study of attitude towards girl child
TRANSCRIPT
Project Report on
“To Study The Attitude Towards Girl Child In Rural
And Urban Area”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the course requirement
Of Research Methods In Business Term III
Submitted To: Submitted By:
Prof. Timira Shukla Arun Kumar Verma (BM0837)
Chairperson P.G.D.M Arvind Jain (BM08038)
I.M.S Ghaziabad Aryesh Saroha (BM08039)
Ashish Gulia (BM08040)
Ashish Rathi (BM08041)
Asim Khan (BM08043)
Avantika Ghatak (BM08044)
Charanpreet Singh (BM08046)
Dakshi Bharati (BM08047)
Danesh Ahmed (BM08048)
1
DECLARATION
This is to certify that we, the students of Post Graduate Diploma in Management
(PGDM) 3rd Trimester have personally worked on the project titled “To Study The
Attitude Towards Girl child In Rural And urban Area” under the guidance of
Prof. Timira Shukla, Chairperson P.G.D.M at Institute of Management Studies, Lal
Quan, Ghaziabad, U.P. during the session January – April 2009. The data mentioned
in this report were obtained during genuine work done and collected by us. Data
obtained from Internet, books, journals and magazines have been duly acknowledged.
We, hereby affirm that the work has been done by us in all its aspects and results
reported in this study are genuine and true to best of our knowledge.
Date: 30/03/09
Arun Kumar Verma(BM0837).……………
Arvind Jain(BM08038)……………………..
Aryesh Saroha (BM08039)…………………..
Ashish Gulia(BM08040)………………………
Ashish Rathi (BM08041)………………………
Asim Khan (BM08043)………………………
Avantika Ghatak (BM08044)…………………
Charanpreet Singh (BM08046)……………….
Dakshi Bharati (BM08047)………………….
Danesh Ahmed (BM08048………………….
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful to Prof. Timira Shukla, Chairperson P.G.D.M at Institute of
Management Studies, Ghaziabad. Without whose sincere effort and careful guidance
this project would not have been possible.
We express our special thanks to the Librarian and Laboratory assistants for their
immense support. We are also indebted to our friends for their cooperation.
Our family members are the sources of our inspiration. Above all we are grateful to
us as our teamwork made this project a success.
Arun Kumar Verma(BM0837).……………
Arvind Jain(BM08038)……………………..
Aryesh Saroha (BM08039)…………………..
Ashish Gulia(BM08040)………………………
Ashish Rathi (BM08041)………………………
Asim Khan (BM08043)………………………
Avantika Ghatak (BM08044)…………………
Charanpreet Singh (BM08046)……………….
Dakshi Bharati (BM08047)………………….
Danesh Ahmed (BM08048………………….
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SR. NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1 SUMMARY 4
2 INTRODUCTIONA. LITERATURE REVIEW
B. OBJECTIVE
5613
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGYA. TYPE OF RESEARCH
B. SCOPE
C. SAMPLING TECHNIQUED. SAMPLING UNIT
141414
1414
4 DATA ANALYSIS & FINDINGSA. AREA AND STATUS OF
OBSERVED URBAN SAMPLEB. AREA AND STATUS OF
OBSERVED RURAL SAMPLEC. ONEWAY ANOVA: (AT 5%
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE)D. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
MEANS OF RURAL ANDURBAN
E. KOLMOGROV SMIRNOV TEST
1515
24
33
39
40
5 CONCLUSION 466 LIMITATIONS 47
7 LIST OF TABLES 48
8 ANNEXUREA. QUESTIONNAIRE
B. EXCEL SHEET OF THEDATA: ATTACHED WITH
THE FILE
53
9 REFERENCE 56
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1. SUMMARY
The present research study titled “To study the attitude towards girl child in rural
and urban India” has been done by a batch of 10 students of PGDM (08-10) batch
of IMS Ghaziabad. Discrimination against girl child occurs in every strata of society-
rich or poor. having different forms of manifestation, but is more visible especially in
poverty stricken families or in families under financial stress. A girl is made to fit in a
culturally defined role - be it at home or outside. Traditions have portrayed girls as
less important than boys, less deserving of basic quality of life. Some of these
retrograde traditions have “become so deeply internalized that they have come to
stand for what is ‘right’ and ‘natural’, and the girls themselves have frequently come
to endorse their own second-class status”. The main object in conducting this
research study was to fill the knowledge gaps and thereby assist in devising
purposeful lines of action that will facilitate removal of the barriers in the socio-
development of the girl child. We have taken following major factors in our study:
1.Sending girl child out of station
2.Her right in parent’s property
3.Preference for her marriage age
4.Preference of profession for girl child and many more.
For our study we have taken a sample of 200 people 100 from each strata i.e. rural
and urban. Our main focus was on father and mother besides that couple without
child and adolescent boys and girls were also taken under study.
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2. INTRODUCTION:
"Short-changing girls is not only a matter of gender
discrimination; it is bad economics and bad societal policy.
Experience has shown, over and over again, that investment in
girls' education translate directly and quickly into better nutrition
for the whole family, better health care, declining fertility, poverty
reduction and better overall economic performance"
- Kofi Annan, United Nations Secretary General
Sex ratio, an important social indicator measuring extent of prevailing equity between
males and females in society, is defined as no. Of females /1000 males. Changes in
sex ratio reflect underlying socioeconomic, cultural patterns of a society. As per 2001
census sex ratio in India is 933/1000 males, which continues to be significantly
adverse towards women and is the lowest amongst 10 most populous countries in
world. Russia tops the list in sex ratio (1140) followed by USA (1029). Most alarming
is decrease in CSR (Child sex ratio 0-6). In Punjab the number was least (793) in
2001, followed by Haryana (820) and Chandigarh (845). Advances in technology and
diagnostic facilities have opened up avenue for the girl haters leading to serious
disturbances in sex ratio as a result of female foeticide. Desire for male child
manifests so blatantly that parents have no qualms about repeated, closely spaced
pregnancies, premature deaths and even terminating child before it is born. Birth of
female child is perceived as a curse with economic and social liability. In each corner
of India, girls face discrimination, they often receive less food than boys, have less
access to schooling and unlike boys they are made to do long hours of labour
beginning at a tender age. Therefore, to assess the attitude towards girl child, we are
doing this study in urban and rural India.
2A. LITERATURE REVIEW:
1.Shanthi Ananthakrishnan and P. Nalini
“Social Status of the Rural Girl Child in Tamil Nadu”-- In the study although
there was desire to have sons, a girl child is not ignored. The value of having a girl in
the family was appreciated. There was no gender discrimination in giving nutrition
and health care. However the workload in girls was found to be marginally higher
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than in boys. The educational status of girls was lower than that of boys in terms of
school enrollment and attendance.
