study of metabolism and rate of gain with lambs using ... ·...
TRANSCRIPT
A STUDY OP METABOLISM AMD RATE OF GAIN WITH IAMBS
USING PELLETED AND NON-PELLETED RATIONS
by
WAYNE DAVIS STRIEGEL
B. S., Kansas State College
of Agriculture and Applied Scienoe, 1954
A THESIS
submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree
MASTER OF SCIENCE
Department of Animal Husbandry
KANSAS STATE COLLEGEOF AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE
1957
Ct C- TABLE OF CONTENTS
doGunnelsINTRODUCTION • . • • 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...•••........• 1
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 5
Feeding Trial •••• ••••• 5
Metabolism Study .......... . 7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 10
Feeding Trial ..••• ...... 10
Metabolism Study •••• 13
GENERAL DISCUSSION . ............... . . 17
8UIMARY AND OBSERVATIONS 19
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............. 23
LITERATURE CITED 24
APPENDIX ...... * 26
INTRODUCTION
Commercial lamb feeders have shown an increased interest in pelleted
rations in recent years* Experimental work indicates that these rations
generally produce more rapid and efficient gains than similar rations in
non-pelleted form. The advantage of preparing feed in pelleted form seems
to be most evident when the available roughage is of poor quality. Pelleting
apparently improves the palatabllity of the feedstuff, thereby promoting
increased consumption.
In this experiment, a comparison is made between pelleted and non-
pelleted rations in regard to feedlot performance, digestibility and nitrogen
retention. Although lambs were used in these trials, it is thought that the
results obtained can be applied to oattle as well.
Rations with two different ratios of roughage to concentrate were
utilised. In addition, the source of roughage in the pelleted rations was
either sunoured alfalfa hay or dehydrated alfalfa hay.
This study should help provide a clearer understanding as to the rela-
tive merits of pelleted and non-pelleted rations in the feeding of ruminant
animals.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In recent years, increasing interest has been shown in the pelleting
of rations for sheep. Some of the first research work reported on the use
of pellets was that conduoted at New Mexico A. and If. in 1950. Neale (9)
conducted trials over a three year period in which low quality alfalfa hay
was combined with sorghum grain and molasses in pelleted form. A non-
pelleted ration consisting of high quality alfalfa hay and sorghum grain
was used as a control ration. Results from these trials revealed that the
lambs on the pelleted ration gained more rapidly and utilised their feed
more efficiently than the lambs on the non-pelleted ration* It should be
noted, however, that the pelleted ration oontained molasses while the non-
pelleted ration did not include this ingredient.
Later work by Neale (10) compared pelleted rations of varying propor-
tions of roughage to concentrate. Pellets containing 70 percent, 60 peroent
and 50 percent roughage were fed to both light and heavy lambs. The light
lambs exhibited a slight and the heavy lambs a marked increase in rate of
gain and feed efficiency with the pellets of higher roughage level.
Reoent studies at the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station (2)
indicated that little or no advantage was to be gained from pelleting rations
consisting of alfalfa meal and corn. The pelleting of rations containing
timothy meal and corn considerably increased both rate and efficiency of
gain. The results of this work and -that by Neale (9), (10) indicate that
pelleting of low quality roughages provides a means of obtaining more complete
and efficient utilization of those types of feed.
Evidenoe is also available indicating that lambs will show greater
performance with pelleted rations than the same ration in non-pelleted form.
Thomas, et al. (13) found that lambs on pelleted rations of hay and grain
gained faster and more efficiently than lambs fed whole grain and long hay.
Similar results were recorded by Jordan, et al, (5) who also reported that
the lambs on all pelleted rations developed an apparent craving for roughage
and began to chew on feed bunks and fence posts during -the latter stages of
the trial.
