study the photodegradation of aniline blue dye in … · advanced oxidation processes are of ample...

International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol:13 No:04 26

N SI J E IJENS © August 2013 IJENS -IJET-6262-043311

Study the Photodegradation of Aniline Blue dye in

Aqueous Phase by using Different Photocatalysts

Hanaa Kadtem Egzar, Muthana Saleh Mashkour and Amer Muosa Juda Chemistry Department, College of Science,

Kufa University, Najaf, Iraq.

Abstract-- This study involves the photocatalytic

degradation of Aniline blue(AB) dye, employing heterogeneous

photocatalytic process. Photocatalytic activity of different

semiconductors such as zinc oxide (ZnO) ,zinc sulfide (ZnS)

and Tin dioxide (SnO2) has been investigated. An attempt has

been made to study the effect of process parameters through

amount of catalyst, concentration of dye, pH of dye solution

and temperature on photocatalytic degradation of AB solution.

The experiments were carried out by varying pH (2-12),

amount of catalyst (0.05–1.5 g), initial concentration of dye

(25–100ppm ) and temperature range(293-323)K. The

optimum catalyst dose was found to be( 0.1 ,0.5 g and 1) g\L by

using ZnO ,ZnS and SnO2, respectively. In the case of ZnO and

SnO2 , maximum rate of photoreaction of AB solution was

observed in acidic medium at pH 4, whereas the degradation of

AB reached maximum at pH 5 when using ZnS catalyst . The

performance of photocatalytic system employing ZnO/UV light

was observed to be better than ZnS /UV and SnO2/UV system.

The complete degradation of AB was observed after 12 min

with ZnO, whereas with ZnS, only 75% dye degraded and

24.5% with SnO2in 12 min. Photocatalytic degradation was

found to increase with increasing temperature. Arrhenius plot

shows that the activation energy is equal to 20.94 kJ mol−1 with

ZnO, 17.97 kJ mol−1 with ZnS and 14.1 mol−1 with SnO2

catalyst. The thermodynamic parameters of the

photodegradation of AB, like energy of activation, enthalpy of

activation, entropy of activation and free energy of activation

revealed the efficiency of the process.

Index Term-- Decolorization; Triphenylmethane; Aniline

blue ; Photocatalysis

1. INTRODUCTION

The treatments of industrial wastewater for aqueous

waste effluents include different techniques such as

biological treatment, reverse osmosis and activated carbon

adsorption.(1)

These techniques often utilize potentially

hazardous or polluting materials and even most of them are

non-biodegradable.(2)

Therefore, the development of an

effective treatment technique that can convert pollutants into

non-toxic or less harmful materials is highly required.

Advanced oxidation processes are of ample interest

currently for the effective oxidation of a wide variety of

organics and dyes(3)

. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP)

are an attractive alternative for the treatment of

contaminated ground, surface, and waste waters containing

hardly-biodegradable anthropogenic substances as well as

for the purification and disinfection of drinking waters(4)

.

Photocatalysis is a phenomenon that occurs when a reaction

chain is taking place in the presence of light and solid

catalyst in the solution(5)

. Photocatalyst is also called photochemical catalyst and

the function is similar to the chlorophyll in the

photosynthesis. In a photocatalytic system, photo-induced

molecular transformation or reaction takes place at the

surface of catalyst Schematic( 1).The initial step of

photocatalysis is the adsorption of photons by a molecule to

produce highly reactive electronically excited states. The

photon needs to have energy of (hυ) equal to or more than

the band gap energy of the semiconductor. The energy

absorbed will cause an electron to be excited from the

valence band to the conduction band, leaving a positive hole

in the valence band. This movement of electrons forms (e-

/h+) or negatively charged electron/positively charged hole

pairs . The positively charged holes in valence band are

powerful oxidants, whereas the negatively charged electrons

in conduction band are good reductants(5)

.

Schematic. 1. Mechanism of radical formation reactions during

photocatalytic process as a results of photocatalyst excitation with light (6)

Following are the reactions involving in photocatalysis:-

Concerning photocatalysis with photocatalyst, electrons in

conduction band (ecb

-

) and holes in the valence band (hvb

+

)

are produced when the catalyst is irradiated with light

energy higher than its band gap energy Ebg

(hν>Ebg

).

