study guide unit 9 europereifsworldgeo.weebly.com/.../study_guide_unit_9_europe.pdfphysicalfeatures!...

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1 Mrs. Reifsnyder Name: ________________________________ World Geography Test Date: ______________ Unit 9: Europe Study Guide SOLs Addressed: WG.1d, 2b, 3, 4, 9a, c, d, Essential Questions: In what ways do physical, economic, and cultural characteristics influence regional development? What are some ways that human interaction with the environment affects the development of a region? What are some criteria that may be used to determine a country’s relative importance? What impact do elements of the physical environment, such as major bodies of water and mountains, have on countries in a region? Essential Understandings/Knowledge: Physical Locations, Features, and Climate Europe

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Page 1: Study Guide Unit 9 Europereifsworldgeo.weebly.com/.../study_guide_unit_9_europe.pdfPhysicalFeatures! 1. Europe!is!part!of!a!huge!landmass!that!is!situated!on!both!the!continents!Europe!and!Asia.!This!

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Mrs.  Reifsnyder     Name:  ________________________________  World  Geography                                                                                                                                                                                            Test  Date:  ______________  

Unit  9:  Europe  Study  Guide  

SOLs  Addressed:  WG.1d,  2b,  3,  4,  9a,  c,  d,    Essential  Questions:  

-­ In  what  ways  do  physical,  economic,  and  cultural  characteristics  influence  regional  development?  -­ What  are  some  ways  that  human  interaction  with  the  environment  affects  the  development  of  a  

region?  -­ What  are  some  criteria  that  may  be  used  to  determine  a  country’s  relative  importance?  -­ What  impact  do  elements  of  the  physical  environment,  such  as  major  bodies  of  water  and  

mountains,  have  on  countries  in  a  region?    Essential  Understandings/Knowledge:    Physical  Locations,  Features,  and  Climate  

Europe                                                                                        

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 Countries:       Peninsulas:         Islands:       Rivers:    1.  Spain       10.  Iberian  Peninsula     15.  Sicily     19.  Volga  2.  Luxembourg     11.  Italian  Peninsula       16.  Iceland     20.  Seine  3.  United  Kingdom     12.  Scandinavian  Peninsula     17.  Great  Britain   21.  Danube    4.  France       13.  Jutland  Peninsula     18.  Ireland     22.  Rhine  5.  Norway       14.  Balkan  Peninsula  6.  Germany  7.  Italy         Mountains       Seas:            8.  Ukraine       23.  Pyrenees       25.  North  Sea     28.  Mediterranean  Sea  9.  Switzerland     24.  Alps       26.  Aegean  Sea   29.  Adriatic  Sea                   27.  Black  Sea     30.  Baltic  Sea    Other:           Cities:  31.  Atlantic  Ocean       -­‐  Berlin,  Germany   -­‐  Madrid,  Spain   -­‐  Warsaw,  Poland  32.  Arctic  Ocean       -­‐  London,  England     -­‐  Rome,  Italy  33.  Strait  of  Gibraltar     -­‐  Paris,  France   -­‐  Athens,  Greece  34.  Fjords  35.  North  European  Plain                          The  following  countries  stand  out  among  other  European  nations  because  of  their  GDP,  land  size,  and  population.      

GDP  Gross  domestic  product  refers  to  the  total  value  of  goods  and  services  produced  in  a  country  in  one  year.  

-­ Switzerland  -­ Norway  -­ Luxembourg  

Land  Size  Land  size  refers  to  the  total  square  miles  or  kilometers  of  a  country.  

-­ Ukraine  -­ France  -­ Spain  

Population  Population  refers  to  the  total  number  of  people  living  in  a  country.    

-­ Germany  -­ United  Kingdom  -­ Italy  -­ France  

 Physical  Features  

1. Europe  is  part  of  a  huge  landmass  that  is  situated  on  both  the  continents  Europe  and  Asia.  This  landmass  is  called  Eurasia.  

2. Fjords  are  the  long,  narrow,  steep-­‐sided  inlets  carved  out  by  glaciers  during  the  last  Ice  Age.  They  are  found  along  the  jagged  coast  of  Norway.  

3. The  climates  of  Europe  are  very  diverse.  The  climates  include:  a. Marine  West  Coast  Climate  –  the  Gulf  Stream  and  its  northern  extension,  the  North  

Atlantic  Drift,  bring  warm  Atlantic  Ocean  waters  by  the  western  coast  of  Europe.  i. Prevailing  westerly  winds  blow  over  these  warm  ocean  currents  bringing  warm,  moise  air  to  western  Europe.  Therefore,  a  marine  west  coast  climate  dominates  the  British  Isles,  northwest  Spain,  western  France,  Denmark,  the  Netherlands,  Belgium,  and  even  western  Norway.    

b. Mediterranean  Climate  –  the  area  bordering  the  Mediterranean  Sea  experiences  the  Mediterranean  climate  with  hot,  dry  summers.  The  vegetation  found  in  these  countries  consists  of  chaparral,  shrubs  and  small  trees  such  as  olive  and  date  trees.    

c. Humid  Continental  Climate  –  the  interior  European  countries  have  a  continental  climate  with  cold  winters  and  hot  summers.  The  type  of  vegetation  found  here  consists  of  mixed  forests.  

