studyof60horsepo00evan.pdf

7/26/2019 studyof60horsepo00evan.pdf

1/86

of

a

60

HpiBe-Jtowef

Sucjioii

Producer,

using

^Anthmdte^^G^^

B. S,

;

1509

^^:?;;^^;^^^:-r;^^^ :-^^'

OP

;

.

'

,

,.'

.


2/86

UNIVERSITY

OF

ILLINOIS

LIBRARY

^'^^

Book

Volume

Ja

09-2tM


3/86


4/86

Digitized

by

the Internet

Archive

in

2013

http://archive.org/details/studyof60horsepo00evan


5/86

A STUDY OF

A

60

HORSE-POWER

SUCTION

GAS

PRODUCER,

USING

ANTHRACITE

COAL

BY

MARTIN

EDWARD EVANS

PAUL

MARTIN

JOHANNING

BARTLETT

MARTIN

KERR

HARVEY

McGINNIS

THESIS

FOR THE DEGREE

OF

BACHELOR

OF SCIENCE

IN

MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING

IN

THE

COLLEGE

OF

ENGINEERING

OF

THE

UNIVERSITY

OF ILLINOIS

Presented

June, 1909


6/86

Ev

I


7/86

1

UNIVERSITY OF

ILLINOIS

JUNE

1,

1909

THIS

IS

TO

CERTIFY THAT THE

THESIS PREPARED UNDER

MY

SUPERVISION

BY

MARTIN

EDWARD EVANS

PAUL

MARTIN

JOHANNING

BARTLETT

MARTIN

KERR

HARVEY

MCGINN IS

ENTITLED

A

STUDY

OP

A

60

HORSE-POWER

SUCTION

GAS

PRODUCFR,

USING ANIHHAQITE

GOAL..

IS

APPROVED

BY

ME

AS FULFILLING

THIS

PART OF

THE

REQUIREMENTS

FOR

THE

DEGREE

OF

BACHELO

R OF

SC

IENCE

.

APPROVED:

Instructor in Charge

HEAD

OF DEPARTMENT

OF

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING


8/86


9/86

CONTENT^;.

-0-

Page. ITo.

Introduction.

1,

Description

of

the

Producer.

2.

Method

of

Conducting

the

Test.

3.

Arrangement

of Apparatus.

3.

Operation

of

Plant.

-~~

3.

Uniformity

of Conditions.

5.

Starting and

Stopping

Test.-r--

^-

5.

Fuel

and

Ash.

5.

Gas

sampling

Apparatus.

6.

Analysis

and

Calorific value

of

Gas.

6.

Jacket

water.

6.

Scrubber water.

-

7.

Moisture

Determinations.

7,

High

Temperature Determinations. 7.

Theory

of

Gas

Producer.

P.

General

Discussion. Pa.

Conclusion.

Pa.

Calculations.

10.

Results

of

Gas

Producer

Trials.

20.

Log Sheets.

31.

Drawings

of

Producer.

55.


10/86


11/86

1.

ThlST

OF

A

AUCTION

GAS

PRODUCER

.

The

constantly

increasing use

of

gas

producers

in

the

last

few years has resulted

in a

popular

demand

upon

the

part

of

producer manufacturers

and

power

consumers

for

a fuller

knowledge

of

the scientific

principles underlying

the operation,

care, and

management

of

gas

producers.

Comparative values

of

the

performances

of

the

various

types of

producers,

or

of

any

particular

type

operated

under

varied

conditions

are

valuable

to

all

power consumers. The

producer

manufacturer

is equally

as

well interested

because

such

data gives

him

an

opportunity

to

study

his

producer

with

the view

of

improving

it and

enables

him

to

correctly

represent

his

product

to

prospective

purchasers.

In

order that

relative

values

of

performances

may

be established,

the

adoption

of

some

standard method

of

testing

producers

is

essential.

Various

methods

have been

followed

in

testing

but

all

are

more

or

less

incomplete.

A complete

rational

method

which

has

not

as

yet

been

given general

publica-

tion has

been developed

by LIr.

C. M.

Garland,

of

the

University

of Illinois,

in

collaboration with A. P.

Kratz,

a

graduate

student

of

the University

of

Illinois.

In accordance

with this

latter

method

a

series

of tests

was

made

upon

a small producer

in

the

Mechanical

Engineering

Laboratory

of

the

University

of

Illinois.

Their


12/86


13/86

object

was

to determine

the

efficiency

of

the

producer

under

various

loads.

Pour

of

the series

are

developed

and discussed

in

the

following

pages.

A

more

elaborate

treatment

of them

is

continued

in a

thesis

by

Iwr. A.

P.

Kratz.

Descr

iption of the

Producer

.

The

producer u.pon

which the

tests

were

made

was

of the

suction t.,pe

for

the

use

of anthracite

coal.

It

was

built

by

the

Otto

Qas

Engine

Company,

Philadelphia

,

Penn.

,

and has

a

rating of

60

H.

P.

The

general

appearance

and

arrangement

of the

plant

is

clearly shown

by the

accompanying diagram

on

page

35^

,

from

which it is

seen that

the

principal

parts are

the

generator

and

economizer,

the

scrubber, the

condenser, and

the

dryer. In this

type

the

.generator

and

economizer

are integral,

the

latter

being

in

the

form of

a water jacket surrounding

the

incandescent

fuel

bed.

The

generator

is

equipped

with

a

small

hand

blov/er

for

furnishing

air

blast

to

start the

producer. The

wet

scrubber,

shovm

to the

right

of

the

generator,

is cylindrical

in

form

and

filled with

coke.

Water decends

over

the

coke

and

collects

in the

bottom to

form

a seal,

the

excess overflowing.

To

the

right

of

the scrubber

is a

jet

condenser

into

which

a

Schutle-

Koeting

steam

ejector of

12000

cubic

feet

capacity per hour

dis-

charges the

gas

and

steam drawn from

the

scrubber.