TiO2

+ hν (UV< 400nm) → TiO2 (e

cb

-

+ hvb

+

) (1)

hvb

+

+ H2O → h

+

+ HO (2)

hvb

+

+ HO-

→ HO (3)

Organic molecule +hvb

+

→ oxidation products (4)

ecb

-

+ O2 → O

2

-

(5)

O2

-

+ h+

→ HO2

(6)

Organic molecule +ecb

-

reduction products (7)

HO,

HO2

+ organic compounds → degradation products

(8)

Semiconductor compounds have drawn much attention

during the last few years because of their novel optical and

transport properties which have great potential for many

optoelectronic applications.(7)



Among the listed semiconductors, TiO2 has proven to be

the most suitable for widespread environmental applications.

ZnO also seems to be a suitable photocatalyst but it

dissolves in acidic solutions it is a semiconductor material

for various photonic and electrical applications. ZnO shows

a unique set of physical and chemical properties, such as a

wide band gap (3.2 eV), large exaction binding energy (60

meV) at room temperature, radiation hardness(8)

.

Tin dioxide (SnO2) is a n-type semiconductor with a large

band gap (Eg = 3.9 eV ) which shows promise for a number

of applications including transparent conductors.

Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is a wide band gap and direct transition

semiconductor(9)

. Zinc sulfide is an important semiconductor

material with a wide direct band gap Eg = 3.68 eV (10)

.

Dyes are typically organic compounds that absorb light

in specific areas of the visible spectrum. Aniline Blue dye it

is water soluble dye(11)

, it is used for dying wool and cotton

directly and widely used in dye industries therefore its

presence in the industrial discharge water also contributes to

environmental pollution(12)

. Due to its stability , it has long

residence time in water.(13)

Molecular structure of Aniline

Blue has been illustrated in Fig. 1. Aniline Blue, also called

acid blue 22, china blue, soluble blue 3M, and Marine blue.

It is very soluble in water,

Fig. 1. structure of Aniline Blue dye(14).

Aniline Blue dye is a acidic dye belongs to

triphenyl methane class of dye(15)

Triphenylmethane dyes are

those dyes in which a central carbon atom is bonded to two

benzene rings and one p-quinoid group (chromophore)(16)

.

The auxochromes are - NH2, NR2 and –OH(17)

.

Triphenylmethane dyes are used extensively in the textile

industries for dyeing of nylon, polyacrylon nitrile, modified

nylon, wool, silk and cotton.

In recent years, problem of wastewater became very

important both for the sake of increasing amount and its

variety . Removing color from waters is often more

important than other colorless organic substances, because

the presence of small amounts of dyes is clearly visible and

influence the water environment considerably. This work

reports an investigation of the photocatalytic degradation of

aniline blue dye using different types of catalyst ZnO, SnO2,

and ZnS. The effect of different parameters was studied to

estimate the best condition for degradation of aniline blue

dye; and these parameters were the amount of catalyst, dye

concentration, pH of dye solution and temperature of

reaction and this is to prevent the expansion of colored

pollution in our environments.

2. EXPERIMENTAL

A homemade photoreactor equipped with a Philips

250W, medium pressure mercury lamp as a source for UV

radiation, was used to determine P.D.E. The reactor was

consisted of graduated 1000 cm3 Pyrex glass beaker and a

magnetic stirring setup. The lamp was positioned

perpendicularly above the beaker. The distance between the

lamp and the graduated Pyrex glass was 15 cm. The whole

photocatalytic reactor was insulated in a wooden box to

prevent the escape of harmful radiation and minimized

temperature fluctuations caused by draughts. Zinc oxide with 99% purity were supplied by Fluka-

Garantie, Zinc sulfide with 99.3% purity supplied by

M.B.LTD Dagenham and Tin dioxide SnO2 with 99% purity

was supplied by Fluka-Garantie . Aniline blue dye

(analytical grade) was purchased from (RDS-Hannover) and

used without further purification. Solutions were prepared

using double distilled water. In all experiments, the required

amount of the catalyst was suspended in 200 cm3 of aqueous

solutions of AB, using a magnetic stirrer. At predetermined

times; 5 cm3 of reaction mixture was collected and

centrifuged (3000 rpm, 15 min) in centrifuge. The

supernatant was carefully removed by a syringe with a long

pliable needle and centrifuged again at same speed and for

the same period of time. This second centrifugation was

found necessary to remove fine particles of catalysts. After

the second centrifugation the absorbance at (309, 586) nm of

the supernatants was determined using ultraviolet-visible

spectrophotometer, type UV-1650pc.

