studies on flowering, fruiting and yield attribute ...study from starting of observation to the end...

International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

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Volume 6 Issue 2, February 2017 www.ijsr.net

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Studies on Flowering, Fruiting and Yield Attribute Characters of Phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis D.C.)

FruitsKrishna Kumar Mishra1, Bhagwan Deen2

1Research Scholar, Department of Horticulture, N.D.U.A. & T, Kumarganj, Faizabad

2Professor, Department of Horticulture, N.D.U.A. & T, Kumarganj, Faizabad

Abstract: The present investigation entitled “Studies on flowering, fruiting and yield attributing characters of phalsa (Grewiasubinaequalis D.C.) fruits” was carried out at Main Experiment Station, Department of Horticulture, Narendra Deva University ofAgriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) during the year 2012-13 and data were analyzed using Randomized BlockDesign (R.B.D.). The experiment was conducted Under the experiment flowering and fruiting behavior of phalsa plant was studied forlength of current season shoot, number of leaves per shoot, Number of leaves per shoot bearing axillary flower buds, number of flowerbuds per shoot, number of flower buds open fruit setting, average fruit weight, volume of fruit and specific gravity which were foundsignificantly. The date of observations was started from 17 March 2013 and thereafter data were recorded at 8 days intervals till the endof experiment. It was found that the phalsa fruit borne on the current season shoots as well as number of leaves on shoots increasedduring flowering and fruiting. Under Northern Indian conditions phalsa flowering started from mid of March and completed at end ofApril.

Keywords: Flowering, Fruiting,Yield, phalsa, Fruits

1. Introduction

Phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis D.C.) is one of the important minor fruit of India, which belongs to family Tilliaceae. The family Tilliaceae has about 41 genera and 400 species. It is a subtropical fruits, which is also known as star apple. It isknown by different vernacular names in different parts ofcountry for example Dhamini in Bengali, Phalsa in Punjabi and Shurkhi in Hindi. Phalsa plant is indigenous to India, where it is commercially grown in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Besides these states, it is also cultivated on limited scale in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. But no exact area and production are available of this fruit. Phalsa is small bush which bears many small berries like fruits of deep reddish purple colour. The fruits contain 69 to 93% edible part. Ripe phalsa fruits are sub-acidic and good source of vitamin A and E. The chemical composition of phalsa fruit reveals that it contains moisture 80.80 per cent, protein 1.30 per cent, fat 0.90 per cent, carbohydrates 14.7 mg/100g, niacin 0.8 mg/100g, ascorbic acid 22.0 mg/100g and in addition ripe fruit contains 50-60 per cent juice, 8-11 per cent sugars and 2-2.5 per cent acid and are used for making excellent quality of juice and squash. Pruning in phalsa is considered as anessential operation since the fruit buds are found on current season growth to get good yield. Besides, severity ofpruning as well as, the proper time of pruning may also bevery important for improving yield and quality of fruits. Flowering in phalsa starts from February-March and continues till May. Flowers were born on all nodes in the leaf axils of the current season’s growth in the dwarf genotypes. Phalsa has great utility and its own importance and usefulness but its cultivation is restricted and confined to only small scale in a particular area. The main problem inthe phalsa cultivation is the uneven ripening and small

berries and lack of information regarding its flowering and fruiting behaviour.

2. Literature Survey

Phalsa is a hardy fruit plant, well suited for cultivation under adverse climatic condition. Although, fruits are quite nutritive and having medicinal value. The relevant information’s available on growth, development and fruiting of used as base for planning and execution of the present study are reviewed in this chapter under following heads:-Singh and Sharma (1961) found that pruning level 135cmfrom the ground level in Phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.) plant tohighest yield per plant were recorded. Whereas Bajpai et al.(1973) observed in guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv.Allahabad Safeda fruit yield was maximum under 30cmpruning intensity. Ali and Pathak (1991) studied on in a potexperiment, uniform Grewia subinaequalis D.C. seedlings(15 cm height, 8 months old) were planted singly in pots ofsoil having exchangeable Na levels of 9.30%, 15.50%,30.25%, 45.75% and 59.50%. Plant height, stem diameter,number of branches, number of leaves and plant spread wererecorded monthly up to 240 days. Leaves and shoots wereanalysed for N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg and chlorophyll, and rootswere examined at the end of the experiment. Growth wasadversely affected by increasing Na content, and they furtherreported that at 30.25% Na, growth reduction was notmarked, but no plant survived at 59.50%. Leaf N and Naconcentrations increased and leaf P, K, Ca, Mg andchlorophyll concentrations decreased with increasing Nacontent. Abdul et al. (2001) invested on the differentpruning intensities (75, 100, 125 and 150 cm above from theground level) as Factor A and various pruning dates (22December, 07 January, 23 January and 08 February) asFactor-B on the production of phalsa. They further reportedthat pruning levels significantly affected the days taken to