2.Dr. Vibhuti Patel, Professor & Head, Department of Economics,
At the symposium on “Education and Health of Girl Child at PEDICON
Education & Health of Girl Child in Urban India” –this survey mainly shows that
Drop out rates for girls are very high particularly in rural areas. Recent studies have
shown that for every 100 girls in Class 1 in rural areas, there are only 40 in class 5, 18
in class 8 and 1 in class 10.
3.Neeru Sharma, Sumati Vaid and Laila Khalid “Inter-Generational Attitude
(Mothers and Daughters) Towards Education and Employment”—in this review
we have observed that the mothers are more supportive towards their daughters and
they don’t show biasness between their daughters and sons for example more than
half (52%) of the mothers want their daughters educational level to be up to post
graduation and 95% of the mothers would allow their daughters to select subjects of
their own choice and take admission in any college, even out of the state.
4.S Puri, V Bhatia, HM Swami
“Gender Preference and Awareness Regarding Sex Determination among
Married Women in Slums of Chandigarh” -- The study done in the age group of
20-35 years included married women belonging to poor socioeconomic groups
residing in rural The preference for a male higher & birth of girl child, not an occasion
to celebrate has its origin in the age-old custom. Dowry is a major reason for parents
to resent a daughter birth & moreover they think it is pointless to spend so much on a
girl education and upbringing only to leave for another’s home, without repaying.
5.Devaki Jain
“the Rights of the girl Child in India”--The very existence of the girl child is under
threat. Defying the normal male-female balance, and the higher survival capacity of
girl babies and greater life expectancy of women to men prevalent in human
populations, the female to male balance in India has been adverse to females for at
least the past 100 years. The 1901 National Census recorded a female to male ratio of
972 to 1000, for all ages. Virtually every subsequent census showed a worsening
decline.
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6.Women's Studies & Development Centre University of Delhi :
Assessment of Attitudinal Difference towards Girl Child in Selected Districts of
North India--Rural girls, compared to urban girls, feel less discriminated against their
brothers in the family. Urban girls shoulder more household chores and are also
restricted from outside exposure. But more rural girls feel the difference in rearing
than urban girls with respect to love and affection given to them. More urban girls
than rural feel that they have to shoulder more houses hold related responsibilities.
Girls/boys work division is patriarchal in nature for both urban and rural setting. Only
a small section of the respondents (with a little higher rural percentage) said that boys
take up work to help their mothers. Boys are generally seen to be helping their fathers.
7.Research by- Centre for social research (New Delhi)
Action-based Research Project:‘Meri Shakti Meri Beti’(My Strength, My
Daughter) - Save the Girl Child:Achieving Gender Equality by Addressing
Sex Selection--Findings Through interactions in field experiences and FGDs it
initiated a process of conversation and awareness about the magnitude of the problem
of Female Foeticide, and the Expert Committee Meetings saw multiple, and
sometimes intersecting viewpoints on the interrelated issues of sex selection, son
preference and girl-child bias, and generating good discussion and debate from
medical, legal and socio-cultural perspectives.
8.Swarna S. Vepa
Gender equity & human development
The welfare of both women and men constitutes the human welfare. The gender
equality index computed and the major indicators of welfare show that the gender gap
is increasing in many aspects. All the aspects of livelihoods, such as literacy,
unemployment and wages now have larger gender gaps than before. Survival
indicators such as juvenile sex ratio, infant mortality, and child labour have
deteriorated for women, compared to men, though there has been a narrowing of
gender gaps in life expectancy and literacy. The overall gender gap has widened due
to larger gaps in some indicators, which are not compensated by the smaller
narrowing in other indicators both in the rural and urban context.
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9.Indira Dey, Ramendra Narayan Chaudhuri :
Department of Community Medicine, North Bengal Medical College, Darjeeling,
India2 Department of Maternal and Child Health, All India Institute of Hygiene
and Public Health, Kolkata, India: Gender preference and its implications on
reproductive behavior of mothers in a rural area of West Bengal In India, preference
for son is very strong and pervasive and has been frequently cited as one of the major
obstacles in reducing the national fertility level. Study depicts that 62.8% of mothers
considered two to be the ideal number of children. In NFHS 2 study, it was found that
47% of the ever-married woman in India considered two to be the ideal number of
children and 25% considered three to be the ideal number. The study revealed that
among mothers with one living child, all the mothers with a daughter and no son
desired for another child and wanted that child to be a boy. Whereas of the mothers
with only one son, 8.7% did not want another child and 43.5% of them desired
another son and the remaining (47.8%) wanted a daughter.
10.Social Action Forum for Manav Adhikar
“DISCRIMINATION OF THE GIRL CHILD IN UTTAR PRADESH”
FINDINGS
MARRIAGE
India has laws setting a minimum legal age for marriage. But these laws are often
ignored or not enforced in communities where poverty or tradition influences families
to marry their daughters at an early age. All the women whether urban or rural had
had their first child within two years of marriage.
INFANTICIDE
In most communities of India sons are valued more highly than daughters, especially
so in Uttar Pradesh where there are 898 females per 1,000 males. The baby, growing
inside her mother, may already be in danger because her parents might choose to end
the pregnancy when they find out that their baby is a girl. On the men respondents
being questioned as to whom they would prefer to give birth to, son or daughter, 50%
of the rural men and 64% of the rural women preferred a son, while 72% of the urban
men and 78% of the urban women said they would prefer a daughter. The urban
respondents have probably given this response because they knew the purpose of the
study and being qualified educated professionals wanted to look good and felt it was
the appropriate response to give. They were obviously lying because in the next few
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questions when they were queried as to why they wanted a boy, they did not deny the
desire for a son and gave reasons such as a person can only get moksha if he is
cremated by his son, he is an old age support etc. Though barely 5% of the
respondents felt that only boys had the right to education and not girls.
Discrimination exists against the girl child in her access to nutrition and
physical and mental health services, future health. In many societies in India,
parents believe that good nutrition is more important for sons than daughters
because sons must importance on educating the girl. Among the rural folk
there is a very low or rather negligible acceptance of women's work outside
the home (except of working as a labour in the fields)
The study also revealed the following statistics:
- On being asked as to whether the girl is seen as a burden on the family only to be
married off over 74% rural respondents and 70% urban women answered in the
affirmative as against only 18% urban men.
- Interestingly enough on being asked as to whether the girls/women should only
follow men 60% rural men and 92% rural women answered in the affirmative as
compared to 1% urban men and 10% urban women.
12.Neeru Sharma, Sumati Vaid and Laila Khalid:
Inter-Generational Attitude (Mothers and Daughters) Towards Education and
Employment
P.G. Department of Home Science, University of Jammu, Jammu 180 006,
Jammu and Kashmir, India
This study was limited to Muslim women in the Poonch city of Poonch district of
Jammu and Kashmir State. The sample size was 50 Muslim women in the Age group
of 30-60 years and their 50 adolescent daughters in the age group of 12-22 years.