P.D.E. of AB was followed spectrophotometrically by a

comparison of the absorbance, at specified interval times,

with a calibration curve accomplished by measuring the

absorbance, at λ max (586) nm, with different concentrations

of the dye solution.

%Decolorization = 100 × (C0 − C)/C0

where C0 = initial concentration of dye solution, C =

concentration of dye solution after photoirradiation. In order

to determine the effect of catalyst loading, the experiments

were performed by varying catalyst concentration from 0.05

to 1.5 g for dye solutions of 100ppm at natural pH (5.57).

Similar experiments were carried out by varying the pH of

the solution pH( 2–12) and concentration of

dye(25,50,75,100 )ppm. the reaction temperatures amounted

to (293- 323)K.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. UV–vis spectra of dye

Results of the present study clearly show that the

photocatalytic treatment of aqueous solution of aniline blue

under UV light, leads to decolorization and degradation of

dye. Figs.2 to 4 shows the typical time dependent UV-Vis

spectrum of AB solution during photoirradiation with ZnO,

ZnS andSnO2 respectively. The rate of degradation was

recorded with respect to the change in the intensity of

absorption peak in ultraviolet region and visible region. The

prominent peaks were observed at λmax(586) nm which

decreased gradually and finally disappeared indicating(18)

that the dye had been degraded.



Fig. 2. Time dependent UV-Vis absorption spectra for degradation of

aniline blue dye(100ppm) ,(0.1g) ZnO catalyst, time(min).


aniline blue dye(100ppm),(0.5g) ZnS catalyst, time(min).


aniline blue dye (100ppm),(1.0g) SnO2catalyst,time(hours) .

Fig 5 show the comparison of the reactivity of different

types of catalyst. The results show that the rate constant of

degradation of aniline blue solution in the presence of ZnO

is more rapid than the other catalysts because of the small

band gap(3.2eV) of ZnO. The results shown in Fig. 5 are in

good agreement with those published by many research such

as study photocatalytic activity of different semiconductors

such as SnO2, ZrO2, CdS, and ZnO (19-22)

. Kansal et al(19)

.

compared the photocatalytic activity of TiO2, ZnO, SnO2,

ZnS, and CdS for the decolorization of methyl orange and

rhodamine 6G dyes and found ZnO to be the most effective

catalyst for the decolorization of dyes. Lizma et al. (21)

reported the photocatalytic decolorization of Reactive Blue

19 (RB-19) in aqueous solutions containing TiO2 or ZnO as

catalysts and concluded that ZnO is a more efficient catalyst

than TiO2 in the color removal of RB-19.This means

promoting the electrons from the valance band to

conduction band which needs low energy. On the other hand

SnO2 exhibits less activity because their wide band gap

(3.9eV)and light energy are not sufficient to excite this

catalyst.(23)

By using SnO2 the other part of light with energy

which is less than the band gap of illuminated

semiconductor will be decolorized by the adsorbed dye

molecules. Dye molecules will be decolorized by a

photosensitization process.

Fig. 5. The change of P.D.E with irradiation time of different types of

catalyst .

3.2Degradation of AB solution Under Different

Experimental Conditions

Degradation of AB solution was investigated under

seven different experimental conditions through UV alone,

UV + ZnS, UV + ZnO,UV+ SnO2, Dark + ZnS , Dark +

ZnO and Dark + SnO2. Fig.6 depicts the photocatalytic

degradation of AB solution under these experimental

conditions. Initially blank experiments were performed

under UV irradiation without addition of any catalyst (UV

alone) and only 10% degradation was observed after 60min.

Fig. 6. Photocatalytic degradation of AB dye (dye initial concentration—

100ppm, (0.1g)ZnO,(0.5g)ZnS ,(1g) SnO2 after 12min.