Paper ID: ART20164514 19

shoot, number of leaves per shoot, Number of leaves per shoot bearing axillary flowerof flowerof flowerof buds open fruit setting, average fruit weight, volume of fruitof fruitof and specificobservations was started from 17 March 2013 and thereafter data were recorded at

found that the phalsa fruit borne on the current season shoots as well as number offruiting. Under Northern Indian conditions phalsa flowering started from mid of March

Fruiting,Yield, phalsa, Fruits

Grewia subinaequalis D.C.) is one of the important of the important of India, which belongs to family Tilliaceae. The

family Tilliaceae has about 41 genera and 400 species. It is a subtropical fruits, which is also known as star apple. It is

different vernacular names in different parts in different parts in ofcountry for example Dhamini in Bengali, Phalsa in Punjabi in Punjabi in

Hindi. Phalsa plant is indigenous to India, commercially grown in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar in

Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Besides these states, it is also limited scale in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra in

Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. But no exact area and of this fruit. Phalsa of this fruit. Phalsa of is small bush

which bears many small berries like fruits of deep reddish of deep reddish ofpurple colour. The fruits contain 69 to 93% edible part. Ripe phalsa fruits are sub-acidic and good source of vitamin A of vitamin A of

The chemical composition of phalsa fruit reveals that of phalsa fruit reveals that of

berries and lack of information regarding of information regarding offruiting behaviour.

2. Literature Survey

Phalsa is a hardy fruit plant, well suited for cultivation under adverse climatic condition. Although, fruits are quite nutritive and having medicinal value. The relevant information’s available on growth, development and fruiting on growth, development and fruiting onof used of used of as base for planning and execution study are reviewed in this chapter under following heads:in this chapter under following heads:inSingh and Sharma (1961) foundfrom the ground level in Phalsa (Grewiahighest yield per plant were recorded.(1973) observed in guava (PsidiumAllahabad Safeda fruit yield waspruning intensity. Ali and Pathakexperiment, uniform Grewia subinaequalis





sprouting, flowering, fruit setting, number of branches/plant, and length of branches, number of fruit clusters / plant and weight of clusters. Among different pruning intensities, 100cm pruning gave the maximum number of cluster/ plant and the highest yield/plant (18.41 kg), various pruning dates significantly affected the days taken to sprouting, number ofleaves/branch and number of branches/plant. Comparing toother dates, pruning on 22 December produced maximum number of fruit cluster/ plant and the highest yield/plant (18.17 kg).

3. Materials and Methods

The present investigation entitled “Studies on flowering, fruiting and yield attributing characters of phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis D.C.) fruits” was carried out at Main Experiment Station, Department of Horticulture, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) during the year 2012-13 on 20years old phalsa plants already established in the field. The plants were pruned in last week of February at zero level and the new emerging 3 shoots of current season were marked treatment wise on each plant for investigation. The experimental site is located on the Faizabad, Rae Bareli road at the distance of 42 km away from Faizabad district head quarter. Geographically it is situated at 26-47 0N latitude, 82.12 0E longitude and altitude of 113 meter from mean sea level. The site is located in typical saline-alkaline belt ofindigenous plains of eastern Uttar Pradesh. The observation were recorded for length of current season shoot, number ofleaves per shoot, number of leaves per shoot bearing axillary flower buds, number of flower buds per shoot, number offlower buds open, fruit setting (Nos. /shoot), fruit weight, fruit volume and specific gravity. The date of observations was started on 17 March 2013 using Randomized Block Design (R.B.D.) with three replications at 8 days intervals till the end of experiment. The data were analyzed at 8 days intervals average fruit. Data recorded in respect toparameters were subjected to statistical analysis (Panse and Sukhatme, 1985).