Findings:
-- The total literacy rates are 51.07%, out of which 65.41% males and 35.30%
females are literates
-- Results reveal that majority (94%) of the mothers want to have son as their first
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issue. The reasons given are that the sons stay with parents and also provide benefits
and support to the parents in the old age. Birth of sons and daughters had been
celebrated by most of the mothers (94%and 92%). In case of celebrating birthdays,
most of the mothers (60% and 56%) do not celebrate the birthdays of their son as well
as daughters. So the mothers do not seem to be biased for gender of the child.
13.Stacy Taber, Student Participant
Abraham Lincoln High School
Des Moines, IA:
Women in India
--India is being criticized for its low female to male ratio, which is 960 women for
every 1,000 men. This statistic reflects the lower status of women. Since male
preference is adamant in India, women are more likely to be bereft of medical
attention, food, and education. When women lack education, they are more likely to
have more children, as children are their future financial security.
--About 5,000 estimated deaths occur each year in India from supposed “kitchen
fires”, but the correct term is “bride burning”.
--At least one third of the population of India, most of them female, does not get
adequate nourishment.
14.Dr Vasu Iyengar:
Namaste India Indian women and health
-- Genetics, migration, culture, demographics and influence on
women’s health
-- Women became more like silenced possessions rather than independent thinking
beings as they were previously regarded. Women’s nutrition suffered badly. Girls
were seen as a hardship to feed and support compared to boys, and they were married
off as fast as possible to avoid further expenses for their care. Many girls were lost in
childhood or with early age breeding (as early as 10 to 13 years of age) and many had
traumatic early adolescent childbirths.
-- millions of little Indian girls continue to suffer abject poverty, every kind of abuse
and social neglect, serious malnutrition, communicable and infective fatal diseases,
and HIV and STDs from birth.
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15.Dr Ranjana Kumari
Director
Centre For Social Research,
New Delhi
Violence Against the Girl Child, Female Infanticide and Feticide: The Declining
Sex Ratio
-- Female feticide is a gross violation of many rights. The first is the right of the
unborn child to life. The second right violated is that of the woman’s right over her
body. Often the decision not to have the child is taken by the man (husband) or the
family and the opinion of the mother who painfully bears the child is rarely
considered. At the macro level, this has an impact on the sex ratio of the country
-- Another study reveals that out of 15 million abortions carried out in the world, India
alone accounted for 4 million (27%), 90 per cent of which were intended to eliminate
the girl child** while Indian population comprised 16,5% of world population.
-- The economic causes are the reasons, which are primarily materialistic in nature. It
is often difficult to separate economic causes from social causes.
The technological causes are the ones that gave birth to the problem of
feticide.
16.Sabrina Fernandes
California Center for Population Research
University of California, Los Angeles
Girls Versus Boys: Parents’ Attitudes Toward Children’s Educational
Attainment in South Asia
This study consists of three sets of multinomial logistic models, one for wives, one for
husbands, and one for couples. Data were collected in 1993-94 through interviews
with married women ages 15-39 and their husbands in a total of 26 community strata
in India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand with the goal of enabling
comparative research among countries. Increased odds of favoring equal education in
the North rather than more education for boys run counter to what previous research
suggests, the relationships between region and favoring more education for girls are
12
reflective of known regional differences.
17.Naik VA, Kowli SS, Solanki MJ, Gorey R, Bhalerao VRDepartment of
Preventive and Social Medicine, Seth G. S. Medical College, Parel, Bombay.
Exposition of the status of girl child in urban area:
Naigaon BDD Chawls is the field practice area of King Edward Memorial Hospital
and is located within 1 km from it. There were 4051 families residing in these chawls,
out of which 3463 families had at least one female child (346 Family selected for
study). Literacy rate among the fathers was 93.4% and among mothers 76.2%. About
91.3% of fathers were employed, and per capita income of majority of the families
was above Rs. 200 per month. Educational status of the children in the 3-14 years age
group enrolment was 100%. About 10% children left school prematurely. There was
no significant difference between the proportion of male and female school dropouts.
93.9% (325) families wanted to get their daughters married after 18 years, while 6.1%
(21) parents wanted to get their daughters married before the age of 18 years.
2B. OBJECTIVE:
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To Study The Attitude Towards Girl Child In Rural And
Urban Area
SECONDARY OBJECTIVE:
To make an analysis of rural / urban differentials in attitude.
• To assess the attitudinal impact of various programmes and policies initiated by
the government, LAADLI by Delhi government and other schemes for children
and specifically for the girl child.
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3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
3A. Type Of Research: Exploratory research is used here in study as symptoms
are visible that is unjustified and biased attitude towards girl child in rural, semi urban
and urban areas in India but root cause is unknown. So to identify the main problem
or cause exploratory research is used.
3B. Scope:
Area of study= Delhi, Lucknow, Rohtak, Alwar
Number of individual study= 200
100=Urban 100=Rural
Time of study= 3 weeks
unit of analysis= area under observation, couple/person status, opinion on financial
decision related statement, opinion on emotional decision related statement.
Place surveys= Villages and Cities
3C. Sampling technique: convenience sampling technique is used as there
is a time and cost constraints .
3D. Sampling Unit: Followings from urban, semi urban and rural areas
are taken as sampling unit in a study to determine the attitude towards girl
child.
1.couples
a) Father & mother
b) Married but without child
2. Adolescent boy and girls
Sample Size: 200 units
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4. DATA ANALYSIS & FINDINGS:
4A. Area and status of observed URBAN sample
Table 1:
area under observation
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid urban 100 100.0 100.0 100.0
Table 2:
couple status
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid fm 72 72.0 72.0 72.0
mwc 8 8.0 8.0 80.0
ab 18 18.0 18.0 98.0
ag 2 2.0 2.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
The sample size for “the study of attitude towards girl child in rural and urban area”
was taken 100 respondent each from rural and urban area . As shown in above table
status of couple/person: 72% were father and mother are , 8% were married but
without child , 18% were adolescent boy and 2% adolescent girl.
15
Liking of wards towards boy career:
Table 3:
boy career
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid dr 24 24.0 24.0 24.0
engg 22 22.0 22.0 46.0
pilot 21 21.0 21.0 67.0
teacher 6 6.0 6.0 73.0
anything 27 27.0 27.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent for boy career, 24% respond for doctor,
22% respond for engineer,21% respond for pilot,6% respond for teacher and 27%
respond for anything they want. Hence, most preferred is doctor as profession for boy
child.
Liking of wards towards girl career:
Table 4:
girl career
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid dr 24 24.0 24.0 24.0
enggn 19 19.0 19.0 43.0
pilot 10 10.0 10.0 53.0
teacher 20 20.0 20.0 73.0
anything 27 27.0 27.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent for girl career, 24% respond for doctor,
19% respond for engineer,10% respond for pilot,20% respond for teacher and 27%
respond for anything they want. Hence, teacher is the most preferred profession for
girl child.