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d. Subarctic  and  Tundra  Climate  -­‐  the  Scandinavian  peninsula  has  subarctic  and  tundra  climates.  The  vegetation  ranges  from  taiga  (huge  forests  of  coniferous  trees)  in  the  subarctic  regions  to  very  little  vegetation  in  the  tundra  regions.  

   Important  Cities  (Centers  of  Culture  and  Trade)  

1. Berlin,  Germany  –  the  capital  of  Germany;  at  one  time  Berlin  was  split  into  democratic  west  Berlin  and  communist  east  Berlin.  

2. London,  England  –  the  capital  of  the  United  Kingdom;  located  on  the  Thames  River  where  it  narrows  (“rivers  narrow”  site);  home  of  two  very  important  landmarks:  Westminster  Abbey  and  Big  Ben.    

3. Paris,  France  –  the  capital  of  France;  located  on  the  Seine  River,  was  originally  on  an  island  in  the  Seine  River  (“island”  site);  home  of  several  important  landmarks:  Notre  Dame,  Arc  de  Triomphe,  Louvre,  Eiffel  Tower  

4. Madrid,  Spain  –  the  capital  of  Spain  5. Rome,  Italy  –  the  capital  of  Italy;  center  of  the  ancient  Roman  Empire;  originally  built  on  a  hill  

(“hilltop”  site);  important  landmark  in  Rome  is  the  Colosseum.  6. Pisa,  Italy  –  Italian  city  and  site  of  the  famous  Leaning  Tower  of  Pisa.  7. Athens,  Greece  –  capital  of  Greece;  site  of  the  ancient  Greek  civilization;  originally  built  on  a  hill  

(“hilltop”  site);  important  landmark  is  the  Parthenon.  8. Warsaw,  Poland  –  capital  of  Poland  9. Gibraltar  –  a  British  colony  located  at  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar;  important  location  because  of  trade  

through  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  10. Vatican  City  –  an  independent  country  located  within  Rome;  site  of  the  famous  St.  Peter’s  

Basilica;  headquarters  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  (Christianity).      Economic  Characteristics  

1. Europe  suffers  from  air  and  water  pollution.  a. The  Black  Forest  of  Germany  and  the  forests  of  Scandinavia  are  dying  as  a  result  of  acid  

rain  pollution.    b. The  city  of  Venice,  Italy  consists  of  numerous  canals.  The  water  pollution  has  become  a  

problem  in  this  city.  c. The  Rhine,  Danube,  and  Seine  Rivers  all  have  water  pollution.  

2. The  mountain  regions  of  Europe  include  the  Alps  and  the  Pyrenees.  Both  of  these  mountainous  regions  have  mineral  resources.  They  are  also  popular  sites  for  recreation  and  for  tourism.    

3. The  North  Sea  has  oil  reserves.  4. The  industrial  and  transportation  centers  are  often  located  near  mineral  deposits  of  coal  and  iron  

ore.  Two  important  locations  of  mineral  deposits  are:  a. Ruhr  Valley  –  an  area  of  coal  and  iron  ore  deposits  in  southwestern  Germany;  an  industrial  

center  b. Po  Valley  –  an  area  of  coal  and  iron  ore  deposits  in  Italy;  an  industrial  center.  

5. The  rivers  and  canals  in  Europe  are  used  as  major  transportation  routes.  They  are  also  used  for  trade  purposes.  

6. The  Chunnel  is  a  tunnel  that  goes  beneath  the  English  Channel  and  connects  Great  Britain  to  France.  It  is  important  for  transportation.  

7. Trade  is  very  important  in  Europe.  The  countries  of  Europe  are  considered  interdependent.    8. An  example  of  a  European  company  that  markets  its  products  globally  is  the  United  Colors  of  

Benetton  of  Italy.  

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9. Switzerland  has  limited  natural  resources.  However,  it  produces  services  on  a  global  scale.  An  example  of  a  service  industry  is  the  banking  industry,  which  is  important  in  the  global  market.  

10. The  European  Union  is  an  economic  alliance  established  after  World  War  II  and  made  up  of  over  20  European  countries.  It  was  created  to  reduce  trade  barriers  among  member  nations  and  to  promote  better  cooperation.  

11. The  Netherlands  consists  of  a  large  amount  of  land  that  is  either  at  or  below  sea  level.  Very  fertile  land  that  has  been  reclaimed  from  the  North  Sea  is  called  polders.  It  was  once  covered  by  the  North  Sea  and  there  is  a  system  of  dams  and  dikes  keeping  the  North  Sea  off  of  the  land.    

12. After  World  War  II  Eastern  Europe  consisted  of  mostly  communist  nations  and  command  economies.  These  countries  became  democratic  in  the  late  1980s  and  early  1990s  and  have  capitalist  economies.    