4. Results and Discussions

Data recorded on changes in attributes of phalsa plants inlength of current season shoot are furnished in Table-1. The length of current season shoots was increased continuously during the entire period of observation from March 17, 2013to May 16, 2013. The changes were statistically significant. The flowers initiated up, till the shoots attained 127.53 cmheight. Similar to other fruits bearing on current season shoots, the phalsa shoot also increases with flowering. The results are close conformity with the investigation of Abdul et al. (2001) on different pruning intensity in phalsa plant. Kumar and Ram (2009) also reported such result in ber plants. Whereas, the number of leaves per shoot wascontinuously increased (Table-1.) during entire period ofstudy from starting of observation to the end of observationand the change was significant. This increase The shoot wasbearing 5 leaves on 17.03.2013 when observation wasinitiated and increased to 24 leaves on 16.05.2013 whenexperiment was ended thus it may be concluded that currentseason shoots of phalsa bear flower and fruits with 24leaves, in number of leaves with shoot growth was due to

species characteristic of the phalsa. Intrieri et al. (2009) findsuch result during the investigation on changes in leaf area,fruit setting, yield and bunch morphology of grape vinemade by microvinification and Yadav et al. (2009) reportedmaximum number of shoots leaves and intermodal length ofshoots in phalsa with the soil application of urea+ MOP +FYM + Azotobactor and PSB. Number of leaves bearingaxillary flower buds increased gradually (Table-1.) since theobservation started during mid of March to end of Aprilthereafter initiation of leaves bearing axillary flower stoppedand during the same period number of flower buds increasecontinuously. The findings are in agreement with Meena etal. (2013) in phalsa that flower bud per shoot was increasedsignificantly till end of April during flowering and fruiting.It indicates that under North Indian agro climatic conditionsphalsa flowers from mid of March to end of April whichmight be due to agro climatic effect of Northern India.Flower buds opening were started about one week laterwhen flower buds appear in the axill of leaves and openingwere continue till first week of May. Thus middle of theApril is the peak flowering period of phalsa in North India.Ram et al. (2010) reported similar result with phalsa wherepeak flowering took place in April. Rathore (2010) alsoreported same results. Data recorded on changes in attributesof phalsa plants during flowering and fruiting on fruit settingare furnished in Table-1. The fruits setting was started infirst week of April and continued up till first week of May;however the number of fruits setting was higher duringsecond and third week of April. The fruit setting increasedcontinuously and statistically significant. It may beconcluded from the data that maximum fruits setting takeplace during second and third week of April in phalsa. Thisalso could be due to species characteristics and agro climaticeffects on the phalsa plants. The results are also closeconformity with the study of Pratibha and Lal (2012) in fruitquality of guava and Prakash et al. (2012) also reported thatthe summer pruning of spring flushed bearing shoot ofcurrent season was effective in increasing the production ofsuperior quality fruits in winter guava. Data recorded onchanges during growth in fruit weight of phalsa arepresented in Table-2. Average fruit weight of phalsacontinuously increased with periods and the changes weresignificant. Increase in weight of fruits was recorded till dayof ripening. There was 0.75 g weight of a ripe fruit. Whereasobserved showed on changes in fruit volume during growthand development shown in Table-2. Data showed that thevolume of fruits continued to increase from 0.12 cm3 on thestage of first day of observation to 0.65 cm3 on 32nd day ofobservation then volume of fruits was become constant till40 days as fruits ripen. The increase in volume wasstatistically significant up till 32 days after fruit setting.During the initial period of fruit growth the both weight andvolume increased rapidly. The increase in weight andvolume indicates the accumulation of metabolites and cellelongation in fruits during the period at rapid rate. Thecontinuous increased in both weight and volume of fruithave also been reported in other fruit crops like guavaPatidar et al. (2012), citrus (Zhorg et al. 1991), ber (Pandeyet al. 1990) and four sour cherry Mika et al. (2011). It isclear from the data of Table-2 that the specific gravity offruits during growth and development was continuouslyincreased up till 32 days after fruit setting however duringfirst fortnight specific gravity less than one after that was


years old phalsa plants already established in the field. The in the field. The in last week of February of February of at zero level and at zero level and at

the new emerging 3 shoots of current season were marked of current season were marked ofeach plant for investigation. The each plant for investigation. The each

located on the Faizabad, Rae Bareli road km away from Faizabad district head km away from Faizabad district head km

it is situated at 26-47 0N latitude, E longitude and altitude of 113 meter from mean sea

located in typical saline-alkaline belt in typical saline-alkaline belt in of eastern Uttar Pradesh. The observation

of current season shoot, number of current season shoot, number of ofof leaves per shoot bearing axillary of leaves per shoot bearing axillary of

flower buds per shoot, number offlower buds open, fruit setting (Nos. /shoot), fruit weight, fruit volume and specific gravity. The date of observations of observations of

March 2013 using Randomized Block Design (R.B.D.) with three replications at 8 days intervals at 8 days intervals at

experiment. The data were analyzed at 8 days at 8 days atintervals average fruit. Data recorded in respect in respect in toparameters were subjected to statistical analysis (Panse and

