer red over E-2 ( r e spe l l ed English term). Consider t h e following samples cu l l ed from t h e da ta :

Most Prefer red - Least Prefer red - malyabilidad (5-2) maleabi l idad (S-1)

c e l l (E-1) s e l (E-2)

anggulo (S-2) enggel (E-2)

ca l cu lus (E-1) ca l cu lo (S-1)


There is not even a s i n g l e ins t ance that reverses t h i s p a t t e r n o r t rend. The two E-2 terms matematisyan and aksyom t h a t got included among t h e '-st prefer red ' opt ions ( t h e r e was none from S-1) have matematico (S-1) and axioma (S-1) a s t h e ' l e a s t prefer red ' counterpar ts .

The reason perhaps is t h e incons is tency of t h e English s p e l l i n g system and the consistency of t h e Spanish, respect ive ly . I n o the r words, a system of letter correspondences can e a s i l y be e s t ab l i shed between Spanish and P i l i p i n o i n t h e process of borrowing. The Spa 5, f o r in s t ance , can r egu la r ly be given t h e equivalent letters k or s i n P i l i p i n o , depending on what vowel fo l lovs it; e.g., Spa matcmatica- bec%es P i 1 matematika; Spa termoelectr icidad becomes P i 1 termoelektr is idad; etc. Hence, when the respondent p r e f e r s t h e Spanish-sounding word, he borrows i t but r e s p e l l s i t t o conform t o t h e Abakada. This can not be e a s i l y done with terms borrowed from English because i t is not poss ib le t o have a system of l e t t e r correspondences between English and P i l ip ino . Thus, when the respondent p re fe r s t h e English-sounding word, he borrows i t without changing i ts s p e l l i n g , e spec ia l ly i f r e s p e l l i n g it would r e s u l t i n a s t r ange o r unfamil iar form. Asmah (1977:233) i n descr ib ing t h e orthographic renderings i n Bahasa Malaysia of some of t h e t echn ica l terms borroved from the ' i n t e r n a t i o n a l s c i e n t i f i c vocabulary' c a l l s them ' v i s u a l l y repuls ive ' . She gave the following orthographic renderings of English loan words which she s a i d proved t o be ' v i s u a l l y repuls ive ' t o s c i e n t i s t s , academicians, and o ther use r s of Bahasa Malaysia:

h a i d e r o 9 n 'hydrogen'

maikerofilam 'microfilm'

s e p i a r 'sphere'

s a iko lo ji 'psychology'

Amah explains that an orthographic rendering of a loan word i s v i s u a l l y repuls ive t o educated Malaysians i f i t i s ' too f a r a p a r t ' from i ts counterpar t i n the source TGiguage; i.e., i f t h e orthographic r ep resen ta t ion i n Bahasa Malaysia of a borrowed term has a very low degree of s i m i l a r i t y with its o r i g i n a l s p e l l i n g i n t h e donor language.

I n the Phi l ippines , t he l a t e IKL Direc tor Jose V i l l a Panganiban ca l l ed these v i s u a l l y r epu l s ive forms 'funny looking'. Consider the following 'least prefer red ' f o r q s h i c h may have repel led t h e respondents because they appear s t r ange o r unfamfliar t o them:

bayolodyi 'biology'

nukleus 'nucleus'

dyenealodyf 'genealogy'

W P a Y t ' f i n i t e '

os teyopat i 'osteopathy'


Inference may be made a t t h i s poin t that r e j e c t i o n o r acceptance of t h e s p e l l i n g of a c e r t a i n term is merely a ma t t e r of v i s u a l condit ioning. General ly, educated F i l i p i n o s a r e so exposed o r conditioned t o the orthographic r ep resen ta t ion of English terms t h a t they are l i k e l y t o react negat ive ly t o t h e r e spe l l ed forms.

A s t o where t h e cut-off po in t may be i n order f o r t h e orthographic rendering of a word t o be considered s t r ange o r unfami l ia r i s not wi th in t h e scope of t h e s tudy, inasmuch a s t h e respondents were not asked which of t h e ' l e a s t prefer red ' terms were ' r e j e c t e d ' by them because of their orthographic renderings. A general inference m y only be made, t h a t r e j e c t i o n takes place when t h e o r i g i n a l form is not v i s u a l l y t r anspa ren t , t r a c e a b l e , o r r e t r i e v a b l e from the r e spe l l ed form, which i n e f f e c t makes t h e pronunciation of a borrowed word second only i n importance t o i ts orthographic representa t ion .

I n Problem 1, t h e d iscuss ion was focused on a sce r t a in ing which of t h e i d e n t i f i e d l e x i c a l e l abora t ion p o s s i b i l i t i e s were 'most' and ' l e a s t ' p refer red by t h e respondents. It was e a s i l y e s t ab l i shed from t h e d a t a that S-2 was the 'most prefer red ' l e x i c a l e l abora t ion p o s s i b i l i t y , followed c l o s e l y by E-1, while S-1 proved t o be t h e ' l e a s t p re fe r r ed ' , followed by E-2 and M. This f inding was based exc lus ive ly on t h e opt ions included among t h e highest- and lowest-ranked items - two extremes i n t h e ranking sca l e . It did not show t h e c o l l a t e d s tandings of the d i f f e r e n t e l abora t ion p o s s i b i l i t i e s i n each of t h e four d i s c i p l i n e s .

This s ec t ion i s s p e c i f i c a l l y devoted t o determining how the four s t y l e s of borrowing fared i n each of t h e f i v e d i s c i p l i n e s surveyed and how they comparatively s tand when t h e percentages obtained i n each of t h e f i v e d i s c i p l i n e s a r e c o l l a t e d and averaged. L(&D i s now included s i n c e t h e a n a l y s i s i s confined only t o t h e English and Spanish t e rns .

Table 3 shows t h e consol idated responses i n each of the f i v e d i s c i p l i n e s according t o prefer red s t y l e of borroving. It w i l l be noted t h a t although S-2 again ranks f i r s t and E-1 second, t h e d i f f e r e n c e between them appears t o be i n s i g n i f i c a n t , cons ider ing t h a t t h e r e is an observed d i f f e rence of only one-half of one percent , i n t h e i r obtained average percentages (29.25% - 28.75% = . 5 X ) . This sugges ts t h a t t h e respondents , a t t h e time of t h e survey, were almost equa l ly a t t r a c t e d t o t h e E-1 and S-2 option-types.

TABLE 3

SUHMRY OF TBE RESPOh'DENTS' BORROWING STYLE PREFERENCES

I N MCB OF TBE FIVE SCIENCE DISCIPLINES

Borrowing D f e c i p l i n e s Tota l Average S t y l e Percentage

nItD BIO caE WY nu

X 20.59 31.58 29.75 40.17 24.17 29.25

Tota l 569 970 948 1020 1013 4526

No. of chosen category Formula: Percentage per borrowing s t y l e per group - 60 x 20 x 100

where 20 i s the number of items and 60 is the number of respondents

Note: Responses f o r M / I op t ions and 'Others' not included; i n WD, number of items i s 1 7 only.


Note f u r t h e r t h a t i f t h e t o t a l responses f o r E-1 and E-2 a r e added together , t he r e s u l t would be even higher than t h e sum of S-1 and S-2. This ind ica te s t h a t borrowing d i r e c t from English is becwing m r e and m r e preferred than borrowing v i a Spanish a s t h e years go by, e s p e c i a l l y i f one considers t h e f a c t t h a t t h i s was not t h e case j u s t a f e v years back (see PNC, Rivero-Labigan, and o ther r e l a t ed s t u d i e s i n Chapter 3). This specula t ion , however, i s premised on another specula t ion that t h e F i l ip ino# w i l l cont inual ly uphold English a s t h e i r mean6 of contac t with t h e ou t s ide world and a s a key t o t h e s torehouse of t h e vor ld ' s knowledge, while a t t he same time e i t h e r they w i l l gradual ly renounce t h e i r possession of t h e Spanish language o r Spanish w i l l have an inc reas ing ly tenuous hold upon t h e younger generat ion.

This competition betwean E-1 and 5-2 brings i n t o focus t h e problem t h a t p resen t ly bese ts the l e x i c a l e l abora t ion of P i l ip ino . For while the borrowing of English technica l terms i n t h e i r o r i g i n a l f o r m would undoubtedly con t r ibu te t o the modernization o r i n t e l l e c t u a l i z a t i o n of P i l i p i n o , another equa l ly cooplicated problem would i n e v i t a b l y crop up. And t h a t i s , should the F i l ip inos hold on t o a cons i s t en t s p e l l i n g system or give i t up i n favor of an incons i s t en t one?