The

dryer

consists

of

two

telescopeing

sheet

iron

cylinders

within

which

is a large quantity of

straw.

V/ater

forms

an

effective

seal

preventing

the

escape

of

gas

between

the two

cylinders. A

pipe


14/86


15/86

3.

leads from

the

upp^r snd

of

the

inner

cylinder

to

the

two

Westinghouse

gas

meters, one

of

8000

cubic feet

capacity

and

the

other

of

3500

cubic feet

connected in

paralell.

Prom the meters

the

gas

pipes

disoharge^into

the

open

air.

Method

of

CondjacJLing the

Test

.

The

purpose

of the test

determines

the

method

of

series

of

proce

dure. Sirxe

the

object

of

the^tests

is

to

determine

the

efficiency

of

the

producer

under

various

loads,

the general

method requires

that

the

energy

imput

and

output together

with

the behavior

of auxilliary

apparatus

be

observed.

Only

such

auxilliary

observations

are

essential as tend

to shoxv the

most

economical

way

of

operating

the

plant.

iiRRiiNaEI.iSNT

OP APPARATUS.

Manometers

consisting of U tubes

containing

water

were

placed at

the suction

orifice

of

the

generator, at the

ash

pit,

and

at

the

exit

of

the

gas

from

the

producer. Thermometers

were

placed

so

as

to

determine

the

temperature

of

the

water

entering

and

leaving

the

scrubber

and

vaporizer, of

the

gas

leaving

the

producer

and

scrubber and

on

entering

the

meter.

Samples

of

gas

w^re

collected from

the

same orifice

for

chemical

analysis

and

for

heat

determinations

with the

Junker's

calorimeter

OPERATION

OF

PLAINT

.

The

charge of

anthracite

coal

in

the

hopper

grad-

ually

decends

into

the

combustion

zone

over

the

grate

ishere

an


16/86


17/86

incandescent

bed

of

fuel

about

two feet

in

depth

is

maintained.

The intense

heat

of the

fire

is kept from

affecting

the

cast

iron

shell

of

the

generator

by

a lining

of

fire

brick.

Above

the

combustion

zone

surrounding

the

magazine

is

the

vaporizer

in

which

water

is

evaporated.

The

air passing

from

the entrance

orifice

travels

over the water

in

the

vaporizer

and

carries

a

load

of

vapor with

it

as it is drawn

under

the

grate

and

up

through

the

incandescent

coal.

Through

the

action

of

'

the

:

heat

upon

the

water,

air,

and

coal

,

chemical action

takes

place, resulting

in

the

formation

of

gas.

The gas

passes

from

the

generator

into

the scrubber

where it

aseends

thru the

porous

coke

over

which

water

is

steadily

falling. The

poroua nature

of

the

coke

allows

a

very

intimate

mingling

of

the

gas and

water

that is very effectie

in

the

process

of

purification.

Thus

the

gas

is

cleansed

of

impurities

such

as

soot

and

tar.

It

is

then

drawn

from

the

scrubber by

a

steam

ejector

and discharged

into

a

jet

condenser

from

which

it passes

through

a

dryer

and

thence through

the

meters

and

out through

the

open

air.

The

steam

ejector

is

used

to

secure

the

necessary

draft

because

of

the

simplicity, convenience

and

absolute control

of

the suction

which

it

gives,

and

which

were

deemed necessary

to

expedite

the

con

duction

of

the

testt

Under

commercial

operating

conditions

the

draft

f'or

starting

is

produced

by

a hand fan

blower

until

the

gas becomes of

such

a

quality

as

to

run

the

engine,

the

engine

then

furnishing

the

draft

through. the action

of

the

piston.


18/86


19/86

UNIFOBAITY

OF CONDITIONS

.

In

order

to

insure a

uniform

quality

of

gas

the

conditions of

operation

must

remain

nearly

constant

throughout

the

test.

The

condition

of the

pressures

of

the

steam and air

blast,

of the

thickness

of

the fire and

bed

of

ashes,

the

regul-

arity

of

firing and

quantity

of

coal fired

at each

time,

frequency

of

poking,

and

intervals

between

times

of

cleaning

fires

all

were

kept

as

nearly

uniform as

possible.

STARTIN

G

AND

STOPPING TEST,

The

producer

was fired

and

run

for a

time

sufficient

to

bring all

conditions

up

to

a

normal

state.

Then

the

tests

proper

were

begun

with

a

clean

grate,

full

coal

magazine, and

the

gas

of

a

fair

quality.

The

condition

of

the

producer

in

all

respects

was nearly

as

possible

the same

at

the

close of the

test

as

at the beginning. The

fire

was

of

the

same

quality, the

ashes

cleaned

out and

the

hopper

filled

with

coal.

FUEL

AND

ASH

.

The

coal

was weighed and

a

representative

sample

of

every shovel

full

taken

as

fired.

Samples

were taken

as the

magazine

was charged

at the start and at

all

other times

except

at the

finish

when

the

magazine

was

filled

to

leave

in

the

state

in which it

was

when

the

test began. All

ashes

were

weighed

and

a

representative sample for

analysis taken

by

the

following

method

which applies equally

as well

to

the final

selection

of


20/86


21/86

6.

the coal taken

from

the charging

sample.

Immediately

after

the

test was

over, the ash was

broken,

spread,

mixed,

and quartered

by drawing

two

diagonals

of

a

square,

and

the

two opposite

quarters were

rejected.

This was

continued

until

a

.sample

of

two

or

three

pounds

remained

which

was

preserved

in

well

closed

bottles

for

analysis,

GAS SAMPLING

APPARATUS.

The

method

of securing

representative

gas samples

is

a

matter

seldom

receiving

due attention.

The

device used

in

these

tests

consists

of

three

small tubes

leading

from

a

small

chamber

into

the

gas line.

