C O N T E N T S

Production ................................................................................. 2

Manuscript Preparation. ....................................................................... 2

S ty le ........................................................................................................... 3

Introductory M a ter ia l............................................................................... 5

Subheadings within the A r t i c l e .................................................. 7

Figures and Tables.................................................................................... 7

Centered Equations, Formulas, etc.......................................................... 11

Symbols, Subscripts, Superscripts........................................................... 11

Footnotes.............................. 12

R eferen ces................................................................................................. 13

Suggested Reference W ork s ..................................................................... 17

Standard Copy-Editing Sym bols............................................................. 17

Transliteration System ............... . .......................................................... 18

Journals Translated by Consultants Bureau............................................ 19

Abbrevia tions............................................................................................ 22

Abbreviations of Common Prefixes ...................................................... 26

American Institute of Physics Journals................................................. 27

© 1977 Consultants Bureau, D ivision o f Plenum Publishing C orpora tion , 227 West 17 S treet, New Y o rk , N. Y . 10011.

P R E F A C E

This booklet is designed to help you prepare translation that can be used with only a minimum of further editing in the Consultants Bureau cover-to-cover translation program. It emphasizes the mechanical and stylistic aspects of translation because these are responsible for the over­whelming majority of the alterations and corrections that are required in the production process. However, this emphasis is, in no way, intended to minimize the overriding importance of accuracy in translation; it is just that little can be said about that once the fact has been stated.

The instruction booklet contains all the basic rules that are generally applicable to CB translations. A separate section on the preparation of manuscripts for the journals we produce for the American Institute of Physics (A IP) can be found at the end of this manual.

Since many of the instructions in this booklet are intended not only for the translator but also for the typist who prepares the translator's manuscript, we w ill be glad to send you additional copies if you do not do your own typing.

NOTE TO THE SECOND REVISED EDITION (FEBRUARY, 1977)

Since the second revised edition contains so many changes and addi­tions that it is not practical to list them, we suggest you read the entire manual to see which changes apply to your work and require alterations in your working habits. In particular, we would like to call your attention to Sec. 2.6 on the use of dashes. These rules, if properly understood and ap­plied, w ill save a lot of time in the preparation of your manuscripts for composition.

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P R O D U C T I O N

A few words seem in order about what happens to your manuscript once we receive it, since even a rudimentary understanding of our produc­tion procedures w ill put our requirements in the proper perspective.

As you may know, all our translation journals are printed by offset reproduction of pages that are a combination of typescript and display ma­teria l taken directly from the Russian journal. The text portions of each article, the figure captions, wordy tables, etc., are typed on preprinted forms, the typist following certain basic rules of style and layout, leaving the required space fo r illustrations, display equations, and numerical tables. These are then cut from the pages of the Russian journal and pasted into the spaces provided. As a rule, except for some spot-check­ing and certain mechanical preparations, no editorial attention is given the translator's manuscript before transcription except when problems or questions are called to our attention in the manner prescribed in Sec.1.7 below. The only editorial reading that the translation receives occurs after the manuscript has been transcribed and put in final page form, with editing and proofreading combined into a single operation.

You can readily see, therefore, that serious difficulties can be avoided only if there are no gaps or ambiguities hidden in the translation and if all the rules designed to facilitate the combination of new typescript with material salvaged from the Russian journals are carefully obeyed.

1. M A N U S C R I P T P R E P A R A T I O N

1.1. Use white or cream paper, 8У2Х 11" or 8x 10". Please do not use tissue, onionskin, or semitransparent papers, which are awkward to handle and make reading difficult.

1.2. Type double-spaced, using only one side of the paper, leaving mar­gins of at least 1 inch all around. Keep typewriter keys clean, and replace typewriter ribbon frequently enough to keep typescript dark and distinct. Indent the first line of each paragraph at least five spaces.

1.3. Regardless of the Russian format, each article is to begin a new page. Number all pages, beginning each article with page 1. Page num­bers should be centered at the top of the page. If additional pages are in­serted after the article is typed, use a combination of numbers and letters (e.g., ЗА, 3B), but be sure to provide a warning on the page preceding the insertion ("pages ЗА and 3B follow" on page 3) so that if such pages are lost we w ill have some indication that they are missing.

1.4. Staple each article once in the upper left-hand corner. Do not staple two or more articles together. Do not use paperclips, elaborate fold- and-tear arrangements, or pins. Do not staple either the Russian pages or the invoice to the article.