Inc iden ta l ly , t he present s tudy would not have been conceived a t a l l , s ince it would be i r r e l e v a n t , i f t he s p e l l i n g system of P i l i p i n o were incons i s t en t because any word from English, be it regu la r ly o r i r r e g u l a r l y spe l l ed , could be borroved without any problem a t a l l . English, by reason of i t s incons is tent orthography. can borrow any word from o the r languages without having any se r ious problem a s t o how an incming vord should be spe l l ed .

But f o r P i l i p i n o t o become incons i s t en t i n i t s s p e l l i n g system i s not a s simple a s t h a t . It would ramify i n t o seve ra l equal ly complicated and se r ious problems which only those i n i t i a t e d i n language development could be expected t o foresee , e s p e c i a l l y i f t h e present P i l i p i n o becomes E i l i p i n o i n the f u t u r e and apparently borrowing w i l l be more l i b e r a l i z e d .

Figure 2 shows g raph ica l ly t h e four borrowing s t y l e s s p l i t i n t o two groups -- 5-2 and E-1 on t h e one hand and S-1 and E-2 on t h e o ther . This juxtapos i t ion confirms t h e f indings i n Sect ion 5.1.

A Technical Laxicoa of Pil ipino 73

GRAPEIC COMPARISON OF BORROWIWG STYLE PREFEREltCES

I N EMXI OF ZBg FIW DISCIPLIAES

m BIO CBB m w

Legend: 0 = 8-1 17- 8-1 @= E-2 El- 8-2


F ina l ly , t h e very low percentage r a t i n g obtained by E-1 i n PHP (Sect ion 5.1) i s r e c t i f i e d here when t h e a n a l y s i s is based on t h e genera l r e s u l t s i r r e s p e c t i v e of rankings. It w i l l be r eca l l ed t h a t E-1 obtained only 5.00% i n PRY a s compared t o 35.00% i n BIO, 52.50% i n a, and 66.67% i n MAT. Table 3, however, reveals a d i f f e r e n t p i c t u r e f o r E-1 i n PHP wherein i t obtained 27.83%- a s compared t o 20.59% i n m, 27.92% i n BIO. 35.75% i n ME, and 31.67% i n HAT.

In connection with t h e tendency of t h e respondents t o r e s p e l l t he terms being borrowed through Spanish and not t o r e s p e l l t h e terms being borrowed d i r e c t from English, t h i s researcher , a s an a n c i l l a r y s tudy, a l s o looked in to the p o s s i b i l i t y of a prevalent p a t t e r n i n t h e process of a s s imi la t ion of borrowed terminal formatives ( su f f ixes and combining forms) e i t h e r from English o r from Spanish.

The following a r e the terminal formatives found i n t h e 'wst pre fe r red ' borrowed terms:

English Spanish P i l i p i n o (Respondents ' ) Formative Equivalent Preferences

-ine -ina S: medisina -

S: a p e n d i s i t i s - S: k a r d y o m

S: biyolohiya

S: kim*, pis*

E: b i o l o g i s t -

E: biological - S: biyolohiko

S: k r o m o e

S: mikroskop*

atmosperika, klor* - inorganiko, e l e c t r i k a - - a r i tme t ika -


S: matematika, - pisika - temodinamika - akustika, - dinamika optika -

S: mikroakopyo

S: microorgan*

S: karniboro - E: akwaryu=, aquar*

S: bat-

s: subst*

S: a m p e r e , bolt*

S: klorato - E: chlorate -

precipitate - E: colloid - E: monoxide, diox* - S: b a p o r i s ~

ebullition - -escencia S: posporesensya

E: efflorescence

phosphorescence

S: metalurhiya

E: radioiso=

S: dyabilidad - termoelektrisidad -

E: viscos*


-sphere -sfera S: a t m o m

-1yte -1i t o S: e l e k t r o l i t o -

Although the above da ta a r e obviously i n s u f f i c i e n t , they euggest a p a t t e r n i n t h e a s s imi la t ion of English terminal formative8 i n t o P i l i p i n o i n t h i s wise: Given an English term, t h e borrower tends t o a s s i m i l a t e i t v ia Spanish. However a s t o which segment of t h e term - t h e terminal formative of t h e stem - makes t h e borrower decide t h a t he w i l l borrow it v i a Spnnish i s not deducible from the data. It could be poss ib le t h a t the borrower merely looks a t t h e form of t h e term as an a e s t h e t i c thole, a s i t were, unmindful of i t s morphemic pa r t s . And i f t h e Spanish equivalent i s known o r acceptable t o him, he proceeds t o t r a n s l i t e r a t e it t o conform t o the Abakada. This tendency of borrowing v i a Spanish may have a c o r r e l a t i o n with t h e longer h i s t o r i c a l contact t h a t t h e major i ty of the F i l i p i n o s have had with Spanish a s compared with English, a tendency which p r e v a i l s up t o the present because of the ' b a r r i e r ' imposed by the incons i s t en t orthography of English. Whinnom ( i n Hymes 1971:66) r e f e r s t o t h i s kind of b a r r i e r a s 'mechanical' -- t he incompat ib i l i ty of the two languages i n contact i n phonological s t r u c t u r e s and i n orthography.

But one very s t rong tendency of the borrower a s manifested i n the da ta i s t h a t whenever he borrows a term v i a Spanish, he always r e s p e l l s i t t o conform t o the Abakada. But when he decides t o borrow it d i r e c t from English, he usua l ly spells it a s i s o r without any s p e l l i n g a l t e r a t i o n s , e spec ia l ly i f t h e r e s u l t i n g a l t e r e d form w i l l appear unusual t o him.

A look a t t h e 'Other Responses' of respondents ( s e e Appendix B), however, would reveal t h a t a number showad some kind of confusion i n t h e i r responses, such as :

Other Responses - English Spanish

apoplexya apoplexy apople j i a

kardiograf cardiograph cardiografo

bayolohista b i o l o g i s t biologo

anatomika anatomy anatomia


bayolohikal b io log ica l biologico

aysomorphismo isomorphism i s m o r f ism

termodinamics thermodynamics termdinamica

h e y w e t r i geometry g e a r c t r i s

rektong enggel r i g h t angle angulo r e c t o

oblikong enggel obl ique angle angulo obl icuo

It i s not , however, unnatural f o r t h e phenomenon t o occur durin$ the process of development of P i l i p i n o which a f t e r a l l s t r a d d l e s two major l i n g u i s t i c t r a d i t i o n s - S p n i s h and Engliah.

5.3 Aside from borrowing from English and Spanish, how would t h e -- - - --- intended u s e r s react t o t h e fo l lowing o ther lexical e l abora t ion - - - - - p o s s i b i l i t i e s ?

5.3.1 Get t ing t h e equivalent o r near equivalent of the English term -- from t h e following sources: --

5.3.1.1 Current Tagalog

5.3.1.2 Archaic Tagalog

5.3.1.3 Vernaculars

5.3.2 Coining - o r Deriving

It was mentioned i n Chapter 3 t h a t i n t h e f i r s t l e x i c a l e l abora t ion guidel ines formulated i n the Phi l ippines and embodied i n Commonwealth Act No.184, the f i r s t s t e p prescribed t o be followed w a s t o 'use a s a source pr imar i ly t h e Phi l ippine tongues (Cebuano, I locano, Eiligaynon, Pampango, Waray, Pangasinan, e tc . ) ' .

It w i l l be noted t h a t t h e r e t r i e v a l of Old Tagalog words is not s p e c i f i c a l l y mentioned. This notwithstanding, t h e zealous members of the Lupon s a Agham of the NSDB apparent ly found wisdom i n including Old Tagalog words a s one of t h e poss ib le sources, next t o Current Tagalog words. I n f a c t , adoption of Old Tagalog words w a s even given p r i o r i t y over t h e vernaculars a s sources of needed words ( see Chapter 3, pp.50-1).

It would seem t h a t t h e Lupon a l s o found wisdom i n the coining of terms derived mostly from Tagalog roo t s .