Response regarding sending girl child out of station for further studies:
16
Table 5:
sending girl to hostel
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid sda 11 11.0 11.0 11.0
da 5 5.0 5.0 16.0
nad 14 14.0 14.0 30.0
a 21 21.0 21.0 51.0
sa 44 44.0 44.0 95.0
6 5 5.0 5.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent regarding sending girl child out of station
for further studies, 11% respond for strongly disagree, 5% respond for disagree,14%
respond for neither agree nor disagree,21% respond for agree and 44% respond for
strongly agree. Hence majority of people strongly agree for sending daughter out of
station for further studies.
In case of economic crisis or emergency girl child withdrawing first from studies:
Table 6:
Withdrawing from studies
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid sda 17 17.0 17.0 17.0
da 31 31.0 31.0 48.0
nad 14 14.0 14.0 62.0
a 25 25.0 25.0 87.0
sa 13 13.0 13.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent regarding in case of economic crisis or
emergency girl child withdrawing first from studies, 17% respond for strongly
disagree, 31% respond for disagree,14% respond for neither agree nor disagree,25%
respond for agree and 13% respond for strongly agree. Hence, majority of people
disagree with the statement.
At the time of dinner boy should be served first:
17
Table 7:
serving of dinner
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid sda 20 20.0 20.0 20.0
da 18 18.0 18.0 38.0
nad 34 34.0 34.0 72.0
a 17 17.0 17.0 89.0
sa 11 11.0 11.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent regarding at the time of dinner boy should
be served first, 20% respond for strongly disagree, 18% respond for disagree,34%
respond for neither agree nor disagree,17% respond for agree and 11% respond for
strongly agree. Thus, majority of people are uncertain about their opinion.
Girl should contribute more to the household work:
Table 8:
contribution to household work
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid sda 1 1.0 1.0 1.0
da 11 11.0 11.0 12.0
nad 31 31.0 31.0 43.0
a 33 33.0 33.0 76.0
sa 24 24.0 24.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent regarding girl should contribute more to
the household work,1% respond for strongly disagree, 11% respond for disagree,31%
respond for neither agree nor disagree,33% respond for agree and 24% respond for
strongly agree. Hence, majority of people agree that girl should contribute to
household work.
Do you involve your daughter in socio-economic decision making:
18
Table 9:
involve girl in decision making
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid vul 7 7.0 7.0 7.0
s 26 26.0 26.0 33.0
m 32 32.0 32.0 65.0
vl 35 35.0 35.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent regarding do you involve your daughter in
socio-economic decision making , 7% respond for very unlikely, 26% respond for
sometimes,32% respond for mostly,35% respond for very likely. Thus, we can
observe that majority of people involve girl child in decision making.
Option to bear only one child preference for boy:
Table 10:
option to have only one child
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid sda 17 17.0 17.0 17.0
da 16 16.0 16.0 33.0
nad 9 9.0 9.0 42.0
a 32 32.0 32.0 74.0
sa 26 26.0 26.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent regarding option to bear only one child
preference for boy,17% respond for strongly disagree, 16% respond for disagree,9%
respond for neither agree nor disagree,32% respond for agree and 26% respond for
strongly agree. Thus, majority of people agree with the statement.
A girl child is pride for home:
Table 11:
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girl is pride of home
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid sda 7 7.0 7.0 7.0
da 7 7.0 7.0 14.0
nad 27 27.0 27.0 41.0
a 32 32.0 32.0 73.0
sa 27 27.0 27.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent regarding a girl child is pride for home,7%
respond for strongly disagree, 7% respond for disagree,27% respond for neither agree
nor disagree,32% respond for agree and 27% respond for strongly agree. Thus, most
of the people agree with the statement.
Girls are cowards or not mentally strong:
Table 12:
girls are cowards
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid sda 35 35.0 35.0 35.0
da 17 17.0 17.0 52.0
nad 14 14.0 14.0 66.0
a 13 13.0 13.0 79.0
sa 21 21.0 21.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent regarding girls are cowards or not mentally
strong ,35% respond for strongly disagree, 17% respond for disagree,14% respond for
neither agree nor disagree,13% respond for agree and 21% respond for strongly agree.
So, we can observe that girls are no more considered as cowards.
Boy should drive the car:
Table 13:
20
Driving the car
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid sda 23 23.0 23.0 23.0
da 8 8.0 8.0 31.0
nad 18 18.0 18.0 49.0
a 27 27.0 27.0 76.0
sa 24 24.0 24.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent regarding boy should drive the car ,23%
respond for strongly disagree, 8% respond for disagree,18% respond for neither agree
nor disagree,27% respond for agree and 24% respond for strongly agree. Therefore,
majority of people still prefer boy as their chariot driver.
Preference of age for daughter marriage:
Table 14:
age for girl marriage
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid 18-20 10 10.0 10.0 10.0
21-22 36 36.0 36.0 46.0
23-25 39 39.0 39.0 85.0
25&above 15 15.0 15.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent regarding preference of age for daughter
marriage, 10% respond for 18-20 years, 36% respond for 21-22 year, 39% respond for
23-25 year, 15% respond for 25 & above. Thus, 23-25 is the preferred age for girl
marriage.
Preference of age for son marriage:
Table 15:
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age for boy marriage
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid 23-25 17 17.0 17.0 17.0
25&above 83 83.0 83.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent regarding preference of age for daughter
marriage, 0% respond for 18-20 years, 0% respond for 21-22 year, 17% respond for
23-25 year, 83% respond for 25 & above. It is undoubtly clear that boys should be
married after 25 years of age.
LAADLI scheme by Delhi government for only one girl child:
Table 16:
LAADLI scheme by Delhi govt.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid sda 17 17.0 17.0 17.0
da 9 9.0 9.0 26.0
nad 13 13.0 13.0 39.0
a 49 49.0 49.0 88.0
sa 12 12.0 12.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent regarding LAADLI scheme by Delhi
government for only one girl child, 17% respond for strongly disagree, 9% respond
for disagree,13% respond for neither agree nor disagree,49% respond for agree and
12% respond for strongly agree. Hence, majority is ready to have only one girl child.
Should girl have equal right in her parent’s property:
Table 17:
22
girl right in property
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid sda 21 21.0 21.0 21.0
da 7 7.0 7.0 28.0
nad 14 14.0 14.0 42.0
a 31 31.0 31.0 73.0
sa 27 27.0 27.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent regarding should girl have equal right in
her parents property, 21% respond for strongly disagree, 7% respond for disagree,
14% respond for neither agree nor disagree, 31% respond for agree and 27% respond
for strongly agree. Most of the people agree with the statement.
Preference for Kerala marriage pattern:
Table 18:
preference for Kerala marriage pattern
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid euf 23 23.0 23.0 23.0
uf 13 13.0 13.0 36.0
nfnuf 15 15.0 15.0 51.0
f 17 17.0 17.0 68.0
sf 32 32.0 32.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent regarding preference for Kerala marriage
pattern, 23% respond for extremely unfavorable, 13% respond for unfavorable, 15%
respond for neither favorable nor unfavorable,17% respond for favorable and 32%
respond for extremely favorable. Majority of people are in favour of the pattern.
