study report at chandgiram ambikapur, (c.g.) · 2019-10-14 · agro-forestry or agro-silviculture...

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STUDY REPORT AT CHANDGIRAM

BIODIVERSITY CENTER, SARGAWA,

AMBIKAPUR, (C.G.)

DEPARTMENT OF FARM FORESTRY University Teaching Department

Sant Gahira Guru University, Surguja

Ambikapur, India (497001)

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I feel immense pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude to Hon’ble

Vice Chancellor, Prof. Rohini Prasad, Sant Gahira Guru University, Sarguja,

Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India for giving me the opportunity to showcase

the platform for the students of Farm Forestry of University Teaching

Department of Sant Gahira Guru University to carry out field survey at

Chandagiram Biodiversity Center, Sargawa, Ambikapur.

Mr. O. P. Agrawal National Awardee (Vrikshamitra)

Chandagiram Biodiversity Centre

Sargawan, Sarguja, Ambikapur

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MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING (MOU)

FOR ACADEMIC AND SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION

Between

Department of Farm Forestry, Sarguja University Ambikapur, C.G.

And

Chandgiram Biodiversity Centre, Sargawa, C.G.

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CONTENTs

CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

I. Message from Hon'ble Vice Chancellor 5-6

II. Profile of Chandgiram Biodiversity Center 12

III. Different System Present in the Biodiversity Centre:

1. Agro-forestry

2. Farm Forestry

3. Aqua-forestry

13-14

IV. Preparation of plant in Net house 19

V. Vermi-compost area 20

VI. Field survey and discussion in field 21

VII. Study of flora

Study of flora (weeds)

22-30

VIII. Study of fauna (butterflies and insects)

Butterflies

Insects

31-42

IX. Study of flora (Trees species) 43-47

X. The Narva, Garwa, Ghurwa, Badi (NGGB) Project of

Chhattisgarh Government

48-51

XI. Student List 52-53

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MESSAGE FROM HON’BLE VICE CHANCELLOR

It gives me immense pleasure to introduce Mr. Om Prakash Agrawal who is the

well-known figure as a ―VRIKSHAMITRA”, and the owner of Chandagiram Biodiversity

center living in the city of Ambikapur, district Sarguja, Chhattisgarh, India. He has devoted

his entire life in growing trees and inspiring people for plantation.

His father, who was basically a business man, had a deep connection or we can say a

passion of agriculture. He was inspired to develop his father’s 20 ha. barren land area near

Ambikapur Surguja, Chhattisgarh, India into Greenland. He was not at all interested in his

family business. In 1975 he left his LLB Bachelors degree after perusing for 02 years and

devoted his life towards serving Mother Nature. Initially the land was sloppy about 24

meters. Along with contours formation which made him able to do the soil and water

conservation. He was successful in conserving the water in the barren land. With the help of

03 ponds and 03 tube wells he was able to irrigate the lands. 20% land was used for

agriculture purpose, 10% area was occupied by ponds, 20% for horticulture and out of the

remaining 50% land, 40% was used for forestry and remaining 10% for the roads. Through

various media services such as newspapers, magazines, Doordarshan, Aakashvani

programmes he had a direct reach to the farmers and had a positive impact about their

thinking about afforestation programmes. During the last 29 years people were inspired to

plant crores of saplings in their private lands.

Initially there were no trees, the land was completely barren. He started planting the

trees and started to care them. He had a passion of planting trees. He used to carry the

saplings from the nursery, or nearby Jungles or villages in his own scooter and planted in his

farm land.

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It was due to his utmost dedication and sincerity all the plants planted by him

survived even in the barren land. It is very surprising to note that some of the trees reaching

the height upto 30 meters (measured by the Instrument Forestry Pro Hypsometer Laser Range

Finder, Nikon Make). He is also helping in Bhakura Plantation (Venue of University

Campus) for improving the scenic view and landscape in the new university site. During

2018-2019 nearly 50,000 plants were raised and it increased as 1 lakh in 2019-2020.

Every year he organizes farmers seminar in his biodiversity center and aware them

about the importance of trees and environment and encourages them to plant more and more

saplings in their land. It is because of his awareness that more than 10 million trees have been

planted in the private lands. He is also growing organic rice, vegetables, fruits in his farm

which is tastier than any other one and in this way he has connected many people of that area

with agriculture and locality. As we all know that big cultivation needs big lands but we can't

increase the area of the land so in order to cultivate more he has done mixed cropping in his

forest. In one alternate lane he has grown the plant of banana and in the second alternate lane

he has grown the plants of guava and between both of then pits are made in which onions are

grown. So, in this way he has divided one part of his forest and has increased the cultivation

practice.

Since the beginning of the year 1980 the planting of trees and preserving them

continues. It was the result of his hard work that in 1990 he was awarded as the Vrikshamitra

award by the Hon'ble Prime Minister, Government of India Mr. P. V. Narsimha Rao. Since

then, he is known as “Vrikshamitra OP Agrawal”. He saved thousands of trees while saving

the environment, while directly or indirectly contributed to planting more than 10 million

plants in private, government, forest lands. He got the award because he had set up a big

forest in the mid of the Ambikapur, Surguja district of Chhattisgarh, India. This is effectively

increasing the oxygen level of the district and helping it for the regulation of the climate and

weather.

As per my knowledge this is the first private farm in India where the students of

Forestry are carrying out their research and field based activities. Till date students were

frequently visiting the forests for carrying out their research.

I wish him all success in his life.

Professor Rohini Prasad Vice Chancellor

Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya, Sarguja

Ambikapur- Chhattisgarh, INDIA

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MESSAGE FROM REGISTRAR

It is my pleasure to note that students of Farm Forestry department has undergone a rapid,

comprehensive and extensive research, education and extension activity in Chandgiram

Biodiversity Center, Sargawa, Ambikapur. It is a joint collaboration between Department of

Farm Forestry, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya, Sarguja and Chandgiram Biodiversity

Center, Sargawa, Ambikapur. The center acted as a scientific field of potential excellence for

the student of farm forestry where ―Lab to Land Programme‖ was conducted by the students

under the able guide-ship. Such venture proves to be fruitful for both the local community

stakeholders as well as for the students of farm forestry.

Mr. Binod Kumar Ekka Registrar



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MESSAGE FROM HOD, FARM FORESTRY

Since the inception of the department the academic environment was accomplished through

scientific study as well as field oriented study. The department has successfully organized

various field tours in various parts of Sarguja division. It is the proud privilege of the

department to have Chandagiram Biodiversity center as a natural lab for the students of Farm

Forestry department.

The department of Farm Forestry is very much thankful to Hon’ble Vice Chancellor

Sir for enabling the Department of Farm Forestry for signing the MOU to promote

cooperation in forestry education and scientific research between the Department of Farm

Forestry, Sant Gahira Guru University Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh and Chandagiram

Biodiversity center, Sargawa Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India. The Department is very

thankful to Shri O.P. Agrawal for allowing the students of Farm Forestry for carrying out

their research and extension activities in his land.