Table 4 show t h e s u b c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of t h e indigenous terms used i n t h i s study, the t o t a l number of responses obtained by each term and t h e corresponding percentage. The indigenous terms were subc las s i f i ed i n t o four types a s follows: Current Tagalog (CT), Archaic Tagalog (AT), Vernacular (V), and Coined o r Derived (0). Some euphemistic (Eup) and taboo (Tab) words were included a s s p e c i a l e n t r i e s f o r WED (see numbers 17, 18, and 19 of Questionnaires l-A and B i n Appendix A).

The CT terms were those used i n t h e M3D quest ionnaire. Added t o t h e s e terms were those used i n t h e four o the r d i s c i p l i n e s and taken from the Maugnaying Talasa l i taan . The AT, V, and CD terms were a l e o taken from the Maugnayin. The Tab and Eup terms were supplied by t h i s researcher .

A Technical Lexicon of' Pilipino 79

SUBCLASSIFICATION OF ltlE INDIGENOUS TERMS USED 'IFI

l I lE STlTDY SBOWIW n[B TOTAL. BESPONSES AND

PERCENTAGES OBTA- BY FACE OPTION

Current Tagalog

butas

kontra-lagnat

himatay

malatipus

mula-sabit

Total - Reepooses

pagpapatali 26

~aaggagaaot 19

panlaban sa pagbubuntis - 45

saki t-buto 34

saki t-ulo 43

BIO binutil 17

isdaan 15 25.00

*Percentage - hlo. of reSpOMeS X 100 No. of reepoodents (60) per discipline

80 A Technical Lexicon of Fi l ip ino

Current Tagalog Total - Responses

BIO nagbabanyuhay 31

palamulaan 27

CHE bagay 17

himuo 18

pagkukumulo 17

pampamuo 24

sangkapang kemikal 36

PHY khanginan 13

kahanginang d i i n 12

i n i t na lantad 29

t u l i n 27

MAT di -hanggartin

hangganin

sulok

tatsulok 23

Archaic Tagalog

MED b i l i g

kaluban

tunod

BIO butod

CHE balahakan

bubugin

Percentage

A Technical Lexicon of P i l ip ino 81

CHE

PAY

MAT

BIO

CHE

Pm'

MED

BIO

Archaic Tagalog

lapuyot

maladigki t

i s igan

batlain

pantaya

s iha

sihaag kipot

sihang t d l o a g

sihaag ta l ibas

tag=Y

tayahan

Vernacular

kulaylawas (Via.)

halintubig ( V i s . )

dalubsugaan (Vie..)

Coined or Derived.

bi nhay (binhi - ag huh)

ditaghayin (hindi + ta* + buhag + -in) -


Coined o r Derived -

BIO haynayan ( b u k + ha-)

haynayanon (haynayan + V i s . s u f f i x - ( n ) ~ )

haynayin (haynay + -in)

ka twanan (katawan + -an) -- - mikhay (mikmik - + huh)

miksipat (mikmik - + sipat)

miksipa t in (miksipat + -in) - miktataghay (mikmlk - + tatag + huh)

sihay ( s i l i d - na may b u k )

s ihayan (sihay + -an) -

CHE kapnayan ( sang* + ha-)

kapnayanon (kapnayan + V i s . s u f f i x - ( d o n )

To ta l - Responses

9

kasanyuan 17 (ka- + iaang + anyo + -an)

dagilapkahaaik 6 ( d a g i i t a b + ig& + kahasik)

Percentage

15.00

Coined or Derived -- ClIE daluksad

(dalawa - + oksad) - sanuksad (isang + e)

PHY basisig (palabas - na a) dagilusaw (dagitab + - lusav)

initdagitban (init - + dagitab - + -an) - initsigan (init + + -an) - - liknayan (-8 + ha-)

liknayanon (liknayan + Vis. suffix -(don) - mula ti1 (rnulaang - butil) - pospowanag (posponls + li=)

saliko (sa + liko) - - sasingaw (sa + singav) - tinggalitab (tinggalan ng d a g m )

MAT bilnuran (bilang - + s u n n )

kasekway (ka- - + - aek + tag=)


Total - Percentage Re@onaes


Coined o r Derived - Tota l - Percentage Responses

MAT kasinvay 7 (&- + sin + tag=)

Euphemistic

MED kabahagi 25 41.67

Taboo - MED k i k i

t amod 5 8.33

The words below were excluded f r a t h e list because t h i s researcher met some d i f f i c u l t y i n c l a s s i f y i n g them. The reasolu f o r t h e i r exclusion a r e s t a t e d before each group of words.

1. Words t h a t conta in both Tasalog and English elements:

kabolthan (bo l t [ v o l t ] + ka-...-han)

kaampiran (ampir [ampere] + ka-...- an)

maga-apendiks (apendiks [appendix])

2 . Words t h a t a r e obviously English- o r Spanish-derived:

karbad (carb ide)

a s ido k l o r a t ( c h l o r i c acM)

k l o r a t ( ch lo ra te )

3. Words, t he roo t s and a f f i x e s of which a r e Tagalog, but which connote s t r ange , vague, o r ambiguous meanings which a r e a l r eady r a t h e r remote from t h e meanings of t h e English t e m s :

tunugan 'acoust ics '

laman-kainin 'carnivorous'

A Technical Lexicon of Pi l ipino 85

pagkapukpukin 'malleabil i ty '

panandaan 'algebra ' pa l i t i n 'commutative'

larawan-pintig 'cardiograph'

4. Words that can be c lass i f ied e i t he r a s CT or CD:

dalubsakit-babae (dalubhasa ma sak i t ng babae) - - - Table 5 shorn the t o t a l number of responses with the corresponding

percentage for each of the d i f fe ren t types of indigenous terms i n each of the four disciplines. The data a r e a lso interpreted graphically (Figure 3) from which i t can be seen tha t CT is eas i ly the most preferred among the four types. AT, V, and CD received very low rat ings such tha t they can eas i ly be lumped in to a group of the ' l e a s t preferred'.

TABLE 5

SUMARY OF RESPONSES ON TIlE INDIGENOUS TERMS I N THE FOUR

DISCIPLINES SUBCLASSIFIED INTO FOUR TYPES

Subclass- D i s c i p l i n e s Average i f i c a t i o n Percen-

B I 0 CBE PEY HAT tage

Cur r e n t 90 112 - 81 74 Tagalog qtd 37.50 300 37.33 240 33.75 30.83 34.85

Archaic 7 - 36 3 - 55 a 11.67 -

Tagalog 240 15-00 60 5.00 540 10.19 10.47

Vernacular 7 13 3 *, - W 21.67 -

60 11.67 60 5-00

Coined o r 97 60 - 60 - 30 Derived 720 13.47 360 16.67 660 9.09 7.14 11.59

Tota l no. of responses Formula: Percentage - 60 x no. of items x 100 where 60 is t h e t o t a l num-

ber of respondents.

*No opt ions taken from t h e vernaculars a r e included i n the ques t ionnai re .


FIGURE 3

GRAPAIC COMPARISON OF RIE RESPONDENTS' PREFERENCES

ON TEE POUR TWES OF INDIGENOUS TERMS

BIO (BE m MAT

Legend: = Current Tag 0- Vernacular

0 - Archaic Tag @= Coined/Derived


These da ta s t rong ly i n d i c a t e t h a t of t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s mentioned i n t h i s s e c t i o n , CT should be t h e p r inc ipa l source of terms f o r t h e l e x i c a l e labora t ion of P i l ip ino . I n o ther words, P i l i p i n o , being Tagalog-based, should n a t u r a l l y draw words c h i e f l y from i ts base. The o the r sources may be resor ted t o only a f t e r has f a i l e d t o provide the needed tems. Since t h i s is d ic t a t ed by popular choice, and not by mere f i a t of government a u t h o r i t i e s , t he re should be no objec t ion t o t h i s mode which apparent ly has a t a i n t of purism i n i t . What would be objec t ionable i s a u n i l a t e r a l determination and imposition by, say, a governmental a r b i t e r . A t t he same time, t h e a r b i t r a r y r e t r i e v a l of 'dead' Tagalog words and a f f i x e s and handpicking of words from the Phi l ippine vernaculars , a s w e l l a s the coining o r deriving of terms, a r e p o s s i b i l i t i e s thq t should be resor ted t o only with utmost r e s t r a i n t .

Table 6 shows the r e s u l t f o r MED, which i s analyzed sepa ra te ly here f o r reasons s t a t ed earlier. Note t h e inc lus ion he re of Eup and Tab terms which were not taken up i n the preceding d iscuss ions .

