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BIBLIOGRAPHY ON HIGHER EDUCATION

IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

© by

William Saint THE WORLD BANK

This bibliography focuses on mainly on documents that tend to be publicly available. For the most part, it excludes unpublished conference papers and limited edition reports produced by Ministries of Education or individual universities. It also excludes magazine and newspaper articles, including those in the Chronicle of Higher Education (USA) and the Times Higher Education Supplement (UK), as well as various higher education newsletters. Emphasis is placed on current literature in English from the 1990 – 2004 period. However, important references from earlier periods are also included, as are some publications in French. A separate listing of PhD dissertations and MA theses can be found at the end. A similar bibliography, which can be searched by country or by topic, can be found on the website of the International Network for Higher Education in Africa at:

www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/inhea/index.htm

A AAAS Sub-Saharan Africa Program. 1992. Science in Africa—Innovations in Higher Education. Report on Forum organized by the American Association for the Advancement of Science Sub-Saharan Africa Program. Washington, DC. AAAS Sub-Saharan Africa Program. 1993. Science in Africa—Career Strategies for Graduate Students. Roundtable organized in Boston, MA by the American Association for the Advancement of Science Sub-Saharan Africa Program. Washington, DC: AAAS Sub-Saharan Africa Program. AAAS Sub-Saharan Africa Program. 1993. Science in Africa—Women Leading from Strength. Report on Forum organized by the American Association for the Advancement of Science Sub-Saharan Africa Program. Washington, DC. Washington, DC: AAAS Sub-Saharan Africa Program. AAAS Sub-Saharan Africa Program. 1993. Marketing CD-ROM Services—A Manual for African Research Librarians. Washington, DC: AAAS Sub-Saharan Africa Program. AAAS Sub-Saharan Africa Program. 1995. Enhancing African Coverage in International Databases. Harare, Zimbabwe: AAAS Sub-Saharan Africa Program.

http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/inhea/index.htm

William Saint A Bibliography on Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abagi, Jared O. 1996. “Resource Utilization in Public Universities in Kenya.” Research report. Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities. Abebayhu, Aemero Tekleselassie, and D. Bruce Johnstone. 2004. “Means Testing: The Dilemma of Targeting Subsidies in African Higher Education.” Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 2 (2). Abegaz, Berhanu. 1995. Challenges and Opportunities of International Cooperation. Background paper for the Joint AAU/DAE Colloquium on the University in Africa in the 1990s and Beyond, Lesotho, January 1995. Published by the Association of African Universities, Accra, Ghana. Abegaz, Berhanu and Levey, Lisbeth (eds). 1996. What Price Information? Priority Setting in African Universities. Washington, DC: AAAS Sub-Saharan Africa Program. Abeyayehu, A. 1998. “Problems of Gender Equity in Institutions of Higher Learning in Ethiopia.” In Amare Asgedom et al. (Eds.), Quality Education in Ethiopia: Visions for the 21st Century. Addis Ababa: Institute for Educational Research, Addis Ababa University. Acker, D. G., E. L. McBreen, and S. Taylor. 1998. “Women in Higher Education in Agriculture with Reference to Selected Countries in East and Southern Africa.” Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 5 (1), pp. 13-21. Adam, Lishan. 2003. “Information and Communication Technologies in Higher Edu cation in Africa: Initiatives and Challenges. Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 1 (1): 195-221. Adams, Milton, Ibrahima Bah-Lalya, and Mwenene Mukweso. 1991. "Francophone West Africa." In Philip G. Altbach, ed., International Higher Education: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. Adeya, N. and Oyeyinka, O. 2002. “The Internet and African Universities: Case Studies from Kenya and Nigeria. United Nations University. Retrieved from www.intech.unu.edu Adeyemi, Kola. 2001. “Equality of Access and Catchment Area Factor in University Admissions in Nigeria,” Higher Education, 42, pp. 307-332. Adeyemi, Kola and Nelson Akpotu. 2004. “Gender Analysis of Student Enrolment in Nigerian Universities.” Higher Education, 48:3, pp. 361-378. Adredo, Dejene. 2000. “Human Capital Flight from Africa: An Assessment of Brain Drain from Ethiopia.” In Tapsoba, S. J. M., Kassoum, S. Houenou, P. V., One, B., Sethi, M., and Ngu, J. (eds.), Brain Drain and Capacity Building in Africa. Joint publication of the Economic Commission for Africa, the International Development Research Centre, and the International Organization for Migration. Adubifa, O. Akin. 2001. Towards the Introduction and Application of Information and Communication Technologies in African Universities. Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities. Afemikhe, O. A., S. Peters, and O. J. Adeyinka. 2002. “An Exploration of the University of Botswana Learning Environment.” Research report. Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities.

