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International Journal of Science, Technology & Management www.ijstm.com

Volume No.04, Issue No. 02, February 2015 ISSN (online): 2394-1537

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STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ECO-

FRIENDLY ECONOMIC CONCRETE

Y.Boopathi1, Dr.K.Nirmal Kumar

2

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, N.S.N of College of Engineering and

Technology, Manalmedu,Tamil Nadu, Karur, (India)

2 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Kongu Engineering College,

Tamil Nadu Perundurai, Erode, (India)

ABSTRACT

This paper outlines the method of preparation, testing procedure and salient results on the eco-friendly concrete

that is manufactured using the waste products of steel industries and Manufacturing Sand industries. Steel slag

can be used in the construction industry as aggregates in concrete by partial replacing natural aggregates.

Natural aggregates are becoming increasingly scarce and their production and shipment is becoming more

difficult. Most of the volume of concrete is aggregates. Replacing all or some portion of natural aggregates with

steel slag would lead to considerable environmental benefits. The primary aim of this research was to evaluate

the mechanical properties of concrete made with steel slag aggregates and steel slag.

This Project has shown with the mechanical properties of concrete by partial replacing certain percentage of

natural aggregates by steel slag and fine aggregates by M-sand. The optimum percentage value for replacing

both natural coarse aggregate and fine aggregate seems to be 20% and 25%. The compressive strength, Split

tensile strength, Modulus of rupture and Modulus of elasticity of specimens were tested and results were

found.in this project using M20 grade of concrete. The study indicates that concrete having high strength can be

produced with the above mention waste products of steel industry and Manufacturing Sand industry.

Keywords: Steel Slag, M-sand, optimum percentage, compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Modulus of

rupture and Modulus of elasticity.

Keywords: M-Sand, Steel Slag, Partial Replacement, Modulus Of Rupture, Split Tensile Strength

And Compressive Strength.

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

It is generally known that, the fundamental requirement for making concrete structures is to produce good

quality concrete. Good quality concrete is produced by carefully mixing cement, water, and fine and coarse

aggregate and combining admixtures as needed to obtain the optimum product in quality and economy for any

use. Good concrete, whether plain, reinforced or prestressed, should be strong enough to carry superimposed

loads during its anticipated life. Other essential properties include impermeability, durability, minimum amount

of shrinkage, and cracking.

The following factors contribute to the production of good quality concrete.

Knowledge of the properties and fundamental characteristics of concrete making



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Materials and the principles of design,

Reliable estimates of site conditions and costs,

Quality of component materials,

A careful measurement of weigh-batching of cement, water and aggregate,

Proper transport, placement and compaction of the concrete,

Early and through curing, and

Competent direction and supervision

Although good concrete costs little more than poor concrete, its performance is vastly superior. The quality of

good concrete is dependent mainly on the quality of its constituent materials. It is a known fact that concrete

making aggregates constitute the lion share of the total volume of concrete. In addition, unlike water and

cement, which do not alter in any particular characteristic except in the quantity, in which they are used, the

aggregate component is infinitely variable in terms of shape and grading. These shows the importance of the

care that should be taken in processing and supplying aggregates for concrete production.

1.2 M-Sand

For the aggregate producer, the concrete aggregates are end products, while for the concrete manufacturer; the

aggregates are raw materials to be used for successful concrete production. With the aggregate production, the

quality of the aggregate products can be influenced, while raw material –gravel or rock, may have

characteristics, which cannot be modified by the production process. However, there is also a limit, whether

technical and/or economical, in the mix design modification after which it is useful to select a more suitable

aggregate product. In addition to quality, one extremely important factor in concrete production is consistent

supply of the coarse and fine aggregates. In this regard, a coarse aggregate is produced by crushing basaltic

stone, and river sand is the major natural resource of fine aggregate in our country. However, the intensive

construction activity is resulting in a growing shortage and price increase of the natural sand in the country. In

addition, the aggregate and concrete industries are presently facing a growing public awareness related to the

environmental influence of their activities. The environmental impact is attributed to the non-renewable

character of the natural resources, the environmental impact on neighborhood, land use conflicts, high energy

consumption needed for aggregate production and the potential environmental or health impact of materials

produced due to leaching of heavy metals, radioactivity and to special mineral suspects to have hazardous health

effects. Therefore, due to the above-mentioned facts, looking for viable alternatives to natural sand is a must.

One possible alternative material that can be used as a replacement for natural sand is the use of manufactured

sand. Due to the forecast shortfall in the supply of natural sands and the increased activity in the construction

sector, it is apparent that time will come, when manufactured sand may play a significant role as an ingredient in

concrete production

1.3 Steel Slag

The original scope of this research was to investigate the properties of concrete with steel slag aggregates. The

fresh and hardened properties of concrete were tested with steel slag aggregates. The freeze-thaw resistance of

concrete with steel slag aggregates was studied and the expansion of the concrete specimens was also examined.