It should f i r s t be pointed out before i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e t a b l e tha t the percentage obtained by CT is not t o be campared with t h e rest because of the na ture of e n t r i e s i n t h e quest ionnaire. It w i l l be r eca l l ed t h a t . unl ike those used f o r BIO , CHE, PRY, and MAT, t h e indigenous terms used f o r MED (No.1-16, 20) were not drawn from t h e Mugnayin book. Furthermore, the AT, CD, Eup and Tab tems r e f e r only t o sexual terms included i n numbers 1 7 , 18, and 19, s p e c i f i c a l l y a s follows: AT - e, kaluban; CD - punlay; Eup - kabahagi; Tab - titi, k i k i , tamod. ---


SUMARY OF REPONSES ON ME INDIGENOUS TgRHS

I N MED SUECLASSIFIED INM FOUR TYPES

Subclass- No. of Respolures i Percen- i f icat ion No. of Items x 60 tage

Current - 363 43.21 Tagalog 840

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Archaic Taealog

Coined or Derived

Euphemistic

Taboo

Formula: Percentage - Total no. of responses x 1@~ No. of items x 60 &ere 60 i s the total number of respondents.

90 A ~ e c h n i c a l Lexicon of P i l i p i n o

Note that tunod and kaluban can a l s o be c l a s s i f i e d a s Eup, but t h i s researcher decided t o c l a s s i f y them a s AT because they a r e no longer known t o t h e major i ty of t h e present generat ion. (Only 2 out of 43 second year s tuden t s i n t h e Ph i l ipp ine Normal College s a i d t h a t they understood these words .)

The d a t a , t he re fo re , may be in t e rp re t ed a s fol lows:

The high percentage obtained by CT (43.21%) i n MED corrobora tes t h e r e s u l t i n a s epa ra t e a n a l y s i s f o r t h e four o the r d i s c i p l i n e s where CT a l s o e a s i l y came out a s t h e 'most p re fe r r ed ' over t h e o the r types ( see Table 5). This percentage is higher than any of t h e percentages obtained by CT i n B I O , CNE, PAI, and MAT. This phenomenon is not hard t o understand, s ince MED is a profess ion t h a t i s e s s e n t i a l l y i n f requent and c l o s e contac t wi th the people, not the l e a s t t h e masses. Unlike a b i o l o g i s t , a chemist, a p h y s i c i s t , o r a mathematician, a physician o r surgeon has t o use t e m s t h a t a r e e a s i l y understood by h i s p a t i e n t s , i f he is t o succeed i n t h e p r a c t i c e of h i s profession. In f a c t , one problem t h a t r e a l l y bothers a medical p r a c t i t i o n e r i s how he can communicate and maintain rapport with h i s p a t i e n t s , e s p e c i a l l y on top ic s t h a t p e r t a i n t o sex. A medical p r a c t i t i o n e r engaged i n information disseminat ion on family planning, f o r i n s t ance , f i n d s i t r e a l l y d i f f i c u l t t o communicate with h i s Pilipino-speaking c l i e n t s through English. But i f he s h i f t s t o P i l i p i n o , another problem confronts him: How can he d i scuss sex with h i s c l i e n t s without being branded 'bas tos ' (ill-mannered) o r 'walang modo' (uncultured)?

This i s t h e reason why t h i s researcher decided t o include a few samples of euphemistic and taboo t e m s f o r sex t o f ind o u t , a s an a n c i l l a r y s tudy, how t h e respondents would r eac t t o them. The CD term punlay (< punla ng buhay) of the Lupon was a l s o included t o f ind out how t h e respondents would r eac t t o t h i s kind of l e x i c a l e l abora t ion p o s s i b i l i t y with regard to sex.

The r e s u l t i n d i c a t e s t h a t , on mat te rs per ta in ing t o sex , euphemism and coining a r e prefer red by t h e respondents over t h e o ther opt ions. The taboo terms a r e among the ' l e a s t p re fe r r ed ' . The o the r terms (kaluban ' shea th , scabbard' and tuned 'young, unopened banana l e a f ' ) did not f a r e a s well a s kabahagi and gunlay poss ib ly because they a r e more recognizable a s a rcha ic r a t h e r than euphemistic.

From t h i s r e s u l t , t h e inference may be made, although admit tedly t e n t a t i v e because of t h e scanty number of i tems and respondents used i n t h e survey, t h a t r e s o r t i n g t o euphemisms, p a r t i c u l a r l y with re ference to sex , i s s t i l l very much p a r t of P i l i p i n o c u l t u r e . The Maugnayin term punlay received a high r a t i n g (most p re fe r r ed , 55.00%) perhaps because of i t s euphonious sound; i . e . , i t i s pleasing t o t h e e a r and a t t h e same time g ives an i m e d i a t e c lue t o t h e intended taboo term i n s p i t e of the f a c t t h a t t h e way i t was coined can not be accepted a s ord inary s ince punl and 9 a r e not morphemes taken from t h e stem punla and buhay, r e spec t ive ly . The s t rong f a c t o r f o r i t s acceptance, i t would seem, is a e s t h e t i c cons idera t ion .


This kind of coinage is reminiscent of some of t h e coinages i n the English language. The term splurge , f o r example. which is an onomatopoetic word, was derived from '&ash + 8 9 ' ; o r smog, which is picturesque, came from ' e k e + fog ' . (Webster's New World Dict ionary 197'0).

F ina l ly , i t might be r eca l l ed t h a t i n Sect ion 5.2, S-2 and E-1 were shown t o be 'ccmpeting' a s t h e Lvo 'most p re fe r red ' l e x i c a l e l abora t ion p o s s i b i l i t i e s . That was when CT, which was formally discussed only i n Sect ion 5.3, was not ye t part of the p ic tu re . A coaparison of the average percentages obtained by CT, S-2, and E-1, however, r evea l s t h a t CT e a s i l y edged out t h e o the r two.

On t h e o ther hand, V , E-2, AT, CD, and S-1 came out a s unfavored opt ions c a p a r e d t o the o ther three. It should be pointed o u t , however, t h a t t hese unfavored opt ions a r e not by a l l means t o be discarded i n favor of CT, S-2, and E-1. They s t i l l form pa r t of the subse t of opt ions t h a t a r e t o be resor ted t o when t h e t h r e e most prefer red p o s s i b i l i t i e s f a i l .

5.4 --- W i l l t h e r e be - a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e rence i n t h e p re fe rences of - - respondents i n each of t h e fo l lowing groups on t h e d i f f e r e n t p o s s i b i l i t i z -- of developing a P i l i p i n o s c i e n t i f i c lexicon: Group 1 - College Students , G l l e g e ~ r o f ? s s o r s , and P r a c t i t i o n e r s ; Group 2 - Medicine, Biology. - Chemistry, Physics, &Mathematics; Group 3 - Tagalog8 - and Ron-Tagalogs?

5.4.1 Students , Professors , P r a c t i t i o n e r s

Table 7 sunrmarizes t h e f requencies and proport ions of preferences of the th ree groups of respondents i n t h e d i s c i p l i n e s of BIO, CtlE, PW, and MAT. MED is again excluded from t h e ana lys i s s ince the indigenous terms used i n the ques t ionnai re f o r t h i s d i s c i p l i n e were not taken from t h e Maugnayin book (except i n numbers 17, 18, and 19 where some M terms f o r sex were included).

The da ta show t h a t t h e r e appears t o be a genera l p a t t e r n of p r e f e r q c e s among the t h r e e groups of respondents. This can be seen from Figure 4 where t h e t h r e e l i n e s represent ing t h e ST[ID, PROF, and PRAC groups gene ra l ly fol low t h e same route.

It a l s o appears t h a t a l l t h e th ree groups of respondents opted favorably f o r the E-1 and S-2 option-types and reacted unfavorably t o the E-2, S-1, and M option-types, a s can be seen from the t o t a l frequencies obtained by each.

PREFERENCES OF STUDENTS. PROFESSORS. AND PRACTITIONERS

IN BIO, CAE, PAY, AND MAT*

RespondenZs Option-Types/Percentages Total E-1 - S-1 S-2 M Others

STUD 590 202 104 410 282 12 1600

X 36.88 12.63 6.50 25.63 17.62 .75

PROP 458 214 112 49 7 290 29 1600

X 28.62 13.38 7.00 31.06 18.12 1.81

PBAC 430 243 96 601 209 21 1600

X 26.88 15.19 6.00 37.56 13.06 1.31

Total 1478 659 312 1508 781 62 4800

No. of chosen category Formula: Percentage - Total no. of responses per group x 100

*MED excluded; terms used not from bugnayin.