13. Eastern  Europe  has  developed  industry  slower  than  Western  Europe  because  of  the  history  of  communism.    

14. Europe  is  very  developed  (industrialized).  Therefore,  the  region  has  commercial  farming.  Agriculture  in  Europe  uses  advanced  farming  techniques.  This  combined  with  the  very  fertile  soil  (called  chernozem)  of  the  black  earth  belt  results  in  very  high  crop  yields  (output).    

15. Much  of  the  farming  in  Europe  takes  place  in  the  North  European  Plain.    16. The  work  force  (human  resources)  of  Europe  is  very  well-­educated  and  trained.  The  region  is  

rich  in  industries,  service  industries  and  technology  (capital  resources).    17. Demographics  typical  of  well-­developed  economies:  

a. Commercial  agriculture  (cash  crops)  b. Service  industry,  technology  (capital  resources)  c. Small  percentage  of  the  population  below  age  15  d. Low  population  growth  rate  e. Population  pyramid  shaped  more  like  diamond  (narrow  base)  f. Low  infant  mortality  rate  g. Well  educated  work  force  (human  resources)  h. High  life  expectancy  i. High  per  capita  (per  person)  GDP  j. High  literacy  rate  

   Political  Characteristics  

1. The  political  map  of  this  region  has  changed  numerous  times.  Europe  before  World  War  II  looked  very  different  than  post-­‐World  War  II  Europe.  Additionally,  the  map  of  Europe  has  changed  since  the  1990s.  West  and  East  Germany  have  reunited  and  the  political  boundaries  of  the  Balkan  peninsula  have  changed  as  a  result  of  conflicts.    

2. Former  Yugoslavia  on  the  Balkan  Peninsula  was  an  area  of  conflict  and  disputes  over  territory  during  the  1990s.  The  conflict  existed  mainly  between  the  Serbs,  Croats,  and  Muslims.    

3. Some  of  the  European  countries  have  governments  that  play  a  huge  role  in  the  daily  life  of  citizens.  Such  countries  are  often  called  welfare  states  because  the  governments  are  very  active  in  the  welfare  of  the  citizens.  Examples  include  Sweden  and  Denmark.    

4. The  Commonwealth  of  Nations  is  an  organization  of  53  nations  including  the  United  Kingdom  and  some  former  British  colonies  which  are  now  independent  but  maintain  allegiance  to  the  British.    

5. The  North  Atlantic  Treaty  Organization  (NATO)  is  a  political  organization  of  26  countries  from  North  America  and  Europe  that  supports  democracy  and  security  for  its  members.    

6. The  United  Nations  is  a  political  organization  created  in  1945  and  made  up  of  over  190  countries.  The  goal  is  to  work  for  international  peace.  Most  of  the  European  countries  belong  to  the  UN.  Switzerland  was  not  a  member  until  2002.  

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7. Examples  of  Site:  a. Hilltop  Sites  –  Rome,  Italy  and  Athens,  Greece  b. Island  Site  –  Paris,  France  (originally  on  island  in  the  Seine)  c. Rivers  Narrow  –  London,  England  (on  the  Thames  River)  

   Cultural  Characteristics  

1. Europe  is  considered  the  birthplace  of  the  Industrial  Revolution.  It  actually  began  in  England  in  the  1700s.  

2. Europe  is  considered  multicultural  because  of  the  multiple  ethnic  groups,  languages,  religions,  and  customs  in  existence  there.  

3. Switzerland  has  multiple  languages  and  ethnic  groups,  but  has  enjoyed  much  peace  and  lack  of  conflict.  

4. The  Francophone  World  consists  of  French-­‐speaking  countries  and  regions  of  the  world.    5.  European  culture  has  spread  (diffused)  to  other  parts  of  the  world  as  a  result  of  exploration,  

colonization,  and  imperialism.    6. The  birthplaces  of  western  culture  are  Greece  (Athens)  and  Rome.    7. Europe  is  one  of  the  world’s  most  densely  populated  regions.  8. Europe  is  highly  urbanized.  Because  of  the  high  urbanization  rate  and  the  high  population  

density,  Europe  suffers  from  various  forms  of  pollution,  including  acid  rain  pollution.  9. Europe  has  had  recent  conflicts,  wars,  and  revolutions.    These  conflicts  have  been  a  result  of  

religious  differences  and/or  ethnic  differences.  Examples  include:  a. Northern  Ireland  –  conflict  between  the  Roman  Catholics  and  Protestants  (both  are  

Christian  religions).  b. Yugoslavia  –  conflict  between  the  Serbs,  Croats,  Bosnians,  and  Albanians  on  the  Balkan  

peninsula.  10. Examples  of  cultural  landscape:  

a. Castles  b. Switzerland:  Chalets  c. Paris,  France:  Notre  Dame,  Arc  de  Triomphe,  Louvre,  Eiffel  Tower  d. Italy:  Colosseum,  Leaning  Tower  of  Pisa  e. Vatican  (inside  Rome,  Italy):  St.  Peter’s  Basilica  f. Athens,  Greece:  The  Parthenon  g. London,  England:  Westminster  Abbey,  Big  Ben  h. The  Netherlands:  windmills