study on steam turbines

8/13/2019 STUDY ON STEAM TURBINES

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STUDY OF STEAM TURBINES

Mini Project Report submitted on partia !u !i ment o! t"e re#uirements !or t"e

a$ard o! t"e de%ree o!

BA&'E(OR OF TE&'NO(O)Y

IN

ME&'ANI&A( EN)INEERIN)

BY

Y*SUS'MIT'A REDDY +,R-+A,./0

Y*SANDEEP REDDY +,1++A,./0

A*ISRAE( O(I2ERO +,R-+A,.,+

A*SAI TE3A +,R-+A,.,4

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

N.PRABHU KISHORE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGMLR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DUNDIGALHYDERABAD 500043

( Affili !"# !$ % & ' l l N"' ) T"*'+$l$,i* l U+i-" i!/


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M(R INSTITUTE OF TE&'NO(O)YDUNDI)A(

'YDERABAD 5 /,,,6.

&ERTIFI&ATE

T"is is to certi!7 t"at t"e mini project entit ed 8 Stud7 o! SteamTurbines9 is a bona!ide one bein% carried out at 8 B'ARAT 'EA2YE(E&TRI&A(S (IMITED:Ramac"andrapuram:'7derabad;/,-,.-9b7 8Y*Sus"mit"a Redd7 +,R-+A,./0:Y*Sandeep Redd7+,1++A,./0:A*Israe o i'ead o! Mec"anica En%ineerin%?


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4/46


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INTRODU&TION

A !" 1 !) i+" i 1"*' +i* l #"-i*" !' ! "=! *! !'" 1 l "+" ,/ f $1

2 " ) i


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*"+! if), l *$12 " $ ) "# i+ *'"1i* l f" !ili


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T'" " " f$) 2 $*" " i+ !'" R +7i+" */*l" " *' *' +,i+, !'" ! !" $f

!'" &$ 7i+, fl)i#. T'" " ! !" " i#"+!ifi"# / +)1 " i+ !'" #i , 1 !$ !'" i,'!.

Process +;- T'" &$ 7i+, fl)i# i 2)12"# f $1 l$& !$ 'i,' 2 " ) " !'" fl)i#

i li )i# ! !'i ! ," !'" 2)12 " )i " li!!l" i+2)! "+" ,/. Process -;. T'" 'i,' 2 " ) " li )i# "+!" $il" &'" " i! i '" !"# ! *$+ ! +!

2 " ) " / + "=!" + l '" ! $) *" !$ "*$1" # / !) !"# - 2$ . Process .;6 T'" # / !) !"# - 2$ "=2 +# !' $),' !) i+" ,"+" !i+, 2$&" .

T'i #"* " " !'" !"12" !) " +# 2 " ) " $f !'" - 2$ +# $1" *$+#"+ !i$+

1 / $**) . Process 6;+ T'" &"! - 2$) !'"+ "+!" *$+#"+ " &'" " i! i *$+#"+ "# !

*$+ ! +! 2 " ) " +# !"12" !) " !$ "*$1" !) !"# li )i#. T'" 2 " ) " +#

!"12" !) " $f !'" *$+#"+ " i fi="# / !'" !"12" !) " $f !'" *$$li+, *$il

!'" fl)i# i )+#" ,$i+, 2' " *' +,".

I+ + i#" l R +7i+" */*l" !'" 2)12 +# !) i+" &$)l# " i "+! $2i* i.".

!'" 2)12 +# !) i+" &$)l# ,"+" !" +$ "+! $2/ +# '"+*" 1 =i1i . R +7i+" */*l" f$ S!" 1

!) i+" 2$&" 2l +! &i!' i#" l !) i+" +# 2)12 +# )2" '" !"# +# !) !"# !" 1

&$ 7i+, fl)i# " 2"*!i-"l/ '$&+ "l$&. A *$+-"+!i$+ l 2$&" 2l +! !" 1 f$ )*'

*$+ i#" !i$+ i l $ '$&+


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Fi%*+*+ Idea Ran ine c7c e !or super"eated steam on T;S a=es*

Fi%*+*- Idea Ran ine c7c e !or saturated steam on T;S a=es


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T'" !" 1 !) i+" i f"# &i!' !" 1 )+#" !"12" !) " !8 2 " ) " 28 +# "+!' l2/ '8.

E=2 +#i+, &i!'i+ !'" !) i+" !" 1 2 $#)*" &$ 7 ? ! +# ,$" i+!$ !'" *$+#"+ " )+#"

*$+#i!i$+ 2 +# ' . H"+*" i! "6"*! '" ! !$ *$$li+, & !" +# !'" " )l!"#

*$+#"+ !" &i!' "+!' l2/ '3 ' )! &i!' !'" 1" !3 ! +# 2 " ) " 23 2 *$1" !$

!'" 2)12. A! !'" "=2"+ " $f !'" 2)12 &$ 7 ? 2 !'" f""# & !" 2 " ) " +# "+!' l2/ i "

!$ - l)" 24 +# '4 &i!' &'i*' f""# & !" "+!" !'" !" 1 ,"+" !$ &'" " i! i '" !"#+# "- 2$ !"# #)" !$ !'" '" ! ##"# .

F$ !) !"# !" 1 */*l" !'" !" 1 "=2 + i$+ 2 $*" i+ !'" !) i+" ",i+ f $1 C +#

&i!' *$12l"!" *$+#"+ !i$+ i+ 3 &i!' ) " )"+! *$12 " i$+ / !'" 2)12.

T'" 1 l "ffi*i"+*/ $f i#" l R +7i+" */*l" f$ )2" '" !"# !" 1 !) i+" 2$&"

2l +! * + " #"fi+"#

J(' 8 ' ('8 ' 4 = J8 (' 4 ' 3 ('8 '

+!' = (8 ? 2

H" " +!' i !'" , $ !'" 1 l "ffi*i"+*/ !' ! i &i!'$)! ", # !$ !'" "=2"+ " $f

"+" ,/ &i!'i+ !'" */*l".