FIGURE 4

GRAPHIC COMPARISON OF 28E OVERAIL RESPONSES OF

STUDS, PROFS, IWD PRACS IN EACH OF lIlE

FIVE OPTION-TYPES


To f ind out i f t h e r e is a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e preferences of the th ree groups of respondents, t h e c h i square t e s t of independent proport ions was used.

The o v e r a l l r e s u l t of t h e c h i square test (Table 8 ) i n d i c a t e s that t h e r e i s a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e rence i n t h e preferences of t h e t h r e e groups, t h e ~2 being 86.34, h ighly s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .O1 l e v e l . This implies t h a t t h e r e is a s i g n i f i c a n t depar ture from t h e assumed n u l l hypothesis t h a t t h e r e w i l l be no d i f f e rence i n t h e preferences of t h e t h r e e groups of respondents on t h e spec i f i ed p o s s i b i l i t i e s i n t h e l e x i c a l development of P i l i p i n o i n respec t t o sc ience .

Guilford (1965:230-2), however, sugges ts that i n analyzing d a t a of t h i s kind, one has t o look i n t o t h e c h i square value of t h e ind iv idua l rovs t o f ind out which of them may have e n t i r e l y o r mainly caused the s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e rence . Such suggest ion i s adopted i n t h i s ana lys i s .

The da ta on t h e love r po r t ion of Table 8 show f i v e c h i squares i n the l a s t column, one f o r each set of f requencies f o r t h e f i v e types of responses. Each ch i square is obtained by g e t t i n g t h e sum of t h e c e l l values i n t h e row. The f i v e c h i squares a r e then added together t o g e t the o v e r a l l value which i s 86.34.


TABLE 8

RESULT OF CBI SFARE TEST ON TBE PREFBRENCES OF

STUD. PROF, 4ND PBM: GROUPS

Option- Groups Types Total

STUD PROF PBBC

Tot a1 1588 1571 1579 4738

Row 1 (E-1) 18.077 2.098 7.046 28 .I21

Row 2 (E-2) 1.612 -093 2.489 4.194

Row 3 (S-1) .003 .706 -612 1.321

Row 4 (S-2) 18.016 .018 19.282 37.316

Row 5 (M) 1.565 3.721 10.102 15.388

To ta l 39.273 6.636 40.431 86.34

*p < .01 ~2 .99 .8 = t a b l e value


Note t h a t t h e c h i square values that a r e mainly, i f not e n t i r e l y , respons ib le f o r t h e o v e r a l l s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e a r e those of Rows 1 and 4. A look a t t h e ind iv idua l c e l l values i n each of t h e two rows shows t h a t i n Rov 1, t h e c e l l value f o r t h e STUD group (18.088) represent ing t h e i r responses on E-1 opt ions , i s t h e p r i n c i p a l source of t h e s i g n i f i c a n t ch i square value f o r t h a t row - t h e c e l l value f o r t h e STUD group (18.016) represent ing t h e i r responses on S-2, and t h e c e l l va lue f o r t h e PRAC group (19.282) represent ing t h e i r responses a l s o on S-2 opt ions. A l l t hese l a r g e c e l l values have accordingly brought about t h e high s i g n i f i c a n t o v e r a l l c h i square value.

I n each of t h e c e l l va lues s ingled o u t , it may be noted t h a t t h e discrepancy between t h e f e and f o i s r a t h e r l a rge . The STUD group opted more favorably f o r the E-1 opt ions , t h e f e i n t h i s case being 495.370 a s aga ins t t h e f o of 590, or a discrepancy of 94.63 i n favor of observed frequencies . The STUD group's responses on S-2 a l s o show a l a r g e discrepancy between t h e f e and f o but i n an inverse way, the f e being 505.425 a s aga ins t t h e f o of only 410, o r a discrepancy of 95.45 i n favor of expected frequencies .

Looking a t t h e r e a c t i o n of t h e PRAC group, i t is i n t e r e s t i n g t o note t h a t t h e t rend of t h e i r responses is t h e reverse of those of t h e STUD group a s f a r a s t h e S-1 and S-2 opt ions are concerned. Note that i n Bow 4, t h e l a rge c e l l value of 19.282 i n d i c a t e s that t h e PRAC group opted more favorably f o r S-2 and l e s s favorably f o r S-1. The i l l u s t r a t i o n below shows t h e con t ra s t :

STUD 590 (39.92%) 410 (27.19%)

PRAC 430 (29.09%) 601 (39.85%)

The above con t ra s t ing preferences of t h e STUD group, represent ing t h e younger genera t ion , and t h e PRAC group, represent ing the o lde r genera t ion , may be understood i n t h e l i g h t of t h e con t ra s t ing exposure of t h e two groups t o English and Spanish l i n g u i s t i c t r a d i t i o n s . The STUD group has a more l imi ted exposure t o Spanish than t h e PRAC group.

The main ob jec t ive of t h i s s e c t i o n is t o f ind out i f t h e r e is a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e rence i n the preferences of the t h r e e groups of respondents f o r each of the option-types. A t t h i s p o i n t , t h e o b j e c t i v e has not y e t been r ea l i zed s ince t h e preceding d i scuss ion on t h e r e s u l t s of ch i square test does not g ive an accura t e answer t o t h e problem. I n f i n e , t h e use of t h e c h i square t e s t a lone does not t e l l vhether t h e responses of t h e STUD group on the E-1 op t ions , f o r i n s t ance , a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from those of t h e PROF and PRAC groups, nor t h e responses of t h e PROF group from those of t h e PRAC group.


To r e a l i z e the above objec t ive , t he 2-test of independent proport ions was appl ied , using the following formula of Ferguson (1966:176-8):

2 = P1 - P2 P l - proport ion f o r group 1

P2 - proport ion f o r group 2

P = es t ima te of t h e population

proport ion

N l - no. of cases f o r group 1

N2 - no. of cases f o r group 2

The r e s u l t of t h e 2-test (Table 9) r evea l s that t h e proport ions of E-1 and 5-2 responses among the STUD, PROF, and PRAC groups a r e a l l s i g n i f i c a n t except those between PROF and PRAC on E-1. These s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e rences may be in t e rp re ted a s i n d i c a t i v e of an a c t u a l d i f f e r e n c e i n the preferences of t h e t h r e e groups of respondents, while a t t he same t i m e t he re appears t o be a genera l p e t t e r n of preferences among then.

The 2-test was a l s o applied t o t h e 'least p re fe r red ' option-types - E-2, S-1, and M.

The r e s u l t of t h e 2-test (Table 10) r evea l s that t h e proport ions of E-2, S-1, and M responses among t h e STUD, PROF, and PRAC groups a r e not s i g n i f i c a n t . Exceptions, however, a r e t h e proport ions of responses between PROF and PRAC and between PRAC and STUD on M option-types which a r e s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .O1 l e v e l , and between PBAC and STUD on B-2 which is s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l eve l .


RESULT OF TEE 2-TEST OF INDEPENDENT PROPORTIONS

ON E-1 AND S-2 OPTION-TYPES AHCNG STUDENTS,

PROFBSSORS. AND PRACTITIOUERS

f P z r a t i o f P z r a t i o

STLTD 590 .3688 410 .2563 6 PROF 458 .2862 4.9782** 49 7 -3106 3.4079**

PROF 458 .2862 49 7 .3106 6 PRAC 4 30 .2688 1.0991ns 601 .3756 3.8725**

PRAC 4 30 -2688 601 .37 56 6 STUD 590 .3688 6.0697 410 .2563 7.2584**

TABLE 10

RESULT OF TEE 2-TEST OF INDEPENDENT PROPORTIONS ON E-2, S-1, MID

!4 OPTION-TYPES AMONG STUDENTS, PROFESSORS, AND PRACTITIONERS

f P z ratio f P z r a t i o f P z ratio

STUD 202 .I263 104 .0650 282 .I762 6 PROF 214 .I338 .6308 112 .07 .5637 290 .I812 -3691

PROF 214 .I338 112 .07 290 .I812 6 PRAC 243 .I519 1.4632 96 .06 1.1473 209 .I306 3.9449+*

PRM: 243 .I919 96 .06 209 .I306 & STUD 202 .I263 2.0926* 104 .0650 .5842 282 .I762 3.5786**


The above r e s u l t implies t h a t t h e STUD and PROF groups reacted more favorably t o the M terms of t h e NSDB than t h e PRAC group d id . The reason perhaps is t h a t t h e STUD and PROF groups, being composed of school people, a r e canpara t ive ly more exposed to t h e M terms than t h e PRAC group s ince these terms a r e being promoted mostly through t h e schools . A t the same time, i t must be mentioned t h a t t h e favorable r eac t ions of t h e STUD and PROF groups t o M terms were confined t o those t h a t may be sa id t o be a e s t h e t i c a l l y pleasing a u d i t o r i l y o r v i sua l ly .