4B. Area and status of observed RURAL sample:
Table 19:
23
area
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid rural 100 100.0 100.0 100.0
Table 20:
The sample size for “the study of the attitude towards girl child in rural and urban
area” is taken 100 respondent each from rural and urban area . as shown in above
table status of rural respondent were 56% as father and mother ,16% married with
out child ,12% were adolescent boy and16% were adolescent girl.
Liking of wards towards boy career:
Table 21:
status
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid fm 56 56.0 56.0 56.0
mwc 16 16.0 16.0 72.0
ab 12 12.0 12.0 84.0
ag 16 16.0 16.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
24
career
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid dr 34 34.0 34.0 34.0
enggn 25 25.0 25.0 59.0
pilot 14 14.0 14.0 73.0
teacher 19 19.0 19.0 92.0
anything 8 8.0 8.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent 34% wants their son to become doctor, 25
% to become engineer, 14% chose pilot ,19 % wants to become teacher and & 8%
left on the discretion of boy. Hence, Doctor is still the most preferred profession.
Liking of wards towards girl career:
Table 22:
girl career
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid dr 15 15.0 15.0 15.0
enggn 12 12.0 12.0 27.0
pilot 10 10.0 10.0 37.0
teacher 50 50.0 50.0 87.0
anything 13 13.0 13.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent 15% wants their girl child to become
doctor, 12% to become engineer, 10% chose pilot, 50 % wants to become teacher and
& 13% left decision on the discretion of girl. Thus, clearly 50% people want their
daughters to teacher as they consider it to be safest job.
Response regarding sending girl child of station for further studies:
Table 23:
25
Hostel
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid sda 13 13.0 13.0 13.0
da 11 11.0 11.0 24.0
nad 8 8.0 8.0 32.0
A 43 43.0 43.0 75.0
sa 25 25.0 25.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent 13% are strongly disagree to sent their girl
child out of station for further studies, 11% are disagree, 8% are neither agree nor
disagree, 43% are agree, 25% are strongly agree. So, people are ready to send their
daughter outside even in rural areas.
Boy will be served first:
Table 24:
Serving
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid sda 20 20.0 20.0 20.0
da 16 16.0 16.0 36.0
nad 22 22.0 22.0 58.0
a 31 31.0 31.0 89.0
sa 11 11.0 11.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent 20% are strongly disagree to serve boy
first, 16% are disagree, 22% are neither agree nor disagree, 31% are agree, 11% are
strongly agree.
Girl should contribute more in household work:
Table 25:
26
Household
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid sda 16 16.0 16.0 16.0
da 12 12.0 12.0 28.0
nad 23 23.0 23.0 51.0
a 34 34.0 34.0 85.0
sa 15 15.0 15.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent 16% are strongly disagree that girl should
contribute more, 12% are disagree, 23% are neither agree nor disagree, 34% are agree,
15% are strongly agree. Majority of people agree with the statement.
Involvement of girl child in socio-economic decision-making:
Table 26:
Decision
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid vul 4 4.0 4.0 4.0
s 16 16.0 16.0 20.0
m 20 20.0 20.0 40.0
vl 60 60.0 60.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent 4% are very unlikely about involvement of
girl child in socio-economic decision making, 16% said sometimes, 20% said mostly,
60% said very likely we involve. Therefore, even rural people involve girls in
decision making.
One child is to be there will it be boy:
Table 27:
27
One child
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid sda 16 16.0 16.0 16.0
da 8 8.0 8.0 24.0
nad 7 7.0 7.0 31.0
a 20 20.0 20.0 51.0
sa 49 49.0 49.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent 16% are strongly disagree about it will
only be boy, 8% are disagree, 7% are neither agree nor disagree, 20% are agree, 49%
are strongly agree. Still boy is the preference in case of having only one child.
Girl is a pride / Respect of home:
Table 28:
pride
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid sda 6 6.0 6.0 6.0
da 3 3.0 3.0 9.0
nad 11 11.0 11.0 20.0
a 28 28.0 28.0 48.0
sa 52 52.0 52.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent 6% are strongly disagree that girl child is a
pride, 3% are disagree, 11% are neither agree nor disagree, 28% are agree, 52% are
strongly agree. Therefore, more than 50% people agree to the statement.
Girl are cowards or are not mentally strong:
Table 29:
28
Cowards
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid sda 33 33.0 33.0 33.0
da 12 12.0 12.0 45.0
nad 23 23.0 23.0 68.0
a 12 12.0 12.0 80.0
sa 20 20.0 20.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent 33% are strongly disagree that girls are
cowards, 12% are disagree, 23% are neither agree nor disagree, 12% are agree, 20%
are strongly agree. So the response of people is variable .
Boy should drive the car:
Table 30:
driving
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid sda 8 8.0 8.0 8.0
da 5 5.0 5.0 13.0
nad 19 19.0 19.0 32.0
a 31 31.0 31.0 63.0
sa 37 37.0 37.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent 8% are strongly disagree that boys will
drive, 5% are disagree, 19% are neither agree nor disagree, 31% are agree, 37% are
strongly agree. Hence, in rural areas also boys are preferred as chariot driver.
Girl should get married:
Table 31:
29
Girl marriage
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid 18-20 13 13.0 13.0 13.0
21-22 42 42.0 42.0 55.0
23-25 45 45.0 45.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent 13% think girls should marry between 18-
20 years, 42% think between 21-22 years, 45% think between 23-25%.
Boy should get married:
Table 32:
Boy marriage
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid 18-20 3 3.0 3.0 3.0
21-22 6 6.0 6.0 9.0
23-25 40 40.0 40.0 49.0
25&above 51 51.0 51.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent 3% think boys should marry between 18-
20 years, 6% think between 21-22 years, 40% think between 23-25% and 51% think
of 25 and above. Hence, half of the people prefer boys to get married at or after 25
years of age.
Will you prefer girl child if Govt. Introduce facilities like “LAADLI”
Table 33:
30
Laadli
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid sda 24 24.0 24.0 24.0
da 21 21.0 21.0 45.0
nad 21 21.0 21.0 66.0
a 25 25.0 25.0 91.0
sa 9 9.0 9.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent 24% are strongly disagree about this, 21%
are disagree, 21% are neither agree nor disagree, 25% are agree, 9% are strongly
agree. So, the results show that choices of people are somewhat equally distributed.
Should girls be allowed equal right to her parent’s property:
Table 34:
Property
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid sda 38 38.0 38.0 38.0
da 9 9.0 9.0 47.0
nad 11 11.0 11.0 58.0
a 9 9.0 9.0 67.0
sa 33 33.0 33.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent 38% are strongly disagree about this, 9%
are disagree, 11% are neither agree nor disagree, 9% are agree, 33% are strongly
agree. Rural people are not at all ready to give equal right to girl in property.