If 2)12 &$ 7i+, i +",l"*!"# !'"+ !'" "ffi*i"+*/ + !' (' 8 ' ('8 ' 4


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STEAM RE'EATC

I+ !'" */*l" &i!' !" 1 "'" ! i+ !" # $f !' $),' #i !i* !" 1 "=2 + i$+ f $1

i+i!i l !" 1 2 " ) " 28 !$ "+# 2 " ) " 2 !" 1 "=2 +# &i!'i+ !'" HP !) i+" 2 ! !$

!'" i+!" 1"#i !" 2 " ) " (2$i+!5 +# !'"+ i '" !"# i $!'" 1 ll/ !$ !" 1 "'" !

!"12" !) " (2$i+! : +# !'"+ "=2 +# &i!'i+ IP LP 2 ! !$ 1" "+# 2 " ) " 2

'$&+ "l$&. I+ !'i * " f$ i#" l */*l" !'" !'" 1 l "ffi*i"+*/ i 22 $=i1 !"l/ ,i-"+

/

+!' (' 8 ' 5 (' : '

(' 8 ' 4 (' : ' 5

C$+-"+!i$+ l 2$&" 2l +! *'"1"

Fi%*+*. Idea Ran ine c7c e !or steam re"eat


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+*/ &OMBINED &Y&(E PO@ER P(ANTC

C$1 i+"# */*l" (CC 2$&" 2l +! ,"+" !" "l"*! i*i!/ / $!' , +# !" 1 !) i+"&i!'i+ !'" 6$i+! )+i! +# ) " !'" & !" '" ! $f , !) i+" "=' ) ! , i+ !'" !" 1 !) i+"*/*l". C$1 i+"# */*l" ll$& !! i+i+, )i!" 'i,' - l)" $f !'" 1 l "ffi*i"+*/ #)" !$ !'"'i,' l"-"l $f !'" )22" */*l" !"12" !) " (i+l"! , !) i+" !"12" !) " +# !'" l$& l"-"l

$f !'" $!!$1 */*l" !"12" !) " (!"12" !) " ! !'" !" 1 !) i+" "=' ) ! CC )+i! ' -"l" " * 2i! l *$ ! +# " )i " l" !i1" 2" i$# f$ l )+*'i+, !' + *$+-"+!i$+ l !" 1!) i+" $+".

T'" CC )+i! !'" 1 l "ffi*i"+*/ i * l*)l !"#

+* N ** ! ( N ! N ! !

( !.+ ! !.+ ! !

?'" " ! i !'" !$! l '" ! 1$)+! i+ !'" )+i!.


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STEAM TURBINESC

& assi!ication o! Steam Turbines

+* Based on B adin% Desi%n C

I12)l " !) i+"

R" *!i$+ !) i+"

* C$1 i+ !i$+ $f I12)l " R" *!i$+ !) i+"

-* Based on App ication C

U!ili!/ !) i+"

I+#) ! i l !) i+"

* N)*l" !) i+"

# M i+" !) i+"

a? Uti it7 Turbines C

R","+" !i-" f""# '" !i+, R","+" !i-" f""# '" !i+, &i!' R"'" !

C$1 i+"# */*l" 2l +!

b? Industria Turbines C

C 2!i-" P$&" 2l +!

S! i,'! C$+#"+ i+,

S! i,'! C$+#"+ i+, &i!' I+6"*!i$+

C$ ,"+" !i$+ P$&" Pl +! (P$&" S!" 1 !$ 2 $*"

S! i,'! B *7 P " ) "

E=! *!i$+ C$+#"+ i+,

E=! *!i$+ B *7 P " ) "

D$) l" E=! *!i$+ B *7 P " ) " C$+#"+ i+,

E=! *!i$+ I+6"*!i$+

D i-" T) i+"

C$12 " $ # i-"

Bl$&" # i-"

B$il" f""# 2)12 # i-" "!*.

S" i" T) i+"

3 S" i" T) i+"

4 S" i" T) i+"

HMN S" i" T) i+"

KN S" i" T) i+"

L$& C$ ! T) i+"


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BA& PRESSURE AND E TRA&TION BA& PRESSURE TURBINESC

B *7 2 " ) " !" 1 !) i+" " +$ 1 ll/ "12l$/"# &'" " !'" 2 $*" !" 1 i

" )i "# ! $+" i+,l" 2 " ) " "=! *!i$+. B *7 2 " ) " "! " ) "# &'" " 2 $*" !" 1

i " )i "# ! !&$ #iff" "+! 2 " ) " l"-"l . I+ $!' !'" * " 2$&" ,"+" !i$+ i $+l/

/2 $#)*!. T'" " !) i+" " "=!"+ i-"l/ ) "# i+ ), 2l +! +# 1 ll 2 2" 2l +!

&'" " *li"+! #" i " 1$ " 2$&" f $1 !'" " !) i+" !'" " )i "1"+! * + " 1"! /#" i,+i+, !'" !) i+" !$ 2 1$ " !" 1. E=*" !" 1 f!" 1""!i+, !'" 2 $*" !" 1

" )i "1"+! * + " #)12"# i+ #)12 *$+#"+ " .

B *7 2 " ) " !) i+" " l $ "12l$/"# !$22i+, !) i+" .i.". !'" "=' ) !

!" 1 f $1 *7 2 " ) " !) i+" " f"# !$ +$!'" !" 1 !) i+" * ll"# $!!$1 i+

!) i+" .!'i +,"1"+! ' ""+ #$2!"# i+ $1" $l# 2$&" '$) " &'i*' &" "

$2" !i+, $+ l$& 2 " ) " */*l" +# &'" " $+l/ $il" &" " "2l *"# )! !" 1 !) i+"

" i#) l lif" i *$+ i#" l" .l$& 2 " ) " $il" &" " "2l *"# &i!' 'i,' 2 " ) " $il" .

B *7 2 " ) " !$22i+, !) i+" & "12l$/"# !$ "#)*" !'" !" 1 2 " ) " !$ !'" l"-"l !

&'i*' !'" $l# !" 1 !) i+" i+ !'" 2$&" * + **"2!. T'i +,"1"+! ' i12 $-"# !'"

$2" !i+, "*$+$1i* $f !'" $l# 2$&" '$) " .