Dr. Dhiraj Kumar Yadav Assistant Professor & HOD



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FACULTY PROFILE OF DEPARTMENT OF FARM FORESTRY

Name & Designation Qualification Field of

Specialization

Dr. Dhiraj Kumar Yadav

Assistant Professor & HOD

Contacts: (O) 07774-223242

(M) 9926615061

Email: dheerajforestry@ gmail.com

Ph.D. (Forestry)

M.Sc. (Forestry)

B.Sc. (Forestry)

MBA (HRM)

NET (Forestry)

NET (Forestry and

Environmental Science)

Forest Ecology

Medicinal and Aromatic

Plants

Biodiversity Assessment

Human Elephant Conflicts

Remote sensing and GIS

Dr. Manoj Kumar Jhariya

Assistant Professor

Contacts: +91-9407004814

Email: [email protected]

Ph.D. (Forestry)

Gold Medallist

M.Sc. (Forestry)

B.Sc. (Agriculture)

NET (Agroforestry)

NET (Environmental

Sciences)

Forest Ecology

Agroforestry

Biodiversity Assessment

Mining Ecology

Dr. Sushma

Assistant Professor

Contacts:+91-7587401865

Email: sushmabhel@ gmail.com

Ph.D. (Forestry)

M.Sc.(Agro-forestry)

B.Sc. (Biology)

NET (Forestry)

Agroforestry

Silviculture

Remote sensing and GIS

Watershed Management

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]

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LOCATION OF CHANDAGIRAM BIODIVERSITY CENTER

(SATTELITE MAP)

Map of Chandagiram Biodiversity Center

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Different System Present in the Biodiversity Centre:

1. Agro-forestry:

Agro-forestry or agro-silviculture is a land use management system in which trees or

shrubs are grown around or among crops or pastureland. It combines shrubs and trees in

agricultural and forestry technologies to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy,

ecologically sound, and sustainable land-use system.

In this farmhouse the species used are maize, and different vegetables like beans, potato, etc., are used and tree species like Tectona grandis (Teak), are planted on the

boundaries of field.

This system of agro-forestry can be advantageous over conventional agricultural, and

forest production methods. They can offer increased productivity, economic benefits, and

more diversity in the ecological goods and services provided.

2. Farm Forestry:

Forest farming is the cultivation of high-value specialty

crops under a forest canopy that is intentionally modified or

maintained to provide shade levels and habitat that favor growth

and enhance production levels. Forest farming encompasses a

range of cultivated systems from introducing plants into the

understory of a timber stand to modifying forest stands to

enhance the marketability and sustainable production of existing

plants.

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In this multistory system herbs (like; Turmeric),

shrubs, and trees (like; Khair (Acacia catechu), Teak

(Tectona grandis), Khamhar (Gmelina arborea), Sisham

(Delbergia sissoo) are planted together on same land. So that

land can be use maximally along with increase in

productivity.

3. Aqua-forestry:

It is a system of agro-forestry, and the component of this system is fish and agricultural

plant and tree species. Trees are planted on the boundaries of pond which also provides food

to fishes. In this farmhouse species used in tank forestry are agricultural plants such as

Jalkumbhi (variety of rice), Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), Flame lily (Gloriosa

superba) flower, Peagion pea (Cajanus cajan), in tree species like; Khamhar, Teak, are

planted near the bunds of pond. Fruits species like Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana), Guava

(Psidium guajava) were also planted.

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Table : Occurrence species in tank based agroforestry model

Common Name Botanical name Family

Teak Tectona grandis Lin. Lamiaceae

Khamhar Gmelina arborea Roxb Verbenaceae

Shisham Dalbergia sissoo Roxb Fabaceae

Mango Mangifera indica L Anacardiaceae

Ber Ziziphus mauritiana Lam Rhamnaceae

Neem Azadirachta indica A. Meliaceae

Eucalyptus Eucalyptus species. L Myrtaceae

Table : Occurrence horticulture species in tank based agroforestry model

Table : Structure of species in tank based agroforestry model

Botanical name Family East West North South

Tectona grandis Linn. Lamiaceae T, S, SD T, S, SD ----- T, S, SD

Gmelina arborea Roxb. Verbenaceae T, SD T, S, SD ----- T, S, SD

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Fabaceae T, SD S, SD S -----

Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae T ----- ----- ------

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae -------- ----- ----- SD

Azadirachta indica A. Meliaceae SD T, SD ---- ------

Eucalyptus species L. Myrtaceae SD --- ----- T, SD

*Note:-T=Tree, S= Sapling, SD= Seedling, (---) =Absence

Common name Botanical name Family

Papaya Carica papaya Caricaceae

Banana Musa paradisiacal Musaceae

Pine apple Ananas comosus Bromeliaceae

Mango Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae

Lemon Grass Cymbopogon citrates Poaceae

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Table Structural parameter of tree species under tank based agroforestry model

Botanical name Family Parameter East West North South

Tectona grandis linn. Verbenaceae Number of Tree 24 1 -- 2

Range(Girth in cm) 32.0-60.4 38 -- 32-44

Average girth (cm) 45.9 -- -- 38

Range(Height in m) 10.0-18 -- -- 6.0-8.0

Average height (m) 11 -- -- 7

Range of spacing(m) 2.0-2.5 -- -- 3.0-3.0

Average spacing(m) 2.227 -- -- 3

Gmelina arborea Roxb. Lamiaceae Number of Tree 28 38 -- 13

Range(Girth in cm) 27.5-77.4 31-68.5 -- 31-76

Average girth (cm) 56.79 52.99 -- 54.88

Range(Height in m) 8.0-10 -- 6.0-8.0

Average height (m) 8.82 8.44 -- 7.84

Range of spacing(m) 2.0-2.5 3.0-6.0 -- 3.0-5.0

Average spacing(m) 2.16 8.85 -- 3.53

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Fabaceae Number of Tree 1 -- -- --

Range(Girth in cm) 87 -- -- --

Range(Height in m) 10 -- -- --

Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Number of Tree 1 -- -- --

Range(Girth in cm) 45 -- -- --

Range(Height in m) 7 -- -- --

Eucalyptus species L. Myrtaceae Number of Tree -- -- -- 1

Range(Girth in cm) -- -- -- 65

Range(Height in m) -- -- -- 10

Azadirachta indica A. Meliaceae Number of Tree -- 1 -- --

Range(Girth in cm) -- 49 -- --

Range(Height in m) -- 10 -- --

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Table - Structure of tree layer in different directions under tank based agroforestry model

EAST WEST NORTH SOUTH

Species AG D BA V AG D BA V AG D BA V AG D BA V

Tectona grandis L. 0.45 157 2.63 267.3 0.38 4 0.05 5 - - - - 0.38 14 0.01 15.64

Gmelina arborea Roxb 0.56 183 4.70 639 0.530 150 3.35 26 - - - - 0.54 91 2.18 161.81

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb 0.87 7 0.42 1.54 - - - - - - - - - - -

Mangifera indica L. 0.45 7 0.11 9.261 - - - - - - - - - - - -

Eucalyptus spp. L. - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.65 7. 0.236 19.19