One

pipe

terminates

just

within

the

gas

line,

one

at

the

center

of

the line

and

the

other

v/i

thin

a

very short

distance

of

the opposite

wall,

so

that

a

representative

quality

of

gas

collects

in

the

little chamber

from

which

samples

for the

calorimeter

and

for

chemical

analysis are with-drawn.

Continuous

samples

are

with

drawn

for

the

latter

purpose which

insures

an accurate representation

of

the

gas

produced.

ANALYSIS

AND

CALORIFIC VALUE

OF

GAS

.

Hempel's

method

of volumetric

determination

was

used

for

analysis

from

which the heating value

was

determined.

A second

determination of the

heating

value

by

Junker's

calor-

imeter

was used

as a

check.

JACKET

WATER.

The

water

in

the

economizer

was

kept at

nearly

a


22/86


23/86

constant

height

by

adjusting

the

supply

so

as

to

maintain

a

slight

overflow

and

the

net

weight

of

the

water

was

determined

by

weigh-

ing

both

supply

and

overflow.

From the

weight

of

the

water

evaporated the

humidity

of the

a|r

drawn

thru the

vaporizer and

the

moisture contained in

the

coal, the percentage

of moisture

supplied

to

the fire.

was

calculated.

SCRUBBER WAT

SR

.

The

scrubber

water

was

measured

by

a

n^eter

placed

in the

supply

pipe.

The meter read

in

cubic

meters.

MOISTURE

DSTERiai

ATIONS.

A

continuous sample

of

gas

is with

drawn

fro

:m

the

generator

discharge

pipe

by

means

of a small

aspirator

and

passed

thru

a

small

cooler, on thru

a

meter, and then thru

a

vessel

containing;

Calciiim chloride. In

its

passage

the gas gives up

its

moisture

to

the

chloBide.

Then

from the

increase

weight

of

the

chloride

due

to

the

moisture

obtained from

the gas,

and

the

volume

of gas

as indicated

by

the small

meter,

the

total

moisture

of

the

gas may

be

calculated.

HIGH

TEIvlPERATURE

DETERIH

NATIONS.

The

high

temperatures

of

the

gas

as it

left

the

generator

and

of

the

fuel

bed

in

the

various

zones were

deter-

mined

by

means

of

a

thermo-couple.

A

platin

um-

rhodium-couple

protected

by

porcelain

tube

was

used in connection

with

a

galvaanometer

reading directly

in

degrees

Centigrade.


24/86


25/86

8.

THEORY

OF

CiAS

PRODUCTION

.

Producer

gas

is

the

product

of incomplete

combustion

of

fuel

in

a

generator

or producer. In

a

measure

the

action

which

takes

place

depends

upon

the

type

of

producer

and

upon

the

kind

of

fuel.

In the suction

typ

of

producer using

anthracite

coal

which contains a

large

percentage of carbon and

but little

volitile

matter,

the action is

as

follows:- Water

vapor

and

air

pass

thru

the

.

ash

zone

and

enter

the combustion

zone

of-

the

generator. Here the

incandescent

carbon

unites with

the

oxygen

to

form G

Og*

while

the

water

vapor

becomes

superheated steam

and

possibly begins

to decompose.

In

the

upper

strata

of

the

combustion

zone

the

C

Og

takes

up

more

C

and

becomes

C

0,

while

the steam is decomposed

into

H

and

These

reactions require

high

temperatures,

not

lower

than

1800

P.

The fuel just above

the

fire is heated

so that

volatile

matter is

driven

off

and

the

hydro

carbons

resulting

add

to

the

heating

value of

the

gas

when

driven

off

at

sufficiently high

temperatures.

Steam

or water

vapor

is

introduced

in

order that

the

calorific

power

of

the

gas

may be

increased

by

the

presence

of

the

hydrogen

and

to

eliminate the

formation of

clinker

in

the

bed

fuel^;

Its

effect

is

to

absorb

the

heat

on

the

grate

and

to

car-

ry

it

to

the

incandescent

fuel

bed.

Also

by

moistening

the

ashes

and

keeping

tliem

soft

and porous

it allows

a

imiform

passage of

air

thru the

fire


26/86


27/86

9.

However,

an

excessive use

of

steam rejultG

in

part

of

it

passing

thru

tho

fire

without

being decomposed

and

then appearing in

the

form

of

water

vapor

in

the gas thus

decreasing

the

fuel

value

of

the

gas.


28/86


29/86

Gftnoral

Discussion

*

An examination

of

the

average

re

suite

and

of

the

log sheets sliows

that

the

generally

accepted

theories

of producer

operation

readil^'-

account

for

the

behavior

of

the

various

parts

of

the

producer

during the

tests.

Some

of

these

general

theories

are

as

follows:

(1.)

The

effect

of allowing

too

nuch

moisture

in

the

air

as

it

passes thru

the

fuel bed

is

to cause an excess

of

C

O2

in

the

gas.

(2)

Careful

operation is

necessary

in charging

and in cleaning

the

grates

in

order

that

the

quality

of

the

gas may

not

be

impared

Air

admitted

thru

the

charging

hopper

and thru

leaks

so

that it

does

not

pass

thru

the

fire causes

a

very lean

gas

to be

formed.

(3)

The

temperature

of

the gas varies

with

the

rate

of

gasif-

ication.

CONCLUS

ION.

A

general conclusion

is

that the

producer

does

not

come

up

to its

rated capacity. The maximum

efficiency was

obtained

with

the

largest

load.

Other

than these

general

statements

are

not

warranted because

of

the

small

number

of

the

tests.


30/86


31/86

10.

CALCULATIONS

The

following

will

show

the

method

of

arriving

at

some

of

the

results

obtained;

the

others being

self

evident.

Item

16 .-

The

depth

of fuel

bed

was

talc

en

as

the

dist-

ance between

the

upper

edge

of

the

ash

zone and

the

section

where

the

gases

separate

from

and

leave

the

fuel.