Work at Kansas State College (1) during the last few years is in
accordance with that previously mentioned in that lambs on pelleted rations
show an increase in rate of gain and feed efficiency over lambs on similar
non-pelleted rations* In these trials, rations of 55 pereent roughage and
45 peroent corn -were compared to rations of 65 percent roughage and 36 percent
corn* It was found that the 55-45 rations gave results superior to those of
the 65-35 ration whether the rations were fed in natural form or as pellets*
Lindahl and Davis (6) fed rations consisting of 50 percent alfalfa hay,
46 percent corn and 6 percent blackstrap molasses* in loose form and as
pellets to lambs* Lambs on the non-pelleted ration gained 0*34 pound per
head per day while those receiving pellets gained 0*42 pound per head per
day* Feed required per hundred pounds gain was 908 and 772 pounds respec-
tively for the loose and pelleted ration*
John (4) found that lambs given pelleted rations made faster and more
efficient gains than lambs given similar non-pelleted rations* In the work
reported by John, there was one instance of a non-pelleted ration producing
better results than a similar ration in pelleted form, but the lambs on the
pelleted ration had gone off feed during the feeding period* John (4)
reported that pelleted rations containing 65 peroent alfalfa hay and 55
peroent corn gave significantly better results in the feedlot than did
pelleted rations containing 55 percent alfalfa hay and 45 peroent corn* This
is not consistent with the results reported by Bell and co-workers (1)*
However, non-pelleted 55-45 rations produced faster and more effioient gains
than did 65-35 non-pelleted rations*
Hays (3) conducted a feeding trial with lambs using pelleted and non-
pelleted rations with varying ratios of roughage to concentrate. In addition,
the pelleted rations contained either suneured or dehydrated alfalfa hay as
the source of roughage. Lambs gained faster and more efficiently on the
pelleted rations* The pellets containing suneured alfalfa hay gave better
results than those eontaining dehydrated alfalfa hay, A ratio of 65 percent
roughage and 45 percent concentrate was more efficient and economical than
a 65-35 ratio in the non-pelleted rations* Pelleted rations, however* gave
slightly larger gains with the higher proportion of roughage, but the
advantage in efficiency and eeonomy was inconsistent.
While most workers report more favorable results from feeding pelleted
rations than non-pelleted rations, some trials hare failed to indicate suoh
results* In experiments conducted at Oklahoma A* and M* College (11) little
or no increase in feed efficiency or rate of gain was noted from pelleted
rations over similar non-pelleted rations* Schneider, et al* (12) also could
detect no benefit from the pelleting of rations*
In a metabolism study by John (4), lambs fed pelleted rations had
significantly higher protein and ether extract digestion ooeffloients than
lambs fed non-pelleted rations* The digestion coefficient for crude fiber
was muoh lower in the pelleted rations* There were no noticeable differences
between the total digestible nutrient values of the pelleted and non-pelleted
rations, but in the 55-45 rations, the total digestible nutrient values were
signifioantly higher than in -the 65-35 rations* The average percent nitrogen
retained per lamb was muoh greater in the pelleted rations than in the non-
pelleted rations*
Hays (S) oondueted a metabolism study with lambs using pelleted and
non-pelleted rations having a 60-40 roughage to concentrate ratio and
pelleted rations having a 55-45 ratio. In addition, the souree of roughage
in the pellets was either sunoured or dehydrated alfalfa hay. The digestion
coefficients, total digestible nutrients, and nitrogen retention were highest
in the pelleted rations containing 55 percent roughage and 45 percent corn.
T/lfhile there were but slight differences in the digestion ooeffloients and
total digestible nutrients between the 60-40 pelleted and non-pelleted
rations, the non-pelleted ration had a significantly lower nitrogen reten-
tion than the pelleted rations* There were no consistent differences between
the results from pellets containing suncured or dehydrated alfalfa hay.
Digestion trials were conducted by Long, et al* (7) in which wether
lambs were fed identical rations in natural, ground and pelleted form* The
rations consisted of 30 percent prairie hay, 20 percent alfalfa hay, 34
peroent corn, 8 percent cottonseed meal, and 8 percent cane molasses*
Results indicated that grinding of the feed tended to decrease digestibility
while pelleting of the ground ration raised the digestibility to the original
level* There was no significant difference in overall digestibility between
the rations in pelleted and natural form*
The actual feeding of pelleted rations on a commercial basis has been
limited due to the high cost of preparation of the pellets* At -the present
cost of pelleting, there appears to be little, if any, eoonomic advantage
in feeding pellets since the cost of pelleting offsets the saving in feed*
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Feeding Trial
One hundred and twenty-six lambs were used in this trial* The lambs
were purchased at the Kansas City Stock Yards on October 10, 19S6, and upon
arrival at the Kansas State College sheep barns, were put in dry lot* The
lambs received prairie hay and water for -the first two days and after that,
were given long alfalfa hay, oorn and oats* This ration was continued until
the first day of the feeding period*
In late Ootober, the lambs were individually weighed, ear tagged, and
divided into six lots of 21 animals each* Assignment to lots was made
according to weight to insure an equal distribution of light and heavy lambs
in all lots* The lambs were then placed In six separate pens, all of which
were covered on the north by an open-faced shed. The lambs were started on
test November 6.