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http://www.intech.unu.edu/


Afeti, George. 2003. “Promoting Change and Innovation: The Experience of Ho Polytechnic, Ghana.” Paper presented at the Africa regional training conference entitled Improving Tertiary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Things that Work! held in Accra, Ghana on September 23-25, 2003. Retrieved from www.worldbank.org/afr/teia Affa’a, Félix-Marie. 2002. L’Afrique noire face à sa laborieuse appropriation de l’université: les cas du Sénégal et du Cameroun. Québec, Canada: Presses de l’Université Laval. Africa-America Institute and the African Virtual University. 2002. Are African Workers Prepared to Compete in the Global Economy? Symposium of the African Technology for Education and Workforce Development Initiative. New York: Africa-America Institute. Africa Watch. 1990. African Universities: Case Studies of Abuses of Academic Freedom. Report prepared for the CODESRIA Symposium on Academic Freedom, November 1990, Kampala, Uganda. Aguolu, C. C., and I. E. Aguolu. 1998. “Scholarly Publishing and Nigerian Universities.” Journal of Scholarly Publishing, 29 (2), January, pp. 118-129. Aina, Tade Akin. Quality and Relevance: African Universities in the 21st Century. Background paper for the Joint AAU/DAE Colloquium on the University in Africa in the 1990s and Beyond, Lesotho, January 1995. Published by the Association of African Universities, Accra, Ghana. Aina, Tade Akin, Chachage Seithy, L. Chachage and Elisabeth Annan-Yao (eds.). 2004. Globalization and Social Policy in Africa. Dakar, Senegal: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa – CODESRIA. Ajayi, J. F. Ade. 1971. “African Universities and the African Tradition.” East Africa Journal (November), pp. 3-8. Ajayi, J. F. Ade. 1988. The American Factor in the Development of Higher Education in Africa. Los Angeles: African Studies Center, University of California. Ajayi, Ade J.., Goma, Lomeck, and Johnson, Ampah. 1996. The African Experience with Higher Education. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. Ajayi, T. 1990. “Trends in the development of Universities under the Second Republic 1979-1983.” In K. Ajayi and T. Ajayi (eds.), New Perspectives in Nigerian Education. Ibadan: Vantage Publishers. Ajayi, Taiwo, and R. A. Alani. 1996. “Cost Recovery in Nigerian University Education: Issues of Quality, Access and Equity.” Research report. Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities. Akam, Noble. 2002. Quelle université pour l’Afrique: Dynamique locale de la mondialisation: les Afriques en perspective. Pessac, France: Maison des sciences de l’homme d’ Aquitaine. Akhtar, S., and M. Melesse. 1994. “Africa, Information and Development: IDRC’s Experience.” Journal of Information Science, 20 (5), pp. 314-322.

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http://www.worldbank.org/afr/teia