About culture like in Kerala:
Table 35:
31
Kerala
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid euf 34 34.0 34.0 34.0
uf 14 14.0 14.0 48.0
nfnuf 19 19.0 19.0 67.0
f 11 11.0 11.0 78.0
ef 22 22.0 22.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
In observed sample size of 100 respondent 34% are extremely unfavorable, 14% are
unfavorable, 19% are neither favorable nor unfavorable, 11% are favorable, 22% are
extremely favorable. Hence, Kerala pattern is unacceptable in rural
4C. ONEWAY ANOVA: (at 5% level of significance)
Table 36:
32
ANOVA
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
hostel Between Groups 8.405 1 8.405 4.479 .036
Within Groups 371.550 198 1.877
Total 379.955 199
withdraw Between Groups 32.000 1 32.000 16.226 .000
Within Groups 390.480 198 1.972
Total 422.480 199
serving Between Groups 1.280 1 1.280 .777 .379
Within Groups 326.300 198 1.648
Total 327.580 199
household Between Groups 11.520 1 11.520 8.648 .004
Within Groups 263.760 198 1.332
Total 275.280 199
onechild Between Groups 9.680 1 9.680 4.400 .037
Within Groups 435.600 198 2.200
Total 445.280 199
pride Between Groups 13.520 1 13.520 10.341 .002
Within Groups 258.860 198 1.307
Total 272.380 199
cowards Between Groups .180 1 .180 .075 .784
Within Groups 473.000 198 2.389
Total 473.180 199
driving Between Groups 19.845 1 19.845 10.794 .001
Within Groups 364.030 198 1.839
Total 383.875 199
laadli Between Groups 15.680 1 15.680 9.233 .003
Within Groups 336.240 198 1.698
Total 351.920 199
property Between Groups 10.580 1 10.580 4.044 .046
Within Groups 518.040 198 2.616
Total 528.620 199
kerala Between Groups 12.005 1 12.005 4.882 .028
Within Groups 486.870 198 2.459
Total 498.875 199
33
5. Girls should be sent out of station for further studies?
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree - Strongly
agree
Null hypothesis – There is no difference between the means rural and urban with
respect to sending girls out of station for further studies
Alternate hypothesis - that there is a difference between the means rural and urban
with respect to sending girls out of station for further studies
Tabulated Value- 3.84
Observed Value- 4.479
Level Of Significant- 5%
F(tab) < F(cal)
Conclusion- There is difference between the means of rural and urban with respect to
sending girls out of station for further studies.
6. In case of any economic crisis or emergency girl should be withdrawn first from
studies?
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree - Strongly
agree
Null hypothesis – There is no difference between the means rural and urban with
respect to withdrawn from studies of girls in case of economic crisis or emergency.
Alternate hypothesis - that there is a difference between the means rural and urban
with respect to withdrawn from studies of girls in case of economic crisis or
emergency.
Tabulated Value- 3.84
Observed Value- 16.22
Level Of Significant- 5%
F(tab) < F(cal)
Conclusion- There is a difference between the means rural and urban with respect to
withdrawn from studies of girls in case of economic crisis or emergency.
34
7. At the time of dinner boy should be served first?
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree- Strongly agree
Null hypothesis -There is no difference between the means rural and urban with
respect to serving boys first in the time of dinner.
Alternate hypothesis - that there is a difference between the means rural and urban
with respect to serving boys first in the time of dinner.
Tabulated Value- 3.84
Observed Value- 0.777
Level Of Significant- 5%
F(tab) > F(cal)
Conclusion- There is no difference between the means rural and urban with respect to
serving boys first in the time of dinner.
8. Girls should contribute more to the household work?
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree - Strongly
agree
Null hypothesis – There is no difference between the means rural and urban with
respect to contribution of girls in household work.
Alternate hypothesis - that there is a difference between the means rural and urban with
respect to contribution of girls in household work.
Tabulated Value- 3.84
Observed Value- 8.648
Level Of Significant- 5%
F(tab) < F(cal)
Conclusion- There is a difference between the means rural and urban with respect to
contribution of girls in household work.
10.If you have an option to bear only one child, boy should be preference
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree - Strongly agree
Null hypothesis – There is no difference between the means rural and urban with respect
preference of boy if they bear only one child.
Alternate hypothesis - that there is a difference between the means rural and urban with
respect to preference of boy if they bear only one child.
Tabulated Value- 3.84
Observed Value- 4.400
35
Level Of Significant- 5%
F(tab) < F(cal)
Conclusion- There is a difference between the means rural and urban with respect to
preference of boy if they bear only one child.
11.A girl is pride/respect of home
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree - Strongly agree
Null hypothesis – There is no difference between the means rural and urban with respect
to girl as a pride/respect of home.
Alternate hypothesis - that there is a difference between the means rural and urban with
respect to girl as a pride/respect of home.
Tabulated Value- 3.84
Observed Value- 10.341
Level Of Significant- 5%
F(tab) < F(cal)
Conclusion- There is a difference between the means rural and urban with respect to girl
as a pride/respect of home.
12. Girls are cowards or they are not mentally strong:
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree
- Strongly agree
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the mean of attitude of
rural and urban people with respect to the above statement.
Alternate hypothesis- there is significant difference between the mean of attitude of
rural and urban people with respect to the above statement.
F(tab)= 3.84
F (cal)=.075
Therefore F (tab)> F (cal)
Therefore alternate hypothesis is rejected.
Conclusion: There is no significant difference between attitude of rural and urban
people with to the above statement.
13. You and your family are going in a car and both your son as well as your daughter
is equally good at driving, still boy should drive?
36
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree
- Strongly agree
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the mean of attitude of
rural and urban people with respect to the above statement.
Alternate hypothesis- there is significant difference between the mean of attitude of
rural and urban people with respect to the above statement.
F(tab)= 3.84
F (cal)=10.794
Therefore F (cal)> F (tab)
Conclusion: There is significant difference between attitude of rural and urban people
with respect to the above statement.
.
16. If Govt. Provide facilities like money and basic education, like “LAADLI”
By Delhi Govt. We should prefer to have only one girl child?
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree
- Strongly agree
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between attitude of rural and
urban people with respect to the above statement.
Alternate hypothesis- there is significant difference between the mean of attitude of
rural and urban people with respect to the above statement.
F(tab)= 3.84
F (cal)=9.233
Therefore F (cal)> F (tab)
Conclusion: There is significant difference between attitude of rural and urban people
with respect to the above statement.
17. Should a girl be allowed equal right to her parent’s property?
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree
- Strongly agree
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between attitude of rural and
urban people with respect to the above statement.
Alternate hypothesis- there is significant difference between the mean of attitude of
rural and urban people with respect to the above statement.
