study on the insecticidal effects of some indigenous plant...

Proceedings of the 7th Internaiumal Worhng Conference on Stored-product Protection - Volume 1

Study on the insecticidal effects of some indigenous plantmaterials against Sitophilus oryzae L. using oligidic diet

Y. Haryadi and N. E. Suyatma'

Abstract

The msecticidal effects of five indigenous plant matenalsagainst Suophilus oryzae (L.) were tested underlaboratory condrtion. The hve plants tested were Adas(Foentculum wlgarae MIlL), Brotowah (Tmosporacrispa ), Kencur CKaempferui galanga Lmn ), Temuginng (Curcuma heyneana), and Temu putih (Curcumazeodarui),An OlIgIdICdiet was prepared as artificial gram m which

vanous doses (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 % by weight) of drypowdered plant matenals were added.Ten adults Sitoplulu» oryzae (L. ) were infested to about

120 synthetic grams m a closed but aerated plasticcontainer. After 7 days of oviposition penod the insectswere removed. The synthetic grams were then stored m alaboratory condition. After 3 weeks the containers wereobserved for emergence of progemes. The emergmgprogenies were then counted and removed daily until therewere no emergence of progemes for frve consecutive daysHence, the number of progemes and the developmentalpenod were noted Based on those parameters thedevelopmental index was calculated.Out of five plant matenals, Kencur demonstrated the

highest insecticidal effects against S oryzae followed byBrotowali and Temu gmng. At 4 % level of Kencur m thediet there were no progemes observedThe techmque of the test may be adopted to evaluate the

insecticIdal effects of other natural matenals.

Introduction

It has been Widely known that dunng storage, and also IIIother stages of post-harvest handlmg, the food grams areeIther damaged or lost due to vanous agents lIke msects,vertebrates, mlcroorgamsms, and envIronmentalcondItions. Insects are consIdered as the most destructIveamong those agents causing slgmficant post-harvest food

lDepartment of Food Technology and Human Nutntlon, Faculty of

Agncultural Technology, Bogar Agncultural Uruverslty, P 0 fux220, Kampus IPB Darrnaga, 16002 Bogar, Indonesia

losses, particularly m developing countries.In order to control the insect development several

methods have been used such as chemical methods usingsynthetic msectrcides including fumigants. However, thosechemicals have disadvantages such as their toxicity, problemto food safety, and the development of msect resistanceTherefore, the use of natural matenals as an alternative hasbeen developedTraditionally the use of natural matenals to control insects

dunng storage has been practised. Some secondarymetabolites of plant are tOXICto the pests, while the othersare repellents, antifeedants and stenlants (Ignatowicz andWesolowska, 1994). The examples of such plants are neem,Azadtrachta indica (Jotwam and Sircar , 1967; Ahmed andGramge, 1986) and rape seed, Brassica napus (Edlz andDaVIS, 1980). Some indigenous Indonesian plants, such aspepper seed, have been found to have insecticidal effectsagainst post-harvest insects.The present study was conducted to evaluate the

msecucidal effects of five indigenous plant matenals againstSitoptu! u.s oryzae using oligidic diet

Material and Methods

The five plant matenals tested were Adas (Feoniculumvulqarae Mill ), Brotowah (Tinospora crispa ), Kencur(Kae'mpferia galanga Lmn ), Temu gmng (Curcumaheyneana ), and Temu puhh (Curcwma zeodarta). Allmatenal were drIed, ground, and SIevedto obtam fme dust.OhgidiC dIet was prepared accordmg to the method

developed earlIer (Haryadl, 1991) With slIght modifIcation.The mIxture of ten grams of whole nee flour and one gramof glycerol was used as a baSICformula. The mIxtures WIthvanous doses of plant materials (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 %by weIght) were prepared by dlsplacmg nce flour WIthplantmatenals. DIstilled water was added m order to obtam apaste. Small artiflClal grams were then prepared manually.The grams were dried m the oven at 45°C overmght. Beforeusmg, the artiflClal grams were stored at expenmentalchamber of 27°C and 75 % RH for mOIsture eqUIlibnum.Ten unsexed adult nee weevIl, Sitophtlus oryzae (L.)

aged between 7 - 21 days were mfested to about 100 - 120artifIcial grams m closed but aerated plastic contamer. Foreach plant matenal and dose three replIcates were prepared.