Results and Discussions

changes in attributes of phalsa plants of phalsa plants of in current season shoot are furnished in Table-in Table-in 1. The

were continue till first week ofApril is the peak flowering periodRam et al. (2010) reported similarpeak flowering took place in April.reported same results. Data recordedof phalsa plants during floweringare furnished in Table-1. The fruitsfirst week of April and continuedhowever the number of fruits settingsecond and third week of April.continuously and statisticallyconcluded from the data that maximumplace during second and third weekalso could be due to species characteristicseffects on the phalsa plants. Theconformity with the study of Pratibhaquality of guava and Prakash et al.the summer pruning of springcurrent season was effective in increasingsuperior quality fruits in winterchanges during growth in fruitpresented in Table-2. Averagecontinuously increased with periodssignificant. Increase in weight ofof ripening. There was 0.75 g weightobserved showed on changes in fruit





increased to 1.03 when fruits ripened. The increasing inspecific gravity might be due to accumulation of more metabolites resulting higher weight at faster rate than increase in the volume. The continuous increase in specific gravity of fruit has also been noted in guava Singh (2012) and in ber fruits Kumar and Ram (2009).

5. Conclusion

Hence it can be concluded form the first experiment conducted to study the flowering and fruiting behaviours ofphalsa plants that phalsa bears on the current season shoots, shoots length as well as number of leaves on shoots increases during flowering and fruiting. Under Northern Indian conditions phalsa flowering starts from mid of March and completed at end of April and middle of April is the peak flowering time whereas fruit setting take place between 1st week of April to 1st week of May and 2nd and 3rd weeks ofApril are the peak fruit setting periods.

6. Future Scope

Fruit growing is one of the important and age old practices, practiced in India since ancient times. Cultivation of fruit crops plays an important role in overall status of the mankind and the nation. The standard of living of the people of a country is depending upon the production and per capita consumption of fruits. Fruit growing have more economic advantages.

References

[1] Abdul, G.; Waseem, K; and Ali, H.S. Growth and yield response of phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.) to various pruning intensities and dates. Pakistan Journal ofForestry, 51 (2): 49-61. (2001).

[2] Intrieri, C.; Filippetti, I.; Allegro, G.; Valentini, G.;Seghetti, L. and Poni, S. Pre-flowering defoliation ofvines improves the grape and the wine.Defogliare lavite in pre-fioritura migliora l'uva e il vino. InformatoreAgrario., 65(14): 49-53. (2009).

[3] Kumar, S. and Ram, S. N. Performance of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) based hortipastoral system as influenced by pruning intensities, pastures and weather. Indian Journal of Agroforestry., 11(2):14-19. (2009).

[4] Meena, S. M.; Kumar, V. and Ram, R. B. Impact ofINM on growth and yield of phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis D.C.). Environment and Ecology. 31(2B): 898-903. (2013).

[5] Mika, A.; Buler, Z. and Michalska, B. Biology offlowering and fruiting of sour cherry trees grown at high density. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research. 19(1): 123-136. (2011).

[6] Pandey, R. C.; Pathak, R .A. and Pathak, R. K. Physico-chemical changes associated with growth and development of fruit in ber (Zizuphus mauritianaLamk.). Indian J. Hort., 47 (3): 286-290. (1990).

[7] Panse, V.C. and Sukhatme, P.V. Statistical Methods for Agricultural Workers, ICAR, New Delhi. (1985).

[8] Patidar, R.; Singh, R. and Gurjar, P. S. Effect ofphysico-chemical characteristics and yield of guava (Psidium guajava L.) in Vindhya region of Madhya Pradesh. Progressive Horticulture. 44(1): 68-70. (2012).

[9] Prakash, S.; Kumar, V.; Saroj, P. L. and Sirohi, S. C.Response of yield and quality of winter guava toseverity of summer pruning. Indian Journal ofHorticulture. 69(2): 173-176. (2012).

[10] Pratibha and Lal, S. Effect of shoot pruning and different planting systems on vegetative growth, yield and quality of guava cv. Sardar. Asian Journal ofHorticulture., 7(1): 65-71. (2012).

[11] Ram, R. B.; Maurya, D.; Lata, R.; Chaturvedi, S. K. and Rao, Y. Effect of pruning intensity on growth, flowering, fruiting, yield and quality of ber cv. Banarsi Karaka. Indian Journal of Agroforestry., 12(1): 59-61.(2010).

[12] Rathore, A. C. Optimization of canopy management and training systems in phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis Lin) under semi arid zone. Indian Journal of Agroforestry,12 (1): 113-115. (2010).