T$ 1""! !'" 2"*ifi* " )i "1"+! $f l" #i+, *'"1i* l 2l +! i+ I+#i BHEL

#" i,+"# *7 2 " ) " !) i+" &i!' Si"1"+ i ! +*" !$ $2" !" &i!' 'i,' i+l"!

!" 1 !"12" !) " $f 5:5 #", * .!'i "! i l " #/ 1 +)f *!) "# ! H/#" # &$ 7 +#

)22li"#.

&ONDENSIN) TURBINESC

C$+#"+ i+, !) i+" " 2 i1 il/ "12l$/"# f$ 2$&" ,"+" !i$+. T'" " !) i+"

* + " 2 $-i#"# &i!' )+*$+! $ll"# "=! *!i$+ &'" " *li"+! " )i " !" 1 i+ 1 ll

) +!i!i" . U+*$+! $ll"# "=! *!i$+ -$i# "=! *!i$+ *$+! $ll"# - l-" +# !'" "f$ "

!' $!!li+, l$ " " "#)*"# "-"+ &'il" 2 $-i#i+, 1 ll ) +!i!/; $f 2 $*" !" 1.

A+$!'" 22li* !i$+ $f )+*$+! $ll"# "=! *!i$+ i & +#" *$+! $ll"# / !"1. I+

& +#" *$+! $l / !"1 !&$ l""# " 2 $-i#"#. O+" l""# i ! 'i,' 2 " ) " +# +$!'"

! l$& 2 " ) ". I+ 2 ! l$ # $2" !i$+ HP l""# 1""! !'" 2 $*" !" 1 " )i "1"+!. A!f)ll l$ # $2" !i$+ !'" LP l""# &ill 1""! !'" !" 1 " )i "1"+!. T'i +,"1"+!

"#)*" "+" ,/ l$ " #)" !$ !' $!!li+, *$+ i#" l/. C$+#"+ i+, !) i+" " "12l$/"#

1$ !l/ i+ i+#) ! i" li7" *"1"+! &'" " 2 $*" !" 1 " )i "1"+! i +$! " )i "#.


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E TRA&TION &ONDENSIN)C

?'" " *) !$1" ,i-" " ) l i12$ ! +*" f$ 1""!i+, !'" 2 $*" !" 1 +# 2$&"

+""# "=! *!i$+ *$+#"+ i+, "! "*$1" i#" l *'$i*". T'" "+"fi! i 2$&" ,"+" !i$+

* + " 1 i+! i+"# ! !'" " )i "# l"-"l "-"+ &'"+ 2 $*" !" 1 +""# !$ fl)*!) !". I+

2 2" +# 2)l2 i+#) ! i" 2 $*" !" 1 " )i "1"+! $f #i," !" fl)*!) !" &'il" 2$&"" )i "1"+! $f !'" 2 2" 2l +! "1 i+ l1$ ! *$+ ! +!. H"+*" i+ ll 1"#i)1 +# l ,"

2 2" 2l +! "=! *!i$+ *$+#"+ i+, "! " "12l$/"#.

E TRA&TION IN3E&TION &ONDENSIN) TURBINESC

E=! *!i$+ !) i+" " +$! " ! i*!"# $+l/ !$ !'" 2 $-i i$+ $f "=! *!i+, !" 1 )!

1 / l $ " "12l$/"# i+#)*!i$+ !) i+" i.". "=*" !" 1 i+ LP ) li+" * + " ) "#"*$+$1i* ll/ f$ 2$&" ,"+" !i$+ i+ )*' !) i+" &i!'$)! #iffi*)l!/ i+ * " $f

"=! *!i$+ !) i+" !'" !) i+" ,$-" +i+, / !"1 f$ 1 i+! i+ *$+ ! +! 2 " ) ".

I+ !'" li+" * + l $ " ) "# f$ !'" " i+6"*!i$+ !) i+" . I+6"*!i$+ *$+#"+ i+,

!) i+" " "12l$/"# i+ *$1 i+"# */*l" 2l +! +# i+ f" !ili


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- SERIES TURBINESC

T'" " " i" $f !) i+" " $f ! +# # !/2" +# ' -" ""+ #" i,+"# f$ !'" " !

"ffi*i"+*/ f$ +," 2 1"!" . B "# )2$+ !'" i+l"! *$+#i!i$+ li7" 2 " ) " !"12" !) "

1 !" i l "l"*!i$+ i - i"#. D" i,+ "i+, !'" ! +# # f) !'" "# $+ !'"+ !" 1 fl$&

) +!i!i" i


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18/46


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&'APTER;-

PARTS OF STEAM TURBINE

- *+ T'E 2ARIOUS PARTS OF STEAM TURBINEC

-*+*+ NO (E T'" +$


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S$1"!i1" !'" &$ # */li+#" i " ! i*!"# */li+# i* l f$ 1 !! *'"# !$ i+ i#" $f !'"* i+, !$ &'i*' !'" ,)i#" " fi="#.

-*+*1 S'AFT: ROTOR and SPIND(E T'" " !" 1 " 22li"# !$ !'" $! !i+, "1 l/

&'i*' * i" !'" l #" .

-*+*4 DIS& OR @'EE( T'" 1$-i+, l #" " !! *'"# !$ !'" #i * &'i*' i+ !) + i

7"/"# !$ !'" ' f!.

-*+* DIAP'RA)M T'" #i 2' ,1 &'i*' i fi="# !$ !'" */li+#" $ * i+, *$+! i+ !'"

+$


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&'APTER;.

.*+ TURBINE &ASIN)C

T'" * i+, i $)! $f * ! !""l +# i 2li! '$ i


22/46


23/46

.*- Turbine Rotor

T'" $!$ f$ ll !/2" *$12l"!" &i!' ' f! "+# +# i12)l " &'""l

" -i+, ,$-" +i+, ! ," *$+ i ! $f i+,l" f$ ,i+,. All $!$ $f ! +# # !) i+"

" #" i,+"# f$ ) * i!i* l $2" !i$+ i.". i,i# $!$ i+ !'" * " $f !/2" +#

fl"=i l" $!$ i+ !'" * " $f 3 !/2".