Experimental rations were assigned to -the various lots as follows!
Lot 1. Pelleted ration - Pellets consisted of 60 percent suncured
alfalfa hay and 40 percent corn. Chopped alfalfa hay was added to the ration
to achieve a ratio of 65 percent roughage to 35 percent concentrate.
Lot 2. Pelleted ration • Pellets consisted of 50 percent suncured
alfalfa hay and 50 peroent com. Chopped alfalfa hay was added to the ration
to achieve a ratio of 55 percent roughage to 45 percent concentrate.
Lot 3. Non-pelleted ration - Ration consisted of 65 peroent chopped
alfalfa hay and 35 percent corn.
Lot 4. Non-pelleted ration - Ration consisted of 55 percent chopped
alfalfa hay and 45 percent corn.
Lot 5. Pelleted ration - Pellets consisted of 60 peroent dehydrated
alfalfa hay and 40 peroent corn. Chopped alfalfa hay was added to the ration
to achieve a ratio of 65 percent roughage to 35 percent concentrate.
Lot 6. Pelleted ration - Pellets consisted of 50 percent dehydrated
alfalfa hay and 50 percent corn. Chopped alfalfa hay was added to the ration
to achieve a ratio of 55 percent roughage to 45 percent concentrate.
The alfalfa hay used in this experiment was harvested from the same
field. The hay for the dehydrated pellets was taken to the mill for
dehydration as soon as it was out. The hay for the suncured pellets was
allowed to cure in the field, baled and then taken to the mill for grinding
and pelleting. The hay used in the non-pelleted rations was field cured,
baled, and then put through a forage chopper just prior to the start of the
feeding trial* All the oorn for the trial came from the same bulk lot at
the Manhattan mill*
After the lambs were started on -fee experimental rations, the amount
fed daily was gradually increased until eaoh lot was receiving all they would
clean up* Feeding was done twice daily and any feed not consumed was
weighed back and the amount recorded* Salt and water were kept before the
lambs at all times* The lambs were weighed individually at the beginning
and at two-week intervals throughout the trial* The feeding period lasted
88 days, terminating on February 2, 1957. Upon completion of -the feeding
period, the lambs were taken to the St* Joseph Stock Yards and sold* After
slaughter, U*S*D*A* carcass grades were obtained for eaoh lamb*
Average daily gain, feed intake, feed consumed per hundred pounds of
gain, caroass grades, and feed cost were reoorded* Representative samples
of all types of pellets, corn and alfalfa hay were taken to the chemistry
laboratory for analysis* Results of -these analyses are found in Table 1*
Metabolism Study
The same rations were used in the metabolism study that were used in
the feeding trial* The metabolism study was divided into two phases* The
rations in Phase I contained 65 percent roughage and 55 peroent concentrate
while those in Phase 11 contained 55 peroent roughage and 46 percent concen-
trate. In both phases, one ration consisted of chopped alfalfa hay and
ground yellow oorn, another of dehydrated alfalfa hay and yellow eorn in
pelleted form, and a third of sunoured alfalfa hay and yellow oorn in
pelleted form* The pellets in Phase I contained 60 percent alfalfa and
40 peroent corn* Chopped alfalfa hay was added to the pellets in Phase I
in amounts necessary to achieve the 65-35 ratio* Pellets in Phase II
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contained 60 percent alfalfa and 50 percent corn. Chopped alfalfa hay was
added to the pellets in Phase 11 in amounts necessary to achieve the 55-45
ratio*
Eight of the heaviest lambs from the original group purchased in
Kansas City were selected for the metabolism trials. These lambs were
brought to the metabolism room and placed in metabolism crates on November
10, 1956. They were immediately started on an approximate full feed of the
experimental rations* Feeding was done twice daily and water was kept before
the lambs at all times. A week was allowed for the lambs to beoome accus-
tomed to the crates and diet. On November 17, the first collection period of
Phase 1 began. Each collection period covered a span of seven consecutive
days. Sinoe only eight metabolism orates were available, three lambs each
were on two of the rations and two lambs were on the third ration during
eaoh oolleotion period. At the end of each collection period, the rations
were rotated and a three day adjustment period was allowed before beginning
the next oolleotion period. In this manner, collections were obtained from
all the lambs on eaoh ration of the trial.