Note, however, t h a t i n t h e case of t h e propor t ion of E-2 responses between t h e PRAC and STUD groups, t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e i s brought about by only .13 ( Z = 2.0926, p<.95). Nevertheless , s t a t i s t i c a l l y , i t impl ies t h a t t h e PRAC group favors t h e E-2 more than t h e STUD group does. This could have been due t o t h e r e c e p t i v i t y of t h e STUD group t o E-1 opt ions more than that of t h e PRAC group. I n o ther words, a student-respondent who opts f o r the English-sounding opt ions usua l ly p r e f e r s t h e E-1 over t h e E-2 f o r n s more than does a pract i t ioner-respondent a l s o opt ing f o r English-sounding opt ions ( see Table 7) .

I nc iden ta l ly , t h e f ind ing t h a t t h e STUD group f avor s t h e E-1 f o m s more than t h e PROF and PRAC groups do, s t rengthens t h e specu la t ion made by t h i s researcher i n Sec t ion 5.2 t h a t E-1 w i l l become more and more favored a s the years go by, a s long a s t h e mediums of i n s t r u c t i o n i n the schools w i l l continue t o be b i l i ngua l - English and P i l i p i n o - even without regard t o t h e sub jec t taught . It may be r e c a l l e d t h a t i n t h e PNC Study i n 1972, s i x years ago, not even one E-1 term (OX) got included i n t h e list of the 2 0 'most p re fe r r ed ' i tems, and 3 of them (15%) got included i n t h e list of the ' l e a s t p re fe r r ed ' i tems. I n t h e present s tudy, however, 33 E-1 terms (33%) a l r eady got included i n t h e list of t h e 100 'most p re fe r r ed ' i tems, and s i g n i f i c a n t l y , not even one E-1 term (OX) got included i n t h e list of t h e ' l e a s t p re fe r r ed ' i tems. A t t h i s r a t e , t h e specu la t ion could r e a l l y be t h a t i n the years t o cane E-1 terms (English terms wi th no change i n s p e l l i n g ) w i l l more and more g e t i n t o t h e P i l i p i n o s c i e n t i f i c lex icon.

It should, however, be inmediately pointed out t h a t d i f f e r e n t populations and ques t ionnai res were used i n t h e PNC and i n t h e present study. The above observat ion, t h e r e f o r e , regarding t h e rise of E-1 terms i n t h e rank of preferences should be regarded a s merely i n d i c a t i v e of a poss ib le t rend t h a t needs formal v e r i f i c a t i o n .

5.4.2 MED, BIO , CHE, PAY, and MAT ------ Table 11 sumaarizes the preferences of the f i v e groups of

respondents i n MED, B I O , CEE, PHY, and MAT. This t i m e W D is included i n the a n a l y s i s s i n c e t h e comparison i s among t h e f i v e d i s c i p l i n e s of sc ience covered by t h e survey.

TABLE 11

PREFERENCES OF RESPONDENTS IN MED, BIO, CEIE, PRY, AND MAT

Disciplines Elaboration Possibilities/Percentages Total E-1 E-2 S-1 S-2 MI I* Others

BIO 335 140 116 379 212 18 1200

CHE 429 120 42 357 232 20 1200

MAT 380 227 116 290 130 57 1200

X 31.67 18.92 9.67 24.17 10.83 1.75

Total 1688 744 376 1718 1119 175 5820

No. of chosen category Formula: Total no. of responses per group x 100 = Percentage

*I is the cover symbol used for the indigenous terms used in MED; the terms not taken from the Maugnayin book; 378 represents the total number of responses for I terms.

**Nos. 17. 18. and 19 in MED excluded.

1 0 2 A Technical Lexicon of Pilipino

FIGURE 5

W P B I C COMPARISON OF TEE PREFERENCES OF RESPONDERTS

I N m, BIO, E m, Am MAT

Legend: A - m- PW 0 = BIO a- HeT 8 - CHE


Figure 5, a graphic r ep resen ta t ion of Table 11, shows t h a t t h e r e is a l s o an observable genera l p a t t e r n i n t h e preferences of the respondents i n the f i v e d i s c i p l i n e s . I n Sect ion 5.4, where t h e preferences of the STUD, PROF, and PRAC were c a p r e d , t h i s researcher pointed out t h a t t h e r e appears t o be a c lose 'competition' between the two most prefer red option-types - E-1 and S-2 - with S-2 having a s l i g h t edge over E-1. The same 'competition' is a l s o d i sce rn ib le i n this p a r t i c u l a r data. The only devia t ions from t h e p a t t e r n appear t o be t h e following:

F i r s t , t he re i s a caslparatively high percentage r a t i n g obtained by S-2 i n PAY (40.15%). The deviance i n PEY was a l r eady pointed out i n Sect ion 5.1 a s being i n an inverse manner where E-1 obtained a comparatively very low percentage r a t i n g because 5-2 was ev iden t ly t h e choice of the major i ty of respondents. This unusual r e s u l t could have been brought about by the very na tu re of the items bsed. It was too late f o r t h i s researcher t o r e a l i z e that f i v e out of the 20 items had an i d e n t i c a l noun-forming s u f f i x - &. Ordinar i ly , t h i s formative ending which denotes ' science ' o r ' s tudy' is ass imi la ted i n t o P i l i p i n o by way of the Spa -ica -s respel led a s -ika - t o conform t o the Abakada, as i n matuatika 'mathematics', l inggwis t ika ' l i n g u i s t i c s ' , e t c .

The f i v e English terms with t h e i r corresponding S-2 forms which were the popular choices of t h e respondents a r e shorn below:

English P i l i p i n o

physics p i s ika (< Spa f i s i c a )

acous t i c s akus t ika (< Spa a c u s t i c a )

dynamics dinaaika (< Spa dinamica)

o p t i c s opt ika (< Spa o p t i c a )

thermodynamics termodinamika (< Spa temodinamica)

This case of ove r s igh t , however, br ings i n t o focus one i n t e r e s t i n g aspect of borrowing English terms by way of Spanish. For one d i f f i c u l t y that a r i s e s i n borrowing an English term i s when its a f f i x (or a f f i x e s ) does not have a r egu la r correspondence i n Spanish a f f i x e s . This supposed ' v i a Spanish' manner of borrowing a l s o occurred i n the o ther English a f f i x e s (supra , pp.124 e t seq.).

Second, t h e r e i s a comparatively high percentage r a t i n g obtained by I (indigenous) terms i n WD a s compared t o those i n o the r d i s c i p l i n e s . The comparison, however, may not be tenable s i n c e t h e I terms used i n MED vere not Maugnayin. It should be pointed out t h a t t h e M terms used i n the study were mostly CD (CoinedIDerived) with some CT (Current Tagalog), AT (Archaic Tagalog), and V (Vernacular) terms added.


To f ind out i f t h e r e is a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n the preference of the f i v e groups of respondents, t h e c h i square test w a s aga in used.

The ove ra l l r e s u l t of the c h i squnre test (Table 12) s t rong ly ind ica te s t h a t the re i s a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e rence i n t h e preferences of the f i v e groups, t h e ~2 being 509.13, h ighly s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .O1 l e v e l . Even the f i v e ch i square values (see column 5) f o r t h e ind iv idua l r o w a r e a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t . The c e l l s t h a t are p r i n c i p a l l y respons ib le f o r t h e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e rence can be e a s i l y noted. Thus, f r a among t h e f i v e r o w , it is the c h i square f o r the f i f t h row (H/I responses) that haa cont r ibuted i a e n s e l y t o t h e s ign i f i cance of t h e d i f f e rence , with t h e cell value of t h e MID group (192.87) a s the chief source of the h ighly s i g n i f i c a n t d i f ference .