T'" $!$ " 1 #" $f f$ ,i+, $f ll$/ !""l 1 !" i l. &'"+ i+!", ll/1 *'i+"# A &'""l l #" " !$ " ) "#. R$!$ " 1 #" $f * MO 8 .8

1 !" i l.

D) i+, $! !i$+ $f !'" ' f! !'" *$++"*!i$+ !$ !'" " i+, 2"#" ! l i

2 $-i#" / !'" l) i* !i$+ fil1. T'i fil1 ' 2 i+, +# # 12i+, *' *!" i !i*

&'i*' * + )+#" *" ! i+ *$+#i!i$+ " *' 'i,' - l)" . C$12)!" 2 $, 1 "

) "# f$ * l*)l !i+, !'" 2 i+, +# # 12i+, *$"ffi*i"+! $f 6$) + l " i+, f$

+/ ,i-"+ f$ 1 $f " i+, .

M$ ! $f !'" $!$ ) "# f$ !) $ ,"+" !$ "! " $f i,i# !/2"

&'" " !'$ " ) "# f$ *$12 " $ # i-" " $f fl"=i l" !/2". Af!" *$12l"!i$+ $f

1 *'i+i+, +# l #i+, !'" $!$ " l +*"# i+ **$ # +*" &i!' API :8 . T'" $!$ $f

'i,' 2""# !) i+" f$ *$12 " $ # i-" " *"+! if),"# ! 5 $-" !'"

1 =i1)1 *$+!i+)$) 2""# +# !'$ " f$ ,"+" !$ # i-" " *"+! if),"# ! 0

$-" !'"i $2" !i+, 2""#. T'" *"+! if),i+, !" ! i #$+" !$ *'"*7 !'" ! ili!/ $f

$!$ +# $)+#+" $f l #" "1 l/.

&ONSTRU&TIONC

Fi,) " '$& !'" i* -" i$+ $f !'" !) i+" $!$ . T'" +)1 " $f

l #" $& '$&+ 1 +/ #iff" f $1 !'" *!) l 1$#"l.

T'" $!$ i i+,l" f$ ,i+, !$,"!'" &i!' !'" !' ) ! " i+, *$ll (3 .

I+ f $+! $f !'" !' ) ! " i+, *$ll i !'" $-" 2""# ! i2 (8 +# ' f! "+# &i!' !'"

*$)2li+, ') f$ !'" f $+! 2$&" ! 7" $ff.

Af!" !'" f $+! 6$) + l " i+, *$1" !'" " li+, ! i2 f$ !'" $)!",l +# ) ' (5 +# !'" i++" ) ' (: .

I+ !'" fi,) " i! i 2$ i l" !$ "" f!" !'" # )1 l #i+, (> +#

!'" ) " )"+! LP l #i+, $f "=2 + i$+ 2 *" II (ES II 2 ! $f !'" " $)!" ,l +#

) ' (80 &'i*' i f$ll$&"# / !'" " 6$) + l " i+, (88 .


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FIG 8. Turbine Rotor

T'" $!$ "+# i+ ! 2" "# ') (84 )i! l" f$ fi!!i+, $+" ' lf $f *$)2li+, &'i*'

*$12"+ !" f$ +/ =i l $ #i l #i 2l *"1"+!.

T'" 2 i1 / l +*i+, 2l +" (8> " l$* !"# i+ f $+! $f !'" i++" ,l +# ) '

f!" !'" fi+ l $& $f 1$-i+, l #" +# "!&""+ !'" !&$ "=2 + i$+ 2 *" . I+ ##i!i$+

!'" " " "*$+# / l +*i+, 2l +" (85 8> i+ f $+! $f !'" $)!" ,l +# ) ' +# i+

f $+! $f !'" *$)2li+, ') .

B adin%

T'" l #i+, *$+-" ! !'" !'" 1 l "+" ,/ $f !'" !" 1 i+!$ 1"*' +i* l

"+" ,/. T'" "ffi*i"+*/ +# "li ili!/ $f !'" 1 *'i+" " !'" "f$ " -" / #"2"+#"+! $+

!'" l #i+,. C$+ " )"+!l/ "=*"2!i$+ ll/ 'i,' ! +# # 1) ! " "! i+ !'" #" i,+ +#1 +)f *!) " $f !'" l #" .

T$ 1 =i1i


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IMPU(SE TURBINEC

A+ i12)l " !) i+" ' fi="# +$


26/46

*i *)1f" "+*" $f !'" $!$ . T'" !" 1 !'"+ *' +," #i "*!i$+ +# i+* " " i! 2""#

"l !i-" !$ !'" 2""# $f !'" l #" . A 2 " ) " # $2 $**) * $ $!' !'" ! !$ +#

!'" $!$ &i!' !" 1 **"l" !i+, !' $),' !'" ! !$ +# #"*"l" !i+, !' $),' !'" $!$

&i!' +$ +"! *' +," i+ !" 1 -"l$*i!/ * $ !'" ! ," )! &i!' #"* " " i+ $!' 2 " ) "

+# !"12" !) " "fl"*!i+, !'" &$ 7 2" f$ 1"# i+ !'" # i-i+, $f !'" $!$ .

Main Features O! T"e Reaction B adin%

S! +# # !) i+" $2" !" $+ 50 " *!i$+ 2 i+*i2l" +# " !'" "f$ "

fi!!"# &i!' " *!i$+ l #i+, 2 "*"#"# / i+,l" $& i12)l " &'""l ,$-" +i+, ! ,".

T'" l #" " 1ill"# f $1 !$*7. T'" ,)i#" l #" " 1 #" f $1 # &+ 2 $fil" .

T'" l ! ! ," l #" " $f 2"*i l #" i,+.

T'" " *!i$+ l #" ' -" $)+#"# i+l"! "#," &'i*' " l" ff"*!"# /*' +," i+ !'" #i "*!i$+ $f "+! / !' + !'i+ 2 $fil" !') ,i-i+, 'i,' "ffi*i"+*i" "-"+ !

