study guide for ahsge biology edition
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Study Guide for AHSGE Biology Edition. By: Desaree Jackson. Standard 1. Select appropriate laboratory glassware, balances, time measuring equipment, and optical instruments to conduct an experiment. Laboratory Equipment. Identify and State the Uses of Common Lab Tools. Lab Tool: BALANCE. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Study Guide for AHSGE Biology Edition
By: Desaree Jackson
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 1
Select appropriate laboratory glassware, balances, time measuring equipment, and optical instruments to conduct an experiment.
By: Desaree Jackson
Laboratory Equipment
Identify and State the Uses of Common Lab Tools
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: BALANCEBALANCE
TYPES:1.) Triple Beam Balance2.) Equal Arm Balance
USE:To measure mass in SI.
Unit of Measurement:Kilograms (kg) or grams (g)
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: BeakerBeaker
USE:
As a container, like a cup.
Unit of Measurement:
Liters (L) or milliliters (mL)
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: BUNSEN BURNERBUNSEN BURNER
USE:
To heat chemicals and
solutions in beakers or
test tubes.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: CorkCork
USE:
To close test tubes.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: Lab Tool: Cover SlipCover Slip
USE:
Covers specimen on
microscope slide.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: DISSECTING PROBEDISSECTING PROBE
USE:
As a pointer or to hold
objects.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: DROPPERDROPPER
USE:
To transfer small
amounts of liquid.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: ERLENMEYER FLASKERLENMEYER FLASK
USES:
As a cup, like
a cup with a
narrow neck.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: FORCEPSFORCEPS
USE:
Used to pick
up and hold
objects in lab
By: Desaree Jackson
USE:To hold filter
paperor guiding small amounts of liquid
in pouring.
Lab Tool: FUNNELFUNNEL
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: GRADUATED CYLINDERGRADUATED CYLINDER
USE:
To measure volume.
Unit of Measurement:
Liters (L) or milliliters (mL)
By: Desaree Jackson
USE:
To warm or heat objects
Lab Tool: HOT PLATEHOT PLATE
By: Desaree Jackson
USES:
To spread and place
bacterial specimen on
agar.
Lab Tool: INNOCULATING LOOPINNOCULATING LOOP
By: Desaree Jackson
USE:
To fasten to the ring stand as a support for items.
Lab Tools:
IRON RINGIRON RING&& RING STAND RING STAND
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: METER STICKMETER STICK
USE:
To measure distance in SI.
Unit of Measurement:
Meter (m)
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPE
USE:
To observe small specimens
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool:
MORTAR & PESTLEMORTAR & PESTLE
USE:
To grind chemicals into a powder.
By: Desaree Jackson
USE:
Used to grow and hold
bacterial specimen.
Lab Tool: PETRI DISHPETRI DISH
By: Desaree Jackson
USE:
To transfer small
amounts of
in a titration.
Lab Tool: PIPETTEPIPETTE
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: SCALPELSCALPEL
USE:To cut items.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: SLIDESLIDE
USE:To hold specimen being studied under a microscope.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: SPATULASPATULA
USE:
To transfer solid
chemicals in weighing
like a spoon.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: STIRRING RODSTIRRING ROD
USES:
To stir combinations
of fluids and to use
in pouring liquids.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: STOPPERSTOPPER
USE:
To close and contain
items in a test tube.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: STRIKERSTRIKER
USE:
To ignite the Bunsen burner and start a flame.
By: Desaree Jackson
USES:
Many uses
such as a
container.
Lab Tool: TEST TUBETEST TUBE
By: Desaree Jackson
USES:
To hold apparatus, may be fastened to the ring stand.
Lab Tool: TEST TUBE CLAMPTEST TUBE CLAMP
By: Desaree Jackson
USES:
Cleans glass items
Lab Tool: TEST TUBE BRUSHTEST TUBE BRUSH
By: Desaree Jackson
USES:
Holds test tubes
Lab Tool: TEST TUBE HOLDERTEST TUBE HOLDER
By: Desaree Jackson
USES:
Holds test tubes.
Lab Tool:
TEST TEST TUBE TUBE RACKRACK
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: THERMOMETERTHERMOMETER
USES:
To measure temperature.
By: Desaree Jackson
Lab Tool: TONGSTONGS
USE:
to pick up and
hold hot items.