This means that t h e discrepancy between the f e and f o f o r t h e 1BD group i s except ional ly la rge . looking a t t h e a c t u a l f igu res , we f ind t h a t the W D group opted more favorably f o r the I opt ions , t he f e being only 187.72 a s aga ins t t he f o of 378, r e s u l t i n g i n a Large discrepancy of 190.28.

The strong preference shown by the WD group f o r t h e I terns does not come a s a s u r p r i s e because, as a l r eady discussed i n Sect ion 5.3. M D , unlike the o the r four d i s c i p l i n e s o r f i e l d s , p e r t a i n s t o a profess ion that i s i n c lose contact with t h e people, not t h e l e a s t with t h e masses.


TABLE 12

RESULT OF THE CHI SQUARE TEST ON TBE PREFERENCES OF

MeD, BIO, , PHY, AND MAT GROUPS

Prefer- Groups Total ences

M D BIO (BE PBY MAT

- -~ - - - - - ~ -

Tota l 94 7 1182 1180 1193 1143 5645

Row 1 18.91 .96 16.43 1.45 4.27 42.02

Row 2 12.70 1.60 8.11 1.39 38.69 62.49

Row 3 .O1 17.64 17.04 21.63 20.88 77.20

Row 4 21.22 1.03 .01 38.95 9.62 70.83

Row 5 192.87 2.12 .02 20.42 41.16 256.59

Tota l 245.71 23.35 41.61 83.84 114.62 509.13


Cer ta in preferences gave rise t o l a rge discrepancies between expected frequencies and observed frequencies. Thus, i n Row 2 , t h e value 38.69 corresponding t o the E-2 options prefer red by the HAT group is a l s o r e l a t i v e l y high, implying t h a t t h e r e is l i k v i s e a l a r g e discrepancy between f e and f o i n favor of the l a t t e r . The da ta show t h a t the UAT group gave favorable responses t o the E-2 options a s canpared t o the responses of the o ther groups. Similar ly, i n Row 4, t h e value 38.95 corresponding t o t h e S-2 options prefer red by the PHP group is a l s o high. The da ta i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e PHY group opted more favorably f o r t h e S-2 options a s c a p a r e d t o t h e o the r groups' responses. The reason f o r t h i s has been discussed e a r l i e r i n t h i s sec t ion . Again, i n Row 5, t h e value 41.16 t h a t corresponds t o the H opt ions prefer red by t h e MAT group is a l s o high. This time, a s may be seen f r a the d a t a , t he MAT group responded less favorably t o t h e H opt ions a s ccmpared t o the o ther groups. This could have been a converse r e a c t i o n of the M T group which apparent ly should be expected i n the face of t h e i r more favorable response t o t h e E-2 opt ions a s caupared t o those of t h e o the r groups.

To f ind out which among t h e f i v e groups d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n t h e i r preferences i n each of the options, t he 2- tes t of independent proport ions was again used.

TABLE 13

RESULT OF THE 2-TEST ON EACH OF THE E-1, S-2, AND M / I RESPONSES

BY THE HED, B I O , CBE. PHY, AND MAT GROUPS

P a i r s E-1 S-2 M/ I 1 P z r a t i o f P z ratio f P z r a t i o

HED 210 .2059 210 .2059 378 .3706 6 BIO 335 .2792 3.9992** 379 .3159 5.8503** 212 .I767 10.3069**

HED 210 .2059 210 .2059 378 .3706 6 CHE 429 .3575 7.8624** 357 .2975 4.9322** 232 .I933 9.3261**

PIED 210 .2059 210 . .2059 378 .3706 6 PHY 335 -2783 3.9525** 482 .4017 9.925** 167 .I396 12.9121**

H E 210 .2059 210 .2059 378 .3706 6 MAT 380 .3167 5.8897** 290 .2417 2.0124** 130 .lo83 14.6617**

Pairs S-1 S-2 HI I f P z rat io f P z r a t i o f P z rat io

BIO 335 .2792 37 9 .3158 212 .I767 6 CAE 429 .3575 4.1174** 357 .2975 .9721 ns 232 .I933 1.0472 ns

BIO 335 .2792 379 .3158 212 .I767 6 PAP 334 .2783 ,0492 ns 482 .4017 4.3870** 167 .I396 2.4921*

BIO 335 .27 92 379 .3158 212 .I767 6 MAT 380 .3167 2.0085* 290 .2417 4.0481** 130 .lo83 4.7931**

CHE 429 .3575. 357 .2975 232 .I933 6 MAT 380 .3167 1.9990* 290 .2417 3.0803** 130 .I083 5.8178**

PRI 334 .2783 482 .4017 167 .I392 6 MAT 380 .3167 2.0575* 290 .2417 8.3903** 130 .lo83 2.2985* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *p < .05 **p < .O1


It can be seen from Table 1 3 t h a t except f o r t h r e e 2 ' s ( those with double bar marks), a l l a r e s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 o r .O1 l e v e l . Again, i t i s i n the responses of the MED group t o t h e I opt ions (cf c h i square t e s t . Table 12) t h a t the 2 ' s a r e ccnnparatively h igh , implying that t h e r e is r e a l l y a l a r g e discrepancy i n the responses t o the I terms between the HHD group and any of t h e four o ther groups.

5.4.3 TAG and RTG Groups --- Table 14 sumnarizes t h e preferences of t h e TAG and NTG respondents.

The accompanying graph (Figure 6) shows a s t rong i n d i c a t i o n t h a t the re i s a l s o a pa t t e rn of preferences between t h e two groups s i m i l a r t o those found i n the preceding d iscuss ions f o r t h e two other groups. That i s t o say, t o the TAG and NTG groups, S-2 and E-1 a l s o came out t o be t h e i r 'most prefer red ' option-types, S-2 being s l i g h t l y favored over E-1 with a frequency d i f f e rence of only 30. The M/I, E-2 and S-1 option-types, a s usual , came out a s ' l e a s t p re fe r red ' i n that order. Once more, the M/I opt ions fared b e t t e r here because of the favorable r e a c t i o n of the HED group t o the I terns .

The c h i square test was a l s o applied t o determine whether or not the re is a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e rence i n t h e preferences of t h e two groups of respondents.

TABLE 14

PREFERENCES OF THE TAG AND NTG RESPONDENTS IN THE

FIVE SCIENCE DISCIPLINES*

Groups Option-Types/Percentages Total E-1 E-2 S-1 5-2 M/I** Others

TAG 805 430 154 870 571 84 2914

X 27.63 14.76 5.28 29.86 19.60 2.88

NX 883 314 222 84 8 588 51 2906

X 30.39 10.81 7.64 29.18 20.23 1.75

Total 1688 744 376 1718 1159 135 5820

No. of chosen category Formula: Percentage - Total no. of responses per group x 100

*Nos. 17, 18. and 19 in MED excluded.

**I is the cover symbol used for the indigenous terms used in MED; the terms were not taken from the Maugnayin book.

A Technical Lexicon of P i l ip ino 111

FIGURE 6

GRAPHIC COMPARISON OF THE PREPEBENCES OF

TAG AND NTG RESPONDENTS

Legend: 0- TAG

A= hTG


TABLE 15

BESULT OF TBE CEI SQUARE TEST ON TEE BESPOBSES

OF TAG AND MTG GROUPS

Option- Types

Groups TAG WTG

Tota l

Tota l 2830 2855 5685

Row 1 (E-1) 1.482 1.469 2.951

Row 2 (E-2) 9.603 9.518 19.121

Row 3 (S-1) 5.879 5.828 11.707

Row 4 (S-2) .955

Row 5 ( M l I ) .061

Total 17.08 16.925 34.009


The o v e r a l l r e s u l t of t h e c h i square t e s t (Table 15 ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e is a l s o a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e preferences of t h e two groups, t h e ~2 being 34.009, s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .O1 l e v e l . Note, however, t h a t t h e ~ 2 ' s 19.121 and 11.707 f o r Rows 2 (E-2) and 3 (S-1). r e spec t ive ly . r e a d i l y s tand out a s t h e main sources of t h e s f g n i f i c a n t w e r a l l c h i square. The l a rge va lues i n a l l f o u r c e l l s i n t h e s e two rows s i g n a l t h a t t h e r e a r e equa l ly l a rge d iscrepancies i n t h e f e and f o f o r E-2 and S-1 among both t h e TAG and Nn; respondents.

