Study of Study of PersonalityPersonality

Mr. Bertani Mr. Bertani Ch.1 “What is Psychology?”Ch.1 “What is Psychology?”Ch.2 “Research Methodologies”Ch.2 “Research Methodologies”

To be covered in Ch.1 & To be covered in Ch.1 & Ch.2…Ch.2…

Key terms & definitionsKey terms & definitions

Goals of Psychologists & Goals of Psychologists & PsychiatristsPsychiatrists

____________________________

HistoryHistory

PerspectivesPerspectives

____________________________

DisappearinDisappearing Definitiong Definition

PERSONALITYPERSONALITY- The distinct - The distinct __________ of behavior, including __________ of behavior, including thoughts and____________, that thoughts and____________, that characterize a person’s characterize a person’s ____________to life.____________to life.

Related Questions & Related Questions & Answers Answers

How do we study personalities?

Who studies personalities?

_________________- The science that studies behavior and mental processes.

_________________- A person trained as a professional in science of psychology

_________________- A medical doctor who specializes in the study and treatment of psychological disorders

What are their goals?What are their goals?

1.1. ____________________- Gather information and find facts____________________- Gather information and find facts

2. ____________________ 2. ____________________ - Create hypotheses, research and test the - Create hypotheses, research and test the hypotheses, and construct theories hypotheses, and construct theories

3.3. ____________________- What will an organism do? ____________________- What will an organism do? What will it think or feel?What will it think or feel?

4. ____________________4. ____________________ - Seek to influence or control behavior in - Seek to influence or control behavior in helpful wayshelpful ways

1.1. Clinical Clinical 2.2. CounselingCounseling3.3. School & Educational School & Educational 4.4. DevelopmentalDevelopmental5.5. PersonalityPersonality6.6. SocialSocial7.7. Experimental Experimental 8.8. Industrial & Industrial &

OrganizationalOrganizational9.9. Environmental Environmental 10.10. ConsumerConsumer11.11. ForensicForensic12.12. HealthHealth

A.A. study relationships between people and study relationships between people and workwork

B.B. focus on behavior of shoppersfocus on behavior of shoppers

C.C. help identify and assist students who help identify and assist students who encounter problems that interfere with encounter problems that interfere with learning/focus on improvement of course learning/focus on improvement of course planning and instructional methodsplanning and instructional methods

D.D. define and examine human traitsdefine and examine human traits

E.E. study how behavior and mental processes study how behavior and mental processes are related to physical well beingare related to physical well being

F.F. study the physical, cognitive, moral, social, study the physical, cognitive, moral, social, & emotional changes that occur & emotional changes that occur throughout the life spanthroughout the life span

G.G. study overt behavior in social situationsstudy overt behavior in social situations

H.H. assist in the criminal justice systemassist in the criminal justice system

I.I. study the effects of the physical study the effects of the physical environment on people & the people on the environment on people & the people on the environmentenvironment

J.J. engage in basic researchengage in basic research

K.K. help people with problems by evaluating help people with problems by evaluating patients through structured interviews and patients through structured interviews and psychological testspsychological tests

L.L. Typically treat people who have adjustment Typically treat people who have adjustment problems rather than serious psychological problems rather than serious psychological disordersdisorders

Fields of Psychology Assignment

Since you took this wonderful class, let’s assume you aspire to be a Psychologist!

Your first assignment is to:

1. Visit http://www.apa.org/about/division.html. Next, scan & review the fields in which you may be interested.

2. Pick a field of psychology you would enter into.

3. Find a summary of the field and print it out. (Name, Date, & Period in the upper left)

4. On the back of the paper write why you selected that field.

5. Be prepared to share your field & explanation.

6. Due …

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9571484

Health & Science

Drug Ads Play Up Benefits, Downsize Risks

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQTexs-__Dg&feature=PlayList&p=304783A51DBBC376&playnext=1&index=16

Section 3Section 3

A History of Psychology!A History of Psychology!

You and a partner are to use You and a partner are to use pages 12-17 to find the answers pages 12-17 to find the answers to the History Hunt worksheet. to the History Hunt worksheet.

•Psychologists assume that our mental processes-our thoughts, fantasies, and dreams-are made possible by the ____________________.

•The use of CAT scans and PET scans show which parts of the ____________ are involved in various mental processes.

•Certain parts of the ____________ are active when we listen to music, other parts are active when we solve math problems.

•Chemicals in the brain are connected with the storage of information-the formation of memories. _______________

•_______________ - the basic building blocks of heredity

•The ______________________ of perception, memory, and information processing by which the individual acquires knowledge, solves problems, & plans for the future•The __________ actively _______________ _______________ it receives and transforms it

•Incoming _______________ is _______________ in various Incoming _______________ is _______________ in various ways it is selected compared and combined with other ways it is selected compared and combined with other information already in memory transformed rearranged information already in memory transformed rearranged and so onand so on•Investigation centers on the way in which we perceive and mentally represent the world

•The _______________

•Free will vs. determinism

•Psychologists would be interested in a person’s ________-concept, feelings of _______-esteem and ________-awareness

•The pursuit of __________-actualization

•A psychologist considers the person’s experience, as perceived by that person, to be the most important event in psychology

•Development of the __________ to the fullest potential

•Behavior stems from processes that are _______________

•Focus of today’s neoanalysts concentrates on __________ choice

•Two primitive impulses propel us to do what we do: 1)._______________ 2)._______________

•A psychologist studies individuals by ___________at their behavior rather than at their internal workings

•John B. __________ argued that only you can introspect about your perceptions and feelings, but others can observe your behavior•Stimulus ______________ (S R) Psychologists maintain that a science of psychology can be based strictly on what goes in and what comes out (input output)

•Learn by ____________ and punishments Learn by ____________ and punishments (reinforcement)(reinforcement)•Learn by observationLearn by observation

•Ethnicity

•__________

•Culture

•Socioeconomic status

The most-adaptive organisms have a greater chance of surviving…, when they can reproduce (and pass on…?).