By: Desaree Jackson
USES:
To spread the heat of a flame and hold items.
Lab Tool: WIRE GAUZEWIRE GAUZE
By: Desaree Jackson
USES:
As a beaker cover or in
evaporating small amounts
of liquids.
Lab Tool: WATCH GLASSWATCH GLASS
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 2
Describe cell processes necessary for achieving homeostasis, including active and passive transport, osmosis, diffusion, exocytosis and endocytosis.
By: Desaree Jackson
Homeostasis
Maintaining a constant internal environment.
Sweating is one way the body tries to achieve homeostasis.
By: Desaree Jackson
Cellular Transport Passive transport: requires no energy
Diffusion: compounds move from high to low concentration
Osmosis: diffusion of water Hypotonic solutions cause water to move into the cell so
the cell swells up Hypertonic solutions cause water to move out of the cell so
the cell shrivels up Isotonic solutions cause no net movement of water into or
out of the cell
Active transport: requires energy Endocytosis: large compound are brought into the cell Exocytosis: large compounds are exported out of the
cell
By: Desaree Jackson
Passive Transport vs. Active Transport
By: Desaree Jackson
Diffusion
By: Desaree Jackson
By: Desaree Jackson
By: Desaree Jackson
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 3
Identify reactants and products associated with photosynthesis and cellular respiration, and the purposes of these two processes.
By: Desaree Jackson
Photosynthesis
Process by which organisms use energy from sunlight to make their own food (glucose)
Glucose is a simple sugar Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and some
bacteria Chloroplasts have a green pigment called chlorophyll Steps of photosynthesis
1. Light reaction: chlorophyll in the chloroplasts absorbs sunlight 2. Dark reaction: The energy from the sunlight is used to make
glucose Light energy is completely changed into chemical energy
(glucose) Chemical equation for photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + O2
By: Desaree Jackson
Cellular Respiration
Process that breaks down glucose in order to make energy for an organism
ATP: compound that stores energy in an organism
Occurs in the mitochondria of the cellTwo types of cellular respiration
Aerobic respiration: requires oxygen to occur
Mostly happens in animals and plants
By: Desaree Jackson
Graphic Organizer
PhotosynthesisPlants
* use sunlight to make glucose* take in carbon dioxide
* give off oxygen*carbon dioxide + water + sunlight
glucose + oxygen*6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2
RespirationAnimals and plants
* eat plants to get glucose* take in oxygen
* give off carbon dioxide*glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water +
ATPC6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O +
chemical energy
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 4
Describe similarities and differences of cell organelles, using diagrams and tables.
By: Desaree Jackson
Cells General Info
A cell is the smallest unit that is alive and can carry on all the processes of life
Cells make up organisms (living things) Unicellular organisms are made up of 1 cell Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells
Cells contain organelles, which are specialized compartments that carry out a specific function
Types of cells Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, such as animal and plant
cells Prokaryotic cells contain no nucleus, such as bacteria
By: Desaree Jackson
Prokaryotic Cells
Bacterial cells Smaller and simpler than plant
or animal cells Bacteria are unicellular No nucleus Have a single closed loop of
DNA, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and ribosomes
Some have a capsule (shell for protection), pili (short hair like structures to hold onto host cells), and flagella (whip like structure for movement)
By: Desaree Jackson
By: Desaree Jackson
Cell Organelles Organelle= “little
organ” Found only inside
eukaryotic cells All the stuff in
between the organelles is cytosol
Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm
By: Desaree Jackson
Cell Membrane Boundary of the cell Made of a phospholipid bilayer
By: Desaree Jackson
Nucleus Control center of the
cell Contains DNA Surrounded by a
double membrane Usually the easiest
organelle to see under a microscope
Usually one per cell
By: Desaree Jackson
Cytoskeleton Acts as skeleton
and muscle Provides shape and
structure Helps move
organelles around the cell
Made of three types of filaments
By: Desaree Jackson
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A.k.a. “ER” Connected to
nuclear membrane Highway of the cell Rough ER: studded
with ribosomes; it makes proteins
Smooth ER: no ribosomes; it makes lipids
By: Desaree Jackson
Ribosome Site of protein
synthesis Found attached to
rough ER or floating free in cytosol
Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiar…what is a polypeptide?