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1.5. Each article should be identified by placing the following information at the top of the first page:

a. Upper left-hand corner: Journal code (as given on the invoice) and the Russian page range of that article.

b. Upper right-hand corner: Your initials.(See the sample opening or title page, p. 8.)

1.6. Corrections may be made in ink or sharp clear pencil in legible hand­writing. We do not require perfect copy, but we do require neat, legible manuscript. Do no print in capital letters unless capital letters are to be typed. Strikeovers, xxxxx'ing out, etc., are permissible as long as the re­sult is unmistakably clear.

1.7. If you have any questions, comments, or requests for additional in­formation concerning any part of your translation, please note them on a separate sheet stapled to the firs t page of the translation of the article to which they pertain. If you correct an obvious typographical error in the Russian, also point this out to us.

1.8. Proofread your manuscript before submission. Typographical or other errors may have been introduced in the typing or transcription from tapes.

2 . S T Y L E

No effort is made here to present a comprehensive style guide. Translators are referred to "A Manual o f Style," The University of Chicago Press (12th ed., 1969, $12.50), which is an indispensable tool for anyone engaged in any aspect of writing or publishing. The 16 rules listed below encompass the sources of 99% of all the errors and inconsistencies in style that we encounter, and any translator who applies them consistently has gone a long way toward mastering "CB style."

2.1. The finished translation should read as if it had been originally writ­ten in English by a contemporary American scientist with a good vocabulary and excellent command of the English language.

2.2. Sentence structure must be lucid and free of "foreignisms." Write: "the reaction temperature," rather than "the temperature of the reaction"; "where necessary," rather than "in case of need," etc.

2.3. Use American spelling throughout: flavor, homolog, carbonization, behavior, color, sulfur, etc. When there are two or more alternate spell­ings of a word, use the first form given in Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary (1975 edition), e.g., ampul (not ampoule or ampule), disk (not disc).

2.4. Do not hyphenate prefixes ("non-," "re - ," "p re-," "sem i-,") unless they occur before proper nouns or adjectives. Note, however, that the pre­fix "self" is hyphenated to the word following it, e.g., self-consistent, self-charge.

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2.5. Hyphenate compound adjectives: second-order equation, high-intensity current, 50-W bulb. Hyphens are not used in compound adjectives con­taining an adverb ending in " - ly , " e.g., "a highly concentrated solution." Hyphens are also unnecessary in the following case: 5 N solution, carbon dioxide content, vitamin С deficiency.

2.6. Dashes: An en dash (which is set slightly longer than a hyphen) is used to join multiple elements of a single concept, as in the following: acetone-water system, K —Hg amalgam, N a C l-K C l-L iC l mixture, n-propyl alcohol-p-nitrobenzene solvent system, Debye-Hiickel theory, the New York- Paris connection. It is also used to join two compound adjec­tives, or a compound adjective and a one-word adjective, to form another compound, e.g., gas-phase —liquid-phase boundary, organic-solvent—water ratio. Please distinguish the en dash from the hyphen in your manuscript by typing two hyphens for the en dash, e.g., "acetone — water system."

2.7. Note that English punctuation differs fundamentally from Russian punctuation, particularly in the use o f the comma, the semicolon, and the dash. Distinguish carefully between restrictive clauses, which are not set o ff by commas, and nonrestrictive clauses, which are (Russian grammar makes no such distinction). We punctuate an enumeration as follows: a, b, and с (note the comma before "and"); the Russian does not. In Russian the dash is frequently used to indicate the omission o f certain words in elliptical constructions; this use o f the dash is misleading and therefore inadmissible in English.

2.8. Place periods and commas inside quotation marks and before footnote symbols.

2.9. Consistency of nomenclature is required. For example, do not use "capacitor" in one paragraph and "condenser" in the next. Similarly, use either "asteroid" or "minor planet," etc. There is no virtue in variety when no distinction in meaning is intended. Variation is excusable, but not commendable, when the original text is guilty o f inconsistency in nomen­clature.

2.10. Spell out numbers up through nine; use numerals for 10 and over: "...nine incidents were reported involving a total of 13 particles..." How­ever, numerals are used when both single-digit and multidigit numbers occur in the same expression, e.g., "...5 to 17 experiments were carried out." (not "...five to 17...")

