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Study Guide 10 Physical Sciences Karin Kelder Weedaad Nasiep Study & Master © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical Sciences Karin Kelder and Weedaad Nasiep Frontmatter More information

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Study Guide 10

Physical Sciences

Karin Kelder Weedaad Nasiep

Study & Master

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi

Cambridge University PressThe Water Club, Beach Road, Granger Bay, Cape Town 8005, South Africa

www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521705776

© Cambridge University Press 2007 This book is copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2007

Printed in South Africa by Creda Communications

ISBN-13 978-0-521-70577-6 paperback

Editor: Penny AdnamsDesigner: Graham ArbuckleCover design: Graham ArbuckleTypesetter: Michelle DelaneyIllustrators: Imar Krige, James Whitelaw and Michelle Delaney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Page 85, Science Photo Library; Abrams, Bernard Basic Physics questions for GCSE; Atkins & Beran General Chemistry; Fuller, J & Coates, B Light on Physics; Hewitt Conceptual Physics; Kelder, Karin, Study & Master Physical Sciences 10, Cambridge University Press; Price, Focus on Physical Science, Heimler; Schaller, David, Passing exams; Sciences for GCSE: Assessment & resource facts Heinemann; Smoot, Smith and Price Merrill Chemistry, Merrill; Thickett, Geoffrey Pathways to Chemistry; Zwitzewitz, Neff Merrill Physics: Principles and problems, Merrill

The publisher and authors would like to thank the following individuals for contributing questions:Daleen Muller; Stellenbosch High SchoolCarla Repsold; Vredenburg High School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

If you want to know more about this book or any other Cambridge University Press publication, phone us at (021) 412-7800, fax us at (021) 419-8418 or send an e-mail to [email protected]

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information

ContentsIntroduction ivInformation for reference viii

Module 1: Mechanics 1Unit 1: Motion in one dimension 2Unit 2: Gravity and mechanical energy 12Module 1: Questions 15

Module 2: Waves, sound and light 31Unit 1: Transverse pulses 32Unit 2: Transverse waves 35Unit 3: Geometrical optics 41Module 2: Questions 47

Module 3: Electricity and magnetism 61Unit 1: Magnetism 62Unit 2: Electrostatics 65Unit 3: Electric circuits 67Module 3: Questions 73

Module 4: Matter and materials 89

Module 4: Questions 113

Module 5: Chemical change 137Unit 1: Chemical formulae 138

Unit 3: Synthesis and decomposition 145

Module 6: Chemical systems 167Unit 1: The water cycle 168Unit 2: The nitrogen cycle 173Unit 3: The hydrosphere 177Module 6: Questions 184

Answers 201

Examination papers 266Physics examination Paper 1 266Chemistry examination Paper 2 274Memorandum of answers 282

Glossary 292

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information

Introductioniv

Introducing the Grade 10 Physical Sciences Study Guide

This study guide is designed to help you understand the content of the Grade

The Physical Sciences include the branches of natural science that involve

Outcomes-based education

you are working with Learning Outcomes and Assessment Standards that give you a framework for what you should know and how to apply that

and magnetism; matter and materials; chemical change and chemical

Learning Outcomes and Assessment Standards that are necessary for you to

construction and application of Physical Sciences knowledge

Outcomes are governed by standards called Critical Outcomes and

While understanding the interrelationship between Physical Sciences and

construction and application of Physical Sciences knowledge include:working as a teamusing science and technology responsibly towards the environment and

Using this bookThis book is written in a way that should be easy for you to understand and

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information

vIntroduction

textbook and any other reference material that you have used in class or at

Self-study is important because it will help you develop a greater sense of

The best way to use this book is to:

Summarise the information that is contained in the modules in point form

Practise drawing diagrams and adding labels in the correct way (see the

Check the accuracy of your diagrams and labels by comparing them with

return to the relevant sections in this book and your textbook and learn this

40 41Unit 3 • Geometrical opticsUnit 2 • Transverse waves

interference forms. The loops of constructive interference form antinodes with maximum amplitude. The antinodes are separated by points of destructive interference, called the nodes.

The lowest frequency produces one loop. The distance between two nodes, that is one loop, equals half a wavelength. Interference occurs only at certain discrete frequencies that are multiples of the lowest frequency.

Light rays

When light rays enter our eyes, we see objects in one of two ways:directly from the source if the object is a source of light such as an electric bulb, a fi re or the sunrefl ected from an object.

Light can travel through empty space, air and transparent objects. Optical media allow light to pass through them.Opaque objects do not allow light through them.

An arrow is used to show a light ray; the arrowhead points in the direction that the ray is travelling. Ray diagrams are used to show the way that light rays travel. Light travels in straight lines and casts shadows behind opaque objects. Light rays change direction when they are refl ected or when they travel from one medium to another.

torchray

pencil

pencil shadow

Like all waves, light waves carry energy.