By: Desaree Jackson
Golgi Apparatus Looks like a stack of
plates Stores, modifies and
packages proteins Molecules
transported to and from the Golgi by means of vesicles
By: Desaree Jackson
Lysosomes Garbage disposal
of the cell Contain digestive
enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with?
By: Desaree Jackson
Mitochondria “Powerhouse of the
cell” Cellular respiration
occurs here to release energy for the cell to use
Bound by a double membrane
Has its own strand of DNA
By: Desaree Jackson
Chloroplast Found only in plant
cells Contains the green
pigment chlorophyll Site of food (glucose)
production Bound by a double
membrane Site of
PhotosynthesisBy: Desaree Jackson
Cell Wall Found in plant and
bacterial cells Rigid, protective
barrier Located outside of
the cell membrane Made of cellulose
(fiber)
By: Desaree Jackson
Vacuoles Large central
vacuole usually in plant cells
Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
Storage container for water, food, enzymes, wastes, pigments, etc.
What type of microscope may have been used to take this picture?
By: Desaree Jackson
Centriole Aids in cell division Usually found only in
animal cells Made of microtubules
Where else have we talked about microtubules?
By: Desaree Jackson
Quick Review Which organelle is the control center of the cell?
Nucleus Which organelle holds the cell together?
Cell membrane Which organelles are not found in animal cells?
Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts Which organelle helps plant cells make food?
Chloroplasts What does E.R. stand for?
Endoplasmic reticulum
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 9
Differentiate between the previous five-kingdom and current six-kingdom classification systems.
By: Desaree Jackson
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of classifying living things Organisms are organized into 7 different levels of taxonomy (King
Philip came over for good spaghetti)
1. Kingdom – most broad 2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species – most specific
Closely related organisms have more levels of taxonomy in common than unrelated organisms
By: Desaree Jackson
Kingdoms
There are six kingdoms of living things (Archie eats pretty fantastic apple pies)1. Archaebacteria: bacteria that live in
extreme environments2. Eubacteria: common bacteria3. Protista: Single-celled organisms4. Fungi: Mushrooms, yeasts, molds5. Animalia: animals6. Plantae: plants
By: Desaree Jackson
Kingdoms
Every organism has a unique two-word scientific name that is written in Latin The first word is the genus, the second word is the
species (Humans are Homo sapiens) Some scientists prefer to organize organisms
into domains rather than kingdoms There are three domains (Archie eats eels) 1. Archaea: Bacteria that live in extreme
environments 2. Eubacteria: Common bacteria 3. Eukarya: Organisms whose DNA is in a nucleus
By: Desaree Jackson
Archaebacteria- extreme
Animals
Plants
Eubacteria- food
Fungi
Protists
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 6
Identify cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations,communities, and ecosystems as levels of organization in the biosphere.
By: Desaree Jackson
By: Desaree Jackson
Levels of biologic organization
Starting at the simplest level, atoms are organized into molecules, which are organized into cells. Cells are organized into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into body systems, and body systems into individual Multicellular organisms. A group of individuals of the same species is a population. Populations of different species interact to form communities. A community and it abiotic environment are an ecosystem, while all communities of organisms on Earth comprise the biosphere. Ecologists study the highest levels of biological organization: individual organisms, populations, communities/ecosystems, and the biosphere.
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 6
Describe the roles of mitotic and meiotic divisions during reproduction,
growth, and repair of cells.