Azadirachta indica A. - - - - 0.49 4 0.1 5.69 - - - - - - - -

TOTAL 354 7.86 916.91 1.4 158 3.47 277.9 1.57 112 2.43 196.64

*Note: AG= Average girth in meter, D=Density ha-1

, BA= Basal area m2ha-1

, V=Volume m3ha

-1

Table - Structure of sapling layer in different direction under tank based agroforestry model

*Note: AG= Average girth in meter, D=Density ha-1

, BA= Basal area m2 ha

-1, V=Volume m

3ha

-1

Table - Water quality analysis of different water sources of the biodiversity centre World Health Organization Suggest Standard Drinking

Water

Water Sample Sources

Bore water Tank water 0.5 meter depth water sample 1 meter depth water sample

Excellent Less than 300mg/litter Conductivity 0.127mhos 0.308mhos 0.317mhos 0.119mhos 0.122mhos

Good 300-600mg/litter T.D.S. 82mg/litter 71mg/litter 206mg/litter 77mg/litter 80mg/litter

Fair 600-900mg/litter T.S. 0.5mg/litter 0.5mg/litter 0.5mg/litter 0.5mg/litter 0.5mg/litter

Poor 900-1200mg/litter

East West North South

Species AG D BA V AG D BA V AG D BA V AG D BA V

Tectona grandis Linn. 0.20 98 0.33 41 0.17 99 0.24 40.63 - - - - 0.164 267 0.57 64.37

Gmelina arborea Roxb. 0.135 13 0.02 4.05 0.16 40 0.09 16.83 - - - - - - - --

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. - - - - 0.16 20 0.04 5.82 0.16 416 0.88 224 - - - -

Total 111 0.35 44.95 159 0.37 63.29 416 0.88 224 267 0.57 64.37

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Preparation of plant in Net house:

Many plants are grown in net house and in this drip irrigation method and sprinkling

method of irrigation were used for water management.

Plants of Papaya, Ber, Banana, Turmeric, flowers - Flame Lily, Marigold etc. were

grown inside net house.

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Vermi-compost area:

In this area vermi-compost preparation is done by using dry leafs, soil and

earthworms. This organic compost is very useful for plant growth and development.

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Field survey and discussion in field:

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STUDY OF FLORA

S.N. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY

01 Neem Azadirachta indica Myrtaceae

02 Teak Tectona grandis Lamiaceae

03 Guava Psidium guajava Myrtaceae

04 Eucalyptus Eucalyptus spp. Myrtaceae

05 Tamarind Tamarindus indica Fabaceae

06 Mulberry Morus alba Moraceae

07 Seasum Dalbergia sissoo Fabaceae

08 Bamboo Bambosa spp. Poaceae

09 Sandale wood Santalum album Fabaceae

10 Subabool Leucaena leucocephala Fabaceae

11 Banana Musa paradisiaca Musaceae

12 Jamun Syzigium cumini Myrtaceae

13 Arhar Cazanus cajan Leguminoceae

14 Amerbel Cuscuta reflexa Convolvulaceae

15 Dubgrass Cynodon dactylon Poaceae

16 Bathua Chenopodium album Amaranthaceae

17 Lemongrass Cymbopogan spp. Poaceae

18 Gajarghas Parthenium hysterophorus Asteraceae

19 Ber Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae

20 Karanj Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae

21 Sal Shorea robusta Dipterocarpaceae

22 Palash Butea monosperma Fabaceae

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STUDY OF FLORA - (WEEDS)

SN. COMMON NAME DESCRIPTION

01 Amerbel B. N. - Cuscuta reflexa

Family - Convolvulaceae

This plant species is common in the Indian

Subcontinent. This parasitic plant species is a

leafless twined sprawling thin vine that grows over a

host plant.

ECONOMCIC IMPORTANCE - This species

capable of producing numerous branches which can

cover the host plant within a very short period of

time and suck life out of the host plant. Flowers are

small, bell shaped and white in colour with yellow

filaments. Fruits and seeds are produced from the

flower.

02 Dubgrass B. N. - Cynodon dactylon

Family - Poaceae

The blades are a grey-green colour and are short,

usually 2–15 cm (0.79–5.91 in) long with rough

edges. The erect stems can grow 1–30 cm (0.39–

11.81 in) tall. The stems are slightly flattened, often

tinged purple in colour.

ECONOMCIC IMPORTANCE - It is fast-

growing and tough, making it popular and useful for

sports fields, as when damaged it will recover

quickly. It is a highly desirable turf grass in warm

temperate climates, particularly for those regions

where its heat and drought tolerance enable it to

survive where few other grasses do. This

combination makes it a frequent choice for golf

courses in the southern and southeastern U.S. It has

a relatively coarse-bladed form with

numerous cultivars selected for different turf

requirements.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar

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03 Bathua B. N. - Chenopodium album

Family - Amaranthaceae

Chenopodium album is a fast-

growing weedy annual plant in the

genus Chenopodium. Though cultivated in some

regions, the plant is elsewhere considered a weed.

Common names include lamb's

quarters, melde, goose foot, manure weed, and fat-

hen, though the latter two are also applied to other

species of the genus Chenopodium, for which reason

it is often distinguished as white goosefoot.

4. Lemongrass B. N. - Cymbopogan citratus

Family - Poaceae

Cymbopogon, variously known

as lemongrass, barbed wire grass, silky

heads, Cochin grass or Malabar grass or oily heads,

is a genus of Asian, African, Australian, and tropical

island plants in the grass family.

ECONOMCIC IMPORTANCE - Some species (Cymbopogon citratus) are commonly cultivated as

culinary and medicinal herbs because of their scent,

resembling that of lemons (Citrus limon).

05 Gajarghas B. N. - Parthenium hysterophorus

Family - Asteraceae

Parthenium hysterophorus is a species of flowering

plant of Asteraceae family. It is native to

the American tropics. Common names

include Santa-Maria, Santa Maria feverfew,

whitetop weed, and famine weed. In India, it is

locally known as carrot grass, congress

grass or Gajar Ghas. It is a common invasive

species in India, Australia, and parts of Africa.

ECONOMCIC IMPORTANCE - Contact with the

plant causes dermatitis and respiratory malfunction

in humans, and dermatitis in cattle and domestic

animals. The main substance responsible

is parthenin, which is dangerously toxic. It also is

responsible for bitter milk disease in livestock when

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenopodiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbopogon_citratushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotropic_ecozonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenin

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their fodder is polluted with Parthenium leaves.

Among other allelopathic effects of the species, the

presence of Parthenium pollen grains inhibits fruit

set in tomato, brinjal, beans, and a number of other

crop plants.

06 Madar B. N. - Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand.

Family - Asclepiadaceae

Calotropis is a genus of flowering plants. It is native

to southern Asia and North Africa. They are

commonly known as milkweeds because of

the latex they produce. Calotropis species are

considered common weeds in some parts of the

world.

ECONOMCIC IMPORTANCE- The flowers are

fragrant and are often used in making floral tassels

in some mainland Southeast Asian cultures. Fibers

of these plants are called madar or

mader. Calotropis species are usually found in

abandoned farmland.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinjalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia

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07 Tulsi B. N. - Ocimum tenuiflorum L.

Family - Lamiaceae

Tulsi is an upright bushy shrub that grows up to 18

inches. It's hairy stems sprout oval leaves with

serrated edges, and depending on the variety, range

in color from light green to dark purple.