One lamb of the original eight failed to eat during the initial
adjustment period and was replaced by a lamb which soon exhibited signs of
illness and also had to be replaced. This accounts for the fact that only
seven lambs are shown in the first oolleotion period.
The feces from eaoh lamb was collected every evening during the oolleo-
tion period. This was weighed and a 5 peroent aliquot placed in a
poroelainized pan whioh in turn was placed in an oven set at 65 degrees
Centigrade. After the seventh day of collection, -the oven was turned up to
95 degrees Centigrade until the feces were completely dry. The dry feces
were then weighed, transferred to glass jars and taken to the chemistry
10
laboratory for analysis*
The urine was also collected every 24 hours, the volume recorded, and
a representative sample plaoed in a glass jar. A few drops of toluene were
added as a preservative. Upon completion of a collection period, Hie urine
samples were taken to the chemistry laboratory for nitrogen analysis*
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Feeding Trial*
It is pointed out that the pellets used in this experiment contained
either 60 peroent roughage and 40 peroenfc conoentrate or 60 percent roughage
and 50 peroent concentrate* Chopped alfalfa hay was added to the pellets to
make a ration containing either 66 percent roughage and 35 percent concen-
trate or 55 percent roughage and 45 peroent concentrate* In addition, the
source of roughage in the pellets was either dehydrated or suncured alfalfa
hay* In the following discussions, rations consisting of pellets made with
60 percent suncured alfalfa hay and 40 percent com plus enough chopped
alfalfa hay to make a ration having a 65-55 roughage to conoentrate ratio,
will be spoken of as 65-35 suncured pellets* Reference to the other rations
will be made in a like manner*
Results of the feeding trial are given in Table 2* The lambs made more
rapid gains when fed pelleted rations -than when fed similar non-pelleted
rations in all oases but one* This exception was with the 55-45 dehydrated
pellets* The rate of gain from this ration was essentially the same as
that from the 55-45 non-pelleted ration* The increased rates of gain appar-
ently resulted from more effioient feed utilisation since the total amount
of feed consumed was less with the pelleted rations than with the non-pelleted
11
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rations. The coat of gain with pellets containing dehydrated alfalfa hay-
was considerably more than that with pellets containing suncured alfalfa
hay or the non-pelleted rations • This can be partially attributed to the
high cost of dehydration*
Pellets containing suncured alfalfa hay gave significantly better
results than pellets containing dehydrated alfalfa hay* Not only did the
lambs gain more rapidly on the pellets made with suncured hay, but the feed
efficiency was greater and the oost per hundred pounds of gain less*
Slightly faster gains were obtained from 66-85 sunoured pellets than
from 55-45 suncured pellets* The same was true with the pellets containing
dehydrated alfalfa hay* Another factor of interest is that the 55-45 sun-
cured pellets produced faster gains than either of the rations containing
dehydrated alfalfa* This tends to indicate that while a 65-45 roughege to
concentrate ratio may be desirable, a more important factor in obtaining
good results from pellets is the utilisation of suncured alfalfa hay as the
source of roughage. Feed efficiency and cost per hundred pounds of gain
were varied and inconsistent between the pellets containing different ratios
of roughage to concentrate*
In the non-pelleted rations, the 65-35 roughage to concentrate ration
produced a slightly faster rate of gain and a lower cost per hundred pounds
of gain than the 55-45 ration*
It is thought that the addition of a small amount of roughage to the
pelleted ration, as was done in this trial, lends to more efficient utilisa-
tion of the pellets*
The feed prloes and processing oharges used in determining the feed
cost were as follows! Chopped alfalfa hay, f28*00 per ton| ground oorn,
$1*50 per busheli dehydrated alfalfa hay, $37*00 per ton, grinding hay for
15
the pellets, $5*00 per ton, and mixing and pelleting, $5*00 per ton* On the
basis of these figures, the 60-40 suncured pellets oost |44*44 per ton, the
50-50 suncured pellets oost $46*80 per ton, the 60-40 dehydrated pellets oost
$48*62 per ton and the 50-50 dehydrated pellets oost $50*28 per ton.