F(tab)= 3.84
37
F (cal)= 4.044
Therefore F (cal)> F (tab)
Conclusion: There is significant difference between attitude of rural and urban people
with respect to the above statement.
18. If the pattern of sending girl after marriage to boy’s house is reversed like in
Kerala. What is your opinion about it?
- Extremely favorable (5) (4) (3) (2) (1) – extremely unfavorable
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between attitude of rural and
urban people with respect to the above statement.
Alternate hypothesis- there is significant difference between the mean of attitude of
rural and urban people with respect to the above statement.
F(tab)= 3.84
F (cal)= 4.882
Therefore F (cal)> F (tab)
Conclusion: There is significant difference between attitude of rural and urban people
with respect to the above statement.
4D. Table 38:
38
Differences between means.
Mean Rural Mean UrbanDifference
(Rural-Urban)
Hostel 3.56 3.97 -0.41
Withdraw 3.66 2.86 0.8
Serving 2.97 2.81 0.16
Household 3.20 3.16 0.04
One child 3.78 3.34 0.44
Pride 4.17 3.65 0.52
Cowards 2.74 2.68 0.06
Driving 3.84 3.21 0.63
Laadli 2.74 3.30 -0.56
Property 2.90 3.36 -0.46
Kerala 2.73 3.22 -0.49
ANALYSIS:
According to 1st factor urban mean is higher therefore sending girl child to hostel for
further studies is more considered by urban people. But according to second factor i.e.
withdrawing girl child from studies in case any economic crisis rural people are more
effected by it. Third factor, serving of dinner to girl child after boy child is more
considered in rural area. Contribution to household work is almost equal in both areas.
Preference towards boy child if we can have only one child is more in rural area. Girl
is the pride of home is more considered by rural people. Girls are considered as
cowards equally in both the areas. Boys are preferred more for driving in rural areas.
But when it comes to comparison of laadli scheme urban people are more in favour of
it. Even urban people are more in favour of property right to girl child and they are
also in favour of Kerala pattern.
4E.KOLMOGROV SMIRNOV TEST:
table 39:
39
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
hostel
N 200
Normal Parametersa Mean 3.76
Std. Deviation 1.382
Most Extreme Differences Absolute .258
Positive .161
Negative -.258
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z 3.642
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .000
a. Test distribution is Normal.
1. Girls should be sent out of station for further studies?
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree - Strongly
agree
Null hypothesis – There is no difference between the distribution of scale in rural and
urban with respect to sending girls out of station for further studies
Alternate hypothesis - that there is a difference between the distribution of scale in
rural and urban with respect to sending girls out of station for further studies
Tabulated Value- 0.096
Observed Value- 3.642
Level Of Significant- 5%
Z(tab) < Z(cal)
Conclusion- There is difference between the distribution of scale of rural and urban
with respect to sending girls out of station for further studies.
Table 40:
40
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
withdraw
N 200
Normal Parametersa Mean 3.26
Std. Deviation 1.457
Most Extreme Differences Absolute .214
Positive .191
Negative -.214
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z 3.030
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .000
a. Test distribution is Normal.
2. In case of any economic crisis or emergency girl should be withdrawn first from
studies?
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree - Strongly
agree
Null hypothesis – There is no difference between the distribution of scale in rural and
urban with respect to withdrawn from studies of girls in case of economic crisis or
emergency.
Alternate hypothesis - that there is a difference between the distribution of scale in
rural and urban with respect to withdrawn from studies of girls in case of economic
crisis or emergency.
Tabulated Value- 0.096
Observed Value- 3.030
Level Of Significant- 5%
Z(tab) < Z(cal)
Conclusion- There is a difference between the distribution of scale rural and urban
with respect to withdrawn from studies of girls in case of economic crisis or
emergency.
Table 41:
41
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
serving
N 200
Normal Parametersa Mean 2.89
Std. Deviation 1.283
Most Extreme Differences Absolute .164
Positive .130
Negative -.164
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z 2.322
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .000
a. Test distribution is Normal.
3. At the time of dinner boy should be served first?
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree- Strongly agree
Null hypothesis -There is no difference between the distribution of scale in rural and
urban with respect to serving boys first in the time of dinner.
Alternate hypothesis - that there is a difference between the distribution of scale in
rural and urban with respect to serving boys first in the time of dinner.
Tabulated Value- 0.096
Observed Value- 2.322
Level Of Significant- 5%
Z(tab) < Z(cal)
Conclusion- There is difference between the distribution of scale rural and urban
with respect to serving boys first in the time of dinner.
Table 42:
42
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
onechild
N 200
Normal Parametersa Mean 3.56
Std. Deviation 1.496
Most Extreme Differences Absolute .251
Positive .168
Negative -.251
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z 3.545
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .000
a. Test distribution is Normal.
4. If you have an option to bear only one child, boy should be preference
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree - Strongly agree
Null hypothesis – There is no difference between the distribution of scale in rural and
urban with respect preference of boy if they bear only one child.
Alternate hypothesis - that there is a difference between the distribution of scale in rural
and urban with respect to preference of boy if they bear only one child.
Tabulated Value- 0.096
Observed Value- 3.545
Level Of Significant- 5%
Z(tab) < Z(cal)
Conclusion- There is a difference between the distribution of scale rural and urban with
respect to preference of boy if they bear only one child.
43
Table 43:
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
onechild
N 200
Normal Parametersa Mean 3.56
Std. Deviation 1.496
Most Extreme Differences Absolute .251
Positive .168
Negative -.251
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z 3.545
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .000
a. Test distribution is Normal.
5. A girl is pride/respect of home
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree - Strongly agree
Null hypothesis – There is no difference between the distribution of scale in rural and
urban with respect to girl as a pride/respect of home.
Alternate hypothesis - that there is a difference between the distribution of scale in rural
and urban with respect to girl as a pride/respect of home.
Tabulated Value- 0.096
Observed Value- 3.191
Level Of Significant- 5%
Z(tab) < Z(cal)
Conclusion- There is a difference between the distribution of scale rural and urban with
respect to girl as a pride/respect of home.
44
Table 44:
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
laadli
N 200
Normal Parametersa Mean 3.02
Std. Deviation 1.330
Most Extreme Differences Absolute .244
Positive .141
Negative -.244
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z 3.457
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .000
a. Test distribution is Normal.
6. If Govt. Provide facilities like money and basic education, like “LAADLI” By Delhi
Govt. We should prefer to have only one girl child?
