“stuff” of the universe the raw materials for planets, rocks and life
TRANSCRIPT
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“Stuff” of the Universe
The Raw Materials for Planets, Rocks
and Life
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Matter & Energy
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Phases of Matter
Solid
Gas
Liquid
Determined by temperature and pressure
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Rock
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Atomic Particles
Atoms (Elements)
Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds)
Rocks
Earth
Living Things
Biosphere
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Atomic StructureWhat are atoms made of?
Particle ChargeWeight (amu)
Proton (p)
+ 1
Electron (e)
- ~0
Neutron (n)
0 1
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Atomic Structure
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Atomic Number
=Number of
Protons
Importanceof Protons
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Elements
Iron
Carbon
Gold
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Periodic Table of the Elements
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CrustCrust Whole EarthWhole Earth
•Oxygen(O) 46.3 % 29.5%•Silicon (Si) 28.2% 15.2%•Aluminum (Al) 8.2% 1.1%•Iron (Fe) 5.6% 34.6%•Calcium (Ca) 4.1% 1.1%•Sodium (Na) 2.4% 0.6%•Potassium (K) 2.1% 0.1%•Magnesium (Mg) 2.3% 12.7%•All others 0.5% 5.1%
Abundance of the Elements (wt. %):Solid Earth
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Abundance of the Elements (wt.%):Living Things
HumanHuman AlfalfaAlfalfa BacteriaBacteria
•Oxygen(O) 62.8% 77.9% 73.7%•Carbon (C) 19.4% 11.3% 12.1%•Hydrogen (H) 9.3% 8.7% 9.9%•Nitrogen (N) 5.1% 0.8% 3.0%•Phosphorous (P) 0.6% 0.7% 0.6%•Sulfur (S) 0.6% 0.1% 0.3%
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AtomicWeight
= number of protons + neutrons
Importanceof Neutrons
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Isotopes
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Importanceof ElectronsAtoms vs. Ions
(atomic weight = 23)
Charge = 0X
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Importanceof ElectronsPositive Ions
(atomic weight = 23)
Charge = +1
Sodium Ion
10e
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Importanceof ElectronsIons
(atomic weight = 18)
Charge = 0
Chlorine
9e
9p9n
(atomic number = 9)
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Importanceof ElectronsNegative Ions
(atomic weight = 18)
Charge = -1
Chlorine Ion
10e
9p9n
(atomic number = 9)