Thereafter the adsorption of the dye was observed with

both catalysts, i.e., Dark + ZnS, Dark+ SnO2 and Dark +

ZnO. Only 14.3%, 32% and 7.7respectively adsorption of

the dye was seen in the same time with both catalysts under

dark conditions. Then photocatalytic experiments were

carried out using all catalysts at fixed dye concentration

(100ppm) and catalyst amount of 0.1g of ZnO ,0.5g of ZnS

and1g of SnO2. When experiments were performed under

UV irradiation with ZnO as photocatalyst (UV + ZnO), the

complete degradation of dye was achieved after 12 min,

whereas with ZnS as a photocatalyst (UV + ZnS), only 75%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 5 10 15

ZnOZnSSnO2

P.D.E

Time(min

0

20

40

60

80

100

P.D.E



decolorization of AB solution was observed and only 24.3%

byusingSnO2in the same duration. It indicates that ZnO

exhibits higher photocatalytic activity than other

semiconductors for the decolorization of AB dye.

3.3Degradation of Dye by ZnO, SnO2 and ZnS as

Photocatalysts

The experiments were carried out to study the

degradation of AB solution employing ZnO, ZnS , SnO2 as

catalysts under UV light. Various parameters which affect

the degradation efficiency such as catalyst loading (0.05–

1.5) g, pH (2-8), initial concentration of dye (25–100) ppm,

and temperature (293-323)K of degradation were assessed

under UV light.

3.3.1Effect of Catalyst weight

Fig. 8 show the effect of ZnO, ZnS and SnO2 catalyst

amount on the degradation of AB solution at natural pH. It

can be seen that initial slopes of the curves increase greatly

by increasing catalyst weight from 0.05 to 0.1 g for ZnO ,

to 0.5g for ZnS, and to1g for SnO2 thereafter the rate of

degradation remains constant or decreases. Further increase

in the dose of catalyst had no effect on degradation of dye.

The photocatalytic destruction of other organic pollutants

has also exhibited the same dependency on catalyst dose .

This can be explained on the basis that optimum catalyst

loading is found to be dependent on initial solute

concentration because with the increase in catalyst dosage,

total active surface area increases, hence availability of more

active sites on catalyst surface(18)

. At the same time, due to

an increase in turbidity of the suspension with high dose of

photocatalyst, there will be decrease in penetration of UV

light and hence photoactivated volume of suspension

decreases(24)

. Thus it can be concluded that higher dose of

catalyst may not be useful both in view of aggregation as

well as reduced irradiation field due to light scattering(25)

.

Fig. 7. Effect of ZnO ,ZnS and SnO2 dose on degradation efficient of AB dye (at natural pH(5.57), and initial concentration of dye 100ppm),after

(12min)

3.3.2Effect of pH

Wastewater containing dyes is discharged at different

pH; therefore it is important to study the role of pH on

degradation of dye. In order to study the effect of pH on the

degradation efficiency, experiments were carried out at

various pH values, ranging from 2 to 12 for constant dye

concentration (100) ppm and catalyst weight (0.1,0.5 and 1

g for ZnO, ZnS and SnO2, respectively). Fig.8 show the

photodegradation efficiency of AB solution as a function of

pH. It has been observed that by using ZnO and SnO2, the

degradation efficiency increases with increase in pH

exhibiting maximum rate of degradation at pH . In the case

of ZnS, the maximum degradation was observed at pH 5.

Similar behavior has also been reported for the

photocatalytic efficiency of ZnS for decolorization of acid

dyes. The interpretation of pH effects on the efficiency of

the photocatalytic degradation process is a very difficult

task, because of its multiple roles. First, it is related to the

acid base property of the metal oxide surface and can be

explained on the basis of zero point charge(26)

. The

adsorption of water molecules at sacrificial metal sites is

followed by the dissociation of OH− charge groups, leading

to coverage with chemically equivalent metal hydroxyl

groups (M-OH)(27)

. Due to amphoteric behavior of most

metal hydroxides, the following two equilibrium reactions

are considered (Eqs. 9 and 10).

M-OH + H+ M-OH2

+ (9)

M-OH M-O- +H

+ (10)

Fig. 8. Effect of pH on degradation rate of AB dye (ZnO dose—0.1 g, ZnS

dose—0.5 g and 1.0gSnO2 ,dye initial concentration100ppm ).