The tulsi plant blooms erect purple or reddish

flowers and produces tiny rust-colored fruit.

ECONOMCIC IMPORTANCE- Tulsi is

cultivated for religious and traditional

medicine purposes, and for its essential oil. It is

widely used as a herbal tea, commonly used

in Ayurveda, and has a place within

the Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism, in which

devotees perform worship involving holy basil

plants or leaves. Tulasi (Sanskrit:-Surasa) has been

used in Ayurveda and Siddha practices for its

supposed treatment of diseases.

Traditionally, tulasi is taken as herbal tea, dried

powder, fresh leaf or mixed with ghee.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbal_teahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddha_medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghee

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08 Lantana B. N. -Lantana camara L.

Family - Verbenaceae

Lantana is a genus of about 150 species of

perennial flowering plants in the verbena family,

Verbenaceae. They are native to tropical regions of

the Americas and Africa but exist as an introduced

species in numerous areas, especially in the

Australian-Pacific region.

ECONOMCIC IMPORTANCE- Lantana species

are widely cultivated for their flowers

in tropical and subtropical environments and (as

an annual plant) in temperate climates. Most of the

plants sold as lantana are either Spanish flag

(species of section Lantana and their hybrids,

including L. camara, L. depressa, L. hirsuta, L. horr

ida, L. splendens, L. strigocamara, etc.), or trailing

lantana (L. montevidensis). Numerous cultivars of

the Spanish flag exist, including 'Irene', 'Christine'

and 'Dallas Red' (all tall-growing cultivars) and

several recently introduced shorter ones. The shorter

cultivars may flower more prolifically than the taller

ones. Lantana montevidensis gives blue (or white)

flowers all year round. Its foliage is dark green and

has a distinct odor.

09 Gokhru B. N. - Xanthium indicum Klatt

Family - Asteraceae

Gokhru, Tribulus is a genus of plants found in

many warm regions. The best-known member is T.

terrestris (puncture vine), a widespread weed and

also the source of a dietary supplement. Tribulus

species are perennial, but some grow as annuals in

colder climates.

ECONOMCIC IMPORTANCE -However, while

small quantities of parts of the mature plants may be

consumed, the seeds and seedlings should not be

eaten in large quantities because they contain

significant concentrations of the extremely toxic

chemical carboxyatratyloside. The mature plant also

contains at least four other toxins.

Animals have also been known to die after

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantana_camarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lantana_depressa&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lantana_hirsuta&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantana_horridahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantana_horridahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lantana_splendens&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lantana_strigocamara&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantana_montevidensishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantana_montevidensis

28 | P a g e

eating the plants.

A patient consuming a traditional Chinese

medicine containing cocklebur called Cang Er

Zi Wan developed muscle spasms.

It was responsible for at least 19 deaths and 76

illnesses in Sylhet District, Bangladesh, 2007.

People ate large amounts of the plants, locally

called ghagra shak, because they were starving

during a monsoon flood and no other plants

were available. The symptoms included

vomiting and altered mental states, followed by

unconsciousness.

10 Latjira B. N. - Achyranthes aspera L.

Family - Amaranthaceae

Found throughout tropical Asia, Africa, Australia

and America. An abundant weed in dry places and

wastelands, from the seashore to 2,100 m high. It is

an annual or perennial herb. Stem erect, 0.5-2.0m in

high, base woody, angular or ribbed, simple or

branched, often tinged with pink colour; nodes

bulged.

ECONOMCIC IMPORTANCE -Achyranthes

aspera has occupied a pivotal position in Indian

culture and folk medicine. Since ancient times the

tribal and rural people of India commonly use this

herb in various disorders.

11. Bhrigraj B. N. - Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk

Family - Asteraceae

Eclipta commonly known as false daisy, yerba de

tago, Karisalankanni , and bhringraj, is a species of

plant in the sunflower family. It is widespread across

much of the world. This plant has cylindrical,

grayish roots. The solitary flower heads are 6–8 mm

(0.24–0.31 in) in diameter, with white florets. The

achenes are compressed and narrowly winged.

ECONOMCIC IMPORTANCE -The plant

has traditional uses in Ayurveda. It is bitter, hot,

sharp, and dry in taste. In India, it is known

as bhangra or bhringaraj. Wedelia calendulacea is

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_headshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedelia_calendulacea

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known by the same names, so the white-flowered, E.

alba is called white bhangra and the yellow-

flowered, W. calendulacea is called yellow bhangra.

In Southeast Asia, the dried whole plant is used

in traditional medicine, although there is no high-

quality clinical research to indicate such uses are

effective.

12. Kantakari B. N. - Solanum surattense

Family - Solanaceae

Kantakari is a very prickly, bright green, much

branched perennial shrub with bluish-purple flower.

It is a warm season plant that grow mainly in

tropical and sub-tropical regions. In India, it occurs

throughout the country in dry conditions. It can be

found growing as a weed along the roadsides and

wastelands. It is naturally propagated by seed in

waste lands.

ECONOMCIC IMPORTANCE - The plant has

many medical properties. In the tribes of Nilgiris,

the plant is used to treat a whitlow (finger abscess):

the finger is inserted into a ripe fruit for a few

minutes. In Nepal, a decoction of root is taken twice

a day for seven days to treat cough, asthma and

chest pain.

13. Chotidudhi B. N. - Euphorbia hirta

Family – Euphorbiaceae

Chhoti Duddi, as the name indicates is a small plant

containing milky latex in it. Euphorbia

hirta (sometimes called asthma-plant) is a

pantropical weed, possibly native to India.

ECONOMCIC IMPORTANCE - It is a hairy

herb that grows in open grasslands, roadsides and

pathways. It is used in traditional herbal medicine.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_researchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiris_district#Demographicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitlowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoction

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14. Kiwanch B. N. - Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.

Family - Leguminosae

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume native to

Africa and tropical Asia and widely naturalized and

cultivated. Its English common names include velvet

bean, Bengal velvet bean, Florida velvet

bean, Mauritius velvet bean, Yokohama velvet

bean, cowage, cowitch, lacuna bean, and Lyon bean.

The plant is notorious for the extreme itchiness it

produces on contact, particularly with the young

foliage and the seed pods.