Akpan, P. A. 1987. “The Spatial Aspects of Higher Education in Nigeria.” Higher Education, 16 (5), pp. 545-556. Alwy, A. and Schech S. 2004. “Ethnic Inequalities in Education in Kenya,” International Education Journal, 5:2, pp. 266-274. Alele-Williams, Grace. 1988. "The Politics of Administering a Nigerian University." In 25 Years of Centralized University Education in Nigeria. Lagos, Nigeria: National Universities Commission. Altbach, Philip G. 1989. “World Bank Report on Education in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Comparative Education Review, 33 (1), pp. 93-104. Altbach, Philip G. 2005. “Academic Freedom: International Challenges and African Realities.” Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 3 (2): Altbach, Philip G., and Damtew Teferra (eds.), Knowledge Dissemination in Africa: The Role of Scholarly Journals. Chestnut Hill, Mass: Bellagio Publishing Network, Boston College. Al-Samarrai, Samer and Paul Bennell. 2003 Where has all the education gone in Africa? Employment Outcomes Among Secondary School and University Leavers. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. Ama, Njoku Ola. 2002. “Conditions Affecting Quality Living and Successful Learning in Tertiary Institutions in Namibia.” Research report. Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities. Amin, Martin E. 1996. “The Evaluation of Francophone and Anglophone Instructors at a West African University.” Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 10 (2), pp. 179-190. Amonoo-Neizer, Eugene H. 1998. “Universities in Africa: The Need for Adaptation, Transformation, Reformation and Revitalization,” Higher Education Policy, Vol. 11, pp. 301-309. Amoussou-Yeye, Dennis. 1999. “Pressions environmentales et equité docimologique dans les universités africaines: les mechanisms de controle en question.” Research report. Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities. Amutabi, Maurice N. 2002. “Crisis and Student Protest in Universities in Kenya: Examining the Role of Students in National Leadership and the Democratization Process,” African Studies Review, 45:2, pp. 157-178. Amuwo, Kunle. 1999. Confronting the Crisis of the University in Africa: Nigerian Academics and Their Many Struggles. African Association of Political Science Occasional Paper Series , 3 (2). Amuwo, Ade Kunle. 2002. “Between Intellectual Responsibility and Political Commodification of Knowledge: Nigeria’s Academic Political Scientists under the Babangida Military Junta,” African Studies Review, 45:2, pp. 93-122. Anarfi, John K., and Kofi Awusabo-Asare. 2002. “HIV/AIDS in Tertiary Institutions in Ghana.” Research report. Accra, Ghana: National Council for Tertiary Education.

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Anderson, C. Arnold. 1969. “University Planning in an Underdeveloped Country: A Commentary on the University of East Africa Plan, 1967-70.” Minerva, vol. VII (1-2). Anugwom, Edlyne. 2002. “Cogs in the Wheel: Academic Trade Unionism, Government, and the Crisis of Tertiary Education in Nigeria,” African Studies Review, 45:2, pp. 141-156. Anyakoha, Elizabeth U., Kodilichukwu S. Ezeike, and Anthonia Ol Uzuegbunam. 1999. “Communication Culture within Nigerian Universities: Gender Dimensions, Obstacles and Impact on the Work Role of Academics.” Research report. Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities. Anyanwu, Grace Akudo, and C. I. Iloeje. 1999. “Graduates Transition from Study to Employment: A Study of the Arts and Agriculture Graduates of the University of Nigeria in the World of Work.” Research report. Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities. Aredo, D. and Zelalem, Y. 1998. “Skilled Labor Migration from Developing Countries: An Assessment of Brain Drain from Ethiopia.” In Senait Seyoum and Alemayehu Seyoum (eds.), Human Resources Development in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Economics Association. Arikewuyo, M. O. 1996. “Size of Nigerian universities in the 1980s,” Journal of Research in Eduational Administration and Planning, 1:1, pp. 15-23. Arikewuyo, M. O. 1997. “Democratization of governance in tertiary institutions: A critical analysis of perceived involvement of the student union in the administration of institutions of higher learning in Nigeria,” Zimbabwe Journal of Education Research, 9:3, pp. 277-286. Arikewuyo, O. 2004. “Democracy and University Education in Nigeria: Some Constitutional Considerations,” Higher Education Management and Policy, 16:3, pp. 121-133. Ashby, Eric. 1964. African Universities and Western Tradition. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Ashby, Eric. 1965. “Contribution to Dialogue on African Universities.” Universities Quarterly, 20 (2), pp. 82-85. Ashby, Eric. 1966. Universities: British, Indian, African: A Study in the Ecology of Higher Education. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Ashcroft, Kate. 2004. “The Massification of Higher Education: A Comparison of the UK Experience and the Emerging Ethiopian Response.” The Ethiopian Journal of Higher Education, 1:1, pp. 21-40. Ashkin, S. 1988. College Crisis Across Africa. Boston: Christian Science Publishing Society. Asmal, K. 2002. “Private Higher Education in South Africa.” Perspectives in Education, 20 (4), pp. 125-128. Assié-Lumumba, N'Dri Thérèse. 1993. L'Enseignement Superieur en Afrique Francophone: Evaluation du potentiel des universites classiques et, des alternatives pour le developpement. AFTHR Technical Note No. 5, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.