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Proceedmgs of the 7th lniernational Workmg Conference on Stored-proiuci Protection. - Yolume 1

After 7 days of oviposition penod the msects were removed.The contamers were returned to the expenmental chamber.About three weeks later the containers were observed for

the emergence of progenies. Every day, the emergmginsects were counted and removed, till there were noemergence for five consecutive days. The total number of F1generation and the developmental penod were noted for eachreplicate. The developmental penod was determmedaccordmg to the formula developed by Haryadi (1991).Based on the total number of F I genera tion anddevelopmental penod, the developmental mdex wascalculated accordmg to the method of Doble (1974).

Results

Adas (Foeniculurn vulgarae)

The number of FI generation in diet WIth Adas was notstatistically reduced until the highest dose (10%). Thesame situation was also observed for developmental mdex.Meanwhile the addrtion of 2 % of the matenal hasstatistically increased the developmental penod (Table 1)Table 1 clearly shows that only at 10% dose the reduction ofthe number of F1 generation, whereas until 8% dose thenumber of F1 generation was still high.

Table 1. Number of F1 generation, developmental penod anddevelopmental mdex m diet with Adas(FoentCulum vulgarae).

Dose Number of F1 Developmental Developmental(%) Generation Penod (days) Index

0 101.3 a 25 3 c 18.18 a

2 81,3 a 27,2 b 16,15 a

4 93.3 a 27.9 b 16 27 a

6 85.7 a 28.2 b 15.64 a

8 95.0 a 28.2 b 16.10 a

10 38.5 b 30.6 a 11.82 b

Means III row followed by the same letter were not statisticallydifferentfNewman-Keuls test, P = 0 05)

Brotowali (Tinospora crispa)

Although It was not statistically sigrufrcant, the number ofF1 generation at 6% level was reduced from 100.7 to 61.3.

Meanwhile developmental penod was sigruficantly prolongedfrom 25.3 days to 34.7 days, and developmental mdex wasalso reduced from 18.20 to 11.87 (Table 2). At 10% levelthe number of FI genera tion was lowest and thedevelopmental penod was longest

Table 2. Number of F1 generation, developmental periodand developmental index m diet with Brotowah( Tmospora crispa).

Dose Number of F1 Developmental Developmental(%) Generation penod (days) Index

0 100.7 a 25.3 d 18.20 a

2 103.3 a 29.5 c 15.60 b

4 109.7 a 31.4 c 14.95 b

6 61.3 ab 34.7 b 11.87 c

8 65.3 ab 37.0 ab 11.25 cd

10 39.7 b 39.1 a 9.41d

Means III row followed by the same letter were not statisticallydifferent (Newman-Keuls test, P = 0 05)

Kencur (Kaempferia galanga)

The msecticidal effect of Kencur was quite high, as at 4%level there was no emergence of progeny At 2 % level allfigures of the three parameters were statistically differentfrom the ones m the dret without plant matenals (Table 3).

Table 3. Number of FI generation, developmental penodand developmental mdex m diet with Kencur(Kaempferw galanga).

Dose Number of F1 Developmental Developmental(% ) Generation penod (days) Index

0 91.0 a 25.7 b 17.69 a

2 76.3 b 27 9 a 15.53 b

4 o c

6 o c8 o c10 o c


Ternu giring t.Curcunui heyneana)

At 8% level, the number of F I generation and thedevelopmental mdex were statistically reduced from those inthe diet without Temu gmng. Meanwhile the mcrease of thelevel of the plant matenal m the diet significantly prolongedthe developmental penod (Table 4).

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Proceedmqe of the 7 th Iniemaiumal WorkLng Conference on Stored-product Protectwn - Volume 1

Table 4. Number of FI generation, developmental periodand developmental mdex m diet with Temu gmng( Curcuma heyneana) .

Dose Number of FI Developmental Developmental(%) Generation Period (days) Index

0 125.0 a 24.5 f 19.32 a

2 111.3 ab 26.4 e 17.80 ab

4 89.7 ab 28.5 d 15.67 ab

6 88.3 ab 30.4 c 14.71 b

8 49.3 b 35.0 b 10.54 c

10 44.0 b 39.0 a 9.07 c


Temu putih (Curcuma zeodaria)It seems that Temu putih does not have msecticidal effects

agamst S. oryzae. The number of FI generation emergedfrom the diet at 10 % level was not statistically differentfrom that in diet without plant matenal although the twoother parameters indicate significance between control andmet at 6% level and above (Table 5)

Table 5. Number of FI generation, developmental penodand developmental mdex m diet with Temu putih( Curcuma zeodaria) .