ECONOMCIC IMPORTANCE - It has

agricultural and horticultural value and is used

in herbalism.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_namehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalism

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STUDY OF FAUNA

S.N. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME FAMILY ORDER

01 Grasshopper Oxyanitidula Acrididae Orthoptera

02 Mole cricket Gryllotalpabrachyptera Gryllotalpidae Orthoptera

03 Aphid Aphis spp. Aphididae Hemiptera

04 Jassid Amrasca biguttula Cicadellidae Hemiptera

05 Redpumpkin beetle Raphidopalpa foveicollis Chrysomelidae Coleoptera

06 Jiant water bug Lethocerusamericanus Belostomatidae Hemiptera

07 Black ants Lasius niger Formicidae Hymenoptera

08 Termite Odontotermes sp. Termitoidae Blasttodae

09 Red Hairy Caterpillar Amsacta albistriga Erebidae Lepidoptera

10 Teak defoliator Hyblaeapurea Hyblaeidae Lepidoptera

11 White grub Phyllophagaspp Scarbaeidae Coleopteran

12 Yellow butterfly Coliascroceus Pieridae Lepidoptera

13 Thrips Crotonothiripsdavidi Thripidae Thysenoptera

14 Leaf roller Sylleptastraminea Tortricidae Lepidoptera

15 Dragon fly Sympetrumflaveolum Libellulidae Odonata

16 Spider Araneus angulatus Araneidae Araneae

17 Wasp Vespulagermenicum Formicidae Hymenoptera

18 Honey bee Apis indica Apidae Hymenoptera

29 Mentis Mentis religiosa Mentidae Mantoideae

20 Brown Rice hopper Nilaparvata lugence Delphacidae Hemiptera

21 Gandhi bug Leptocornisa oratoria Alydidae Hemiptera

22 Water strider Aquariousremigis Gerridae Hemiptera

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STUDY OF FAUNA (BUTTERFLIES AND INSECTS)

BUTTERFLIES

Name - Queen Butterfly

S. N. - Danaus gilipus

Availability - All Year

As an adult, the queen has two cousins to which it bears a

striking resemblance: the more common monarch (Danaus

plexippus) and the soldier (Danaus eresimus).

The queen is a moderately large butterfly. It has an average

wingspan of 3.1 inches (7.9 cm) to 3.3 inches (8.4 cm). It is

easily distinguishable from its cousin, the monarch, by its

darker brown ground color. The queen bears a closer

resemblance to its other cousin, the soldier (Danaus

eresimus). It boasts a very tough and

flexible chitinous exoskeleton, unlike most other butterflies.

Name - White Peacock

S. N. - Ajartia jatrophae


Anartia jatrophae (white peacock) The white peacock's

larval hosts are water hyssop (Bacopa monnieri), lemon

bacopa (Bacopa caroliniensis), tropical waterhyssop

(Bacopa innominata), frogfruit (Phyla nodiflora), lanceleaf

frogfruit (Phyla lanceolata), and Carolina wild petunia

(Ruellia caroliniana). The males of the species display a

unique territorial behavior, in which they stake out a

territory typically 15 meters in diameter that contains larval

host plants. They perch in this area and aggressively protect

it from other insects and other male white peacocks.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoskeletonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacopa_monnierihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacopa_caroliniensis&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacopa_innominata&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyla_nodiflorahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyla_lanceolatahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruellia_caroliniana&action=edit&redlink=1

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Name - Zebra Longwing

S. N. - Heliconius charithonia


Zebra longwing adults roost communally at night in groups

of up to 60 adults for safety from predators. The adult

butterflies are unusual in feeding on pollen as well as on

nectar; the pollen enables them to synthesize cyanogenic

glycosides that make their bodies toxic to potential

predators. Caterpillars feed on various species of

passionflower, evading the plants' defensive trichomes by

biting them off or laying silk mats over them.

The adults are unusual among butterflies in that they

eat pollen as well as sip nectar. This ability contributes to

their longevity—they can live up to 3 months as adults in

the wild and 4–5 months in the lab. The behavior facilitated

the evolution of aposematism

and mimicry among Heliconius species. Butterflies that feed

on pollen are more distasteful to predators, more brightly

colored, and show superior mimetic diversity to those that

do not.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanogenic_glycosideshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanogenic_glycosideshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichomeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimicry

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Name - Cloudless Sulphur

S. N. - Phoebis sennae


Phoebis sennae, the cloudless sulphur or cloudless giant

sulphur, is a mid-sized butterfly in the

family Pieridae found in the New World. There are several

similar species such as the yellow angled-sulphur (Anteos

maerula), which has angled wings, statira sulphur (Aphrissa

statira), and other sulphurs, which are much smaller.

The common habitats of this butterfly are open spaces,

gardens, glades, seashores, and watercourses. The adult

butterfly feeds on nectar from many different flowers with

long tubes including cordia, bougainvillea, cardinal

flower, hibiscus, lantana, and wild morning glory. The

larvae also feed on sennas and partridge peas. Senna hebecarpa (American senna) is a larval host and nectar

source for the cloudless giant sulphur butterfly in

the Eastern United States.

Name - Giant Swallowtail

S. N. - Papilio cresphontes

Availability - Seasonal

The wings are black with a horizontal yellow line across

the forewings, and a diagonal yellow line across the

hindwing. The underside of the wings is yellow with accents

of black. Larvae eats valuable citrus crops, along with a

wide variety of plants under family Rutaceae (citrus plants),

including different types of prickly ash. They also consume

some exotic Rutaceae species that have been introduced to

North America, such as gasplant and sapote. Nectar plants

for adults

include, Lantana, Azaleas, Bougainvilla, Saponaria

officinalis, Hesperis matronalis, Solidago, Lonicera

japonica, and Asclepias incarnata. Along with flower

nectar, adults can also consume liquid from animal waste.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterflyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieridaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Worldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anteos_maerulahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anteos_maerulahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrissa_statirahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrissa_statirahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainvilleahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_flowerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_flowerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_gloryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_siameahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_hebecarpahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_hebecarpahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forewinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutaceaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasplanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapotehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azaleahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainvillahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponaria_officinalishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponaria_officinalishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperis_matronalishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonicera_japonicahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonicera_japonicahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias_incarnata

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Name - Gulf Fritillary

S. N. - Agraulis vanillae


The Gulf fritillary or passion butterfly (Agraulis vanillae)

is a bright orange butterfly of the family Nymphalidae and

subfamily Heliconiinae. That subfamily was formerly set

apart as a separate family, the Heliconiidae. The

Heliconiinae are "longwing butterflies", which have long,

narrow wings compared to other butterflies. Gulf fritillary is

the only member of genus Agraulis.

The majority of host plants for gulf fritillaries come

from Lantana and Passiflora, two genera of flowering

plants in the Verbenaceae and Passifloraceae families,

respectively. Many of the adult butterflies

use Lantana plants as their main nectar and food source

whereas the Passiflora plants serve as the main resource and

foodplants for the larvae. The Passiflora host plants are

frequently called passion vines; in some Texan counties

where this butterfly's population is high, gulf fritillaries will

feed on specific species such as Passiflora

lutea and Passiflora affinis. These passion vine plants are

suitable host plants as they provide a good structure for

larval host habitats which enables young populations of gulf

fritillaries to be sufficiently nurtured and protected. The role

of host plants is also integral to the oviposition of gulf

fritillaries, as the female butterflies lay their eggs on or near

the host plant.