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Assié-Lumumba, N'Dri Thérèse. 1993. Higher Education in Francophone Africa: Assessment of the Potential of the Traditional Universities and Alternatives for Development. AFTHR Technical Note No. 5, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Assie-Lumumba, N’Dri Thérèse. 1995. Demand, Access and Equity Issues in African Universities: Past Trends and New Prospects for the 21st Century. Background paper for the Joint AAU/DAE Colloquium on the University in Africa in the 1990s and Beyond, Lesotho. Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities,. Assié-Lumumba, N'Dri Thérèse. 1992. L'Enseignement Superieur en Afrique Francophone. Consultancy Report, World Bank, Africa Technical Department, Education and Training Division, October 1992, Washington, D.C. Assié-Lumumba, N'Dri Thérèse. 1996. “The Role and Mission of African Higher Education: Preparing for the 21st Century and Beyond. South African Journal of Higher Education, 10 (2), pp. 5-12. Assié-Lumumba, N'Dri Thérèse. 2003. Recent Higher Education Innovations in Sub-Saharan Africa: Universities in Francophone Countries. ADEA Working Group on Higher Education. Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities. Assié-Lumumba, N'Dri Thérèse (ed.). 2003. Women And Higher Education In Africa: Engendering Human Capabilities And Upgrading Human Rights To Schooling Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire: CEPARRED. Assié-Lumumba, N'Dri Thérèse. 2004. “Sustaining Home-Grown Innovations in Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Critical Reflection,” Journal of International Cooperation in Education, 7:1, pp. 71-83. Association des facultés agronomiques d’Afrique. 1982. Etude comparative des institutions d’enseignement agronomiques supérieiur en Afrique. Rabat, Morocco: Association des facultés agronomiques d’Afrique. Association des Universités partiellement ou entièrement de langue française (AUPELF). 1965. L’université africaine d’hier à demain. Les Cahiers de l’AUPELF no. 1. Montreal, Canada: Association des Universités partiellement ou entièrement de langue française. Association des Universités partiellement ou entièrement de langue française (AUPELF). 1991. Répertoire des enseignants et chercheurs des institutions d’enseignement supérieur members de l’AUPELF/UREF. (Annuel). Montreal, Canada: Association des Universités partiellement ou entièrement de langue française. Association des Universités partiellement ou entièrement de langue française (AUPELF). 1992. Démocratisation, économie et développement: La place de l’enseignement supérieur. Montreal, Canada: Editions AUPELF. Association of African Universities. 1988. Directory of African Universities. Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities. Association of African Universities. 1991. Study on Cost Effectiveness and Efficiency in

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African Universities. Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities. Association of African Universities. 2004. A Toolkit for Higher Education Institutions in Africa: Mitigating the Impact of HIV/AIDS. Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities. Association of African Universities and the International Association of Universities. 2002. Guide to Higher Education in Africa. Second edition. United Kingdom: Palgrave Press. Association of African Universities and the World Bank, Revitalizing Universities in Africa: Strategy and Guidelines, August 1997. Published by the World Bank, Washington, D.C. Atteh, S. O. 1996. “The Crisis in Higher Education in Africa.” Issues, 24 (1), pp. 468-477. Austin, Denis. 1980. “Universities and the Academic Gold Standard in Nigeria.” Minerva, vol. XVIII (2). Ayandele, Emmanuel A. 1982. “Africa: The Challenge of Higher Education.” Daedalus (Spring), pp. 165-177. Ayeni, Victor. 1992. Administrative Institution for Postgraduate Programmes in African Universities: Problems and Prospects.” Higher Education Policy, 5 (4), pp. 12-18. Ayuba, Hudu. 2000. “Working and Living Conditions of Academic Staff in Nigeria: Strategies for Survival at Ahmadu Bello University.” In Yann Lebeau and Mobolaji Ogunsanya (eds.), The Dilemma of Post-Colonial Universities. Ibadan: IFRA and African Book Builders.