[13] Singh, G. Influence of pruning intensity and pruning frequency on vegetative and reproductive attributes ofSardar guava. Asian Journal of Horticulture., 7(1): 108-112. (2012).

[14] Yadav, D. K.; Pathak, S.; Yadav, A. L. and Singh, A. K.Effect of integrated nutrient management on vegetative growth and yield of phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis D.C.). Plant Archives., 9(1): 481-48. (2009).

[15] Zhorg, G.Y.; Wu, Y. L. and Ji, Y. Studies on growth offresh weight and volume of citrus fruits. Plant Physiology communications., 21 (5): 340-343. (1991).

Table 1: Changes in phalsa plants during flowering and fruitingDate of

observationLength of currentseason shoot (cm)

Number of leavesper shoot

Number of leaves per shootbearing axillary flower buds

Number of flowerbuds per shoot

Number of flowerbuds open

Fruit setting(Nos/ shoot)

17.03.2013 42.21 5.00 4.00 12.00 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71)24.03.2013 68.57 9.00 8.00 28.00 10.00 0.00 (0.71)01.04.2013 74.40 11.00 10.00 39.00 16.00 9.0007.04.2013 84.22 13.00 12.00 81.00 31.00 42.0014.04.2013 94.75 15.00 13.00 157.00 55.00 126.00

22.04.2013 121.68 20.00 16.00 171.00 39.00 163.00

30.04.2013 127.53 22.00 17.00 172.00 14.00 166.00

08.05.2013 131.88 23.00 0.00 (0.71) 0.00(0.71) 4.00 168.00

16.05.2013 134.40 24.00 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71)SEm± 3.578 0.490 0.116 0.239 0.162 0.240

CD at 5% 10.726 1.470 0.349 0.716 0.485 0.720 Note- In Paranthesis transformed data (Y√X+½)


the important and age old practices, India since ancient times. Cultivation of fruit of fruit of

important role in overall status in overall status in of the of the ofmankind and the nation. The standard of living of living of of the people of the people of

depending upon the production and per capita fruits. Fruit growing have more economic

Abdul, G.; Waseem, K; and Ali, H.S. Growth and yield phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.) to various

pruning intensities and dates. Pakistan Journal of61. (2001).

Filippetti, I.; Allegro, G.; Valentini, G.;Poni, S. Pre-flowering defoliation of

grape and the wine.Defogliare lamigliora l'uva e il vino. Informatore-53. (2009).S. N. Performance of ber (of ber (of Ziziphus

L.) based hortipastoral system as influenced pruning intensities, pastures and weather. Indian

Agroforestry., 11(2):14-19. (2009).

Response of yield and quality of yield and quality ofseverity of summer pruning. of summer pruning. ofHorticulture. 69(2): 173-176. (2012).

[10] Pratibha and Lal, S. Effect different planting systems onand quality of guava cv. Sardar. of guava cv. Sardar. ofHorticulture., 7(1): 65-71. (2012).

[11] Ram, R. B.; Maurya, D.; Lata, R.; Chaturvedi, Rao, Y. Effect of pruning intensity of pruning intensity offlowering, fruiting, yield and quality Karaka. Indian Journal of Agroforestry.,of Agroforestry.,of(2010).

[12] Rathore, A. C. Optimization oftraining systems in phalsa (in phalsa (in Grewia subinaequalisunder semi arid zone. Indian Journal 12 (1): 113-115. (2010).

[13] Singh, G. Influence of pruning intensity and pruning of pruning intensity and pruning offrequency on vegetative and reproductive attributes on vegetative and reproductive attributes onSardar guava. Asian Journal 112. (2012).

[14] Yadav, D. K.; Pathak, S.; Yadav, Effect of integrated nutrient management of integrated nutrient management ofgrowth and yield of phalsa (of phalsa (ofD.C.). Plant Archives., 9(1): 481-

[15] Zhorg, G.Y.; Wu, Y. L. and Ji, fresh weight and volume

http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=97376





Table 2: Showing the result of yield attributes in phalsa fruits Interval (Days) Average fruit weight (g) Volume of fruit (cm3) Specific gravity

1 0.11 0.12 0.918 0.25 0.27 0.9216 0.45 0.46 0.9724 0.57 0.56 1.0132 0.67 0.65 1.0340 0.75 0.65 1.15

SEm± 0.018 0.024 0.027CD at 5% 0.058 0.076 0.085


studies on flowering, fruiting and yield attribute ...study from starting of observation to the end...

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