2 ! l$ #. T'" 1 !" i l ) "# !'" 1"!'$# $f 2 $#)*!i$+ +# !'" 2 $fil" #$2!"# f$ !'"

l #" ) " *$+ i#" l" #", "" $f 2 $!"*!i$+ , i+ ! * *7 f$ 1 !i$+ +# f *!) "

#)" !$ -i !i$+.

E *' l #" i 1 *'i+" f $1 !'" $li# +# ' + i+!", l ' $)#i+, ! i!

!i2. ?'"+ !'" l #" " fi!!"# i+ !'" $!$ !'" $$! f$ 1 *$+!i+)$) i+, $f ' $)#i+,.

T'i '"l2 !$ "li1i+ !" !'" # +," f $1 " $+ +*" &'i*' i 2 !i*)l l/ li l" !$ $**) i+*$12 " $ # i-" . T'" 1 =i1)1 ll$& l" ! " " #)" !$ ! !i* +# #/+ 1i* f$ *" "

2 "*i "l/ * l*)l !"# f$ !'" - i$) !" 1


27/46

Mo


28/46

!'" ,)i#" l #" +# !'" , $)2 $f l #" " !$,"!'" '"l# / ' $)# &'i*' i i-"!"#

i+!$ !'"1.

(o$ Pressure Sta%es

T'" l ! !' "" ! ," $f !'" !) i+" f$ 1 ! +# # ! ," , $)2. T'"

) ! +!i l #iff" "+*" "!&""+ !'" *i *)1f" "+!i l -"l$*i!/ ! !'" ') +# ! !'" l #" !i2

i ll$&"# f$ / ) i+, )i! l" 2 $fil" +# ! ,," +,l". T'i ,"-" !'" l$& 2 " ) "

l #" $)! !'"i !&i !"# f$ 1. T'" !'i*7+" $f !'" l #" l $ #"* " " f $1 !'" ') !$

!'" !i2 "* ) " $f !'" 'i,' *"+! if), l f$ *".

Fi, .5 (P sta%e $it" T G !or root b ades Fi, .: B ade root $it" mu tip e !or

A, i+ !'" 1$-i+, l #" ' -" i+-" !"# T $$! &'i*' 1" + !' ! !'"

1"!'$# $f fi=i+, i +$ #iff" "+! f $1 !'" "1 i+#" $f !'" # )1 l #i+,. T'" fi+ l $&

l #" " &i!' *) -"# f$ ! "" $$! . T'"/ " i+ " !"# i+!$ =i l , $$-" i+ !'" $!$ +#

"*) "# &i!' * )l7i+, 2i"*" .

T'" 1$-i+, l #" " fi!!"# &i!' l$$ " # 12i+, 2i+ . T'" fi+ l $&

l #" ' -" i+!", ll/ f$ ,"# !'i*7+" $)+# !'" '$l" f$ !'" # 12i+, 2i+ $ !' ! !'"

"1 i+#" $f !'" l #" * $ "*!i$+ i +$! $-" ! " "#.

T'" fi="# l #" $f !'" LP ! ," , $)2 ' -" !'i+ ! ili+, "#," i+ $ #" !$ 2 "-"+! !'"

f$ 1 !i$+ $f & !" # $2l"! . T'" =i l #i ! +*" "f$ " !'" fi+ l $& $f 1$-i+,

l #" i 1 #" l ," i+ $ #" !$ f *ili! !" !'" **"l" !i$+ +# !$1i< !i$+ $f +/ & !"

# $2l"! &'i*' #"! *' f $1 !'" ! ili+, "#," $f !'" K"# l #" .


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T'i "#)*" !'" f$ *" &i!' &'i*' !'" # $2l"! I12i+," $+ !'" l" #i+,

"#," $f !'" l #" . T'" l" #i+, "#," $f !'" l #" " ' #"+"# if *i *)1f" "+!i l i

'i,'. T'" LP ,)i#" l #" $f !'" l ! !&$ ! ," " $f '$ll$& !/2" +# 1 +)f *!) "#

f $1 ll$/ !""l 2l !" &'i*' ' -" 'i,' " $ i$+ " i ! +*".

(osses in Turbine

E=terna (osses

ES ! i+" l$ "

G$-" +i+, l$ " (!' $!!li+, l$ "

L" -i+, E+" ,/ L$ " (L !"+! '" ! $f "=' ) ! !" 1 i+ *$+#"+ "

R #i !i$+ L$ !$ !'" ) $)+#i+,

Interna (osses

8. B ade osses i Primar7 (ossesC

S' 2" l$ #)" !$ 1"*' +i* l ! "+,!'

F i*!i$+ l$ #)" !$ 2 $fil" ) f *" fi+i '

ii Secondar7 (ossesC

I+*i#"+*" l$ (Bl #" !&i ! i " )i "# !$ 1i+i1i


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5. Residua


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&'APTER ;6

6*+ Front Supportin% S7stem

6*+*+ Purpose

T'" )22$ !i+, / !"1 $+ !'" f $+! i#" $f !'" !) i+" (* i+, )22$ !

' f! " i+, '$) i+, )22$ !i+, *7"! $f $)!" !) i+" * i+, )22$ ! !'" !) i+"

* i+, +# $!$ +# " -" !$ li,+ !'" " 2 ! &i!' " 2"*! !$ " *' $!'" . A! !'" 1"

!i1" !'" *$ "*! 2$ i!i$+ $f !'" !) i+" &i!' ", # !$ !'" * i+, )22$ ! i "+ ) "# /

!'" *"+!" ,)i#" +# * "& $l! .

6*+*- Desi%n

A 2 i+*i2 l 2 ! $f !'" )22$ !i+, / !"1 i !'" * i+, )22$ ! (3 &'i*' i

fi 1l/ +*'$ "# i+ !'" !) i+" f$)+# !i$+. T'" * i+, )22$ ! * i" * "&"# i+

#6) !i+, "l"1"+! (9 )2$+ &'i*' !'" )22$ !i+, *7"! ( $f !'" !) i+" * i+, " !