2 .1 1 . Always use numerals with units: 7 liters. Abbreviate units (use ab­breviations given on pp. 22-26) when they occur with numerals (5 Msec) and be sure to leave a space between the numeral and the unit; spell out otherwise (... the time, given in microseconds, ...). Note that the abbre­viations stand for the plural as well as the singular (5 lb, not 5 lbs). Do distinguish, however, between the singular and plural forms of unitsof measurement which are not abbreviated, e.g., 50 ergs, 9 liters, 15 moles. Abbreviate Fig. 2, Eq. ( 6); but spell out "shown in the figure,"

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"quadratic equation (6) , ” etc. Do not capitalize the words preceding the equation number in expressions such as inequality (1 ), relationship (2), determinant (3), system (4), expansion (5), functional ( 6), condition (7), identity ( 8), etc. The word "formula" In this construction is frequently better translated as "equation." Never begin a sentence with an abbrevia­tion (Figure 5 demonstrates...). Note that the abbreviations Figs., Eqs., and Nos. are used for the plural. Do not use numerals and symbols at the beginning of a sentence (... we used a mixture of N, and02. Nitrogen and oxy­gen were in a ratio of...). In the experimental section of chemistry papers, sentences can often be recast to avoid beginning them with numerals; e.g., "150 g of NaCl is added to the mixture" can be written as "To the mixture we add 150 g of NaCl." (Do not write "One hundred and fifty grams of NaCl is added to the mixture.")

2.12. We omit periods following abbreviations of nearly all units of mea­surement: 10 g, 10 ml, 10 mm, 10 min, 10 atm, etc. (for specific abbre­viations, see pp. 22-26).

2.13. To avoid confusion, use M or molar to indicate a molar solution; mol. (note period) as the abbreviation for molecular; mol. wt. as the ab­breviation for molecular weight; and mole fo r gram-mole (do not use mol. as an abbreviation for m ole).

2.14. W rite 0.1 N solution, not l/ lO N solution; 0.5 N rather than N/2. .

2.15. Never abbreviate "lite r" since the 1 is too easily confused with the numeral one on most typewriters (but do use the abbreviations ml, /Д, etc.).

2.16. When the symbol used for a variable is the same as the abbrevia­tion of the unit of measurement which follows it, as in the labeling of co­ordinate axes in figures, spell out the unit of measurement, e.g., V, volts (not V, V ).

3 . I N T R O D U C T O R Y M A T E R I A L

3.1. Regardless of where the following information is located or how it is treated in the Russian original, in the manuscript It should be given in the order listed (see sample on p. 8).

3.2. Section Headings. Section headings should be typed (in all caps) above the title o f the article and positioned at the extreme left-hand side of the page.

3.3 Article T itle. The title should be a concise, accurate statement of the contents of the article; therefore, it m a y be a reasonably free translation of the Russian. Please prune all excess verbiage from titles. Introductory phrases such as "A Brief Contribution toward a Study of the Question of..." are considered to fall In this category, and should almost always be omitted.

3.4. Author Name(s). The author’ s name should be given with the initials first. If there are two or more authors, "and" should precede the last

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name. With the single exception of "Academician," academic titles should be omitted. If the author is an academician of an academy other than the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (i.e., of the Ukrainian SSR, Belorussian SSR, Moldavian SSR, Georgian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Estonian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, etc.), the institution should be given as a footnote at the bottom of the page thus:

* Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR,

with the asterisk appearing immediately after the academician's name. If he is a corresponding member, this information should also be footnoted,i.e.,

* Corresponding Member, Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

3.5. UPC Numbers. The UDC number (UDK in Russian) is the code num­ber of the article in the Universal Decimal Classification. Nearly all ar­ticles appearing in Russian journals are indexed prior to publication using this system. If this number is given in the Russian, it should be copied in your manuscript, prefaced by the letters UDC, on the extreme right-hand side o f the page, opposite the author's name.

3.6. Author Affiliation. The author's affiliation is frequently found at the end of the article in the Russian text. It should follow the author's name, on a separate line, and should be translated rather than transliterated.Note that institutes or laboratories named in honor of famous men should be treated as we do sim ilar institutes, such as the Carnegie Institute. For example, "A . A. Zhdanov Leningrad State University," not " Leningrad State University named after A. A. Zhdanov" or "...im . A. A. Zhdanov." Acronyms of institutes in Russia, e.g., ф и а н С С С Р , should be expanded in the translation, with the transliterated acronym following the expanded form in parentheses, e.g., Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (FIAN SSSR).

3.7. Citation of Original Journal. This line should take the following form:

Translated from Biokhimiya, Vol. 42, No.4, pp. 837-844, July- August, 1977.

Please see pp. 19-22 for the correct transliterated form of journal names, relation of volume number to year, and frequency of publication.

3.8. Date Original Article Submitted by Author. This line should read: Original article submitted May 29, 1976.

Please note that this is the "received" date, which appears at the end of the article in most journals. Information on revision or resubmission should also be given in this line: Original article submitted (month, date, year); revision submitted (month, date, year).