Refl ection

When a beam of light meets the surface of an object, some light is refl ected.

The incident ray meets the surface of the object.

The refl ected ray moves away from the object.

The normal is the line perpendicular (at 90°) to the surface of the object.

The angle of incidence (i) is the angle between the incident ray and the normal.

The angle of refl ection (r) is the angle between the refl ected ray and the normal.

f = 1f1 node

f = 2f1 node

f = 3f1 node

f = 4f1 node

node

node

node

node

Strings attached to a fi xed point at both ends, e.g. guitar string, slinky spring

2

1 1 __ 2

1

1 __ 2

antinode

antinodeTube closed at one end, e.g. clarinet

node

node

node

antinode

antinode

antinode

1 __ 4

3 __ 4

1 1 __ 4

Tube open at both ends, e.g. fl ute

antinode

antinode

antinode

antinode

antinode

antinode

1 __ 2

1

1 1 __ 2

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information

vi Introduction

Guidelines to successful study

Attitude

Motivation

Planning your work

Examination tips

can only achieve this state of mind if you prepare yourself well ahead of

Analyse:

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information

viiIntroduction

Comment:

matter

Compare:Point out similarities and differences

Contrast:Point out the differences

Criticise:Highlight the good and bad points/characteristics and then express your

Differentiate/distinguish:Point out the characteristics that highlight differences between two (or more) things

structured way

Write an argument that looks at different sides and points of view of a

Evaluate:Estimate the importance or value of something using a set of criteria/conditions/reasons and express your opinion

Explain:Clarify with words; state the facts with reasons

Give/State/Name:Provide information or details without discussing

Identify:

Justify:Defend/support an argument or position by looking at all the points of the argument

Give facts in point form

Portfolio requirements

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information

viii Introduction

These tasks are set internally by your teacher and include at least:

Two control tests

25 % of promotion mark Two practical investigations

One research project

One midyear examination

One final examination 75% of promotion mark

Weight of Learning Outcomes in each question paper:Learning Outcome 1: Practical investigations and problem-solving skills

Study methods

examinations:

1 Glance through the material in order to get an overview of the work you

2

3

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information

ixIntroduction

4 Recite

5 CheckLook at your notes or summary to make sure that you remembered all

6 RevisionReinforce what you have learned by going through the whole chapter

It is important to revise and reinforce work that you have already learned until you have mastered all the content and concepts and made it part of

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information

x Information for reference

SI units

length (distance) in metres (m)time in seconds (s)mass in kilograms (kg)

temperature in kelvin (K)luminous intensity in candela (cd)amount of substance in mole (mol)

you will come across in this book:

Quantity Symbol SI unit

Position x metres (m)

Distance d metres (m)

Displacement x metres (m)

Acceleration a metres per second squared (m s–2)

Initial velocity vi or u metres per second (m s–1)

Final velocity vf or v metres per second (m s–1)

Average velocity v metres per second (m s–1)

Mass m kilogram (kg)

Weight w newton (N)

Gravitational acceleration g metres per second squared (m s–2)

Potential energy Ep or U joules (J)

Kinetic energy Ek or K joules (J)

Height h metres (m)

Frequency f hertz (Hz)

Period T seconds (s)

Wave speed v metres per second (m s–1)

Wavelength metres (m)

Voltage or potential difference V volt (V)

Work done W joules (J)

Energy transferred E joules (J)

Electric charge Q coulomb (C)

Electric current I ampère (A)

Resistance R ohm ( )

Other units that are sometimes used:

Quantity Symbol Other units

Displacement x kilometres (km); miles

Time t minutes (min); hour (h)

Velocity v kilometres per hour (km h–1);miles per hour (mph)

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information

xiInformation for reference

Indicating units

There are a number of ways to indicate units: metres per second is the unit of

s or m s

SI prefixes

Prefix Abbreviation Factor

giga- G 109

mega- M 106

kilo- k 103 = 1 000

hecto- h 102 = 100

deca- da 101 = 10

deci- d 10–1 = 0,1

centi- c 10–2 = 0,01

milli- m 10–3 = 0,001

micro- 10–6

nano- n 10–9

Converting units

Example: 2 h

Example:

10 10 10 10 10 10

km hm dam m dm cm mm

10 10 10 10 10 10

To convert from km h to m s :

1 km ___ h ________

1 ___

s km h ______ s

To convert from m s to km h :