By: Desaree Jackson
Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is the phases in the life of a cell 1. M phase: Mitosis (cell division) occurs 2. G1 phase: Cell grows 3. S phase: DNA synthesis (chromosomes are
copied) 4. G2 phase: Cell grows 5. M phase begins again
Chromosomes must be copied before mitosis so that new cells receive the same chromosomes found in the old cells
By: Desaree Jackson
By: Desaree Jackson
Mitosis
Division of a cell into 2 identical cells Before mitosis: Chromosomes have copied
themselves Sister chromatids: original chromosome and its exact
copy are attached to each other Phases of mitosis
1. Prophase: Nuclear membrane falls apart and spindle fibers start to form
2. Metaphase: Sister chromatids line up along the middle of the spindle fibers
3. Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
4. Telophase: Spindle fibers break down and new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
By: Desaree Jackson
By: Desaree Jackson
Meiosis Cell division that produces gametes (sex cells), such as
sperm and egg cells Fertilization: Process of an egg and a sperm cell
combining to produce a zygote Zygote: Baby that is only 1 cell big Egg cell (23 chromosomes) + sperm cell (23 chromosomes) =
baby (46 chromosomes) Steps in meiosis
1. Before meiosis: 2 chromosomes of the same type come together to make a
chromosome pair Each chromosome doubles This gives 4 chromosomes stuck together
2. Meiosis I: Chromosome pairs separate into two new cells 3. Meiosis II: Each chromosome separates from its copy into 4
new cells In meiosis, one cell becomes four cells but in mitosis,
one cell becomes two cells
By: Desaree Jackson
By: Desaree Jackson
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 7
Apply Mendel’s Laws to determine phenotype and genotypic probabilities of offspring produced
By: Desaree Jackson
Mendelian Genetics
Gregor Mendel is an Austrian monk credited with beginning the study of genetics
Genetics is the study of heredity Humans have 2 genes for every trait
Alleles: Different forms of a single trait, like blue and brown are two eye color alleles
Dominant gene: “Stronger” of 2 genes and shows up in the organism Represented by a capital letter B is the dominant gene for brown eyes
Recessive gene: “Weaker” of 2 genes and only shows up when there is no dominant gene present
Represented by a lowercase letter b is the recessive gene for blue eyes
Homozygous (purebred): When 2 genes are alike for a trait BB is homozygous for brown eyes, bb is homozygous for blue eyes
Heterozygous (hybrid): When 2 genes are different for a trait Bb is heterozygous
By: Desaree Jackson
Mendel’s Laws
Mendel’s law of segregation states that the 2 genes we have for each trait get separated from one another when we make egg and sperm cells
Mendel’s law of independent assortment states that the gene for one trait is inherited independently of the genes for other traits Only true when the genes are on different
chromosomes
By: Desaree Jackson
Punnett Squares
Punnett squares are charts that are used to show the possible gene combinations in a cross between 2 organisms
* Let’s say that B is the dominant gene for brown eyes and b is the recessive gene for blue eyes*
Genotype: The genes of an organism (Bb)
Phenotype: The physical appearance of an organism (Brown eyes)
Bb bb
Bb bb
B b
b
b
Offspring genotype50% Bb50% bb
Offspring phenotype50% Brown eyes50% blue eyes
Parents Bbxbb
BB Bb
Bb bb
B b
B
b
Offspring genotype25% BB50% Bb25% bb
Offspring phenotype75% Brown eyes25% blue eyes
Parents BbxBb
By: Desaree Jackson
Human Genetics Multiple alleles are three or more alleles that exist for a single gene
For example, A, B, and O are the multiple alleles for blood type The possible blood types are A, B, AB, and O
You can be A+ or A-, B+ or B-, AB+ or AB-, O+ or O- depending on whether your blood cells have a special Rh protein
Codominance occurs when 2 dominant genes are expressed and both genes are seen in the organism AB blood is codominant, a cat with black and white spots is codominant
Incomplete dominance occurs when 2 dominant genes are expressed and blended together in the organism If the red flower color gene (R) is mixed with the white flower color gene
(W) then the offspring will be pink (RW) A polygenic trait is a trait that is controlled by more than one pair of
genes, like skin color A sex-linked trait is a trait that is found on the X chromosome, such
as colorblindness Females are XX so have 2 copies of sex-linked traits Males are XY so have 1 copy of sex-linked traits
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 8
Identify the structure and functions of DNA, RNA, and proteins
By: Desaree Jackson
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid Makes up the chromosomes in the nucleus and never leaves the
nucleus A chromosome is a chain of different genes DNA has a double helix shape Has four types of bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T),
cytosine (C) A binds T and G binds C DNA is complementary, which means that the bases on one strand
match up to the bases on the other strand For example: Strand 1: ATG CCT GAC
Strand 2: TAC GGA CTG Semi conservative replication is the process by which DNA copies
itself and each new piece of DNA is made up of 1 old strand and 1 new strand
By: Desaree Jackson