Name - Orange Barred

S. N. - Phoebis philea

Availability -All Year

Phoebis philea, The wingspan is 68 to 80 mm. There are

two to three generations per year in Florida and one in the

northern part of the range with adults on wing from mid to

late summer. The species habitat is in tropical scrub,

gardens, fields, and forest edges. Orange-barred sulphurs are

often found in large dense groups of mixed species,

including the statira sulphur (Aphrissa statira), apricot

sulphur (Phoebis argante), and the straight-line sulphur

(Rhabdodryas trite). The species eats nectar from red-

colored plants. The larvae feed on Cassia species.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterflyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphalidaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliconiinaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliconiidaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiflorahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbenaceaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passifloraceaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiflorahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larvahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiflorahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiflora_luteahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiflora_luteahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Passiflora_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviparityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingspanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrissa_statirahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebis_argantehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdodryas_tritehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassia_(legume)

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Name - Polydamas Butterfly

S. N. - Battus polydamas


Battus polydamas, the gold rim swallowtail, Polydamas

swallowtail or tailless swallowtail, is a butterfly of the

family Papilionidae. The wingspan is 90–120 mm without

the tail. The uppersides of the wings are black with a broad

submarginal band formed by large yellow spots. The

undersides of the forewings have the same pattern, while the

hindwings have a submarginal row of red lunules. This

butterfly flies from April to November in three generations

in the north of its range, throughout the year in several

generations in the tropics. The larvae feed

on Aristolochia species. Battus polydamas is mainly present

in open woods and in abandoned fields.

Name - Viceroy

S. N. - Limenitis archippus


Its wings feature an orange and black pattern, and over most

of its range it is a Müllerian mimic

with

the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus). The viceroy's

wingspan is between 53 and 81 mm (2.1 and 3.2 in). It can

be distinguished from the monarch by its smaller size and

the postmedian black line that runs across the veins on the

hindwing.

The caterpillar feeds on trees in the willow

family Salicaceae, including willows (Salix), and poplars

and cottonwoods (Populus). The caterpillars sequester

the salicylic acid in their bodies, which makes them bitter,

and upsets predators' stomachs. As further protection, the

caterpillars, as well as their chrysalis stage, resemble bird

droppings.

Adults are strictly diurnal, flying preferentially in the late

morning and early afternoon. Adult viceroys nectar on

milkweeds, thistles and other common flowers.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterflyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilionidaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingspanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristolochiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_butterflyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicaceaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicylic_acidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysalishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnality

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Name - Tiger Swallowtail

S. N. - Papiliio glaucus


The wingspan ranges from 7.9 to 14 cm (3.1 to 5.5 in) with

females being the larger sex. Southern individuals are larger

than northern ones. Males are yellow with four black "tiger

stripes" on each forewing. The outer edge of the forewing is

black with a row of yellow spots. The veins are marked with

black. The postmedian area of the hindwing is black with

yellow spots along the margin. The inner margin of the

hindwing has small red and blue spots. The caterpillar feeds

on host plants of many different families. Common host

plants used are those of the

families Magnoliaceae and Rosaceae, with species including

tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera), sweet bay magnolia

(Magnolia virginiana) and wild black cherry (Prunus

serotina). It also feeds on other members of the family

Rosaceae, as well as members from the

families Lauraceae, Oleaceae, Rutaceae, and Tilioideae.

Aspens (Populussect. Populus), birches (Betula), and

willows (Salix) have been recorded in older literature as host

plants, but these are used by P. canadensis.

Insects

C. N. - Grass hopper

S. N. - Oxya nitidula

Family - Acridideae

Order - Orthoptera

Grasshoppers are a group of insects belonging to

the suborder Caelifera. They are among what is probably the

most ancient living group of chewing herbivorous insects,

dating back to the early Triassic around 250 million years ago.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingspanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliaceaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosaceaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liriodendron_tulipiferahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_virginianahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serotinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_serotinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauraceaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleaceaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutaceaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilioideaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betulahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suborderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caeliferahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Triassic

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C. N. – Aphid

S.N. - Aphis spp.

Family- Aphididae

Order- Hemiptera

Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the super

family Aphidoidea. Common names

include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a

species can vary widely in colour. The group includes the

fluffy white woolly aphids. The life cycle of some species

involves an alternation between two species of host plants, for

example between an annual crop and a woody plant. Some

species feed on only one type of plant, while others are

generalists, colonising many plant groups. About 5,000 species

of aphid

C. N. - Red pumpkin beetle

S.N. - Raphidopalpa foveicollis

Family - Chrysomelidae

Order - Coleoptera

Raphidopalpa foveicollis, the red pumpkin beetle, is a species

of beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is a foliar pest of

members of the Cucurbitaceae, particularly the pumpkin. The

beetles are most destructive in March and April while the

plants are small. They feed on the leaves, buds and flowers and

can defoliate the plants; the grubs bore into the roots and

damage the stems and fruits that lie on the soil.

C. N. - Giant water bug

S.N. - Lethocerus amaricanus

Family - Belostomatidae

Order - Hemiptera

Commonly found in ponds, marshes, and on the edges of lakes

and slow-moving streams, creeks, adults and larvae feed on

other insects, small crustaceans (crabs/crayfish), tadpoles,

snails, and small fish.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriosomatinaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_beetlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(organism)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitaceaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin

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C. N. - Black ants

S.N. - Lasius nigar

Family - Formicideae

Order - Hymenoptera

The black garden ant (Lasius niger), also known as the

common black ant. is found in forest habitat It is monogynous,

meaning colonies have a single queen. Lasius niger colonies

can reach in size up to around 40,000 workers in rare cases but

4,000–7,000 is around average. A Lasius niger queen can live

up to around 15 years and it has been claimed that some have

lived for 30 years. Lasius niger queens while in the early stages

of founding can have two to three other queens in the nest.

C. N. - Termites

S.N. - Odontorermis spp.

Family - Termitoidae

Order - Blasttodae

Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on

Earth, colonising most landmasses except Antarctica. Their

colonies range in size from a few hundred individuals to

enormous societies with several million individuals. Termite

queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world,

with some queens reportedly living up to 30 to 50 years.

Termites are a delicacy in the diet of some human cultures and

are used in many traditional medicines. Several hundred

species are economically significant as pests that can cause

serious damage to buildings, crops, or plantation forests.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_colonyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_anthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica

40 | P a g e

C. N. - Teak defoliator

S.N. - Hyblea purea

Family - Hybleidae

Order - Lepidoptera

The first and second instars mainly feed on the leaf surface.

Starting with the third instar, the larva cuts out a leaf flap,

usually at the edge of the leaf, folds it over, fastens it with silk,

and feeds from within. The entire leaf, excluding the major

veins of tender leaves, is eaten, but more veins are left in older

leaves. Under the optimal conditions, the larval period lasts 10

to 12 days.

C. N.- White grub

S.N.- Phylophagus spp.

Family- Scarbedeae

Order- Coleoptera

The term 'white grubs' refers to the larvae of scarab beetles of

different genera that damage crops by feeding on root systems.

This can lead to poor plant growth and sometimes plant death.

Damage can be especially serious when the white grubs feed on

young plants. Adults can also damage plants but damage

caused by adults is rarely serious. The identification of any

particular white grub species is likely to require a specialist

C. N.- Dragon fly

S.N.- Sympetrom flaveolum

Family- Libellulidae

Order- Odonata

Dragonflies are predators, both in their aquatic larval stage,

when they are known as nymphs or naiads, and as adults.