3.9. Abstract (if any). Type the translation of the abstract as a single block, even if it comprises two or more paragraphs in the Russian text. Type the abstract about an inch narrower than the following text, indenting

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half an inch from each side. Disregard any English abstract appearing at the end of the article and do not include it in the manuscript.

3.10. An example o f how the title page should look is shown on p. 8.

4 . S U B H E A D I N G S W I T H I N T H E A R T I C L E

4.1. Your typescript should distinguish between different values of head­ings used in the Russian text. That is, the translation of all headings of equal value must be typed in identical fashion, and a scheme of typing headings must be used that leaves no ambiguity with respect to the rela­tive importance of headings as indicated in the Russian printed pages.You w ill note that in most Soviet journals, centered headings rank above headings that begin flush left or with a paragraph indentation, and that boldface headings rank above italic headings or letter-spaced headings. There is no direct correspondence between any given type style used in the Russian journals and the type style used in the CB translation. The Russian style is m erely a clue, together with the organization of the ma­terial, to the relative importance of headings. We recommend the follow­ing order for headings in the typescript:

(a) CENTERED, CAPITAL LETTERS

(b) Separate Line, Flush Left, Capital and Lower-Case Letters, Underlined

(c) Capital and Lower-Case Letters, Underlined. This is indented and run together with the rest of the paragraph. Note that all words (other than articles, prepositions, conjunctions, and particles) are to be capital­ized in all headings.

5. F I G U R E S A N D T A B L E S

5.1. It is not necessary to reproduce drawings, graphs, or tables. Give the necessary translation at the approximate place where reference to the table or figure occurs in the text. Do not group these translations at the end of an article. The translation of the display matter is set off from the text by lines across the page above and below it. (See examples, pp. 9-10.)

5.2. Tables. Translate the table title, capitalizing the initial letter of each significant word. The table number should precede the title, together with the word "TABLE ." If a single table in a Russian article is unnumbered, assign it the number 1 and refer to it as "Table 1 " in the text, but simple, unruled tabular data positioned precisely between text lines should be treated as such and not labeled and referred to as tables.

5.2.1. Write key numbers on the Russian page next to the column heading, subheading, etc.

5.2.2. Number the column headings from left to right, and all items in the column from top to bottom. Use one consecutive series of numbers or letters.

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EXAMPLE OF THE TITLE PAGE OF AN ARTICLE

ELE-10, pp. 1499-1502 KM

BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS

THEORY OF CATALYTIC CURRENTS IN POLAROGRAPHY

Yu.S. M llyavsk ii UDC 543.253

In stitu te o f Radio Engineering and E lec tron ics, Acadefiiy o f Sciences o f

the USSR, Moscow. Translated from flektrokhim iya, Vol. 12, No. 10,

pp. 1499-1502, October, 1976. O rig ina l a r t ic le submitted June 4, 19/4.

A scheme is proposed fo r the generation o f ca ta ly t ic waves where

the rate-determ ining step fo llow s the Eigen--Tamm mechanism o f

nucleophilic substitu tions. An equation is derived which re la tes i £

to the reaction rate constant, to the in s ta b ility constant o f the

intermediate, and to the substrate concentration.

From the viewpoint o f a coordination scheme, one can represent the mech­

anism by which i c is generated in systems consisting o f an inorganic dep o la riz­

er and a substrate (o x id iz in g agent) in a general form by the reaction /1-3/

R.p. 1499

5.2.3. Type the translation of the keyed items directly under the table title, using a separate line for each item. Abbreviate the translated headings where necessary to fit the space occupied by the Russian equivalents.

5.2.4. The translation of footnotes referring to a table should appear with the table, even though in the Russian text the footnotes may appear at the bottom of the page.

5.2.5. Single words or letters should be written in directly on the Russian page using a black or red ball point pen (not a fountain pen).

5.2.6. An example of the proper manuscript preparation of a table is given on p. 9.

5 .3 . Figures. Translate the figure caption and all explanatory material appearing below it as one paragraph, even though this material may form several paragraphs in different type sizes in the Russian.