DNA RNA
By: Desaree Jackson
RNA
Ribonucleic acid RNA is a copy of DNA that goes out into the
cytoplasm to tell the cell what to do in order to stay alive
RNA is single stranded and has uracil (U) rather than thymine (T) U binds A and G binds C If the DNA is ATG CCA AAG
Then the RNA will be UAC GGU UUC
By: Desaree Jackson
Using DNA to make protein
1. Transcription: DNA in the nucleus is used to make messenger RNA (mRNA) DNA has all the directions the cell needs to live
2. RNA moves out into the cytoplasm RNA carries the directions to other parts of the cell
3. Translation: The RNA attaches to a ribosome and directs the production of a protein Proteins do all the work in the cell Every 3 bases in RNA is called a codon and codes
for 1 amino acid
By: Desaree Jackson
Transcription
By: Desaree Jackson
Mutations
A mutation is a change in a gene or chromosome If the mutation happens in a body cell, it only affects the organism that
carries it If the mutation happens in a sex cell, it can be passed on to offspring Mutations can be
harmful if they reduce an organism’s chances for reproduction or survival helpful if they improve an organism’s chances for survival neutral if they do not produce an obvious changes in an organism lethal if they result in the immediate death of an organism
Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by a mutagen, which is a factor in the environment like UV and chemicals
By: Desaree Jackson
Mutations
“Bully whippets,” as the heavyset dogs are known, turn out to have a genetic mutation that enhances muscle development … The scientists found that the same mutation that pumps up some whippets makes others among the fastest dogs on the track.
Scientists also discovered that with these mutations, whippets are able to nip your ankle 4 times faster and twice as hard.
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 10
Distinguish between monocots, dicots, angiosperms and gymnosperms, and vascular and nonvascular plants.
By: Desaree Jackson
NonVascular Plants
Does not have vascular tissue or true roots, leaves, or stems
reproduction and survival depend on water. They MUST live in moist environments.examples:
mosses liverwartsHornwarts
By: Desaree Jackson
Vascular Plants
Have roots, stems, leaves & vascular tissue.
Vascular tissue—tissue in plant that transports food/water
Vascular refers to veins Xylem: transports water and minerals Phloem: transports food/nutrients
Not all plants have vascular tissue Is a basis for dividing plants into different phyla
By: Desaree Jackson
Vascular Plants
have vascular system, but don’t produce seeds ex: fern
Leaves= fronds Produce spores
3 divisions Lycophyta – Club mosses Arthrophyta- horsetails Pterophyta- ferns
2 types of Vascular plants Gymnosperms (4 phyla) Angiosperms (1 large phylum)
By: Desaree Jackson
Gymnosperms (“naked seeds”)
Seeds are not protected by a fruit
Examples: Ginko biloba Conifers—plants
with seeds inside cones and needle-like leaves
Pines, firs, cedars, redwoods
By: Desaree Jackson
Angiosperms
Flowering plants Seeds are protected by
fruit Produce fruits with 1 or
more seeds Fruit—ripened ovary of
flower Fruit aid in seed
dispersal Examples: maple trees,
apple trees, wildflowers, herbs, azaleas, grass, oak trees, poplar trees
By: Desaree Jackson
Two types of angiosperms
By: Desaree Jackson
Flower Structure
By: Desaree Jackson
Plant adaptations to living on land: cuticles—waxy coating
on the outside of plant that prevents water loss
Leaves—broad flat structures (usually) that trap light energy for photosynthesis
Roots—structures that allow plants to obtain water/nutrients from soil
By: Desaree Jackson
Plant adaptations
Stem- plant organ that provides support for growth and food storage.
spores and seeds—structures that keep reproductive cells from drying out
Xylem- transports water & dissolved substances
Phloem—transports dissolved sugar
By: Desaree Jackson
Plant Tissues
Stomata Controls the
exchange of gases
Helps control water loss.
Guard Cells Control the
opening & closing of the stomata
By: Desaree Jackson
Flower Structure
Flowers are reproductive structures for angiosperms
Produce fruit and seeds
By: Desaree Jackson
Plant Organs
PetalStructure: leaf like, usually colorful structures at top of stem
Function: attract pollinators
SepalS: leaf like, usually green structure that encircle flower stem below petalF: to protect developing flower
By: Desaree Jackson
Plant Organs
PistilS: located at center of flower, top of stemF: female reproductive part
Style—the “stalk” that supports stigmaStigma—top of style; sticky or hairy structure that traps pollen grains
Ovary—enlarged base of pistil; contains one egg
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Petal
Sepal
Receptacle
Peduncle
By: Desaree Jackson
Plant Organs
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Petal
Sepal
Receptacle
Peduncle
Stamen
S: located inside of petalsF: male reproductive part
Anther—top part of stamen, produces pollenFilament—“stalk” that supports anther
Anther
Filament
Stamen
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 11
Classify animals according to type of skeletal structure, method of fertilization (internal/ external) and reproduction (sexual or asexual), body symmetry (asymmetrical, radial, bilateral), body coverings, and locomotion.