In addition to this research several tests were also included such as compressive strength, split tensile strength

and the flexural strength of concrete with steel slag aggregates. For this research the percentage of the volume of



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natural aggregates normally used in concrete was replaced by steel slag. This replacement was done in 30%

increments until all natural aggregates were replaced by the steel slag. Thus replacing the natural aggregates in

concrete applications with steel slag would lead to considerable environmental benefits and would be

economical.

In the experimental study different concrete mixes with different percentage of natural and manufactured sands

and Steel Slag were prepared and the respective fresh and hardened properties of the resulting concrete mixes

were determined and analyzed.

II. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

For Making EF-EC, It Is essential to select proper ingredients, evaluation of their properties and know how

about the interaction of different for optimum usage. The ingredients used for concrete for the project were the

same as that for conventional cement concrete, coarse and fine aggregate, m-sand, steel slag and water.

2.1 Cement

Ordinary Portland cement of 43 grades conforming to IS 8112-1989 was used. Tests were carried out on various

properties of cement and the results are shown in table 1A.

Table 1.a) Properties of Cement

Physical properties Values of OPC used

Standard consistency 32.5%

Initial setting time 65 Minutes

Final setting time 235 Minutes

Specific gravity 3.15

2.2 Aggregates

Aggregates are those parts of the concrete that constitute the bulk of the finished product. They comprise 60-

80% of the concrete and have to be so graded and that the entire mass of concrete acts as a relatively solid,

homogenous, dense combination, with the smaller sizes acting as an inert filler of the voids exist between the

largest particles. They are of two types

1. Fine aggregate, such as natural or manufactured sand

2. Coarse aggregate, such as gravel, crushed, or blast furnace slag, steel slag

2.3 Fine Aggregate

Natural river sand was used as fine aggregate. The properties of sand were determined by conducting tests IS:

2386(Part-I). The results are shown in table. The results obtained from sieve analysis are furnished.

2.4 M-Sand

The particle size distribution (PSD) curve of manufactured sand is more often than not tight and the particles are

cubic, angular and their surface texture is rough. Properties of aggregates from natural sand and gravel deposits

(natural aggregates) differ when compared to aggregates from crushed rock (crushed aggregates).To study the

properties of m-sand



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Table 2.b) Physical Properties of Aggregates

S.no Properties Fine aggregate M-sand

1 Specific Gravity 2.55 2.22

2 Fineness Modulus 2.64 2.37

2.5 Coarse Aggregate

Properties of the coarse aggregate affect the final strength of the hardened concrete and its resistance to

disintegration, weathering and other destructive effects. The mineral coarse aggregate must be clean of organic

impurities and must bond well with the cement gel.

The common types are:

1. Natural crushed stone

2. Natural gravel

3. Artificial coarse aggregate

4. Heavy weight (extra density) and nuclear- shielding aggregates.

2.6 Steel Slag

Steel slag is the residue of steel production process and composed of silicates and oxides of unwanted in steel

chemical composition. Fifty million tons per year of LD slag were produced as a residue from basic oxygen

process (BOP) in the world. In order to use these slags in cement, its hydraulic properties should be known.

Chemical composition is one of the important parameters determining the hydraulic properties of the slag. In

general, it is assumed that the higher the alkalinity, the higher the hydraulic properties. If alkalinity is> 1.8, it

should be considered as cementitious material. The properties of steel slag are shown in Table 3 C..

Table 3.c) Physical Properties of Aggregates

S.no. Properties Coarse aggregate Steel slag

1 Specific Gravity 2.83 2.00

2 Fineness Modulus 7.00 6.01

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Compression Strength of Concrete

Table 3.1 Test Result for Cube (M-Sand) Compression Strength In N/Mm2

S.no Cube 3days Cc 7days Cc 28days Cc

1 5% M-SAND 11.32 18.82 14.5 22.8 22.1 28.43

2 10% M-SAND 14.68 18.82 20.5 22.8 23.6 28.43

3 20% M-SAND 19.32 18.82 24.6 22.8 28.7 28.43

4 25% M-SAND 17.86 18.82 21.6 22.8 24.3 28.43

5 30% M-SAND 13.3 18.82 16.7 22.8 21.3 28.43



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3.2 Split Tensile Strength of Concrete

Table 3.2 Test Result for Cylinder (M-Sand) Split Tensile Strength In N/mm2

S.no Cylinder 28days Cc

1 5% M-SAND 1.9 2

2 10% M-SAND 1.6 2

3 20% M-SAND 2.11 2

4 25% M-SAND 1.8 2

5 30% M-SAND 1.67 2


Table 3.3 Test Result for Cube (Steel Slag) Compression Strength In N/mm2


1 5% STEEL SLAG 12.8 18.82 17.02 22.8 22 28.43

2 10% STEEL SLAG 13.2 18.82 17.18 22.8 23 28.43

3 20% STEEL SLAG 12.1 18.82 14.5 22.8 28.03 28.43

4 25% STEEL SLAG 11.6 18.82 13.6 22.8 21.6 28.43

5 30% STEEL SLAG 9.85 18.82 12 22.8 21.04 28.43



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Table 3.4 Test Result for Cylinder (Steel Slag) Split Tensile Strength in N/mm2