5.3.1. Each caption should be preceded by "F ig ." plus the figure number.If a single figure in a Russian article is unnumbered, assign it the number

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EXAMPLE OF MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION OF A TABLE

Т а б л и ц а 2

Зависимость области силы тока, соответствующего колебаниям потенциала, от концентрации солей

/ Ссоль>13 о

с^моль/л J2 (область I. ma7 с.|годь/л} (область X, мА )

5-10-5 1-10-* 5-10-* 7-10-*

0,60-0,700,60-0,730,62-0|,750,65-0,79

5-10-52.5-Ю-4

1 • 10—42.5-10-»

0,51-0,560,51-0,580,53-0,620,54-0,65

On the average, the duration o f the fluctuations ranged from a few to tens of minutes.

The duration o f the fluctuations increased with increase in the concentration o f the

salts. They appeared at the same concentrations o f the salts as under constant-poten­

t ia l conditions but disappeared at lower concentrations (10‘ 3 M for salt 1 and

5 • НГ3 M for salt I I ) , not reaching the CMC values. Periodic fluctuations in the

potential were observed in a narrow range o f applied currents I , depending on the

amount o f added salts (Table 2). In agitated solutions, as under constant-potential

TABLE 2. Dependence of the Current Bange Corresponding to the Fluctuations

o f Potential on the Concentration o f the Salts

Key: 1) Salt

2) moles/liter

3) range of I , n*

conditions, the fluctuations disappear, and this demonstrates the role of diffusion

in the appearance o f the oscillations.

1 and refer to it as "F ig . 1" in the text. Chemical schemes, diagrams, and structural formulas that are not numbered as illustrations in the Rus­sian text are not to be labeled as figures.

5.3.2. A close parenthesis should be used after letters identifying ab­scissas, ordinates, curves, etc. ЕЮ NOT use a dash - as the Russian so frequently does — as it is easily confused with a minus sign. An initial capital is used in the first word beginning each set of identifications, and semicolons are used between elements in the set.

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EXAMPLE OF MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION OF A FIGURE

The period of the fluctuations increases s ligh tly with time; as far as the amplitude

is concerned, at f i r s t i t increases sharply and then changes l i t t l e a fter prolonged

e lectro lys is (fo r several hours). The current density corresponding to the lowest

values o f the amplitude o f the fluctuations at f i r s t decreases, and then increases

(F ig. 1). There is some increase in the amplitude with increase in the concentra-

Fig. 1. The i , t curves for 0.1 N CdS04 with additions o f 10"4 M o f

salt I . y> = -1.1 V.

Key: 1) mA/cm̂

2) a fter 3 h

3) min

tion and the magnitude o f the applied potentials. The fluctuations are observed in

a specific region o f applied potentials and depend on the concentration of the addi­

tives.

5.3.3. Russian words, units, etc., appearing in the body of the illustration may be keyed in the same manner as tabular material or the translations may be written directly on the Russian page. Cyrillic letters used to identify parts of figures (а, б, в. г, д ,е ) shouldbe replaced by English letters (a, b, c, d, e, f); in doing so, be sure to change the letter "a" too so that our typist w ill transcribe it to conform to the typeface used for the rest of the letters.

5.3.4. An example of the proper manuscript preparation of a figure is given above.

6. C E N T E R E D E Q U A T I O N S , F O R M U L A S , E T C .

6.1. Equations, formulas, and spectral and analytical data that are cen­tered in the original text need not be copied. However, it must be clearly indicated that something is to be picked up from the original text.

"...and alcohol in which the hydroxyl group is in the 2

position to the alkyl substituent:

R.p. 830

The high acid number..."

The "R.p. 830" indicates that something centered has been omitted by the translator and is to be picked up by the typist. "R.p." stands for "Russian page," and the number following it is the page number. (If equations and formulas are not numbered in the Russian, do not number them.)

6.2. Minor corrections in this material, e.g., translation of subscript letters and abbreviations, units, or small words such as и, a , and или, should be written directly on the Russian page. If a change in punctuation following this material is necessary, please indicate this as well. For ar­ticles with a profusion of subscripts, it is desirable to list the translation of these subscripts on a separate sheet of paper stapled to the first page of the translation, making sure to encircle these subscripts (in both the text and centered equations) in the Russian pages at each occurrence.

7. S Y M B O L S , S U B S C R I P T S , S U P E R S C R I P T S

7.1. Do not introduce changes in algebraic notation (italic and Greek sym­bols), even if the notation used by the authors differs from that usually employed in Western literature. This is because in printing the transla­tion, nearly all the display material is lifted right from the Russian text. Russian-letter symbols (usually only in subscripts) should be "translated." It is not necessary to replace the Russian abbreviations lg, tg, ctg, sh, ch, th, cth, etc., in display equations, tables, and figures by their more fam iliar equivalents log, tan, cot, sinh, cosh, tanh, coth, etc., but do use these equi­valents in the text.