Item 43.

-

The

weight

of

dry

coal

equals

the

total weight

of

coal as

fired

minus

the

weight

due

to

moisture

in

the

coal or

Item 43.

=

Item

41.

(

1

-

.

Item

46

.-

The

total weight

of

combustible

consumed

is

taken

as the

total

weight

of

dry

coal

fired

minus weight of ash,

computed

from the

analysis

minus

the

weight

of

nitrogen

minus

1

1/8

times

the

weight

of

oxygen

minus the

weight

of

carbon

con-

tained

in

ash and

refuse.

m^,

T4.

yi/-

-

T*

A

rr

Item

43.

X

Item

58.

Then Item

46.=

Item

43.

-

^^^^

-

Item

43.

X

Item 56.

1

l/8

x Item

43.

x

Item

65

.

io6

io6

'

Item

44.

x

Item

60.

100

ii^-

=

11141:

X

100.

Item

62

.

=

Item

43.

Hours

Item

46 .

Item

63.

=

Hours.


32/86


33/86

11.

Item.

64,

Item

62.

xtem x^.

Item

65.

Item

63.

Item

66.

Item

62.

Item

i/.

Item

67.

Item

63.

ItTn

17.

Item

68.

Item

66.

Item

69.

Item

67.

j.uem

xD

Item

71.

Item

70.

X

Item

43.

Item

46.

Xr WV-/iXj

O-W

X

T


34/86

4


35/86

12.

Item

96.

Item

77^

=

Item 95

Item

77^

- I

tem

41.

X

Item

42.

100

Item

78.

=

Item

77.

-

item

79.

Item

79.

=

Item

100

X

Item

111.

100

Item

80.

=

Item

If^m

7^

Item

100

x

Item

111

100

Item

81.

=

Item

Item

I&*

X

100.

77,

Item

82.

_

Item

Item

78,

77,

Item

83.

_

Item

Item

78,

TTl,

Item

84.

Item

*

Item

78

48.

Item

85,

_

Item

Item

78.

46.

Item

86.

Item

Item

78

96.

Item

87.

_

Item

Item

77.

Item

88.

_

Item

Item

77.

46.

Item

89.

_

Item

Item

77.

Item

91.

_

Item

76.

Hours,

Item

92.

_

Item

Item

91.

22.

Item

93.

=

Item

77,

Hours,


36/86


37/86

13.

Item

94

.

=

I^eSLfO-

Hours,

Item

95

.

-

The

percent

moisture

in

air,

percent

by

weight

of

dry

air

is

given

by

the

formula

x

100

=

~

where

100

m

m

P

=

percent

saturation

or

the

relative

humidity

of

the

air,

n

=

weight of

moisture

contained

in

one cubic

foot of

saturated

air

at the

temperature

of

the fire

room or

Item

31.,

m

=

weight

of

one

cubic

foot

of

dry

air

at

the observed temperature,

^^o

~

weight of moisture

in

one cubic

foot

of

air

as used.

Then

Item

95.

=

(

See Kent

p.

484

for

weight of

air

and moisture.)

m

Item

96

.

-

The total

weight

of

air

used

was

calcul-

ated

from

the

weight

of

nitrogen appearing in

the

gas.

This

nitrogen

comes from

the

air used and from

the

nitrogen

introduced

with

the

fuel.

Taking

analysis by

weight

of

pounds.

The

total

weight

of

in

the gas

=

J s

where

W is

the

2

100^

total

weight

of

the gas.

The

weight

of

No

supplied by the

fuel

=

^1

^1

where

=

100

^

weight of

dry

coal

and

H^^

=

percent

by

weight of

Ng

contained

in the

fuel.

The total

weight

W4 of N2 in

the

air is therefore

WN2

_

Wi

Hi

100

;loo

Then the

total

weight

of

air

supplied

= =

^

^1^1

.77

.77

or

Item

96.

=r(ltem

111.x

074

x

Item

123.)

^

ts

Item

104.

(

Item

43.

x

Item

56.

)1


38/86


39/86

14.

Item

97

.

=

ilsmjie.

hours.

Item

98

.

=

f^^2i4|-

Item

43.

Item

99

.

= j}^^

'

Item

467

T4.

inn

-

Item

77.

-

Item

78

.

.^^

Item 100

.

=

TTT

TTi

x

100.

'

Item

14.

Item

104

.

-

The

sum

of

the products

of

the

con-

stituents

of

the

gas

by

volume

times

their

respective

specific

weights at

62^

F.

and

30

inches

Kg.

x

l/lOO

gives

the specific

weight

of

the

standard gas

in pounds per

cubic

foot.

Then

Item

104.

=(

Item

115.

x

.1161

+

Item 116.

x

.07262

+

item

117.

x

.08418

+

Item

118.

x

.00530

f

Item 119.

x

.04278

+

Item

120.

X

.0737

+

Item

121.

x .1633

f

Item

122.

x

.08682

+

Item

123.

x

.0740

)^|^^.

Item

105

.

-

Taking

the

specific

heat

of

the

gases

for constant

pressure.

For

00

2,

.19

-

.0000977

t,

(a).

H2O,

.426

-

.000176

t,

-.(b).

H2

,

3.355

-

.000678t,

(c).

CO

,

%

.24

-

.0000484

t,

(d).

N2

,

c

p

.24

-

.0000484

t,

(e).

GH4

,

.6

(f).

O2

,

.21

-

.0000424

t,

-(g)-

t

=

temperature

of

gas

leaving producer

outlet or


40/86


41/86

15.

Item 37.

The specific

heat

of

the

producer

gas

is

equal

to

the

sum

of

the

products

of

the

constituents

of

the

gas

by

weight

times

the specific

heat

of

the

constituent.

Then

Item

105.

=

|(a x

-1161

x

Item 115

.

^

L

Item

104.

(c

X

'Q0^^^^-USL223..

)

4

(d

X

07262

x

.