One lamb died during the next to last week of the trial due to entero-
toxemia*
Metabolism Study
The average values for the metabolism study are found in Tables 5 and 4*
Digestion Trial* With the rations containing 65 percent roughage and
35 percent concentrate, the lambs receiving suncured pellets had a higher
total digestible nutrient value than the lambs on the non-pelleted ration*
The non-pelleted ration, however, gave a higher total digestible nutrient
value than the pelleted ration with dehydrated alfalfa hay* In the 55-45
rations, the same relationship existed* The better results obtained from
suncured pellets are in agreement with results of the feeding trial* The
55-45 rations produoed considerably higher total digestible nutrient values
than the 65-36 rations*
There was little difference in the digestion coefficients for crude
fiber in any of the pelleted rations. The fiber digestion coefficients for
both of the non-pelleted rations were essentially the same and v;ere con-
siderably higher than those of -tiie pelleted rations* The digestion co-
efficient values for crude fiber in this trial were considerably higher in
the pelleted rations than those reported previously for similar trials
(Hays, 5), (John, 4)* The small amount of chopped alfalfa hay added to the
pellets is thought to have aided in the digestion of crude fiber. Pellets
alone, due to their oompaotness, would probably tend to move more rapidly
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16
through the digestive tract than pellets accompanied by roughage. Not only
would the roughage delay the passage of the pellets through the digestive
tract, but it would also add bulk to the ration. This would help to avoid
the formation of a doughlike mass in the digestive tract whioh would not be
readily attacked by the digestive juices (Maynard and Loosll, 8).
The suncured pellets produced considerably higher digestion coefficients
for ©rude protein than did the pellets containing dehydrated alfalfa hay.
The 65-35 suncured pellets gave a slightly higher value for protein than did
the 65-35 non-pelleted ration, however, the values for 55-45 sunoured pellets
and the 55-45 non-pelleted ration were essentially the same.
The 55-45 rations gave much higher digestion coefficients for ether
extract than did the 66-35 rations. Pellets containing dehydrated alfalfa
hay had considerably higher values than either the suncured pellets or the
non-pelleted rations.
Sunoured pellets produced slightly higher digestion coefficients for
nitrogen-free extract than did the non-pelleted rations. The non-pelleted
rations gave higher values than did the dehydrated pellets. The rations
containing 55 percent roughage produced somewhat higher digestion coefficients
for nitrogen-free extract than did the rations containing 65 percent roughage.
Nitrogen Balance. The differences in nitrogen retention in the rations
containing 55 percent roughage and 45 peroent concentrate were slight. The
65-35 ration consisting of ohopped alfalfa hay and corn, however, produced
a much lower nitrogen retention than did the 65-35 pelleted rations. This
difference was largely due to the failure of two of the lambs to eat properly,
during whioh time they exhibited a negative nitrogen balance. The average
peroent nitrogen retained for the 55-45 rations was considerably higher than
for the 66-35 rations.
17
GENERAL DISCUSSION
In this experiment it was found that lambs being fattened on pelleted
rations consisting of sunoured alfalfa hay and corn gained more rapidly and
had better feed efficiency than lambs being fed pelleted rations consisting
of dehydrated alfalfa hay and ground corn or non-pelleted rations consisting
of chopped alfalfa hay and ground com. The better results obtained from the
pelleted rations containing sunoured alfalfa hay are in agreement with other
workpreviously reported (Hays, 3)* Many of the experiments found in the
literature report the use of molasses in the pellets along with the other
ingredients* Even with this factor to consider, it is generally agreed that
pelleted rations produce more rapid and efficient gains in lambs than similar
rations in non-pelleted form* These results further confirm this observation,
but only when sunoured alfalfa hay was used as the source of roughage in the
pellets*
Results from this experiment showed 13iat the rate of gain and feed
efficlenoy in the sunoured pellets having different ratios of roughage to
concentrate were essentially the same* Also, the oost per hundred pounds of
gain was the same* This laok of variability between the different ratios of
roughage to oonoentrate is not in agreement with the work conducted by
Hays (3), who reported that his results definitely confirmed a greater feed
efficiency of pelleted rations containing a 55-45 roughage to conoentrate
ratio over rations containing a 65-35 ratio*
Jordan, et tie (5), reported that lambs on all-pelleted rations devel-
oped an apparent craving for roughage and began chewing on feed bunks and
fence posts* The lambs in this experiment reoeived approximately *4 pound
of chopped alfalfa hay along with the pellets. No signs of a craving for
18
roughage were noted* It is also thought that the addition of this mall
amount of roughage to the ration helps to effect a more oomplete breakdown
of the crude fiber in the ration. The digestion coefficients for the crude
fiber are considerably higher in this experiment than in the trial oonducted
by John (4) in whioh no additional roughage was added to the pellets*
Results from this trial comparing the rate of gain and feed efficiency
between pelleted rations containing dehydrated alfalfa hay as the source
of roughage and non-pelleted rations are in agreement with the work reported
by Cats, et al* (2), in whioh they found that there was little or no
advantage to be gained from pelleting rations consisting of alfalfa meal and
corn* The pellets containing dehydrated alfalfa not only failed to produce
an appreciable increase in rate and efficiency of gain over non-pelleted
rations, but the cost of the dehydrated pellets raised the cost per hundred
pounds of gain considerably above that for non-pelleted rations.