7.2. Russian-letter subscripts, whether single letters or longer word frag­ments, can almost always be related to words in or close to the sentence in which the symbol with the subscript is first defined. The proper way to "translate" the subscript is to determine the word(s) it represents, locate the corresponding word(s) in the translation, and abbreviate it(them) to devise the subscript, which for practical reasons should be identical to the Russian subscript in length. (Caution: make sure that single-letter sub­scripts so devised are not the same as roman-letter subscripts already used by the author.) When two or more "translated" subscripts begin with

11

the same letter, use a two-letter subscript for one of them, e.g., ei(eideal) and ein (einstrument) • When the lower case letter "e ll" is used as a sub­script, distinguish this from the numeral one by underscoring the letter, e.g.,_l. Note that we do not, as a rule, use a period after subscripts.

7.3. Formulas, mathematical expressions, etc., that involve subscripts, superscripts, or characters not on your typewriter keyboard, or that are more than six characters in length, may be omitted from the translation and five dots ( ..... ) substituted in their place. (Please use five dots to dis­tinguish from the three dots used fo r ellipses that are to be printed.) Our typists w ill insert the omitted material in place of the five dots, taking the formulas, equations, etc., in the order in which they occur in the Russian text. Thus, i f all the formulas, etc., that appear in the Russian text are to be used in the translation, and if the order o f their appearance remains un­changed, no further identification is necessary. However, if for any rea­son a formula or other item that appears in the Russian text is not to be used in the translation, or if, owing to differences between Russian and English sentence structure, the order of such material is changed, suffi­cient information must be given in the manuscript or on the Russian page to clarify beyond any doubt what formula, etc., goes where. The five-dot scheme is intended as a labor-saving device for the translator, but to re­main workable it must be used judiciously, i.e., its use should not create confusion fo r our typists.

7.4. Please do not under any circumstances attempt to approximate Greek letters or other symbols by using typewriter keys that almost look like them (e.g., do not write u fo r ц, o r v for v , etc.). I f necessary, write Greek letters and symbols by hand, identifying them in the left-hand mar­gin the firs t time they occur.

7.5. Since the raising and lowering of a typewriter carriage to indicate sub­scripts in chemical formulas, as when writing H2S04, is very time-con­suming, you may write such formulas as follows: H2S04,CaCl2, НСЮ4, etc. Our typists w ill transcribe them to H2S04, СаС12, НСЮ4, etc. Please note, however, that you must type superscripts properly.

7.6. If your typewriter does not have a degree sign, you need not hold the carriage by hand to write 254-255°. Instead, you may write: 254-255 deg (without a period after "deg" unless it is the end of the sentence). We w ill transcribe to 254-255°. (If this device is used, be sure to indicate by a marginal note when the abbreviation "deg" is to remain, e.g., in compound units: 5 deg/min.) Where it is necessary to specify the degrees as °K, write: 18 deg K, etc. The Russian journals frequently omit the С when reporting temperatures in the Celsius scale. It should always be inserted in the translation.

8 . F O O T N O T E S

8.1. Type the translation of each footnote between horizontal rules im­mediately after the line containing the word to which the footnote refers.

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Take care not to alter the paragraphing merely because of the insertion of the footnote.

8.2. An example o f the proper handling o f a footnote is shown below.

Действительно, высота барьера для туннелирования электронов в де- локализованное состояние меньше, чем для туннелирования в локализо­ванное, поскольку энергия последнего ниже. Поэтому образование пасси­вирующей пленки, которое можно описать как увеличение толщины барье­ра, на термоэмиссии сказывается меньше. В принципе возможен случай, когда образование пленки еще вообще не тормозит термоэмиссию *.

Различное влияние пассивации на скорость процессов, протекающих по разным механизмам, позволяет объяснить изменения механизма гене­рации при изменении состояния поверхности.

* Это, однако, не исключает некоторого влияния пассивации и при механизме термоэмиссии. При образовании толстых пленок будет сказываться эффект экрани­рования поверхности. Визуальное наблюдение показывает, что в некоторых случаях на электродах высокой степени пассивации электроны генерируются в отдельных точках, причем доля работающей поверхности невелика.