The zero point charge (zpc) for ZnO is 9 and 6.7for ZnS,

surface is positively charged below this point and above this

pH, surface is negatively charged by adsorbed

OH−ions

(28).photocatalytic activity of anionic dyes (mainly

sulfonated dyes) such as AB dye reaches a maximum value

in lower zero point charge. At pH > zpc, the surface is

positively charged and the dye is anion(29)

. The experimental

results revealed that higher degradation of AB solution was

found to be in acidic conditions. This may be attributed to

the electrostatic interactions between the positive catalyst

surface and dye anions leading to strong adsorption of the

latter on the metal oxide support(30)

.

3.3.3Effect of Concentration of Dye

After optimizing the pH conditions and catalyst dose

(pH 4 and catalyst dose 0.1 g for ZnO, pH 5 and catalyst

dose 0.5 g for ZnS, pH 4 and catalyst dose 1 g for SnO2), the

photocatalytic degradation of dye was carried out by varying

the initial concentrations of the dye (25- 100) ppm in order

to assess the appropriate amount of catalyst dose. As the

concentration of the dye was increased, the rate of

photoreaction decreased indicating for either to increase the

catalyst dose or time span for the complete removal.

Fig.9depict the time-dependent graphs of degradation of AB

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

ZnOZnSSnO2

P.D.E

weight(

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 5 10

ZnO

ZnS

SnO2

P.D.E

pH



solution at different concentrations of dye . The possible

explanation for this behavior is that as the initial

concentration of the dye increases, the path length of the

photons entering the solution decreases and in low

concentration the reverse effect is observed, thereby

increasing the number of photon absorption by the catalyst

in lower concentration(31,32)

.

Fig. 9. Effect of initial concentration of AB dye on photodegradation

efficiency when using (ZnO dose0.1g, pH 4, ZnS dose0.5g and1.0g SnO2, pH 5.57 )

3.3.4 Effect of temperature: The photocatalytic degradation was studied at various

temperatures in the range (293–323)K and rate constant, k,

was determined from the first-order plots. An increase in

temperature helps the reaction to compete more efficiently

with e–/H+ recombination(33)

. The energy of activation, Ea,

was calculated from the Arrhenius plot of ln k vs. 1/T (figure

10). Arrhenius plot shows that the activation energy for

photocatalytic degradation of AB solution is equal to(

20±1,17±1 and14±1) kJ mol-1

by using ZnO ,ZnS and SnO2

respectively. The experimental activation energy was

associated with the energy required to promote

photoelectron from trapping centers into tin dioxide

conduction band. the present value probably arises from the

surface area and the purity of catalysts(34)

.

Fig. 10. Arrhenius plot for photocatalytic degradation of AB on ZnO , ZnS

and SnO2 catalysts.

The other thermodynamic parameters such as Enthalpy of

activation ΔH#, entropy of activation ΔS

# and free energy of

activation ΔG# were calculated from equations

(29) :

lnA =ln

+

(11)

lnA= intercept

KB: Boltzmann constant = 1.38066 10-23 J K-1

R: universal gas constant = 8.31441 J mol-1K-1

h: Planck constant = 6.6262 10–34 J s

The Enthalpy of activation (ΔH#) was calculated from

equation(35)

:

ΔH#=Ea-RT (12)

The free energy of activation(ΔG#) was calculated from

equation:

ΔG#=ΔH

#- TΔS

# (13)

The positive ΔH# refer to endothermic reaction , the

positive ΔG# obtained indicate that the reaction is non

spontaneous . Fairly high positive ΔH# and ΔG

# this could

be because the activated state is a well solvated structure

formed between the dye molecules and the reaction

intermediates that is hydroxyl radicals which is also

supported by negative entropy of activation. In the present

case the value of ΔS# is negative as in Tables 1,2 and 3 , so

that the complex formed is more ordered than the reactants .

Initially the complex formed is unstable and degradation of

the reactants into products is not very slow, but takes place

rapidly under present experimental conditions(36)

.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 50 100 150

ZnO

con.(pp

P.D.E

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6

ZnOZnSSnO2



Table I

values of kinetics and thermodynamic parameters for the photocatalytic degradation of AB solution by using ZnO .

T(k) K(min-1

) Ea(KJ mol-1

) ΔH(KJ mol-1

) ΔS(KJ. mol-1

.K-1

) ΔG(KJ mol-1

)

293 0.338232

21.34

18.90

-0.245

90.68

303 0.450890 18.82 93.05

313 0.671432 18.73 95.41

323 0.950917 18.65 97.78

Table II

Values of kinetics and thermodynamic parameters for the photocatalytic degradation of AB solution by using ZnS .