Item

116.

^

item

lUft.

j^^^

ro

V

0'740

x

Item

123.

\

.

f

^

^

.04278

x

Item

119.

x

^

^

Item

104'.

^

+

(

f

X

item

104.

^

+

{

rr

^

.08418

X

Item

117.

s\

1

^

^

Item

104.

giOO

Item

106

.-

The

total

weight

of

carbon

appearing

in

a

unit

weight

of

gas

=

(jL

by

weight

CO2 x

i^q^

+

^

by

weight

GO X

3/700

t

;2

by weight

OK4

x

3/400

+

;2

by weight

C2

H4

x

rr^gj

'

The total

weight

of

H2

appearing

in

a

imit

weight

of

gas

=

1/100

%

by weight

H2

f

^

by

weight

CH4

x

l/4

f

^

by

weight

C2

H4

X

1/7 or

Item

106.

=

OO2

X +

;2

00

X

7

t

^

GH^

X

I

f

;g

Gg

H4

X

^

j

p

:;

TT

~

,

where

[%

^2

^

^

^ 4

x4t;^C2H4xAj

analysis is

given

%

by weight.

Item

107

.-

The volume

is

calculated

from

the

analysis

of

the

gas

and the

analysis of the

coal.

The

total weight of

the carbon

appearing

in

the

gas

should equal

the total

weight

of

carbon

in the

coal

minus

the

weight

that

is

lost

thru

the

grate

minus

the

weight lost

in


42/86


43/86

16.

soot

and

tar.

The

latter

being

very

small

was

neglected.

The

weight

of the

carbon

consumed

in

the

producer

=

Wg

=

?L-Z^^2ll, where

P

and

represent

the

%

by

weight

of

carbon

100

^

in

dry

coal

and

ash

respectively;

and

W

and

Wj^

=

total

weight

of dry

coal

and

ash

respectively.

The

carbon

is

contained

in

the

CO2, CO,

CIi4,

and

H4.

The

total weight

of

carbon

con-

tained

in

a

unit

weight

of

gas

=

W3

=

(

3/II

COg

+

o/4

CO

-

6/7

C2H4)

X

1/100,

where

COg,

CH4,

GO, and

C2H4

represent

fo

by

weight

from

gas

analysis.

The

%

of

carbon

contained

in

gas

as

-

^

weight

GO2

X

3/11

^

^ ,

.

^

.

CO2

=

'

^

.

The

actual

weight

of

this

W

3

carbon

=

^..b^

wei^ht

CO

2

x

3/ll

^

^

^^^^^

X

100

O

gas

=

Wg

f

^^^g^^

^

X 3

2/3.

The standard

volume

W3

X

100

of CO2

-

by

weight

COgx

Wg

^

^^^^^^

^

specific

weight

of

W3

X

100

X Wg

GO

2

at

62

F. and

30

in.

Hg.

This

volume

is

(a)

%

of

the total

volume

of

gas

delivered

by

the

producer.

Then

the

total

volume

of

standard

gas from

the

gas

analysis

=

^

weight GO

^

x

Wg

^^^^

^^^^

=

W3 X

Wg

X

a

(^

161

X

Item

115.

^^^^

^

^^^^

53^ ^^^^

^

j^^j^j

g^^^

Item

104.

.1161

X

Item

115.

(|^x

%

GOg

+

|

x

GH4

f

|

x

.'^

00

f

|

x

,^

^^4)

where analysis

if

gas

is

used

as

%

by

weight.

T4. tr\a

_

Item

107 .

=

Hours.


44/86


45/86

Item

109,

I

tern

110.

Item

111.

Item

112.

Item

113.

Item

114.

Item

124.

17.

Item 107

Item 43.

Item

107 ,

Item

46.

Item

111.

Hours.

Item

43.

Item

46.

The

grate efficiency is

the

ratio

of

the

total B.

T.

U.

contained

in

the

fuel

minus

the

B.

T, U.

in

the

fuel

lost thru

thr

grate,

to

the

total

B.

T.

U.

contained

in

the

fuel,

times 100;

or

Item

124.

=

Item

45.

x

Item

70.

x

100

~

Item

4

4.

x Item

60.

x

14540..

.

Item

43.

X

Item

70.

Item

125

.

The

hot

gas

efficiency

is

the

ratio

of

the

total

heat

of

combustion of

the gas plus the

sensible

heat

of

the

gas,

to the

total

heat

of

combustion of

the

fuel

plus

the

sensible

heat

of

the

fuel

and

the

sensible

heat

contained in

the

air and moisture times

100. The

sensible

heat

of

the

fuel,

air

and

moisture is

ordinarily

very small

and

these

quantities

are

neglected.

Then

Item

125.

=[ltera

102.

x

Item

107

+

Item

105.x

Item

111.

x Item

37.

- 62

+

Item

79.

x

1116

+

.6(

Item

37.

-

212)

J

X

100.

-2-

Item

49.

x

Item

74.


46/86


47/86

18.

The

specific

heat

of

superheated

ateam

is

taken

at

.6

Item 126.

The

cold

eras effinienny is

rn+^r^ r^f

the

total

heat

of

combustion

of

the

gases

to the

total

heat

of

combustion

of

the

fuel

times

100.

or Item 126.

=

Item

102

X

Item 43.

x

I ten,

107.

Item

70.

-r^__

i^r^

_

Item 127.

x

Item 41.

xzem

1^0.

-

j^^^^

^^^^

^

Item

129.

-

Item

90.

x

1000.

Item

107.

x

62i5

Heat Balance

-A-

Debit:-

1.

The

total

heat

supplied

per

pound

of

dry

coal

is

taken

as the

calorific

value

by

oxygen

calorimeter

or

Item

70.

2.

Item 98.

x

.24( Item

31.

-

62^F,)

3.

Item

77>> X

(H

-

1070

)

Item

43.

where

H -

total

heat

in

one

pound

of

saturated

steam

at temperature

of

the

fire

room.