+# !$ &'i*' i! i -" !i* ll/ li,+"#. T'" !) i+" i 2 "-"+!"# f $1 lif!i+, $ff / * "& ll (4 . A !'" !"12" !) " $f !'" !) i+" * i+, i+* " " !'" * i+, i f "" !$ "=2 +# i+

!'" '$ i


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A *"+!" il (88 " -" !$ ,)i#" !'" " i+, '$) i+,. I! l $ *!

,)i#" f$ !'" $)!" * i+, $ !' ! !'" !&$ * + 1$-" i+ !'" =i l #i "*!i$+. L !" l

li,+1"+! i * i"# $)! / 1" + $f #6) !i+, "l"1"+! (8 .

6*- Rear Supportin% S7stem6*-*+ Function

T'" " )22$ ! "l"1"+! " i+, '$) i+, )22$ ! *7"! $f !'"

"=' ) ! 2 ! +# !'" li,+i+, "l"1"+! " -" !$ )22$ ! !'" !) i+" * i+, +# !'" !) i+"

$!$ +# f$ !'"i li,+1"+! "l !i-" !$ " *' $!'" .


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6*-*- Desi%n

U+li7" !'" f $+! )22$ ! !'" "=' ) ! 2 ! (8 &i!' i! )22$ ! *7"! (@

i #i "*!l/ *$++"*!"# !$ !'" !) i+" f$)+# !i$+ &'" " / !'" !&$ )22$ ! *7"! " *'

" ! $+ " 2l !" (> . T'" " 2l !" " i,i#l/ +*'$ "# !$ !'" !) i+" f$)+# !i$+ .

T'" )22$ ! *7"! +# " 2l !" " *$++"*!"# / $l! . H$&"-" !'" $l! "#" i,+"# )*' !' ! i+ * " $f !'" 1 l "=2 + i$+ !'" )22$ ! *7"! * + "=2 +# l !" ll/.

F ""#$1 $f 1$-"1"+! * + " *'"*7"# / 2 *" &'i*' 1) ! l& / " " il/ 1$- l".

T'" " fi="# 2$i+! $f !'" !) i+" * i+, "l !i-" !$ &'i*' !'" !) i+"

"=2 +# !$& # !'" f $+! "+# i f$ 1"# / $+" $l! (: 2" )22$ !i+, *7"! i+ " !"#

! + -" " !$ !'" !) i+" =i . A f$ 7"# 2 $+, (3 i $l!"# $+ "+" !' !'" " i+, '$) i+,


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*"+! " ,)i#". ?i!' !'" i# $f !'" 1 !i+, 2 ! fi="# !$ !'" f$)+# !i$+ l !" l

1$-"1"+! $f !'" !) i+" * i+, " !') 2 "-"+!"# &'il" !'" 1 l 1$-"1"+! i+ !'"

'$ i


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T'" !' ) ! " i+, *$12 i " !&$ i+, $f 2i-$!"# ",1"+! . T'" !&$ i+, "

i#"+!i* l )! " i!) !"# $+ $22$ i!" i#" $f !'" *$ll i+ "fl"*!"# 1i $

+,"1"+!. T'i 1 7" !'" !' ) ! " i+, " ) ll/ &"ll )i!"# f$ ! 7i+, )2 !' ) ! f $1

"i!'" $f !'" !&$ =i l #i "*!i$+ . T'" 2 "*i " =i l 2$ i!i$+i+, $f !'" !' ) ! " i+, &i!'

" 2"*! !$ !'" " i+, '$) i+, i $ ! i+"# / !&$ li+" i+, .6*.*. (ubrication

T'" !' ) ! " i+, &ill " )22li"# &i!' 2 " ) " $il f $1 !'" ,"+" l

l) i* !i+, $il / !"1 $f !'" !) i+". T'" l) i* !i$+ $il "+!" i+, !'" l$&" ' lf $f !'"

" i+, '$) i+, fl$& i+!$ *i *)l $)!" $il *' ++"l (84 $)+# !'" 2" i2'" / $f !'"

!' ) ! " i+, * i+,. F $1 !'" " i! fl$& (8 !' $),' # ill"# #i l '$l" (4 &'i*' ! !

f $1 !'" $)!" $il *' ++"l !$& # !'" !) i+" $!$ &'" " *"+! if), l f$ *" " 2 " i+,

i! , i+ i+ $)!& # #i "*!i$+ !' $),' !'" $il fil1 "!&""+ $!$ *$ll +# 2i-$!"#

",1"+! i+!$ !'" i++" $il *' ++"l (@ . S"-" l =i ll/ #i "*!"# $il # i+ 2 ," (88

" 2 $-i#"# $+ $!' i#" $f !'" !' ) ! " i+, * i+, !$2 ' lf (3 . A i! ' !$ "

"+ ) "# !' ! $il 2 " ) " i+ !'" !' ) ! " i+, * i+, &ill " 2$ i!i-" )+#" ll *$+#i!i$+

!'" !$! l fl$& "*!i$+ $f !'" $il " )i "1"+! &'i*' i f)+*!i$+ $f $!$ 2""# +# " i+,

i


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M$+i!$ i+, $f $il !"12" !) " i +$ 1 ll/ * i"# $)! / 1" + $f "i!'" !" 1 !/2" $

*$+! *! 1 7i+, !'" 1$1"!" (8 . T'" !"12" !) " i+ i#" !'" i! li+i+, $f !'"

!il!i+, ",1"+! * + " 1" ) "# &i!' !'" '"l2 $f !'" 1$ *$)2l" . S" li+, ! i2 (80

* )l7"# *i *)1f" "+!i ll/ i+!$ !'" $ " $f !'" !' ) ! " i+, '$) i+, ! !'" !&$ 2$i+!

&'" " !'" $!$ ' f! 2"+"! !" !'" '$) i+, &ill !$,"!'" &i!' !'" $-" 2 " ) "

"i,+i+, i+ i#" !'" !' ) ! " i+, '$) i+, 2 "-"+! 2i !i$+ $f i l$+, !'" ' f!.

6*6 3ourna Bearin% > Ti tin% pad bearin% ?

6*6*+ Function

%$) + l " i+, i+ !'" f $+! +# " " i+, '$) i+, )22$ ! !'" !) i+"

$!$ i+ *"+! l 2$ i!i$+ i+ "l !i$+ !$ !'" fi="# ,)i#" l #" * i" i+ !'" $)!" * i+,.

