stuff we should all know!. one of the most famous elections in us history took place in 1960...
TRANSCRIPT
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Stuff we should all know!
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One of the most famous elections in US history took place in 1960• Democrat: John F. Kennedy• Republican: Richard Nixon
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Who was JFK?
• 43 year old Senator from Massachusetts
• WW2 veteran who was awarded medals for his bravery
• Came from a very wealthy family• Married to Jacqueline Kennedy
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Who was Richard Nixon?
• Served in the US Navy during WW2• Nixon served in the House and the
Senate in the late 1940’s-early 1950’s• Had a reputation for being anti-
Communist• Served as Vice President under
President Eisenhower
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The turning point of the election was the televised debate• By 1960, the TV played a major role in
Presidential politics • When Nixon arrived at the debate, he
did not wear make-up, had a five o’clock shadow, and began to sweat under the hot lights
• JFK was tanned and relaxed• JFK looked directly to the camera
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The results of the 1960 election• JFK won in a very close election• This was one of the closest
elections in American history• JFK entered the White House
without a mandate (public endorsement of the President’s proposals)
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JFK was assassinated on November 22, 1963
• JFK was in Dallas to begin his reelection campaign
• This was the first public appearance for Jackie Kennedy since her c-section and death of their baby (that happened in August)
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People knew exactly where JFK would be because his parade route was published in the newspaper
• Today, a President’s plans are not announced until a few days ahead of time
• Also, a President’s entrance and exit routes are never publicized
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Lee Harvey Oswald shot and killed JFK• Oswald was a former Marine and
an alleged supporter of Fidel Castro
• Two days later, Oswald was shot and killed by Jack Ruby
• Jack Ruby wanted to spare Jackie Kennedy the pain of a trial
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Warren Commission was the government investigation into JFK’s assassination
• The Warren Commission determined that Oswald acted alone
• They also said there was no conspiracy behind JFK’s assassination
• Many Americans do not believe the Warren Commission
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Watergate: the scandal that involved the breaking in of the Democratic National Office in 1972
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Henry Kissinger claimed that Nixon had three goals
• 1. To win the 1972 election in the largest landslide in American history
• 2. To be remembered as a peace maker
• 3. To be accepted by the “Establishment”
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As early as 1969, Nixon and his staff created an “enemies list”• Anyone who criticized Nixon’s
policies could find themselves on this list
• Nixon targeted the media
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People on the “Enemies List”
• Senator Edward Kennedy• Jane Fonda• Steve McQueen
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In the Fall of 1971, Nixon began using the “plumbers”
• The “plumbers” were former CIA and FBI agents who tried to stop leaks coming from the Nixon Administration
• Nixon was especially upset at the leaking of the Pentagon Papers, which gave out secrets about the Vietnam War
• The “plumbers” did their work in the name of national security
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Famous “plumbers”
• Howard Hunt (spy novelist and former CIA agent)
• G. Gordon Liddy (former FBI agent)
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The Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP) used questionable tactics
• CREEP was headed by John Mitchell, the former Attorney General
• The purpose of CREEP was to collect as much money as possible
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CREEP also tried to discredit Nixon’s opponents
• Edmund Muskie, a Democratic Presidential candidate did not react well when CREEP sent a letter to a New Hampshire newspaper claiming that Muskie’s wife was an alcoholic
• Muskie ended up crying on TV and dropped out of the Presidential race
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June 17, 1972
• Five men are arrested for the break-in of the Democratic National Committee office at the Watergate office building
• “Plumbers” Liddy and Hunt were a part of the break-in
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Nixon won the 1972 Presidential election
• Nixon defeated George McGovern in one of the biggest electoral landslides in American history
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How did Nixon’s involvement in Watergate become an issue?• Washington Post
reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein kept digging for the truth
• Their source, “Deep Throat” claimed that the White House and CREEP hired 50 agents to sabotage the Democrats in the 1972 election
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Who was “Deep Throat?”
• “Deep Throat” was Mark Felt• Mark Felt was angry that he was
passed over for a big promotion at the FBI
• Mark Felt revealed his identity in 2005 (he has since died)
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By the Spring of 1973, the legislative and judicial branches were investigating Watergate • Watergate burglar James McCord
admitted that “top White House officials” planned and, later, covered up the break-in
• Nixon’s role in Watergate was still unknown
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However, it soon emerged that Nixon had tape recorded his conversations in the White House
• Former Nixon assistant Alexander Butterfield told Senate investigators about Nixon’s tapes
• Special prosecutor Archibald Cox demanded that Nixon turn over the tapes
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Nixon declined claiming “executive privilege” and the tapes could endanger national security
• A Federal judge ordered Nixon to release the tapes
• The released tapes included an 18 minute gap, where the conversation was erased
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August 9, 1974
• President Richard Nixon resigned • Gerald Ford takes over as
President• Gerald Ford pardoned Nixon for his
role in Watergate (so, he faced no criminal charges)
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Many people associate the term “feminism” with the 1960’s• Feminism: the belief that women
should have economic, political, and social equality with men
• In reality, feminism began in the 1890’s
• By the 1950’s, many American women were still fighting the stereotype that they should be at home
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WW2 had opened up many employment and educational opportunities for women
• In 1950, 25% of all college degrees were earned by women
• By 1970, that number was up to 43%
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The feminist movement took on a new organization in the 1960’s• Betty Friedan wrote a book in 1963
called The Feminine Mystique, which discussed the dissatisfying lives of housewives
• The Feminine Mystique inspired woman to come together and form support groups to discuss their experiences
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In 1966, frustrated women eventually formed the National Organization for Women (NOW)
• The goal of NOW was “to take action to bring American women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now”
• NOW wanted fair pay and equal job opportunities
• NOW attacked the media for their portrayal of women
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Some women thought NOW was too extreme
• Some critics thought NOW only benefited white, middle class, educated women
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Another influential feminist was Gloria Steinem
• Steinem was a journalist who began Ms. Magazine
• Ms. Magazine was controversial because it pushed for abortion rights
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One of the biggest laws passed that benefited women was Title IX (1972)
• Title IX states that any educational institution receiving federal funding may not discriminate based on gender
• Many people today know Title IX as the law that made women’s sports equal to men in college
• Today, colleges must have equal funding for women’s sports or equal offerings
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Title IX has allowed more women to attend college
• Today, more women receive college diplomas than men
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Perhaps the biggest moment in the feminist movement was the Roe vs. Wade Supreme Court decision
• Roe v. Wade legalized abortion in the US• The US Supreme Court based their
decision on abortion being a personal privacy
• States could still outlaw abortion after the first trimester
• Abortion remains legal in the US today