Several years of their lives are spent as nymphs living in fresh

water; the adults may be on the wing for just a few days or

weeks. They are fast, agile fliers, sometimes migrating across

oceans, and often live near water.

https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/maize_pests/key/maize_pests/Media/Html/glossary.htm#Larvaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larvahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymph_(biology)

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C. N.- Wasp

S.N.- Vespula germenica

Family- Formicideae

Order- Hymenoptera

A wasp is any insect of the order Hymenoptera and

suborder Apocrita that is neither a bee nor an ant. The most

commonly known wasps, such as yellow jackets and hornets,

are in the family Vespidae and are eusocial, living together in a

nest with an egg-laying queen and non-reproducing workers.

C. N.- Honey bee

S.N.- Apis indica

Family- Apideae

Order- Hymenoptera

Honey bees obtain all of their nutritional requirements from a

diverse combination of pollen and nectar. Pollen is the only

natural protein source for honey bees. Adult worker honey bees

consume 3.4–4.3 mg of pollen per day to meet a dry matter

requirement of 66–74% protein. The rearing of one larva

requires 125-187.5 mg pollen or 25-37.5 mg protein for proper

development. The best known honey bee is the western honey

bee which has been domesticated for honey production and

crop pollination; modern humans also value the wax for candle

making, soap making, lip balms, and other crafts.

C. N.- Mantis

S.N.- Mantis religiosa

Family- Mantideae

Order- Mantodeae

They have triangular heads with bulging eyes supported on

flexible necks. Their elongated bodies may or may not have

wings, but all Mantodea have forelegs that are greatly enlarged

and adapted for catching and gripping prey; their upright

posture, while remaining stationary with forearms folded, has

led to the common name praying mantis.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenopterahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocritahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowjackethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespidaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusocialityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_honey_beehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_honey_beehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlemakinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlemaking

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C. N.- Gundhi bug

S.N.- Leptocornesa oratoria

Family- Alydideae

Order- Hemiptera

Leptocorisa oratoria, the rice ear bug, is an insect from the

family Alydidae, the broad-headed bugs. This species is

commonly confused with Leptocorisa acuta, a similar and

closely related species, called the rice earhead bug. It has a

slender body, around 2 cm length, with long legs and a

long proboscis. It is yellow-brown in color. When disturbed,

the bug gives off an unpleasant smell in defense. they feed on

the plants and killing it in the process. However, these bugs can

sometimes be seen feeding on other plants.

C. N.- Water strider

S.N.- Aquaris remigis

Family- Gerrideae

Order- Hemiptera

Water striders are small insects that are adapted for life on top

of still water, using surface tension to their advantage so they

can ―walk on water.‖ Water acts different at the

surface. Water molecules are attracted to each other and like to

stay together, especially on the surface where there is only air

above.

C. N.- Leaf roller

S.N.- Cyllepta sterpminea

Family- Torticideae

Order- Lepidoptera

The Tortricidae are a family of moths, commonly known

as tortrix moths or leafroller moths, in the order Lepidoptera.

Larvae in the subfamilies Chlidanotinae and Olethreutinae

usually feed by boring into stems, roots, buds, or seeds. Larvae

in the subfamily Tortricinae, however, feed externally and

construct leaf rolls.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alydidaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leptocorisa_acuta&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera

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STUDY OF FLORA - (TREES SPECIES)

S.N. COMMON NAME DESCRIPTION

1 TEAK Teak (Tectona grandis) is

a tropical hardwood tree species placed in

the flowering plant family Lamiaceae.

Some forms of teak are known as Burmese

teak, Central Province teak (CP teak), as well

as Nagpur teak. T. grandis is a

large, deciduous tree that occurs in mixed

hardwood forests. It has small, fragrant white

flowers arranged in dense clusters (panicles) at

the end of the branches.

2 Sal Sal (Shorea robusta)

Family (Dipterocarpaceae)

Sal is a large sub deciduous tree. It is up to 30

meter high. Sal tree is seldom completely

leafless. It has large leathery leaves and

yellowish flowers. The sal tree is known also as

Sakhua in northern India, including Madhya

Pradesh, Odisha and Jharkhand. It is the state

tree of two Indian states - Chhattisgarh and

Jharkhand. Sal is moderate to slow growing,

and can attain heights of 30 to 35 m and a trunk

diameter of up to 2-2.5 m.

3 Neem Neem (Azadirachta indica)

Family (Meliaceae)

Azadirachta indica is a tree in the mahogany

family Meliaceae. Neem is a fast-growing tree

that can reach a height of 15–20 m, rarely to

35–40 m. It is typically grown in tropical and

semi-tropical regions. It can grow in regions

with an annual rainfall below 400 mm.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiaceaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_(botany)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduoushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paniclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odishahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical

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4 Sissoo

Sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo)

Family (Fabaceae)

Sissoo is a medium to large deciduous tree with

a light crown which reproduces by seeds and

suckers. It can grow up to a maximum of 25 m

(82 ft) in height and 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10

in) in diameter, but is usually smaller. Trunks

are often crooked when grown in the open.

5 Karanj

Karanj (Millettia pinata)

Family (Fabaceae)

Millettia pinnata is a legume tree that grows to

about 15–25 metres (50–80 ft) in height with a

large canopy which spreads equally wide. It

may be deciduous for short periods. It has a

straight or crooked trunk, 50–80 centimetres

(20–30 in) in diameter, with grey-brown bark

which is smooth or vertically fissured.

6 Sandalwood

Sandalwood (Santalum album)

Family (Fabaceae)

Sandalwood is a class of woods from trees in

the genus Santalum. The woods are heavy,

yellow, and fine-grained, and, unlike many

other aromatic woods, they retain their

fragrance for decades. Both the wood and the

oil produce a distinctive fragrance that has been

highly valued for centuries.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous

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7 Bamboo

Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris)

Family (Poaceae)

Bamboos are a group of woody perennial

evergreen plants in the true grass family

Poaceae. Some of its members are giants,

forming by far the largest members of the grass

family. There are 91 genera and about 1,000

species of bamboo. They are found in diverse

climates, from cold mountains to hot tropical

regions.

8 Mango

Mango (Mangifera indica)

Family (Anacardiaceae)

Mangifera indica, is an evergreen tree in the

family Anacardiaceae grown for its edible fruit.

The mango tree is erect and branching with a

thick trunk and broad, rounded canopy. The

leaves of the tree are shiny and dark green. The

fruit is a drupe, with an outer flesh surrounding

a stone.

9 Guava

Guava (Psidium guajava)

Family (Myrtaceae)

Psidium guajava, is an evergreen shrub or

small tree in the family Myrtaceae grown for its

edible fruits. Guava has a slender trunk with

smooth green to red-brown bark. The trunk

may be branched at the base and the branches

droop low to the ground. The fruit is oval in

shape and green to yellow in color.

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10 Ber

Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana)

Family (Rhamnaceae)

Ber is a medium sized tree that grows

vigorously. The species varies widely in height,

from a shrub 2m tall to a tree 10m to 12m tall

with a trunk diameter of about 30 cm. Ber tree

may be erect or wide-spreading, with drooping

thorny branches. Fruit is eaten fresh or dried

and are used as a condiment.

11 Kachnar

Kachnar (Bauhinia variegatas)

Family (Fabaceae)

Bauhinia variegata is a small to medium-sized

deciduous tree with a short bole and spreading

crown, attaining a height of up to 15 m and

diameter of 50 cm. In dry forests, the size is

much smaller. The bark is light brownish grey,

smooth to slightly fissured and scaly.