Indeed, the height o f the ba rrie r to the tunneling o f electrons in a d eloca l­

ized state is less than that o f lo ca lized e lectrons, since the energy o f the la tte r

is lower. Consequently, the formation o f a passivating film , which can be described

as an increase in the thickness o f the b a rr ie r , has less e f fe c t on thermionic emis­

sion. In p r in c ip le , i t is possible to have a case where film formation does not

retard thermionic emission a t a l l . *

*This, however, does not ru le out the p o s s ib il ity o f passivation having some e ffe c t

in the case o f a thermionic emission mechanism. When thick film s are formed, a sur-

face-blocking e f fe c t w i l l occur. Visual observation shows that in some cases the

electrons are generated a t individual points on the surface o f an electrode with a

high degree o f passivation, these points occupying only a small proportion o f the

working surface.

On the basis o f th is d ifferen ce in the e f fe c t o f passivation on the rate o f

processes proceeding by d iffe r en t mechanisms, we can explain the fa c t that the

generation mechanism changes when the surface state changes.____________________________

9 . R E F E R E N C E S

9.1. Translate the Russian word "Literatura" which precedes the list of references as "LITERATURE CITED" in capital letters, centered on the page.

9.2. The list of references should be typed, double-spaced, in numerical sequence. The numbers should be flush with the left margin, and should be

13

followed by periods. The second and subsequent lines of each reference should be indented.

9.3. If your typewriter is not equipped with square brackets, text re fer­ences should be typed simply as /2/. We w ill transcribe this as [2 J- The /2/ may be used "With or without the author's name: "...Zhdanov /2/ indicated that...," "...the indication /2/ that,.."

Moreover, we construe /2/ as a noun and write "... as was shown in /2/ omitting the words "the work" (or "paper," "book," "mono­graph," etc.). Awkward constructions like "...the authors of /5/ proved..." frequently result from the fact that Russian authors like to sidestep the problem of rendering non-Russian names in Cyrillic letters, and should be avoided by the simple device of introducing the author's names even though they were not used in the Russian text: "...Smith and Jones /5/ proved ...."

9.4. The following rules govern the preparation o f references:

9.4.1. Type all references, both those that appear in Cyrillic letters in the Russian journal and those that appear in Roman letters, so that they can be edited.

9.4.2. Do not follow the basic style of the Russian publication concerning the internal organization o f the individual references if it conflicts with the instructions in this section.

9.4.3. Whenever references are numbered, type author's names in the nat­ural sequence, with initials first.

9.4.4. References in some journals are not numbered but are listed in Russian alphabetical order of the first author's last name. They should not be numbered in the translation but rearranged in English alphabetical order, with the author's last name first, followed by the initials.

9.4.5. In references with two or more authors, always use "and" before the last author's name.

9.4.6. Transliterate the names of Russian periodicals as well as Russian publishing houses.

9.4.7. Please use the recommended abbreviations of periodical names listed in the manual "Bibliographic Guide for Editors and Authors," Chemical Abstracts Service, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (1974).

9.4.8. Translate all article and book titles, and distinguish between them in the following way:

Periodical article titles should have only the first word capitalized with the whole title between quotation marks; book titles should have every significant word capitalized and without quotation marks.

14

9.4.9. Periodical citations should follow this sequence:

i) authors' initials and surnames, commaii) article title within quotation marks (only first word capitalized),

commaiii) abbreviated periodical name, commaiv) volume number (underlined), commav) issue number preceded by the abbreviation "No.," comma

vi) page or inclusive page numbersvii) year o f publication in parentheses, period.

Example:

A. I. Ioffe, N. G. Kozhelupova, K. A. Naugol'nykh, and N. A. Roi, "Sound radiation from a long spark in water," Akust. Zh., 13̂ , 208- 212 (1967).

Citations are frequently incomplete in the Russian journals, and any item missing in the source may simply be skipped in the translation. The above list simply serves as a guide to the proper sequence and organiza­tion of the material when given.

9.4.10. Book citations follow this sequence:

i) authors' or editors' initials and surnames, comma ii) book title (all significant words capitalized)

iii) /Russian translation/ or /in Russian/ (if applicable), commaiv) volume, comma (use abbreviation "Vol." instead of under­

lining)v) publisher, comma

vi) cityvii) year of publication (in parentheses), comma

viii) page, chapter, or section numbers, period. (Use abbreviation p. for page, pp. for pages, Chap.(s.)for chapter(s), andSec.(s.) fo r section(s).)

Examples:

M. A. Leontovich (editor), Reviews of Plasma Physics, Vol. 6 , Con­sultants Bureau, New York (1975), p. 84.

S. M. Fainshtein, Surface Treatment for Semiconductor Devices [in Russian], Izd. Energiya, Moscow (1966), p. 215.

K. Siegbahn, Electronic Spectroscopy /Russian translation/, Mir, Moscow (1971).

9.5. Add the legend /in Russian/ immediately after the translation of the title of each Russian book. If the work cited is a translation into Russian of a book originally published in English, please give the exact title of the original work ( i f known to you), including the name o f the publisher, the location of the publisher, and the year of publication, if possible. I f you do not know it, translate the title and add the legend /Russian translation/.