4.

Item

43. x

Item 2.

^

^

Op s

Item

43

x

100

^

^^em

31.

-

62

F.

)

5.

.24

X

(

Item

31.

-

620F.

)

6,

Item 77a

(

Item

33. -

62p.

)

Item

43.

Credit:-

1.

Item 105.

X

Item

113.

x

(item

37.

-

62F,

2,

(Item

100

X Item 113)x|~Item

37.

-

212F.

)x

1116x

.s)

100.

3.

Item

102.

X

Item

109.

4.

Item

44.

x

Item

60.

Item 43.

x

100

^

^^^^^


48/86


49/86

19.

5.

This

is

very

small

and

is

neglected.

6.

xtem

li

*

^

^

^tem

34.

-

Item

33.)

7.

The

radiation

and condition

is

equal

to the sum

of

the items

on

the

debit

side minus

the

sura

of

the

items

1^

2,

3,

4,

5,

and

6

of the

credit

side.

Heat Balance -B-

Debits:-

1.

C02

by

weight

x

Item

113.

x

3980.

2.

CO

by

weight x Item 113.

x

1850.

3.

Item

57.

x

40.

4.

This

is

the

total

heat

from

the items

2, 3, 4,

5,

and

6

of

the

Heat Balance

A.

Credits:-

1.

Same as

item

1.

of

A.

2.

Same

as

item 2,

of

A.

z

Item

73.

x

6890.

3.

item

4'6.

4.

The

heat

contained

in the ash

and

refuse

as

sensible

heat

is

small

and

is

neglected.

5.

Same as item

6.

of A.

6.

Sum

of

items

on

debit

side minus

sum

of items

1,

2,

3,

4,

and

5

of

the

credit

side.


50/86


51/86

20,

RESULTS.

P

GAS PRODUCER

TRIALS.


52/86


53/86

21.

JO

ON

ON

00

H

c

o

-

=8

CQ

H

H

o

1^

+>

cd

CO

o

(SI

o

u

1

1

i

i

1

^0

1 1

1

1

1

1

1 1 1

1

U ON

is

p

o

a

CO

s

H

o

NO

H

oa

NO IS.

UN

iH

ON

u

NO

H

NO

O-

M

NO

X

CM

IS-

00

H

o

CO

H

OJ

rH

CM

+i

H

9)

U

>

>>

U

O

+3

a

u

o

s

Hi

a

H

(D

H

CJ

H

u

0)

m

H

Oj

CD

H

H

^^

O

-p

H

H

u

o

]

(D

Xi

1

EH

ca

1

i

o

H

u

I

+

o

H

o

1

-d

c

'O

Q>

o

o

o

u

H

Pi

B

o

p

H

O

n

d

c

c

H

H

o

Pi

H

CfS

o

o

-H

(U

H

H

O

Pi

Vi

o

c

H

c

H

cS

rH

Pi

+>

cU

CQ

-d

cr

u

o

CQ

U

iH

CD

o

O

H

H

(Q

d

O

a

oT

CO

rt

;i

-P

CD


54/86


55/86

'J-

O

VO

VO ON ON

vO

oo

rH

crv

O O

CM -O

vO rH

(M

H

vO

ON

ON

ON

CM H

ON

1

1

1

i

1

1

1

o

ON

ON

1

1

1

1

1

1

ON

UN

UN

H

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

CvJ

VO

ON

CM

o

ON

CVI

ON

H

UN

CM

to

UN

vO

O

CM

UN

UN

to

o

i

1

1

1

1

1

1

rH

1

1 1

1

1 1

vO VO

UN

1 1 1

1

1 1

1

I

CM

UN

CO

UN

ON

vO

CM

rH

C5N

vO

C3N

CM

vO

H

vO

CO

UN

lO

CM H

CO

UN

rO

UN

ON

VO

rO

CM

UN

CM

rO

H

O

lO

H

O

OO

H

CM

to

O

CO

CM

to

rO

CM

CM

rH

CM

H

UN

o

tO

CM

C7N

CM

VO

rH

UN

CM

1

1

1

1

1

H

i

1

1

1

o

o

CM

IN-

UN

(a

P

u

Hi

M

o

CO

H

d

o

o

a

H

U

o

>

9>

O

a

ca

H

u

o

-p

oJ

-p

ri

ca

-p

:3

o

4^

a

H

CIS

ci

B

U

o

o

+>

o

-p

bO

S

0>

Hi

O

I

at

a>

p

cd

u

bo

o

-p

O

cd

0}

15

^

?-

()>

P

^

O

o

H

-P

at

o

-p

at

+>

at

o

ctt

H

-p

o

u

o

o

o

p

-p

cd

o

rH

+

O

7i

CO

a>

p

at

ca

H

ca

a>

at

u

ca

ca

a>

u

P4

ca

H

c

H

cii

M

H

O

>-

^

B

o

S

o

H

o

O

un H

H

CM

(H

1

1

t

1

1

1

ca

CO

g

0)

H

H

U

CO

a>

(D

p

ca

at

W

Of

Of

Of

UNvO

CN-CX50NO

rHOJtO tUNVOl>-

CMCMCMtO

rOrOtOrOrOrO^O


56/86


57/86

ON

H

OJ

r-i

vO

ON

fO

i>-

d

vO

OJ

ON

vO

H

w

-

.*

NT

CM

#

N

i

k

IN.

Ol

ON

rO

ON

cvj

Vrx N.

M

CM

ON

ON

3.

a>

OJ

UN

o

o

o

Ol

00

ON

rH

rH

oo

u

*

OJ

ON

Ol

o o

OJ

r-i

Ol

iH

oo

>>

r-i

H

Oj

H

+^

nJ

ft

H

(H

U

Ol

OO

UN

UN

Ol

O

H

cS

-P

rH OJ

C

aJ

O

O

ON

O

O

UN

UN

IN-

Ol

UN

Ol

ON

PC*

OJ

o

UN

o

o

ON

H

U% OO

oo

OJ Ol

O

rH

OJ

H

00

H

CO

o

rH 00

o

rH

UN

ON

CN ON

ON

ITN

OJ

OJ o

o

Ol

rH

OO

rH

cs.