Dose Number of FI Developmental Developmental(%) Generation penod (days) Index

0 106.7 b 25.0 d 18.60 a

2 107.0 b 25.7 d 18.18 a

4 127.5 a 25.4 d 19.10 a

6 111.5 ab 27.7 c 17.01 b

8 116.0 ab 28.5 b 16.67 b

10 99.0 b 31.3 a 14.66 c


Discussion

The important parameter to evaluate the insecticidal effectof insecticides mcludmg plant msecticides is the insectpopulation or the number of FI generation. From the resultsof the present study It was clear that out of frve plants,Kencur (Kaempfena galanga) emerged as the mostpromismg as source of plant msecticidc, followed byBrotowah CTmcepora. crispa ) and Temu gmng (Curcumaheyneana ) . Meanwhile the msecticldal effect of Adas

t Foeniculumi vulgarae) and Temu putih (Curcurnazeodarui ) on Sitophilus oryzae were very weak. Thenumber of FI generation m the diet with Kencur at 4% waszero. It was noted also that at 2% of Kencur m the dietdevelopmental period was Significantly prolonged from 25.7days to 27.9 days. These mdicate that some biologicallyactive components of the Kencur may affect the ovipositionand/or development of Sttophllus oryzae. The activecomponents in the plant matenals are either as repellent,antifeedant or toxic substances. The repellent may affect thebehaviour of the parent female and may disturb theoviposition. Meanwhile the antifeedant may disturbed thefeeding activity of the larvae and hence affect larvaldevelopment. The toxic substances may also cause the deathof the larvaeThe use of oligidic diet m the form of artificial gram was

found to be an appropriate method to evaluate theinsecticidal effect of any natural materials. The differentlevel of doses of the matenal tested may be mtroduced easilyto the diet. For complete evaluation the artificial grams maybe radiographed periodically so that the development or thedeath of the msect inside the artificial grams was known.

Acknowledgments

ThIS study was carried out with the financial support of theARM Project, Mmistry of Agnculture, the Repubhc ofIndonesia through research collaboration between theMmistry of Agnculture and the Research Institute BogorAgncultural Umversity

References

Ahmed, A. and Gramge , M 1986. Potential of the neemtree (Azadlrachta tndwa A Juss) for pest control andrural development. Economical Botany, 40, 201- 209.Dobie, P. 1974. The laboratory assessment of the mherentsusceptibility of maize varieties to post-harvest mfestationby Sitophilus zeamuus Motsch (Coleoptera,Curcuhomdae) Journal of Stored Product Research. 10,183-197.Ediz, S. H. and Davis, G. R F. 1980. Repellency of rapeseeds extracts to adults of Tribolium. castaneum andTribolium. confusum (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae ) .Canadian Entomologist 112, 971- 974.Haryadi, Y. 1991 Sensibihte vanetale du nz aux attaquesde Sitophilus oryzae (L.) et de Sitotroxi cerealella( Ohvier ). Analyse de l'ongme d ' une resistancepotentielle. These. Ecole Nationale SupeneureAgronomique de Montpelher, FranceIgnatowicz, S. and Wesolowska, B 1994. Potential ofcommon herbs as gram protectants : repellent effect ofherb extracts on the granary weeVil, Sltophilus

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Proceedmqs of the 7th International Workmg Conference on Stored-product Protection - Volu11U31

g't'atw,r1/US1. In: Highley.E , Wnght.E ]. , Banks.HJ , and Champ B. R , eds., Proceedings of the. 6thInternational Workmg Conference on Stored ProductProtection, Canberra, Australia, 17 - 23 Apnl , 1994 II:790 -794.

Jotwani, M. G. and Sircar , P. 1967. Neem seed asprotectant agamst bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus( Fabncius ) mfestmg some legummous seeds. IndianJournal of Entomology 29 : 21- 24.

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study on the insecticidal effects of some indigenous plant...

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