1 m __ s ________

h m s h

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information

Information for referencexii

Greek symbols

Greek letter Greek name Meaning in science Example

Delta Slightly – slightly negative

Lambda Wavelength = 5 m

Delta Change in v change in velocity

Omega Ohm Unit of resistance: R = 5

Measurement and uncertainty

and an average of the measured values are taken before

Scientific notationSometimes scientists deal with numbers that are extremely large or extremely

n

n

s 8 m sdecimal point has to move 8 places to have a whole number between 1 and

Significant figuresThe number of reliable known digits in a number is called the number of

Example: 2

1 2 3 4 5 6

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information

xiiiInformation for reference

Mathematical relationshipsExperimentation in physics (and some sections in chemistry) is aimed at

all other factors that might affect the results of the experiment must be kept

Direct proportionality

__ k where k

We use the symbol

The graphical representation of a direct proportionality is a straight line k

t (s)

x (m)

Graph of x against t with constant v

2 ___ 2 k

t (s)

x (m)

Graph of x against t with constant a

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information

Information for referencexiv

Inverse proportionality

1 __ k

V (m3)

P (Pa)

Graph of P against V

1 ___ 2

2 k

r (m)

F (N)

Graph of F against r

Graphs

Sketch graphs

2

5

3 10

v (m s–1)

t (s)

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information

xvInformation for reference

Accurate graphs

The independent variable (the variable in which you determine the values) goes on the xaccordance to the chosen independent values) goes on the y

Graphs of displacement versus time

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 2 3 4 5 6t (s)

x (m)

Rearranging equations

x

v t

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information

Information for referencexvi

The scientific method

Step 3: Analyse the data and propose a possible solution to the problem by

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation of the results of experiments or a set

A theory

A law is a verbal or mathematical description of behaviour based on the

A model is a real or mental picture that results from ideas and assumptions

Symbols used in circuit diagramsComponent Symbol

Switch (open and closed)

Ammeter A

Voltmeter V

Battery or

Light bulb

Resistor

Rheostat

Identifying harmful chemicals

Precautions in handling harmful chemicals can be taken in advance to

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information

xviiInformation for reference

An oxidising substance contains oxygen that can cause

The symbol for toxic substances is the skull and

handled with great care and only under supervision of the

Some substances can cause your skin to turn red or to

Useful equations

v x ___ t

a v ___ t

vf

vi + a t or v u + a t

vf2 v

i2 + 2a x or v2 u2 + 2a x

x vi

t + 1 __ 2 a t2 or x u t + 1 __

2 a t2

x ( vi + v

f _____ 2 ) t or x ( u + v _____

2 ) t

Weightw mg

Ep

mgh

Ek

1 __ 2 mv2

Ek

Ep

1 __ 2 mv2 mgh

v____

2gh

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information

Information for referencexviii

v x ___ t

v f

nv

air _____ v

medium

n1 sin

1n

2 sin

2

V W __ Q

Current

IQ

___ t

Resistance

R V __ I

Questions 1 Correct the scrambled information in the table:

Quantity Symbol SI unit

Velocity A

Mass a

Electric current v m s–2

Acceleration R kg

Resistance I m

Wavelength m m s–1

2 A TimeB Electric currentC Amount of substance

3 Choose the incorrect notation for the unit of accelerationA m/s2

B m/sC m sD m s

4 Complete the table for the following metric multiples:

Prefix Abbreviation Factor

kilo-

d

10–2

milli-

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information

xixInformation for reference

5 Convert the following units:a b c d e 1 h 35 min to sf h to m sg s to km h

6 Write the following expressions in words:a b tc R

7 a b c d e

8 a b c d

9

a v x ___ t x

b a v ___ t t

c vf

vi + a t v

i

d vf2 v

i2 + a x a

e x vi

t + 1 __ 2 a t2 a

f Ek

1 __ 2 mv2 v

10 Give the mathematical relationship for the following graphs:

t (s)

x (m)

t (s)

x (m)

(a) (b)

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information

Information for referencexx

Answers 1 Quantity Symbol SI unit

Velocity v m s–1

Mass m kg

Electric current I A

Acceleration a m s–2

Resistance R

Wavelength m

2 D

3 B

4 Prefix Abbreviation Factor

kilo- k 103

deci- d 10–1

centi- c 10–2

milli- m 10–3

5 ab c d e (1

f h _________ s

g s h

6 ab c

7 a 4 s b 6 mc 3 m d 3 14

e 1 m

8 a b c d

9 a v x ___ t x v t

b a v ___ t t v ___

a

c vf

vi + a t v

iv

fa t

d vf2 v

i2 + a x a

vf2 v

i2

______ x

e x vi

t + 1 __ 2 a t2 a

2( x vi

t) ___________ t2

f Ek

1 __ 2 mv2 v

____

2E

k ___ m

10 a x t b x t2

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-70577-6 - Study and Master Study Guide 10 Physical SciencesKarin Kelder and Weedaad NasiepFrontmatterMore information