The two s i g n i f i c a n t ch i squares may be a t t r i b u t a b l e t o the following: The TAG group opted favorably f o r t h e E-2 op t ions , t h e f e being only 370.364 a s aga ins t t h e f o of 430, o r a d i f f e r e n c e of 59.636 i n favor of observed frequency. The r e a c t i o n of t h e IVl'G, on t h e o t h e r hand, is the reverse of t h a t of t h e TAG groups - t h e f o is only 314 whereas the f e i s 373.636, o r a d i f f e rence a l s o of 59.636 i n favor of expected frequency. Fur the r , t h e r eac t ions of t h e two groups t o t h e S-1 opt ions i s t h e reverse of t h e i r r eac t ions t o E-2 -- t h e TAG group responding l e s s favorably, the f e being 167.173 a s aga ins t t h e f o of only 154, o r a discrepancy of 23.173 i n favor of expected frequency; t h e NTG group responding more favorably, t h e f e being 188.827 as aga ins t t h e f o of 222, o r a discrepancy of 23.173 i n favor of observed frequency.

These r e s u l t i n g d iscrepancies between t h e f e and t h e f o of t h e two ' l e a s t prefer red ' option-types -- E-2 and S-1 -- could have a r i s e n from the very na tu re of t h e responses of t h e two groups on t h e two 'most p re fe r r ed ' option-types -- E-1 and S-2.

The above observat ions imply t h a t t h e TAG group has t h e tendency t o r e s p e l l borrowed terms according t o t h e Abakada r ega rd le s s of whether they a r e Spanish- o r English-sounding. The NTG group, on t h e o t h e r hand, has t h e tendency t o r e t a i n t h e o r i g i n a l s p e l l i n g of borrowed terms.

A s t o why t h e TAG group p r e f e r s t h e 'abakadized' s p e l l i n g more than t h e NTG group does, t h i s could perhaps be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e TAG group is more exposed, by reason of l i n g u i s t i c proximity, t o the INL's inf luence .

It should be mentioned a t t h i s s t a g e , however, t h a t E-2 and S-1, which have brought about t h e s i g n i f i c a n t o v e r a l l ch i square value, a r e t h e cons i s t en t ' l e a s t p re fe r r ed ' option-types i n a l l the ana lyses i n t h i s study. I n f a c t , i f t h e ~2 va lues of t h e t h r e e rows a r e sumed up, excluding t h e E-2 and S-1 rows, t h e r e s u l t i n g ~2 value w i l l not be s i g n i f i c a n t (2.951 + . lo8 + .I22 - 3.181).

The impl ica t ion of these da ta would seem t o be t h a t t h e TAG and NTG dichotomy i s not a f a c t o r t o reckon with i n connect ion with t h e e l abora t ion of the t echn ica l lexicon of P i l i p i n o i n the f i e l d s under i n v e s t i g a t i o n , considering t h a t t h e r e i s e s s e n t i a l l y no d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e i r preferences i n the 'most p re fe r r ed ' option-types. In f a c t , t h e proport ions of responses between the two groups a r e separated only by a very n e g l i g i b l e d i f f e r e n c e of .44%. The non-significance is confirmed by t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of a Z-test on the two proport ions ( see formula on page 151), t h e r e s u l t of which is 2.32, p<.Ol.


F ina l ly , t h e impression that t h e TAGS a r e inc l ined t o propagate a na t iona l language t h a t is p u r i s t i c Tagalog (supra, pp.22 et seq.) is not supported by t h e da ta i n t h i s study. I n f a c t , t h e t o t a l responses of the Nn: group f o r the MI1 terms (588, o r 20.23%) were even higher than those of the TAG group (571. o r 19.60%).

5.5 -- Are t h e English (Questionnaire A) and P i l i p i n o (Questionnaire 2 -- t e x t s used i n t h e survey context-sensi t ive? ----

Table 16 s u m a r i z e s the frequencies and proport ions of the 300 respondents, one-half of whom used Questionnaire A (English t e x t ) and the o ther half Questionnaire B ( P i l i p i n o t e x t ) . A s s t a t e d i n Sect ion 4.3 under methodology, two sets of ques t ionnai res were devised f o r the survey as a safeguard i n respect t o poss ib le context -sens i t iv i ty .

Figure 7, a graphic r ep resen ta t ion of Table 16, show t h a t t h e r e is again a general p a t t e r n i n t h e responses of t h e two groups. S-2 a s usual obtaining the highest frequency, followed c lose ly by E-1. I n t h i r d pos i t ion , again , is M/I, while E-2 and S-1 a r e once more i n poor four th and f i f t h pos i t ions , respect ive ly .

TABLE 16

RESULT OF ZltE CHI SQUARE TEST ON CONTEXT SENSITIVITY OF ME

ZWO TYPES OF @JESTIONNAIRES USED

Question- n a i r e s

Option-Types Total E-1 E-2 S-1 S-2 M/ I

B f o 753 413 175 858 632 283 1 ( P i l i p i n o )

fe 835.13 369.84 186.91 858.00 581.11

Tota l f o 1680 744 376 1726 1169 5695 -

Row 1 (Q-A) 7.98 4.98 .75 .00 4.41 18.12

Row 2 (Q-B) 8.08 5.04 .76 .00 4.46 18.34

Note: Responses f o r 'Others ' (Q-A = 46; Q-B - 79) a r e excluded from the computation.

116 A Technical Lexicon of Pilipino

TABLE 17

PERCENTAGE OF RESPONSES IN EACH OF TEE FIVE OPTIONS

BY THE TWO GROUPS - ENGLISH AND PILIPINO

Question- Option-Types Total naire E-1 E-2 S-1 5-2 M/ I 0

A 31.86 11.37 6.91 29.83 18.45 1.58 100 (English)

B 25.88 14.19 6.01 29.49 21.72 2.71 100 (Pilipino)

FIGURE 7

GRAPHIC CQMPARISON OF RESPONSES ON FIVE LEXICAL

ELABORATION OPTION-TYPES BETWEEN

QUESTIONNAIRES A MID B

Legend :

0 - Q-A A = Q-B


To f ind out i f t h e r e is a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e between the responses of t h e two groups, t h e c h i square test was again used. The r e s u l t (Table 16) shows t h a t the o v e r a l l X2 value is 36.45, s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .O1 l e v e l . The two ~ 2 ' 8 , 18.12 and 18.34 ( s e e l a s t column), obtained by g e t t i n g the sum of t h e c e l l values i n each row, a r e a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t .

An ana lys i s of the indiv idual cell values i n each of t h e two rows, however, reveals t h a t i t is t h e c e l l s t h a t correspond t o the respondents ' reac t ion t o E-1, E-2, and M/I option-types t h a t a r e mainly respons ib le f o r the r e s u l t i n g s i g n i f i c a n t c h i square values.

The l a rge values i n a l l t h e s i x c e l l s i n t h e two rows s igna l that there a r e l a rge d iscrepancies between t h e f e and the f o f o r E-1, E-2, and M / I i n both the two groups of respondents that used t h e English and P i l i p i n o quest ionnaires .

Cmparing t h e f requencies (and corresponding proport ions) obtained on each of t h e option-types by t h e two groups, c e r t a i n observat ions can be made a s shown below:

For the E-1 opt ions , Group A responded more favorably a s compared t o Group B, implying that the P i l i p i n o t e x t exerted inf luence upon t h e manner of s p e l l i n g the borrowed English terms. In o ther vords, the consistency of t h e P i l i p i n o orthography may be s a i d t o have influenced t h e respondents t o r e s p e l l t he English terms t o conform t o t h e Abakada.

To f ind out i f t h e proport ions of t h e responses between the two groups i n each of the above-mentioned option-types i s s i g n i f i c a n t , t he Z-test of independent proport ions was again used. The r e s u l t i s shown belov:

Z value 4.797* 1.1477 1.2744 .00004 3.3377*

*p < .01

118 A Technical Lexicon of Pilipino

The result of the Z-test shows that the differences in the responses of Groups A and B to both E-1 and M/I options are significant at the .O1 level. It may thus be concluded that both the English and Pilipino questionnaires are context-sensitive. The use of the two sets of questionnaires is then justified inasmuch as it can be deduced from the data that the context-sensitivity of one set of questionnaires is somehow counteracted by the context-sensitivity of the other. In other words, the influence of the text in the responses of the respondents is neutralized, each set cancelling out the context-sensitivity of the other.

studies in philippine linguistics...a technical lexicon of pilipino 67 5.1.2 there is a eonsiderably...

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