B Babalola, Joel B., P.O. Okunola, S. O. Adeyemi, and M. E. Ibekwe. 1996. “Cost and Financing University Education in Africa: The Nigerian Experience.” Research report. Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities. Babalola, Joel B. (1998). Cost and financing of university education in Nigeria. Higher Education, 36, pp. 43-66. Bablola, Joel B. 2001. “Cross University Time Series Costs and Financial Analysis under a Declining Economy: Lessons from Nigeria.” Research report. Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities. Badat, Saleem. 2002. Black Student Politics: Higher Education and Apartheid from SASO to SANSCO, 1968-1990. New York: Routledge Falmer. Badat, S., Z. Barends and H. Wolpe. 1994. “The Post-Secondary Education System: Towards Policy Formulation for Equality and Development.” In B. Kaplan, Changing by Degrees: Equity Issues in South African Tertiary Education. Cape Town, South Africa: University of Cape Town Press.

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Badroodien, A. 2002. “Private Higher Education: A Highly Contested Good.” Perspectives in Education, 20 (4), pp. 137-142. Bailey, Tracey. 2002. Innovations In Higher Education: Problematising International Trends in the African Context. Bellville, South Africa: Education Policy Unit, University of the Western Cape. Bakayoko, Adama. 1994. “The Francophone Experience with Ph D Training in Economics.” In Jeffrey C. Fine, William Lyakurwa and Anne Gordon Drabek (eds.), PhD Education in Economics in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons and Prospects. Nairobi, Kenya: East African Publishers in conjunction with African Economic Research Consortium (AERC). Bako, Sabo. 1990. "Education and Adjustment in Africa: The Conditionality and Resistance Against the World Bank Loan for Nigerian Universities." Paper presented at the CODESRIA Symposium on Academic Freedom, Research and the Social Responsibility of the Intellectual in Africa. November 1990, Kampala, Uganda. Bako, Sabo. 1994. “Education and Adjustment in Nigeria: Conditionality and Resistance.” In Mamadou Diouf and Mahmood Mamdani (eds.), Academic Freedom in Africa. Dakar, Senegal: CODESRIA Book Series. Bamba, Zoumana. 1999. “Using ICT’s in University Libraries to Improve the Quality of Training and Teaching in African Universities.” Discussion paper. Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities. Bangura, Y. (1994). Intellectuals, economic reform and social change: constraints and opportunities in the formation of a Nigerian technocracy. Development and Change, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 261-305. Banya, Kingsley. 2001. Are Private Universities the Solution to the Higher Education Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa? Higher Education Policy, 14 (2), pp. 161-174. Banya, Kingsley and Elu, Juliet. (2001). “The World Bank and Financing Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Higher Education, 42, pp. 1-34. Baregu, M. 1991. "University Management Administration and the Imperatives of the Academy." UDUSA Newsletter 13 (July): 4-5. Barkan, J. D. 1975. An African Dilemma: University Students, Development and Politics in Ghana, Tanzania and Uganda. Nairobi, Kenya: Oxford University Press. Barrow, M. 1996. “Development in Private Post-Secondary Education in Nigeria.” In A. Schofield (ed.), Private Post-Secondary Education in Four Commonwealth Countries. Paris: UNESCO. Barry, Dyenaba (ed.). 1995. Women in higher education in Africa. Dakar, Senegal: UNESCO Regional Office for Education in Africa (BREDA) Bartells, Francis L. 2003. The African University at the Threshold of the New Millennium: Potential, Process, Performance and Prospects. Prepared for the meeting of higher education partners, 23-25 June 2003. Paris: UNESCO.