T'" 6$) + l " i+, " $f !'" !il!i+, 2 # !/2" #)" !$ !'" " )i "# ! ili!/ *' *!" i !i*

+# !'" l$ #i+, $f !'" !) i+" $!$ .6*6*- &onstruction

A 6$) + l " i+, *$+ i ! $f + =i ll/ 2li! '"ll !'" !&$ ' l-" $f &'i*'

" $l!"# +# 2i++"#. A l$* !i$+ 2i+ 2 "-"+! +/ 1$-"1"+! $f !'" " i+, '"ll i+ !'"

'$) i+,.

T'" fi-" " i+, 2 # " )22$ !"# i+ !'" '"ll $+ !'" $l"2l !" ( '$"

&'i*' " 2'" i* l $+ $+" i#". T'" 2 # " fi="# i+ !'"i =i l 2$ i!i$+ $+ $!' i#"

/ l$* !i+, i+, +# #$&"l 2i+ . T'" )++i+, ) f *" $f !'" 2 # " $f &'i!" 1"! l.


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6*6*. (ubrication

T'" " i+, " f$ *" l) i* !"# &i!' $il. T'" $il i )22li"# !$ !'"

" i+, 6$) + l !' $),' + ++)l , $$-" +# #i l i+l"! 2 ," "!&""+ !'" " i+,

2 # . T'" $! !i$+ $f !'" ' f! # , !'" $il i+!$ !'" &"#," ' 2"# , 2 $ !' ! !'"

2""# i " '/# $#/+ 1i* l) i* !i+, fil1 i )il! )2. T' $),' f i*!i$+ +#

*$12 " i$+ !'i 2'"+$1"+$+ 2 $#)*" l) i* +! 2 " ) " &'i*' &'"+ !'"

"l !i$+ 'i2 "!&""+ &"#," , 2 ' 2" $il -i *$ i!/ +# *i *)1f" "+!i l -"l$*i!/ i

*$ "*! " )ffi*i"+! !$ i " f $1 !'" " i+, '"ll "-"+ )+#" '" -/ l$ # +# !')

)22$ ! !'" ' f! $+ fil1 $f l) i* +! &i!'$)! +/ 1"! l !$ 1"! l *$+! *!.


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6*6*6 Temperature monitorin%

I+ $ #" !$ "+ ) " f" $2" !i$+ $f !'" !) i+" !'" " i+, " " )i22"#

&i!' !"12" !) " 1" ) i+, #"-i*" . T'" 1" ) "# !"12" !) " * + l $ " ) "# f$

++)+*i !i$+ l 1 $ !) i+" ! i22i+,. T'" " i+, 1"! l !"12" !) " i 1" ) "# i+ !'"

",i$+ $f !'" + $&" ! , 2. T'" " i+, '"ll !"12" !) " #"2"+# $+ !'" $il i+l"!

!"12" !) " !'" 2""# +# l $ !'" 1 ,+i!)#" +# #i "*!i$+ $f !'" l$ # $+ !'" " i+,"=" !"# / !'" !) i+" $!$ . T'" 1" ) "1"+! i 2i# i+ " 2$+ " +# i11"#i !"l/

f$ll$& ll *' +," i+ *$+#i!i$+ . H$l" " 2 $-i#"# i+ !'" " i+, '"ll i+!$ &'i*' !'"

!"12" !) " "+ $ $f !'" 1$*$)2l" * + " i+ " !"# #i "*!l/ )+#" !'" &'i!" 1"! l

)++i+, ) f *".

6*/ Sea Rin% Front > $it" sea in% %as connection ?

6*/*+ FunctionT'" " l i+, " l !'" " i+, '$) i+, f $1 !'" !) i+" * i+, &'" " !'"

!) i+" $!$ 2"+"! !" !'" * !i+,.

6*/*- Desi%n

T'" " i+, " l i+, i 2li! =i ll/. I! i i+ " !"# i+ , $$-" i+ !'"

" i+, '$) i+, (8 +# i !') fi="# i+ i! =i l 2$ i!i$+. S" li+, ! i2 (3 " * )l7"#

i+!$ !'" " l i+, ! !'" 2$i+! &'" " !'" $!$ 2 " !' $),' !'" !) i+" * i+,. T$,"!'"

&i!' !'" !) i+" $!$ " li+, li2 (> &'i*' i 1 !*'"# !$ !'" " l i+, !'" " li+, ! i2

2 "-"+! +/ $il ""2i+, $)!. I+ !'" $!!$1 ' lf $f !'" " l i+, !'" " " l $ $il # i+ ,"

'$l" "!&""+ !'" " li+, ! i2 &'i*' "+ l" +/ $il !' ! **)1)l !" !$ fl$& !$ !'"

" i+, '$) i+,. A !'" 1 l 2 $!"*!i$+ 'i"l# ( i fi!!"# $+ !'" " l i+, !$ 2 $!"*! !'"

" i+, '$) i+, f $1 "=*" i-" '" !.

6*/*. Sea in% %as

T'" $il / !"1 1) ! " 2 $!"*!"# , i+ ! +/ ,, " i-" !1$ 2'" ".

Si+*" !'" !1$ 2'" " -i !'" $il f i+ li+" $f !'" " i+, '$) i+, * + ff"*! !'" $il

/ !"1 2 !i*)l l/ " li+, , ( i $ +i! $,"+ i f"# !$ !'" #" li+, ! i2 !22 $=i1 !"l/ 8 -i !'" *$++"*!i$+ (L . !'i 2 " ) " i )ffi*i"+! !$ " l !'" " i+,

"ff"*!i-"l/ '$) i+, +# !') !'" $il / !"1 , i+ ! !'" !1$ 2'" ".

6*1 Sea Rin% Rear I! i i1il i+ *$+ ! )*!i$+ !' ! $f f $+! " l i+,

"=*"2! !' ! !'" " li+, , *$++"*!i$+ i +$! "=i !i+,.