Only one other worker. Hays (3), used pelleted rations containing
either suncured alfalfa hay or dehydrated alfalfa hay, so only one comparison
can be drawn between the relative merits of pellets containing these two
sources of roughage* The actual values for the total digestible nutrients
and the various digestion coeffioients varied somewhat between this
experiment and the work oonducted by Hays (3). However, the results of the
metabolism studies of the two trials are in fairly close agreement as far as
relative differences between the different rations is concerned except in
the case of the crude fiber digestion coefficients* Hays reported a much
lower value for the 60-40 pelleted rations than for the 55-45 pelleted
rations, but this is thought to be due to the fact that Hays did not add
chopped alfalfa hay to his 60-40 pellets*
Nitrogen retention was higher with the 55*45 rations, than with the
19
65-35 rations* There was little difference in the percent of nitrogen
retained in the 55-45 rations*
In the 65-35 rations, the non-pelleted ration produced a much lower
nitrogen balance than did either of the pelleted rations* This low value is
largely attributed to the failure of two lambs to eat properly while on the
non-pelleted ration*
The lambs used in the metabolism study were the heaviest of the group
of lambs purchased for both the feeding trial and metabolism study* It is
believed by some people that animals confined to orates for experimental
purposes exhibit extreme states of unthriftlness and loss of weight during
this confinement* A point of interest is that the lambs utilised in this
metabolism study had an average weight exactly the same at the end of the
trial as at the beginning although they did lose considerable muscle tone
due to lack of exercise.
SUMMARY AND OBSERVATIONS
One hundred and twenty-six lambs were used in the feeding trial of this
experiment* They were assigned to lots according to weight in order to
insure a uniform average sise of lambs in each lot* There were six lots
of twenty-one lambs each* Pelleted and non-pelleted rations with two dif-
ferent ratios of roughage to oonoentrate were fed* In addition, dehydrated
alfalfa hay was used for the source of roughage in one set of pellets while
suncured alfalfa hay was used in the other set*
It was found that the lambs made more rapid gains on the pelleted
rations than on the non-pelleted rations in all eases but one* The increased
rates of gain were apparently due to more efficient feed utilization rather
than increased feed intake since idle lambs on the non-pelleted rations
20
consumed more feed than those on the pelleted rations.
Pellets containing sunoured alfalfa hay as "Hie source of roughage
produced faster and more eeonomioal gains than pellets with dehydrated
alfalfa hay as the source of roughage*
Where dehydrated alfalfa hay was the source of roughage, -the 65-35
pelleted ration produced best results. When sunoured alfalfa hay was the
source of roughage, there was no significant difference in economy and rate
of gain between the pellets containing the two different ratios of roughage
to concentrate.
The cost per hundred pounds of gain was approximately the same for the
non-pelleted rations and the pelleted rations containing suncured alfalfa
hay. The cost was considerably higher with pellets containing dehydrated
alfalfa hay. This can be partially attributed to the high cost of dehydra-
tion.
Eight wether lambs were used in the metabolism study of this experiment.
These lambs were fed -the same rations that were used in the feedlot trial.
Each lamb was on each ration for one week with a three-day adjustment period
in between. There was little difference in the total digestible nutrient
value for any of the rations containing the same ratio of roughage to con-
centrate. The rations containing 55 percent roughage and 45 percent concen-
trate produced somewhat higher total digestible nutrient values than did the
65-35 rations. Digestion coefficients for crude fiber were significantly
higher in the non-pelleted rations. Digestion coefficients for ether extract
were higher in the rations containing 55 percent roughage and 45 percent
concentrate, w ith the pelleted rations containing dehydrated alfalfa hay
having considerably the highest value.