12 Palash

Palash (Butea monosperma)

Family (Fabaceae)

Butea monosperma or Palash Tree. Also

called palash, tesu or Flame of the Forest, the

plant grows as a medium-sized tree and is a

native to India. The tree grows up to 40 feet

high and has a distinctive appearance due to its

grey bark, irregular branches and crooked

trunk.

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13 Blue gulmohar

Blue Gulmohar (Jacaranda memosifolia)

Family (Bignoniaceae)

Jacaranda mimosifolia is a sub-tropical tree

native to south-central South America that has

been widely planted elsewhere because of its

attractive and long-lasting pale indigo flowers.

It is also known as jacaranda, blue jacaranda,

black poui, or as the fern tree. The tree grows to

a height of up to 20 m (66 ft).

14 Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus species)

Family (Myrtaceae)

Eucalyptus globulus is an aromatic tree.

Commonly attains a height of 150-180 ft.

(45.7-54.9 m) and a diameter of 4-7 ft. (1.2-2.1

m). It has a straight trunk up to two-thirds of its

total height and a well-developed crown.

Leaves are glossy, dark green, thick and

leathery.

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‘ (Government Model)

(THE NARVA, GARWA, GHURWA,

BADI (NGGB) PROJECT OF CHHATTISGARH GOVERNMENT)

इन 21 पर रन न -

1- 15 28 क क क

2- क क क क

3- क क 100 क क कड़ क क

क

4- क 300 कड़

5- क क क क क

6- क -क क क क

7- क क औ क औ

- , क क

8- क क क क ड़ क

9- क क क क

10- ( क )

11- क ओ क , क

12- क क

13- क

14- क औ क क ड़ क क

15- क

16- क क क

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17- क , क क क क

18- ओ क क

19- - क

20- क क क क

21- क क क

=

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Appendix I: Tree Species in Agro-horticulture/Agroforestry systems

S.N. Botanical Name Common Name Family Uses

1 Mangifera indica Mango Anacardiaceae Fruit, feulwood, fodder

2 Syzygium cumini Jamun Myrtaceae Fruit, feulwood, fodder

3 Acacia nilotica Babul Fabaceae Fodder, gum, fuelwood

4 Aegle marmelos Bel Rutaceae Fruit, medicinal use

5 Psidium guajava L. Guava Myrtaceae Fruit, medicinal use

6 Eucalyptus spp. Nilgiri Myrtaceae Feulwood, essential oil medicinal purpose

7 Acacia mangium Mangium Fabaceae Nitrogen fixing tree, fuelwood

8 Dalbergia sissoo Shisham Fabaceae Feulwood timber, furniture

9 Tectona grandis Teak Verbenaceae Economic value tree, furniture

10 Bambusa spp. Bamboo Poaceae Paper product

11 Gmelina arborea Gamhar Lamiaceae Fodder, furniture, fuelwood

12 Butea monosperma Palas Fabaceae Lac product

13 Bauhinia racemosa Kathmuli Fabaceae Fodder, fuelwood

14 Phyllanthus emblica Aonla Phyllanthaceae Fruit, medicinal use

15 Shorea robusta Sal Dipterocarpaceae Fodder, furniture, economic value tree

16 Madhuca indica Mahua Sapotaceae Fodder, medicinal plant tree

17 Acacia catechu Khair Fabaceae Fodder, Feulwood

18 Terminalia chebula Harra Combretaceae Fodder, Medicinal plant tree

19 Terminalia arjuna Arjun Combretaceae Fodder, Medicinal plant tree

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Appendix II: Common trees and their utility values under agro-horticulture model

S.N. Species Fuel Fodder Fruit Timber Small timber Fiber Any other

1 Mangifera indica +++ ++ +++ +++ - - -

2 Syzygium cumini ++ + +++ + - - M

3 Acacia nilotica +++ +++ - +++ - - +

4 Aegle marmelos + + +++ - + - M

5 Psidium guajava L. ++ ++ +++ + - - -

6 Eucalyptus spp. ++ -- - +++ + - Ol

7 Acacia mangium ++ + - +++ + - -

8 Dalbergia sissoo ++ +++ - +++ - - -

9 Tectona grandis +++ ++ - +++ + - -

10 Bambusa spp. + +++ - ++ - - -

11 Gmelina arborea ++ +++ + ++ - - -

12 Butea monosperma ++ - - ++ - +++ -

13 Bauhinia racemosa ++ +++ - ++ - - -

14 Phyllanthus emblica + + +++ ++ - - -

15 Shorea robusta +++ ++ + +++ - - -

16 Madhuca indica ++ ++ ++ + - - Ol

17 Acacia catechu +++ ++ - ++ - - -

18 Terminalia chebula ++ - +++ +++ - - M

19 Terminalia arjuna ++ ++ +++ +++ - - M

Note - += Least valued; ++= Medium valued; +++= Most valued, M – Medicinal use: Ol – Oil content.

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M.Sc. - FIRST YEAR (SECOND SEMESTER),

DEPARTMENT OF FARM FORESTRY U.D.T- SURGUJA, AMBIKAPUR (C.G.)

SN. STUDENTS

01. Name - JHEELIMA SINGH

Roll no.- 1957002

Enroll. No.- SUS18R6540

Mob. - +917879769663

Email - [email protected]

02. Name - KIRAN TIWARI

Roll No. – 1957003


Mob. - +916260650360

Email- [email protected]

03. Name - IRSHAD ALAM

Roll No. - 1957004

Enroll. No. - SUS18R6542

Mob. - +917869260033


04. Name - MUKESH KUMAR KANSHI

Roll no. - 1957005

Enroll. No.- BSC15R0489

Mob. - +919617646068


05. NAME - ONKAR GAVEL

Roll No. – 1957006


Mob. - +918770914050


06. Name - PUSHPA EKKA

Roll No.- 1957007


Mob. - +918718812843


07. Name - SUJEET PRATAP TIRKEY Roll No. - 1957008


Mob.- +919407789522


mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]

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M.Sc. – SECOND YEAR (SECOND SEMESTER),

DEPARTMENT OF FARM FORESTRY U.D.T- SURGUJA, AMBIKAPUR (C.G.)

SN. STUDENTS

01. Name – RUSTAM VISHWAKARMA Roll No.- 57004


Mob. - +91 8718928681


02. Name – ARTI SINGH

Roll No. –57005


Mob.- +919644647870


03. Name – CHANDANI SARKAR

Roll No. – 57006


Mob. - +919575435229


04. Name – HARISH CHANDR RAJWADE

Roll No.- 57007


Mob. - +919669166289


05. Name – POOJA SINGH

Roll No. –57008

Enroll. No. – SUS17R10409

Mob. - +918720030444


06. Name – RENUKA SINGH

Roll No. - 57009


Mob. - +918889173597


07. Name – SANGEETA KUSHWAHA

Roll No. - 57011


Mob. - +917974488735


mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]

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study report at chandgiram ambikapur, (c.g.) · 2019-10-14 · agro-forestry or agro-silviculture...

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