T(k) K(min-1

) Ea(KJ mol-1

) ΔH(KJ mol-1

) ΔS(KJ. mol-1

) ΔG(KJ mol-1

)

293 0.16528

17.8

15.36

-0.252

89.9

303 0.21054 15.28 91.6

313 0.27060 15.19 94.06

323 0.36505 15.11 96.5

Table III

Values of kinetics and thermodynamic parameters for the photocatalytic degradation of AB solution by using SnO2.

T(k) K(min-1

) Ea(KJ mol-1

) ΔH(KJ mol-1

) ΔS(KJ. mol-1

.K-1

) ΔG(KJ mol-1

)

293 0.017087

15.64

13.21

-0.272

92.9

303 0.021130 13.12 95.5

313 0.025370 13.04 98.2

323 0.032381 12.6 100.7

3.3.5Kinetic Study

Figure 11 show the kinetics of disappearance of AB for

an initial concentration of 100ppm under optimized

conditions. The results show that the photocatalytic

degradation of dye in aqueous ZnO , ZnS and SnO2 can be

described by the first-order kinetic according to the

Langmuir–Hinshelwood model(37-39)

, ln (C/C0) =- kt, where

C0 is the initial concentration and C is the concentration at

any time, t. The semi-logarithmic plots of the concentration

data gave a straight line. The rate constants were calculated

to be (0.338232, 0.165280 and 0.017087) min-1

for ZnO ,

ZnS, and SnO2 respectively.

Fig. 11. Kinetics analysis for AB dye (dye initial concentration100ppm),

(0.1g ZnO), (0.5g ZnS) , and 1.0gSnO2.

4. CONCLUSION

The results of this study demonstrate that comparison

of photocatalytic activity of different semiconductors has

clearly indicated that the ZnO is the most active

photocatalyst for degradation of aniline blue dye solution.

Moreover, photocatalytic activity of ZnO is greater in the

presence of UV light. The initial rate of photodegradation

increased with the increase of the catalyst dose up to an

optimum loading. Increasing weights of catalysts is

attributed to the increase of the availability of photocatalysts

sites further increase in catalyst dose showed no effect. As

the initial concentration of dyes was increased, the rate of

degradation decreased in dye due to the decrease of the

concentration OH- adsorbed on catalyst surface. The

increasing of dye concentration increases the competitions

between OH- and dye to adsorb on active site of catalyst.

Photocatalytic activity of anionic dyes (AB) reaches a

maximum value in lower zero point charge. At pH > zpc, the

surface is positively charged and repels R-SO3 - ions.

The photocatalytic decolorization and degradation

followed pseudo-first order kinetics according to the

Langmuir–Hinshelwood model.

The temperature is the factor that has the smallest effect

on the photocatalytic degradation of AB solution ,Ea, which

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 10 20 30

ZnO

ZnS

SnO2

lnCC

0



was found to be smaller than 40 kJ mol−1

.The results

illustrate the decoloration of AB dye is mainly physical

interaction. The thermodynamic parameters of the

degradation of AB solution have been reported. The positive

ΔH# refer to endothermic reaction , the positive ΔG

#

obtained indicate that the reaction is non spontaneous .

Fairly high positive ΔH# and ΔG

# this could be because the

activated state is a well solvated structure formed between

the dye molecules and the reaction intermediates that is

hydroxyl radicals which is also supported by negative

entropy of activation. Initially the complex formed is

unstable and degradation of the reactants into products is not

very slow, but takes place rapidly under present

experimental conditions.

The controlled experimental indicates that the presence

of UV light, and catalyst are essential for the effective

destruction of aniline blue solution.

Future research is needed for the development of more

efficient catalysts for harnessing solar energy which are low

cost and effective. Designing of reactors and solar collectors

for photocatalytic treatment needs to be developed so that

they can be used by both small and large scale textile

industries in combination with the existing technology

ultimately leading to recycling of water as large amount of

water is utilized in textile industry.

5. SUGGESTED MECHANISM

Fig. 13. Suggested mechanism of photodegradation of Aniline blue dye.

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study the photodegradation of aniline blue dye in … · advanced oxidation processes are of ample...

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