The pelleted rations containing sunoured alfalfa hay and the non-pelleted
a
rations gave crude protein digestion coefficients that were essentially the
same. The crude protein digestion oo efficients for the pelleted rations
containing dehydrated alfalfa hay were somewhat lower than those in the
other rations. There was no significant difference in the digestion co-
efficients of nitrogen-free extract in any of the rations, however, the
55-45 rations held a slight edge over the 65-35 rations in this value.
There was little difference in the average amount of nitrogen retained
among the 55-45 rations. Nitrogen retention from the 65-36 rations was much
the lowest in the non-pelleted ration. It is thought that this low value
resulted largely from the failure of two of the lambs to eat properly. The
overall average for nitrogen retention was significantly higher in -tfie
rations containing 55 percent roughage and 45 peroent concentrate.
The following observations were made from this experiment!
Lambs gained as fast or faster on pelleted rations than on similar
rations in non-pelleted form.
Pellets containing sunoured alfalfa hay produced more rapid and
economical gains than pellets containing dehydrated alfalfa hay.
Pelleted rations containing sunoured alfalfa hay as the source of
roughage produced higher total digestible nutrient values than non-pelleted
rations or pelleted rations containing dehydrated alfalfa hay. This dif-
ference was slight in the case of the non-pelleted rations.
Rations containing 55 percent roughage and 45 percent concentrate pro-
duced higher total digestible nutrient values than rations having a 65-35
roughage to concentrate ratio.
Digestion coefficients of crude fiber were higher in non-pelleted rations
than in pelleted rations.
Digestion coefficients for crude protein were lower in the pelleted
22
rations containing dehydrated alfalfa hay than in pelleted rations containing
suncured alfalfa hay or the non-pelleted rations.
Rations containing 55 percent roughage and 45 percent concentrate pro-
duced higher digestion coefficients for e-tfcer extract than rations con-
taining 65 peroent roughage and 35 percent concentrate*
Pelleted rations containing dehydrated alfalfa hay produoed higher
digestion coefficients for ether extract than pelleted rations containing
suncured alfalfa hay or the non-pelleted rations.
23
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to express his deepest appreciation to Dr. Draytford
Richardson, major instructor, for his assistance and guidance in conducting
the experiment and preparing the manuscript! and to Carl Monties and Ted
Nelson for their help with the feeding trial.
The author is especially grateful to his wife, Anne Striegel, not only
for inspiration, but also for her assistance in the preparation of data and
typing of the manuscript.
24
LITERATURE CUED
1. Bell, T. Donald, Draytford Richardson, J. S. Hughes and D. Parrish.
The relationship of physical balance and energy value in sheeprations, summer, 1953. Kansas Agrl. Expt. Sta. C 308 (1954)*
2* Cate, H. A*, J. M* Lewis, R* J* Webb, II. E. Mansfield and U. S. Garrigus.
The effeot of pelleting rations of varied quality and feed utilisa-
tion by lambs* J. Ani. Soi. 14:137-142 (1955).
3. Hays, Leonard E.
Comparative efficiency of utilisation of pelleted and un-pelletedrations of varying concentrations for fattening lambs. A Master'sThesis, Department of Animal Husbandry, Kansas State College,Manhattan* (1958).
4. John, Russel E*
The comparative digestibility and feeding efficiency of pelletedand non-pelleted rations for feeder lambs* A Master's Thesis,Department of Animal Husbandry, Kansas State College, Manhattan*
(1965).
5* Jordan, P. S*, H* G. Croon and E. F* Ferrin.Lamb feed trials, 1953-1954* Minn* West Central Expt. Sta* MorrisS-44 (1954).
6* Lindahl, I* L. and R* E* Davis*Effeot of pelleting on the digestibility of lamb diets* Abst* J*Ani* Sei. 14:1215 (1955).
7* Long, T* A*, A. B. Nelson and R. MacVicar.Effeot of grinding and pelleting upon digestibility of a ration bylambs. J. Ani* Sei. 14:947-950 (1955).
8* Maynard, L* A. and J* K* Loosli.Animal Nutrition. New Yorkt McGraw-Hill, p. 48 (1956)*
9* Neale, P. E.
Alfalfa cubes for fattening lambs and wethers. N.M. Agrl. Expt.Sta. Bull. No. 375 (1953)*
10* Neale, P. E.
Alfalfa cube mixtures for fattening lambs* N*M* Agrl. Expt. Sta.Bull* No. 398 (1955).
11. Noble, R. L*, L. S. Pope, Swight Stephens and R. W. MacVicar.Fattening test with western feeder lambs* Okla. A&M Feeders' DayReport, 1952-1953.