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Bashir, Abbas. (2002). “Funding of Nigerian universities: Which way forward?” Paper presented at the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) Seminar The Plight of the University System in Nigeria: Any Way Out?. January 16, 2002. Yola: Federal University of Technology. Bates, Robert H., V. Y. Mudimbe and Jean O’Barr (eds). 1993. Africa and the Disciplines: The Contributions of Research in Africa to the Social Sciences and Humanities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Bathily, A., M. Diouf, and M. Mbodj. 1994. “The Senegalese Student Movement from Its Inception to 1989.” In Mahmood Mamdani and Ernest Wamba Dia Wamba (eds.), African Studies in Social Movement and Democracy. Dakar, Senegal: CODESRIA Book Series. Belay, Kassa. 2004. “Postgraduate Training in Agricultural Sciences in Ethiopia: Achievements and Challenges.” Higher Education Policy, 17, pp. 49-70. Bellew, Rosemary, and Elizabeth M. King. 1991. Promoting Girls' and Women's Education: Lessons from the Past. World Bank Education and Employment Working Paper Series No. 715. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Benneh, George. 2002. “Research Management in Africa.” Higher Education Policy, 15 (3), pp. 249-262. Bennell, Paul. 1999. Strengthening Post-graduate Training Capacity in Development Policy Analysis and Management in Sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies, Brighton. Bennell, Paul. 1996. “Rates of Return to Education: Does the Conventional Pattern Prevail in Sub-Saharan Africa?” World Development, 24 (1), pp. 183-199. Bennell, Paul. 1996. “Using and Abusing Rates of Return: A Critique of the World Bank’s 1995 Education Sector Review.” International Journal of Educational Development, 16 (3), pp. 235-248. Bennell, Paul and Mkhululi Ncube. 1994. “A University for the Povo? The Socio-economic Background of University Students in Zimbabwe since Independence.” The Journal of Southern African Studies, 20 (4), December. Bennell, Paul, and Mkhululi Ncube. 1993. “Education and Training Outcomes: University Graduates in Zimbabwe during the 1980s.” Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research, 5 (2), pp. 107-123. Beoku-Betts, Josephine A. 1998. “Gender and Formal Education in Africa: An Exploration of the Opportunity Structure at the Secondary and Tertiary Levels.” In Marianne Bloch, Josephine A. Beoku-Betts, and B. Robert Tabachnick (eds.), Women and Education in Sub-Saharan Africa : Power, Opportunities, and Constraints. Boulder, Colorado: L. Rienner Publishers. Berghe, Pierre L. van den. 1973. Power and Privilege at an African University. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

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Berhane, G. 1982. “Higher Agricultural Education at Addis Ababa University: Its Achievements and its Challenges.” Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4 (2), pp. 95-108. Berk, David. 2002. Tertiary Education: Lessons from a Decade of Lending, FY 1990 – 2000. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank (Operations Evaluation Department). Biraimah, K. 1994. “Class, Gender and Social Inequalities: A Study of Nigerian and Thai Undergraduate Students.” Higher Education, 27 (January). Biraimah, K., and D. Ananou. 1995. “Sustaining Higher Education in Francophone West Africa: The Togolese Case.” Educational Forum, 60, pp. 68-74. Bitzer, E. 2002. “South African Legislation on Limiting Private and Foreign Higher Education: Protecting the Public or Ignoring Globalization?” South African Journal of Higher Education, 16 (1), pp. 22-28. Bjarnasaon, Svava, and Lund, Helen. 1999. Government-University Relationships: Three African Case Studies. London: Commonwealth Higher Education Management Service. Blair, Robert D. D. 1992. Financial Diversification and Income Generation at African Universities. AFTED Technical Note No. 2. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Blair, Robert D. D. 1998. “Financing Higher Education in Africa.” In Juma Shabani (ed.), Higher Education in Africa: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects. Dakar: UNESCO Regional Office for Africa (BREDA). Blair, Robert D. D., and Josephine Jordan. 1994. Staff Loss and Retention at Selected African Universities: A Synthesis Report. Africa Technical Department Technical Note No. 18. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Boateng, Kwabia. (2002). “Higher Education and the Labour market: A Logical Framework for Policymakers in Africa’s Education Sector.” Discussion paper. Addis Ababa: Economic Commission for Africa. Boateng, Kwabia, and E. Ofori-Sarpong. 2002. “An Analytical Study of the Labour Market for Tertiary Graduates in Ghana.” Research report. Accra, Ghana: National Council for Tertiary Education. Bollag, Burton. 2004. Improving Tertiary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Things that Work. Report of a regional conference held in Accra, Ghana on September 23-25, 2003. Retrieved from www.worldbank.org/afr/teia . Boyer, Dominic. 2002. “The African Crisis in Context: Comparative Encounters with Educational Rationalization,” African Studies Review, 45:2, pp. 205-218. Braimoh, Dele. 2003. “Transforming Tertiary Institutions for Mass Higher Education through Distance and Open Learning Approaches in Africa: A Telescopic View.” South African Journal of Higher Education, 17 (3), pp. 13-25.