By: Desaree Jackson
Distinguish between vertebrates and invertebrates = skeletal structure
Porifera Sponges
Cnidarians Stingers
Platyhelminthes Flatworms
Annelida Segmented Worms
Mollusca Shelled animals
Echinodermata Starfish
By: Desaree Jackson
Vertebrates
Agnatha Sea-lamprey
Chondrichthyes Sharks & rays
Osteoicthyes Bony fish
Amphibia Frogs & toads
Reptilia Turtles, snakes, lizards
Aves Birds
Chordates MammalsBy: Desaree Jackson
Internal vs. External Fertilization
Characteristics of external fertilization include large numbers of eggs/ sperm produced little parental care chance of offspring survival is low,
Internal fertilization few offspring producedmore parental caregreater chance of survival
By: Desaree Jackson
Compare asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction
Asexual--: only one individual involved in producing offspring
fission, Budding, Regeneration fewer variations produced among offspring animal examples--sponges, cnidarians, echinoderms, worm phyla
Sexual—separate male and female individuals that produce sex cells
sex cells unit to form zygote produce greater variations among offspring Animal examples include most higher invertebrates and vertebrates
By: Desaree Jackson
Compare radial and bilateral symmetry
Radial body parts arranged like spokes of a wheel from a central axis oral and aboral sides; not head or tail ends Animal examples are starfish, jellyfish,
sea anemone Bilateral—body parts arranged in left and right
mirror image halves definite head end and tail end top (dorsal) and bottom (ventral) sides Animal examples include flatworms,
roundworms,segmented worms, arthropods, vertebrates
By: Desaree Jackson
Classify animals according to body covering
scales (fish and chrondrichthyes, reptiles)
moist skin (amphibians) feathers (birds)hair (mammals)
By: Desaree Jackson
Classify animals according to type of locomotion
fins for swimminglegs for land dwellings animalswings for flight
By: Desaree Jackson
Be able to classify animals according to body temperature
Endothermic or warm-blooded/ constant body temperature (birds & mammals) or
Exothermic or cold-blooded/ body temperature near the temperature of their surroundings (all other animals)
By: Desaree Jackson
Classify animals according to means of respiration
covered gills = bony fishes;open gills = sharks and rays; gills (young), moist skin, & lungs =
amphibians; lungs =reptiles, birds & mammals
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 12
Describe protective adaptations of animals, including mimicry, camouflage, beak type, migration, and hibernation.
By: Desaree Jackson
Mimicry
Mimicry is the ability of one species to resemble or copy from another species (mimicking them). Why: It provides protection.
Camouflage is blending in with the surroundings.
By: Desaree Jackson
Adaptations
1. These are direct evidence of evolution because they show firsthand the way populations of species have evolved in order to better adapt to their environmentStructural adaptations—claws, beaks, wingsPhysiological adaptations—resistance to
substances after constant exposure
By: Desaree Jackson
2. Migration
Immigration: movement of individuals INTO a population
Emigration: movement of individuals OUT of a population
Brings in new genes/alleles through gene flow
Gene flow: process of genes moving from one population to another
By: Desaree Jackson
Migration vs. Hibernation
Migration is the instinctive, seasonal movement
Hibernation is when the body processes slow down tremendously (b/c of winter); estivation is the same except animals do this in response to heat (desert temperatures)
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 13
Trace the flow of energy as it decreases through the trophic levels from producers to the quaternary level in food chains, food webs, and energy pyramids.