12* Schneider, B. H., L. C* Luoe and E* E. Goodwin.Pea supplements, pelleting, self-feeding, and pea vine silage inlamb fattening. J. Ani* Soi. 12t 930-931 (1953).
25
IS. Thomas, 0* 0., J* L. Van Horn, T. Aasheim and Art Hoversland.
Lamb-fattening tests, 1952-1954. Mont. Agri. Expt. Sta. C 80 (1955).
i
i
26
APPENDIX
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27
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A STUDY OF METABOLISM AND RATE OF GAIN WITH LAMBSU8ING PELLETED AND NON-PELLETED RATIONS
WAYNE DAVIS STRIEOEL
B. s«, Kansas State Collegeof Agriculture and Applied Science, 1954
AN ABSTRACT OF A THESIS
:
submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requiremaits for Hie degree
MASTER OF SCIENCE
Department of Animal Husbandry
KANSAS STATE COLLEGEOF AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE
1957
This experiment was designed to study the feedlot performance, digest-
ibility, and nitrogen retention from pelleted and non-pelleted rations having
two different ratios of roughage to concentrate. In addition, the pellets
contained either dehydrated or sunoured alfalfa hay as the source of roughage*
One hundred and thirty-four lambs were used, with the eight heaviest
being selected for the metabolism study. The lambs used in the feeding trial
were divided into six lots of 21 animals each.
The same rations were used in both the feeding trial and metabolism
study. The experimental rations were as followst (1) Pellets containing
60 peroent dehydrated alfalfa hay and 40 percent oora plus enough chopped
alfalfa hay to make a S&-35 ratio. (2) Pellets containing 60 percent suncured
alfalfa hay and 40 peroent corn plus enough chopped alfalfa hay to make a
65-35 ratio. (5) Non-pelleted ration consisting of 65 percent chopped
alfalfa hay and 35 peroent ground yellow oorn. (4) Pellets containing 60
percent dehydrated alfalfa hay and 50 percent corn plus enough chopped
alfalfa hay to make a 55-46 ratio. (5) Pellets containing 50 percent sun-
cured alfalfa hay and 50 percent corn plus enough chopped alfalfa hay to
make a 55-45 ratio. (6) Non-pelleted ration consisting of 55 peroent chopped
alfalfa hay and 45 percent ground yellow corn.
It was found that lambs being fattened on pelleted rations containing
suncured alfalfa hay gained more rapidly and had better feed efficiency than
lambs on pellets containing dehydrated alfalfa hay or on non-pelleted rations.
There was little difference in rate of gain, feed efficiency and oost per
hundred pounds of gain between suncured pellets having different ratios of
roughage to concentrate. In the dehydrated pellets and the non-pelleted
rations, rate and economy of gain were best in the rations containing the
higher level of roughage. The cost of gain was about the same for -the
suncured pellets and the non-pelleted rations* Cost of gain for -the dehydrated
pellets was considerably higher*
Total digestible nutrient values were higher in the 55-45 rations than
in the 65-55 rations* Pellets containing dehydrated alfalfa hay gave -the
lowest total digestible nutrient values, suncured pellets gave the highest,
and the values for the non-pelleted rations fell between the two* Digestion
coefficients for crude protein were lowest in the dehydrated pellets. There
was little difference between the protein digestion coefficients for suncured
pellets and the non-pelleted rations* The two different levels of roughage
to concentrate produced no significant differences in crude protein digestion
coefficients* Ether extract digestion coefficients were considerably higher
in the dehydrated pellets than in the other two rations* Rations containing
55 peroent roughage gave a higher value for ether extract than did the rations
containing 65 percent roughage* There was little difference in -the digestion
coefficients for crude fiber in any of -the pelleted rations* Fiber digestion
coefficients for both of the non-pelleted rations were essentially the same
and were considerably higher than those for the pelleted rations* The 56-45
rations produced slightly higher digestion coefficients for nitrogen-free
extract than did the 65-35 rations* There was little difference in the
values for nitrogen-free extraot within the rations containing the same ratio
of roughage to concentrate.
The 55-45 rations produced higher average percents of nitrogen retention
than did the 65-35 rations. There was little difference in nitrogen reten-
tion from the 55-45 rations, while in the 65-35 rations, the non-pelleted
ration gave a ranch lower value than did the pelleted rations* It is thought
that this low value was due to the failure of two of the lambs on the non-
pelleted ration to eat properly.