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Breier, M. (ed.). 2001. Curriculum Restructuring in Higher Education in Post-apartheid South Africa. Bellville, South Africa: University of the Western Cape (Education Policy Unit). Brito, Lidia. 2003. “The Mozambican Experience in Initiating and Sustaining Tertiary Education Reform.” Paper presented at the Africa regional training conference entitled Improving Tertiary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Things that Work! held in Accra, Ghana on September 23-25, 2003. Retrieved from www.worldbank.org/afr/teia Brock, A. 1996. “Budgeting Models and University Efficiency: A Ghanaian Case Study.” Higher Education, 32, pp. 113-127. Brock-Utne, B. 1999. “African Universities and the African Heritage,” International Review of Education, 45:1, pp. 87-104. Brock-Utne, Birgit. 2003. “Formulating Higher Education Policies in Africa: The Pressure from External Forces and the Neoliberal Agenda.” Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 1 (1): 24-56. Brown, Mercy. 2000. “Using the Intellectual Diaspora to Reverse the Brain Drain: Some Useful Examples.” In Tapsoba, S. J. M., Kassoum, S. Houenou, P. V., One, B., Sethi, M., and Ngu, J. (eds.), Brain Drain and Capacity Building in Africa. Joint publication of the Economic Commission for Africa, the International Development Research Centre, and the International Organization for Migration. Browne, Angela W.; Barrett, Hazel R. 1991. “Female Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Key to Development?” Comparative Education, 27 (3), pp. 275-285. Buchert, Lene. 1992. “Basic and Higher Education in Tanzania 1919-1990: Quantitative Expansion for the Many or Qualitative Improvement for the Few?” Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, Vol. VIII, No. 1. Buchert, Lene, and Kenneth King (eds.). 1995. Learning from Experience: Policy and Practice in Aid to Higher Education. The Hague: Centre for the Study of Education in Developing Countries. Bulman, Fiona. 2003. “Improvements in Access and Lifelong Learning: The Saturday University.” Paper presented at the Africa regional training conference entitled Improving Tertiary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Things that Work! held in Accra, Ghana on September 23-25, 2003. Retrieved from www.worldbank.org/afr/teia Bunting, Ian. 1994. A Legacy of Inequality: Higher Education in South Africa. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press. Bunyi, Grace. 2003. “Interventions that Increase the Enrolment of Women in African Tertiary Institutions.” Paper presented at the Africa regional training conference entitled Improving Tertiary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Things that Work! held in Accra, Ghana on September 23-25, 2003. Retrieved from www.worldbank.org/afr/teia Burawoy, M. 1976. “Consciousness and Contradiction: A Study of Student Protest in Zambia.” British Journal of Sociology, 27 (1), pp. 78-97.

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Butare, Albert. 2004. “Income Generating Activities in Higher Education: The Case of the Kigali Institute of Science, Technology and Management.” Journal of Higher Education in Africa, 2 (3). Butcher, Neil. 1997. The Use of Technologies in Education and Training: South African Policy Perspectives. Pretoria, South Africa: South African Institute for Distance Education. Butcher, Neil and Hafiz Wali. 2001. Building Capacity to Deliver Distance Education in Nigeria's Federal University System. Vancouver, Canada: Commonwealth of Learning. Butcher, Neil. 1997. “The Use of Technologies in Education and Training: South African Policy Perspectives.” Pretoria: South African Institute for Distance Education. Butler-Adam, John, Charles Crothers, David Brown, and Lise Gravett. 1999. “The Mobility of Fee-Paying Students between State and Private Tertiary Institutions in the Kwazulu Natal Region – Implications for Student Loan Schemes.” Research report. Accra, Ghana: Association of African Universities.

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