Many kinds of behavior have a _______________ basis.

Inherited tendencies.

CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES:

BIOLOGICAL:

COGNITIVE:

HUMANISTIC:

PSYCHOANALYTIC/PSYCHODYNAMIC:

BEHAVIORIST/LEARNING:

SOCIOCULTURAL:

EVOLUTIONARY:

Brain and nervous system – the body

The mind processing information

The ‘Self’ – “Know Thyself”

Unconscious

Observable behavior

Ethnicity, culture, gender, & socioeconomic status

Inherited tendencies

Step 1. Generate Ideas & _______________a Research Question

Step 2. ________________ a Hypothesis

Step 3. Devise a study to __________ the hypothesis, then run the Study & Get Results

Step 4.  ________________ & Interpret the Results

Step 5.  Draw Conclusions (__________) & Communicate the Results

SOURCE: http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/phases.html#1

Let's take an example that we will use for all of the steps.  You notice that you are able to memorize items such as phone numbers better when you eat candy and wonder if there is a connection between candy and memory.

Let's say that you researched the topic of memory enhancement and saw that other researchers have looked at how certain herbs and a healthy diet can improve memory.  However, no one* has examined if sugar can improve memory.  Therefore, your research question is: Can sugar improve memory?

If the research question is to see if sugar affects memory, the hypothesis would be more specific and state: 

    "College students who ingest 2 grams of sugar before studying for a memorization task will perform better than college students who do not ingest sugar."

For our sugar study, we would pick the __________________________.  We would have 2 groups:  college students who ingest 2 grams of sugar and college students who ingest 2 grams of a harmless placebo-powder (no sugar).  After both groups ingest their respective powder, they would have 3 minutes to memorize a list of nonsense syllables.  After a 5 minute rest, both groups would recall as many of the syllables as possible.  The number of correct syllables recalled would represent their memory score. 

In our example, "sugar" and "memory" are terms that need to be defined (__________________________________) in order for a reader to understand exactly what the researcher means by those terms (and for others to _______________ the study).  Sugar could be defined as white granulated sugar while memory could be described as a score from a memorization test of nonsense syllables.

SurveySurvey Naturalistic-Naturalistic-ObservationObservation

TestingTesting The Laboratory-The Laboratory-ObservationalObservational

Case-StudyCase-Study CorrelationalCorrelational

Longitudinal & Longitudinal & Cross- SectionalCross- Sectional ExperimentalExperimental

1.1. SurveySurvey2.2. TestingTesting3.3. Case-StudyCase-Study4.4. Longitudinal & Cross-Sectional Longitudinal & Cross-Sectional 5.5. Naturalistic-ObservationNaturalistic-Observation6.6. Laboratory-ObservationLaboratory-Observation7.7. CorrelationalCorrelational8.8. Experimental Experimental

MethodologiesMethodologiesHow psychologists/psychiatrists gather How psychologists/psychiatrists gather

informationinformation

1 .1 .The Survey MethodThe Survey Method

Large samples of people are questioned

___________ or ___________ Sampling

2.2.The Testing MethodThe Testing Method

• Intelligence, Aptitude, and Personality TestsIntelligence, Aptitude, and Personality Tests

• ____________________ – measure what a test is supposed – measure what a test is supposed to measureto measure

• Other Key Vocabulary for Tests:Other Key Vocabulary for Tests: Tests need to be Tests need to be ______________________________ or or reliablereliable

3.3.The Case-Study MethodThe Case-Study Method

• A carefully drawn biography that may be A carefully drawn biography that may be obtained through interviews, obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and psychological testsquestionnaires, and psychological tests

• ________________________________________ based his research based his research mostly on the case study methodmostly on the case study method

4. Longitudinal & Cross-4. Longitudinal & Cross-SectionalSectional

A selected group of participants are A selected group of participants are observed over a observed over a __________ __________ period of timeperiod of time

In a In a ________________________________________ study, instead of study, instead of following the same group people of following the same group people of different ages would be studied and different ages would be studied and comparedcompared

5. The Naturalistic-Observation Method

A scientific method in which organisms are observed in their natural environments

___________________ – not interfering

What happens when a principal comes in to observe a teacher?

6. Laboratory-Observation6. Laboratory-Observation

Allows for psychologists to Allows for psychologists to ____________ the environment____________ the environment

7. Correlational Method

o Studies the relationships between variables (Twins Study)

o ______________________________ can be positive or negative ranging from 1.00 to -1.00

Tell me the correlation

1) Stress Health

2) Time Studying Grades

3) Time watching T.V. Grades

4) Less Time Studying Grades

Correlations can be represented by scatterplots.

8. 8. The Experimental MethodThe Experimental Method

Seeks to discover cause-and-effect Seeks to discover cause-and-effect relationships by introducing variables and relationships by introducing variables and observing their effects on dependent variablesobserving their effects on dependent variables

Treatment Treatment SubjectsSubjects ______________________________________& Dependent Variables& Dependent Variables Experimental & Control GroupsExperimental & Control Groups PlaceboPlacebo Single Blind & Single Blind & ________________ ________________

An experimenter wants to study the effects of An experimenter wants to study the effects of music on studying. He has some students music on studying. He has some students study while listening to music and others study study while listening to music and others study in silence, and then compares their test scores. in silence, and then compares their test scores. What is the independent variable in this What is the independent variable in this experiment?experiment?1. The students1. The students2. The presence of music while studying 2. The presence of music while studying 3. The kind of music3. The kind of music4. The test scores4. The test scores