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree - Strongly agree
Null hypothesis – There is no difference between the distribution of scale in rural and
urban with respect to basic education, like “LAADLI” By Delhi Govt. if they prefer to
have only one girl child
Alternate hypothesis - that there is a difference between the distribution of scale in rural
and urban with respect to basic education, like “LAADLI” By Delhi Govt. if they prefer to
have only one girl child
Tabulated Value- 0.096
Observed Value- 3.457
Level Of Significant- 5%
Z(tab) < Z(cal)
Conclusion- There is no difference between the distribution of scale in rural and urban
with respect to basic education, like “LAADLI” By Delhi Govt. if they prefer to have only
one girl child
45
5. CONCLUSION:
From the study findings it is abundantly clear that although gender biasness has
reduced to a great extent in urban areas but rural rural areas still require to eliminate
certain barriers. When it comes about sending our daughters out of station for further
studies both the areas are at same opinion but similarly on the other hand rural people
would like to withdraw girl child in case of any financial crisis. Incase of having only
one child as a rule boy child is still way above in preference as compared to girl child
in both rural and urban areas. When it comes to marriage age the average age for girls
is still 2 to 3 years less than boys i.e. a girl should be married at 22-24 but a boy
should get married at 25 or above. When it comes to the matter of providing girl child
equal right in her parent’s property rural people are still at discrimination as compared
to urban people. But the distribution of factors in affecting the population views is
totally different in both the areas. Other miscellaneous factors are somewhat equally
distributed in both the populations. Thus, finally taking cumulative effect of all the
factors we can conclude that boy child is still at preference over girl child in rural
areas.
46
6. LIMITATIONS:
1. One of the major limitation was to convince respondents for getting data as
most of people were not ready to share their views.
2. The responses of some of the respondents were biased so we have to reject
them in our study and we have to study more respondents.
3. As we have used convenience sampling so it might be having probability
errors in it i.e. true representation of population might not be there..
4. as this was our first project so we might be wrong in the way of asking
questions and analysis of data.
47
7. LIST OF TABLES:
S.no Title Page no.
1
2
Urban Area
under
observation
Status of
observation
urban area
15
15
3
couple status
16
4 Liking of
wards towards
boy career
16
5 Liking of
wards towards
girl career
17
6 Sending girl to
hostel
17
7 Withdrawing
from studies
18
8 Serving of
dinner
18
9 Girl’s
contribute to
the household
19
48
work
10 Involve girl in
decision
making
19
11 Option to have
only one child
20
12 Girl is pride of
home
20
13 Girls are
cowards
21
14 Driving the car 21
15 Age for girl
marriage
22
16 Age for boy
marriage
22
17 Laadli scheme
by Delhi govt.
23
18 Girl right in
property
23
19 Preference for
Kerala
marriage
pattern
24
20 Rural-area
under
observation
24
21 Status of
observed rural
25
49
area
22 Liking of
wards towards
boy career
25
23 Liking of
wards towards
girl career
26
24 Sending girl
child out of
station for
further studies
26
25 Serving of
dinner
27
26 Girl’s
contribution in
household
work
27
27 girl child in
socio-
economic
decision-
making
28
28 One child is to
be there will it
be boy
28
50
29
Girl is a pride/
respect of
home
29
30 Girl are
cowards or are
not mentally
strong
29
31 Boy should
drive the car
30
32 Girl should get
married
30
33 Boy should get
married
31
34 Boy should get
married
31
35 Should girls be
allowed equal
right to her
parent’s
property
32
36 Preference for
Kerala
marriage
pattern
33
51
37
Oneway
Anova
39
38 Mean
difference
table
39
39 KM test table
1
40
40 KM test table
2
41
41 KM test table
3
42
42 KM test table
4
43
43 KM test table
5
44
44 KM test table
6
45
8. ANNEXURE:
8A. QUESTIONNAIRE:
52
Dear sir/ madam we are studying attitude towards girl child in rural and urban
areas of India. May we have a small fragment of your precious time. Kindly,
contribute to our study by filling the below mentioned questionnaire.
1. Area under observation:
- Urban - Semi-urban - Rural
2. Status of Couple / Person:
- Married but without child - Father & Mother
- Adolescent Boy or Girl
3. Family description:
No. Of members:
No. Of boys, their age and educational standard:
No. Of girls, their age and educational standard:
Annual income:
4. What would you like your ward to be?
Boy Girl
Doctor - -
Engineer - -
Pilot - -
Teacher - -
Anything they want
to become - -
5. Girls should be sent out of station for further studies?
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree
- Strongly agree
6. In case of any economic crisis or emergency girl should be withdrawn first
from studies?
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree
- Strongly agree
53
7. At the time of dinner boy should be served first?
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree
- Strongly agree
8. Girl should contribute more to the household work?
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree
- Strongly agree
9. Do you involve your daughter in socio-economic decision-making?
- Very unlikely - sometimes - mostly - Very likely
10. If you are given an option to bear only one child, boy should be the
preference?
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree
- Strongly agree
11. A girl is the Pride / Respect of home:
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree
- Strongly agree
12. Girls are cowards or they are not mentally strong:
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree
- Strongly agree
13. You and your family are going in a car and both your son as well as your
daughter is equally good at driving, still boy should drive?
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree
- Strongly agree
14. At what age would you like your daughter get married?
- 18-20 21-22 23-25 -25 and above
54
15. At what age would you like your son get married?
- 18-20 21-22 23-25 -25 and above
16. If Govt. Provide facilities like money and basic education, like “LAADLI”
By Delhi Govt. We should prefer to have only one girl child?
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree
- Strongly agree
17. Should a girl be allowed equal right to her parent’s property?
- Strongly disagree - disagree - Neither agree nor disagree -Agree
- Strongly agree
18. If the pattern of sending girl after marriage to boy’s house is reversed like in
Kerala. What is your opinion about it?
- Extremely favorable (5) (4) (3) (2) (1) – extremely unfavorable
We are grateful for your contribution for filling up this Questionnaire.
This will be helpful for the analysis of attitude towards girl child in rural
and urban India.
Dated: ________________
8B. Excel sheet of the data : attached with the file.
9.REFERENCE:
55
1. Sharma, Neeru, Vaid,Sumati and Khalid, Laila.Inter Generational attitude
( Mother & Daughter ).P G Deptt. Home Science, University of Jammu
2. Puri,S, Bhatia,V ,Swami,HM. Indian Journal of Community Medicine Vol.
32,No.1,January 2007.
3. Glover,Jonathen, Nussbaum,Martha. A study of Human Capabilities.Social
action forum for manav adhikar, New Delhi,2007.
4. Patel,Vibhuti, Professor & Head, Deptt. of Economics, Pedicon. Education
and health of girl child in rural area.
5. Srivastava,Nilima, Principal Coordinator.Assessment of attitudinal difference
towards girl’s child. Women studies & Development Centre, University of
Delhi.
6. Ananthakrishnan, Shanthi, Nalini,P. Social status of the rural girl child. Indian
Journal Pediatrics, Volume 69-july,2002
7. Gupta,S,C, Fundamentals of Statistics, Sixth Revised & Enlarged Edition,
Himalaya Publishing House. Page no.23.1 to 23.15.
8. Malhotra,K, Naresh, marketing research fifth edition published by Pearson
publications. Page no.326-329, 532-534.
56