S.no Cylinder 28days Cc

1 5% STEEL SLAG 1.88 2

2 10% STEEL SLAG 1.9 2

3 20% STEEL SLAG 2 2

4 25% STEEL SLAG 2.10 2

5 30% STEEL SLAG 1.801 2

3.5 Discussion

In this test result the optimum value obtain in 20% replacement of M-sand and steel slag for compression

strength and 25% of M-sand and 20% steel slag for split tensile strength.



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IV. COMPARISON OF RESULTS


Table 4.1 Test Result for Cube (20% Of Steel Slag and M-Sand) Compression Strength in

N/mm2


1 20% STEEL

SLAG &

M-SAND

16.82 18.82 20 22.8 28.66 28.43


Table 4.2 Test Result for Cylinder (M-Sand and Steel Slag) Split Tensile Strength in N/mm2

S.no Cylinder 28days

1 20% STEEL SLAG & 25% M-SAND 2.21

2 CC 2



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4.3 Modulus of Rupture

Table 4.3 Modulus of Rupture for Partial Replacement Of 20% M-Sand and 20% Steel Slag in

N/mm2

S.NO PRISM EF-EC AT 28DAYS CC AT 28DAYS

1 20% STEEL SLAG &

M-SAND

4.75 N/mm2

4.1N/mm2

4.4

4.6

4.8

28 days

Mo

du

lus

of

Ru

ptu

re i

nN

/mm

2

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF 20% M-SAND AND STEEL SLAG

cc

Fig 4.3 Modulus of Rupture for Partial Replacement Of 20% M-Sand and Steel Slag

4. 4 Modulus of Elasticity

Table 4.4 Modulus of Elasticity for Partial Replacement Of 25% M-Sand And 20% Steel Slag in

N/mm2

S.no Cylinder Ef-ec at 28 days Cc at 28 days

1 20% STEEL SLAG &

25% M-SAND

2.52X104

2.5X104

3

3.5

28 DAYS

MO

DU

LUS

OF

ELA

STIC

ITY

X 1

04

IN …

FOR PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF 25% M-SAND AND 20% STEEL SLAG IN …

Fig 4.4 Modulus of Elasticity For Partial Replacement Of 25% M-Sand And 20% Steel Slag In N/mm2



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V. CONCLUSION

The following conclusions were made from the research:

The optimum value for replacement of natural aggregate by steel slag 20%.

Similarly the optimum value for replacement of natural sand by artificial sand also found to be 25%.

Even though in the initial days (3days& 7days) the compressive strength namely is less compared to

Conventional Concrete, the 28days of Eco - Friendly Economic Concrete was almost equal to the

Conventional Concrete.

The split Tensile Strength of Eco - Friendly Economic Concrete is 10.5% higher than the Conventional

Concrete.

Modulus of rupture which is well known as factor Flexural strength of concrete is 15.85% higher than the

Conventional Concrete.

Modulus of elasticity value of Eco - Friendly Economic Concrete also seems to be higher than the

conventional concrete the results indicate that steel slag and manufactured sand can be used as partial

replacement for natural and fine aggregate.

REFERENCES

[1] “Criteria for the use of steel slag aggregates in concrete,” E.Anastasion and Papayianni, Laboratory of

Building Materials, Aristotle University, Greece, Nov 2006.

[2] “The Effect of replacement of naturals aggregates by slag products on the strength of concrete” L.Zeghichi,

University of Msila, Algeria, Asian Journal vol 7, pages 27-35, 2006.

[3] “Effect of used-foundry sand on the mechanical properties of concrete” thesis submitted by Rafat Siddique,

Geert de Schutter ,Albert Noumowe ,Department Of Civil Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab

147004, India, Dec 2007.

[4] “IS 10080 – 1982, Indian Standards, specification for vibration machines, September 1982, Indian

Standards Institution, New Delhi.

[5] “Strength, durability, and micro-structural properties of concrete made with used-foundry sand (UFS)”

Rafat Siddique, Yogesh Aggarwal, Paratibha Aggarwal, El-Hadj Kadri, Engineering Department, Thapar

University, Patiala 147004, India, Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra,

India, August 2010.

[6] Indian Standard Recommended Method Of Concrete Mix Design (IS 10262-2009)

[7] Methods of tests for strength of concrete ARE: 516-1959, 15th

reprint august 1993, Bureau of Indian

standards, New Delhi.

[8] IS 10079- 1982,Indian standards, specification for cylinder, metal measures for use in tests of aggregates in

concrete, September 1982,Indian standards institution, New Delhi.

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