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&'APTER;/

/*+ Emer%enc7 Stop 2a


40/46

Fi,) " 4.8 +# 4. '$& !'" "1" ,"+*/ !$2 - l-" ) "# i+ 3 !/2"

$f !) i+" . I+ 3 !/2" $f !) i+" !'" - l-" *$+" i! $+ #iff) " !$ 2 "-"+! !) )l"+*" i+!'" !" 1 *' 1 " . T$ &i!' ! +# !'" 'i,' 2 " ) " $f !" 1 ,"+" ll/ ) "# i+ H !/2" $f

!) i+" + L i+, i ) "# f$ " li+, !'" 'i,' 2 " ) " !" 1 +# !'" ! 2" l$*7

i #" i,+"# !$ ! + 1i! !'" !" 1 f$ *" $+!$ !'" '$) i+, !') -$i#i+, !'" f$ *" $+ !'"

*$++"*!i+, fl +,". T'" '/# )li* *!) !$ #" i,+ f$ $!' !/2" $f - l-" "1 i+

i* ll/ !'" 1".

T'" ES i 2 $-i#"# &i!' !" !i+, #"-i*" !$ *'"*7 !'" 2 $2" f)+*!i$+i+,

$f !'" - l-" "-"+ #) i+, ",)l $2" !i$+. T'i "+ ) " !' ! !'" 2i+#l" #$" +$! ,"!

!i*7/ #)" !$ *$+!i+)"# $2" !i$+ i+ $+" 2$ i!i$+.

Li-" !" 1 i #1i!!"# !$ !'" - l-" *'" ! !' $),' !'" "1" ,"+*/ !$2

- l-". I+ +$ 1 l $2" !i$+ !'i - l-" i '"l# $2"+ , i+ ! !'" 2 i+, l$ # / $il 2 " ) ".

I+ !'" "-"+! $f ! i2 *$+#i!i$+ !'" ! i2 $il *i *)i! i # i+"# +# !'" 2 i+, *l$ " !'"

- l-" -" / )i*7l/.

A !" 1 ! i+" i fi!!"# i+ !'" "1" ,"+*/ !$2 - l-" $#/. I! *$+ i ! $f

*$ ), !"# !""l ! i2 &$)+# 2i ll/ $+ !'" "#," $f f$ 1" +# i ! $+," !' +

*$+-"+!i$+ l ! i+" 1 #" $)! $f 2" f$ !"# '""!. T'" f "" * $ "*!i$+ i l ,"


41/46

l!'$),' !'" 1" ' $2"+i+, i 1 ll" . A+/ & !" # $2l"! "+! i+"# / !'" !" 1 "

"- 2$ !"# )2$+ i12 *! $+ !'" ! i+" i#" #)" !$ !'" l ," '" ! !$ ," * 2 *i!/ $f !'"

! i+" l #" " $ i$+ i !'" " / -$i#"#. T'" 1 ll 1" ' $2"+i+, l $ 2 $-i#"

"ff"*!i-" 2 $!"*!i$+ , i+ ! !'" 2 ," $f "-"+ 1 ll $li# 2 !i*l" .

/*- steam strainers/*-*+ Function

S!" 1 ! i+" " i+i!i !"# i+ !'" 1 i+ !" 1 li+" +# i+ !'" '$! "'" !

li+" f $1 !'" $il" . T'"/ 2 $!"*! !'" #1i i$+ "l"1"+! $f !'" HP IP !) i+" f $1

f$ "i,+ $ 6"*! &'i*' *$)l# " 2i*7"# )2 i+ !'" $il" $ $*i !"# 2i2i+,.

/*-*- &onstruction

T'" ! i+" * ""+ ( i 1 #" $f *$ ), !"# ! i2 &$)+# $+ " 8 $+

f 1". T'i #" i,+ $ff" 'i,' #", "" $f " i ! +*" "-"+ !$ 2 !i*l" i12i+,i+, ! 'i,'

-"l$*i!/. T'" f 1" *$+ i ! $f !&$ i+, (8 : +# +)1 " $f $# (5 &"l#"#

"!&""+ !'" i+, . T'" $# " ##i!i$+ ll/ *"# / "i+f$ *i+, i+, (4 &"l#"# i+ i#"

!'"1. T'" ! i+" i #" i,+"# f$ i+,l" #i "*!i$+ $f fl$& f $1 !'" $)! i#" i+& # . F$

l$+," ! i+" !'" * ""+ i 1 #" )2 $f "-" l 2 ! . T'" "+# !) + $f !'" *$ ), !"#

! i2 " !'"+ ! *7"# !$ !'" T "*!i$+ i+!" 1"#i !" i+, (3 . T'" 1 =i1)1 1" ' i


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Chapter- 6


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1*+ &ontro 2a


44/46

1*+*. Mode O! Operation

?'"+ !'" !) i+" i ! " ! !'" 2 i+, 7""2 !'" * $ i+ i! l$&" !

2$ i!i$+ +# !'" *$+" $f !'" *$+! $l - l-" " f$ *"# $+ !$ !'"i " ! (@ / !'" 2 " ) "

$f !" 1. A *$+! $l 2)l " f $1 !'" ,$-" +$ * ) " !'" *!) !$ !$ 2)ll !'" 1

#$&+& # !') i i+, !'" !"1 +# lif!i+, !'" * $ . T'" - l-" !'"+ lif! i+

" )"+*" #"!" 1i+"# / !'" #iff" "+! l"+,!' $f !'" 2 *" ) '" (> i+ !'" * $ .


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&'APTER;4

&ONSTRU&TIONA( DETAI(S

INTRODU&TIONC

?'"+ !'" !" 1 i ll$&"# !$ "=2 +# !' $),' + $& $ ifi*" i!)1" 7i+"!i* "+" ,/ ! !'" "=2"+ " $f "+!' l2/ ('" ! "+" ,/ .!'i 7i+"!i* "+" ,/ $f

!" 1 i *' ,"# !$ 1"*' +i* l ( $! !i$+ l "+" ,/ !' $),' !'" i12 *! (i12)l " " *!i$+$f !" 1 , i+ ! !'" l #" . I! '$)l# " " li


46/46

T'" IP * i+, i 2li! '$ i

study on steam turbines

Documents