ON

OO

O

O

OJ

ON

IN

OJ

ON

OJ H H

H

OO

o

ON

I

I

t

I

I

I

I

H

o

o

>>

P

H

d

OQ

0)

rH

(U

CO

H

fH

o

rH

o

tjO

b

H

(D

o

o o -H CQ

o

-p

(h

Ph

nJ

+>

C

p

C

Pi

a

o

a

H

o

H

fH

-P

-p

-p

H

O)

O

O

o

Q>

o CO

EH

tH

3-

EH

P4

^1

-p

-p

o

u

cd 0}

o

H

H

-d

-P

-P

c

'd

s

H

o

p

o

'd

-p

OS

u

a

p

CO

H

CO

O

o

HI

rH.

UN

IfN

n

>

H

(]}

03

o

a>

u

u

'ji

ci

d

H

o

o

03

OJ

U

O

&

u

a>

f^

H

C

CO

01 CQ

l >

O

o

H

O

O

H

iH

C

01

-P

CO

P4

CO

ON

o

*

H

vO

vO

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

rH

.

i

fH

rH

1

1

u

:i

1

1

o

u

1

1

o

u

1

1

a)

P

u

,

01

i

ctf

o

H

^>

o

d

o

IS-

I

H

I

H

i

^

I

(D

+>

I

(U

a

I

H

?H

I

O

H

I

U

I

C

I

(D

o

;3

J>>-P

0)

P5

)

H

H

-P

a

CQ

-H

a

;h

o

o a

o

o

Cn.

H

o

o

>^

d

P4

03

-H

>i

iH

OS

a

0)

H

O

CM

-i

o

o

o

u

Pi

02

H

U2

>>

H

cd

c:

aJ

:i

rH

>

H

o

o

pq

t

0)

-p

.P

H

H

H

fH

^^ a>

gT

N

H

H

f^

H

O

O

o

ft

O

n

o

s-

>

P4

o o

c

o

-p

H

-p

d -d

xi

a>

o

o

-p

U

H

5h

u

i>

0) O

0)

-P

P4

+>

H

>

as

o

>

O

o

fH

O

o

>>

O

Cd

fH

H

o

P

rH

B

OS

o

a

o

W

to

^) C c

H H H

M

M

o

0)

5: at

,P

H

u

H

o

aJ

P

O O

nj

O

EH

EH

o

rH

NO

I

o

NO

UN

vO

IS-

CN-

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

rH i

1

M

1

Q>

1

o fH

;3

1

'd

^1

o u

H)

i

u

o

u

Pi

;3

1

-d

d

O

1

d

u

Pi 1

J>

c

o

ci

=s

O

1

Pi

o

E

iH

u

1

o

o

d

o

OJ

cd

oJ

C

H

H-

d

t30

;3

H C

Pi

U

M

fl

Pi

o

o

H ;3

-p

cd ^1

Cd

u

O

O

cd

o

-P


62/86


63/86

26.

CO

o

rr

CM

ON cv

OO

CM

CO

CM

CM

UN

XTN

H

O

iH

H

O

O

CM

O

UN

H

CM

ON

rH

rH

rH H

CM

UN CO

H

rH

H

H

lr\

vO

ON O

ITS

CM UN

CM

NO

O

H

rH

NO

CM

rH

UN

CM

C3N

vO

00

H

O

rH

r-l

O O O H

rH

O H

00

UN

00

CVJ

UN

H

to

H

H

CM

ON

KN

UN

H

to

NO

r>

CM

ON

l>0

v>

O

CM

H

M

u>

to

00

NO

H

O

H

CM

O

CJN CVl

OO

rH

ON

rH

*

CO O

o

rH

rH

rO

H

H

CVl

ON

H

H

H

:0 CO

OO

CM

CM

O

UN

O

O

H

O

rH

CM

O X)

CM

rH

CJN H

O

CM

1

M

-d

d

o

1

1

rH

(N i

rH

Cd

1 1

1

+>

H

a>

H

o

O

c;3

i

'M

rH

Ft

1 1

1 ft

>

1

1

d

1

ft

U

H

H

O

1

rH

H

ft

1 u 'd

1

1 U

1

CQ

-P

ft

,Q

iS]

o

H

0>

1

O

03

(H

H

d

1

H

1

o

a t

ft

o

o

o

1

M

O

H

^

'd

1

o

O

o

o

O

d

O

ft

M

o

>>

-p

-P

1

+>

p

P

H

-p

0}

SH

U

1

o O

o

H

rH

d

-d

1

73

d

d

+>

-P

p cd

ft

1

o

ca

CQ

1

33

Q

CQ

-d -d d

o o

o

u

u

4^

1

o

o

O

o

o

A ft

-H

P

ft

1

&

&

s*

H

H

H

cd

Cd cd

'd

1

a S

a

S

a

rH

H H

o

o

o

o

o

ft

ft

ft

1

>

1

u

o

o u

o

ft

ft

ft

o

ft ft

cd

cd

cd

u

>> a

u

-P

,Q

-p

P

-p

p

P

-p

ft

u

u

-P o -P

4^

+>

>>

nJ

H

cd

cd

cd

cd

a

o

O (H

CQ

H

^

>

5:

p

?