By: Desaree Jackson
There are different feeding groups of organisms
Autotrophs: Organisms that make their own food, like plants and some bacteria
Heterotrophs: Organisms that cannot make their own food, like
Herbivores: Eat plantsCarnivores: Eat meatOmnivores: Eat plants and meat
By: Desaree Jackson
There are different factors is an ecosystem
Abiotic factors are nonliving thingsBiotic factors are living things, such as
Producers: Organisms that take in energy from their surroundings to make their own food
Consumers: Organisms that eat other organisms for energy
Decomposers: Special type of consumer that eats waste products and dead organisms for energy
By: Desaree Jackson
Food Chains
There are different trophic levels in a food chain A trophic level is a feeding level in an ecosystem A food chain is a lineup of organisms that shows who eats who 1st trophic level is usually a producer 2nd trophic level is a primary consumer 3rd trophic level is a secondary consumer 4th trophic level is a tertiary consumer and so on Last trophic level is a decomposer
Every time an organism eats, it obtains energy from its food So energy is transferred from the 1st to the 2nd to the 3rd trophic
level and so on (but some of this energy does get lost along the way) Energy pyramid: Picture showing how much energy is transferred to
the different trophic levels in a food chain A food web is a network of connected food chains
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 14
Trace biochemical cycles through the environment, including water,
carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.
By: Desaree Jackson
The nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen in the atmosphere is taken in by bacteria that live in plant roots
The nitrogen is passed onto the plants and any animals that eat the plants
Once the plant or animal has died, decomposers (bacteria) again take up the nitrogen in the dead material and send it back to the atmosphere
By: Desaree Jackson
The Water Cycle
Precipitation, such as rain and snow, fall to the earth The water either
seeps into the ground for plants to use and the plants give off excess water back to the atmosphere
or runs off the land to lower-lying bodies of water where it evaporates back into the atmosphere
By: Desaree Jackson
The oxygen-carbon cycle
Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is taken in by plants who use it during photosynthesis and release oxygen back into the atmosphere
Oxygen in the atmosphere is taken in by animals and plants who use it during respiration and release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 15
Identify biomes based on environmental factors and native organisms.
By: Desaree Jackson
Biome Water Temperature Soil Plants Animals
Desert Almost none hot or cold poorsparse - succulents
(like cactus), sage brush
sparse - insects, arachnids,
reptiles and birds (often nocturnal)
Chaparral/Scrub
dry summer, rainy winter
hot summer, cool winter
poor
shrubs, some woodland (like scrub
oak)
drought and fire-adapted animals
Tundra dry coldpermafrost (frozen
soil)lichens and mosses migrating animals
Taiga/Coniferous Forest
adequate cool year-round poor, rocky soil conifers
many mammals, birds, insects,
arachnids, etc.
Temperate Deciduous
Forestadequate
cool season and warm season
fertile soil deciduous trees
many mammals, birds,
reptiles, insects,
arachnids, etc.
Savanna/ Grassland/
Prairie, Steppe, Pampas
wet season, dry season
warm to hot (often with a cold
season)fertile soil
grasses (few or no trees)
many mammals, birds, insects,
arachnids, etc.
Tropical Rain Forest
very wet always warm poor, thin soil many plants many animals
By: Desaree Jackson
Know two aquatic biomes
Marine—oceans and seasFreshwater --creeks, streams, rivers and
lakesKnow rainfall amounts and temperature
rangesKnow native organisms—plants &
animals
By: Desaree Jackson
Standard 16
Identify density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors that affect populations in an ecosystem.
By: Desaree Jackson
Ecosystem
Ecosystem defined as natural unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms (biotic factors) in an area functioning together with all the non-living physical factors (abiotic factors)of the environment.
Abiotic factors include soil, atmosphere, heat and light from the sun, water
Biotic factors include living organisms A population = group of organisms of the same
species that live in a particular area. The number of organisms in a population changes over time
because of the following: births, deaths, immigration,and emigration
By: Desaree Jackson
Limiting Factors
Limiting factors are things that can help populations grow, or others that can slow down and even prevent populations from growing.
Density-dependent factors that limit population growth are food water, light, space, predators, More prey, more predators, as prey decreases, so does the number of predators; Disease (since disease is contagious, greater the population, greater
impact of disease); Parasitism (like diseases, since parasites spread easier in a high-
density host, impact depends on the density Abiotic factors that are density-independent factors
include such things as natural disasters like weather storms, fires, earthquakes, or floods.
Any abiotic factor can have a severe impact on population sizes regardless of density
By: Desaree Jackson