ft

ft

4-

o

tiC

d

^

H

cd

H

c

H

H

H

H

4->

+>

f4

CtJ

a

cd

o

td

o

o

o

cd

-H

p

c

oS

+

o

o

CO

o

+^

U

(D

P4

00

OS

i>0

00

O

ON

03

H

ca

OS

o

u

c

ft

-P

02

:3

O

+3

H

O

iiO

H

-H

Cd

W

00

ON

o

UN

ON

SO

UN

ON

00

00

ON

u

o

p

01

O

-P

H

cd-

t>

o

O

fH

H

oS

H

o

w

H

w

UN

o

CN-

o

CM

UN

U

>

rH

UN

ts-

o

rO

't

XD

UN,

UN 00

H

CM

fH

CJN

H H

UN

to

oo

tN- O

UN

UN

ON

CM

ON

00

U\

O ^

P-I

vO

iH

to

o

to

H

UN CO

to

CVJ

UN

00

H

UN (N-

rH

rH

rH

to

ITS

l>-

O

CO

o

IfN

H

CX)

vO

UN

CM

ON

CO

UN

o

CN. O

o

CM

o

O

rvj

ON

^0

CM

CM

o

UN

H

CM

t>-

H

lO

iH

CVJ

rO

r\

OJ

UN

O

O

oo

UN

UN

to

00

^.

^

tO

N

>

CSN

CO

UN

ON

rvi

on

H

vO

1

1

1

g

1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

-P

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

H

1

H

1

Cd

1

1

1

1

1

0)

1

1

Cd

+>

1

H

o

rQ

o

p

1

U

rH

H

4->

1

Cd

45

O

i

o

M

O

-p

0)

p

o

3

+3

1

ft

Hi

CO

a

M

Cd

d

Cd

-p

02

o

ft

H

0)

H

H

O

0)

ft

CO

fH

a)

o

'd

o

u

ft

Cd

o

03

a

bO

sh

o

-p

Cd

CD

O

H

a>

o

cd

o

3

fn

;3

o

ft

03

cd

d

1^

cd

cd

CO

o

O

>

u

d

o

rH

(D

ft

03

03

'd

u

cd

-p

CO

o

rH

O

o

o

o

ft

02

Cd

d

cd

-d

-p

CO

o

o

iH

o

rH

02

d

^)

cd

'd

4->

CO

o

H

Cd

-p

o

o

A

u

o

ft

03

Cd

t D

d

f-(

oJ

-d

cd

-p

ui2

O

H

03

Cd

'd

rd

+>

02

U

O

H

H

&

O

o

rH

Cd

o

-d


66/86


67/86

28.

to

ON

CO

ON

1 1

1

to

IN-

1

1 1

O UN

o

OO

rH

1 1 1

lO IN-

00

o

r-i

OO

00

UN

rH

O

>

as

o

ON

CO o

CN. UN 00

CN.

o

fO

1

1

1

CM

UN

rvj

to OO

*

1

1

1

UN

o

OO

1

1

1

o CO

rH

CO

O

p-l

l-i

CO

rO to

rO

o

UN

rH

IN-

ON

vO

ON

1

1 1

CJN

to

C\J

to

1 1 1

o o

ON

rH

1 1

1

cvi

to UN

NO

OO

o

i-i

NO

OO

U\

H

OJ CM

o

NO

UN

CO

to

UN ON

to

vO

CM

O

Us 00

CM CM

CM

UN

OJ

o o CO H

CO O

rH

nO

nO

=^

N

o

o o

CQ

o

a>

O a>

Q>

tJ

'd H

H

o

CQ

o

l-r

H H

;s

hrl

a>

a

CO

d

H

H

O

o

W

bO

1

H

1

CvS

1

O

X

1

X

1

H

1

X)

*->

o

:i

a'

o

u

H

H

t)0

O

O

t)0

H

H

oJ

A

o

rH

O

:3

5

c

-03

H

W

+>

CIS

>

w

H

CM

>0

rO

PO

to

rO

H

H H

1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

rH

1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

rH

1

1

?H

1

1

1 1 1

1

rH M

1

1 P4

i

1

1

1

o

02

,

O

a>

1

P>

^1

H

H

>,

H

1

O

1

1

h

1

rH

u

O

d

d

1

Pi

J

O

a

OS

o

H

1

H

1

rS^ 1

>

1

H

H

>^

U

i-H

H

O

^

1

1

.J2

1

pH

+>

-P

H

oa

1

CQ

1

CQ

1

0)

1

?^

H

H

C

-p

o

>>

>

OQ

>>

a O

,Q

1

,a

1 fiJ

1

,CJ

1

H

>>

,Q

o

u

d

1

1

d

1

d

1

03

a

-d

a


70/86


71/86

30.

O

o

CO

O

CM

UN

o

o O rH

00

H

so

ro

H

SO

ON

C\i

ON

H H

r-l

H

o

vO

ON

CM

O

ts-

CvJ

UN

00 O

O

ON

ON

CM

00

UN

fH (H

H

NO

O

CO

o

ON

UN

O

u>

^t

ON

UN

tO>

rH

ON

UN

O

(D

o

o

O

+>

CM

CM

pH

U

OD

H iH

pH

Negle'

*-*

1

ON

r*

J

w

VAN

1

i *

1

u

At

ta

o

H

H

Ih

-P

O

O

P

;3

-d

>

o

o

o

a

o

o

H

rH

+J

(tf

H

>

o

c

Si

H

H

-P

+a

CO

o

O

H

rH

+a

-P

0}

tU

0)

0>

W

w

CO

CM

O

UN

UN

OO

Cn.

to

00

CM

ON

rH

ITN

rH

rH

CM

H

r-i

ON

^0

>-

H

UN

CM

rH

UN ro

VO

cS

H

H

1

1 1

1 1

1

o

cd

u

o

o

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

o o

1 1

1

t

+'

1 1

>>

ci

i

1

1 1

o

1

1

d

^

1

1

1

1

1

1

rH

rH


72/86


73/86

No.

5


74/86


75/86


76/86


77/86


78/86


79/86


80/86


81/86

35.


82/86


83/86

36.


84/86


85/86


86/86

studyof60horsepo00evan.pdf

Documents