15

If the work cited is a translation into Russian of a work that first appeared in a language other than English, translate the title and add the legend/Rus­sian translation/. Note that books published in Russia by "M ir" and "Inostr. L it." Presses are invariably Russian translations from other languages.

9.6. The Russian phrases "v Sb. (Sbornike)" and "v Kn. (Knige)" should be translated simply by the preposition "in" followed by a colon.

9.7. References other than periodicals or books — e.g., pamphlets, confer- ence proceedings, dissertations - should be translated as explicitly as pos­sible. Avoid abbreviations and remember that intelligibility here out­weighs style considerations. (Note: It is not necessary to add the legend /in Russian/ for a dissertation delivered in a Russian institute.)

9.8. Names.

9.8.1. The names o f contemporary Soviet authors should be transliterated according to the British-American Standard system (p. 18). The nationality of the man is decisive here, not the "nationality" of the name.

9.8.2. The names of Russian historical figures which have become fam iliar in a transliteration other than the British-American Standard sys­tem should be used in their fam iliar form .

9.8.3. Non-Russian names are rendered phonetically in Russian text. Of course, in the translation the names of persons from countries that employ the Roman alphabet should be spelled as their owners them­selves would spell them and should not appear as retransliterations of the Russian approximation. For example:

Д. Ж. Гюэ = D. J. Hughes, not D. Zh. GyuzЧ. П. Дюбуа = С. P. Dubois, not Ch. P . Dyubua

9.8.4. Chinese names should not be given as transliterations of their Rus­sian forms, but pointed out to us (CB) on a separate sheet of paperattached at the front of your translation.

9.8.5. The names of Russian contributors to German, French, or other Western journals w ill frequently be spelled differently in these pub­lications than the spelling that results from application of the British-American transliteration system. In such a reference, the author's name should be transliterated in the British-American system but followed in parentheses by the spelling used in the cited work. For example:

I. S. Shchegoleva, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 147, No. 3, 633 (1963).

I. S. Shchegoleva (Chtchegoleva), Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr., 1957, 432.

I. S. Shchegoleva (Schtschegoleva), Z. Anorg. Algem. Chem.,283 , 523 (19 5 6).

16

S U G G E S T E D R E F E R E N C E W O R K S

2 .3.

4.

5.6 .7.

9.

10.11.

12.

I. Emin, Russian-English Physics Dictionary, Wiley, New York (1963).L . I. Callaham, Russian-English Chemical and Polytechnical Diction­ary, 3rd ed., Wiley, New York (1975).W ebster's New Collegiate Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam Co., Springfield, Mass. (1975).H. Fowler, A Dictionary o f Modern English Usage, Oxford Univ. Press, New York (1965).A Manual of Style, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois (1969).T . Bernstein, The Careful W riter, Atheneum Publishers, New York (1965).A. Kramer, Abbreviations in Soviet Publications, Scientific Russian Translating Service, Trenton, New Jersey (1965).Directory of Selected Scientific Institutions in the U.S.S.R., Charles E. M errill Books, Inc., Columbus, Ohio (1963).M. G. Zimmerman, Russian-English Translators Dictionary, Plenum Press, New York (1967).Glossary o f Russian Abbreviations and Acronyms, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (1967).M. Alford and V. Alford, Russian-English Scientific and Technical Dictionary, Pergamon Press (1970).Dov B. Lederman, Russian-English Dictionary of Suppositional Names, Guild of Professional Translators, 5914 Pulaski Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19144 (1975).

S T A N D A R D C O P Y - E D I T I N G S Y M B O L S

Example

Sym bol

“ P

xA1

(s t e p

Vn j

Meaning

delete

close up

delete and close up

subscript

paragraph indent

upper case

lower ease

restore words crossed out (with dots under

them)

superscript

transpose (invert order of marked items)

space

before

ratioyK

7 3 strands

a^ter

however, much . . .

length of 25 (fujl

now-is -not- the time

Vhj^rogen

injthejmiiddle

after

ratio

73 strands

after

H20

However, much

length of 25 cm

now is the time

C14

hydrogen

in the middle

17

Transliteration System

Th e transliteration schem e g iven here is the British-Am erican Standard system, which has

been adopted by the Am erican Institute o f Physics and many institutions and publishers as w e ll as

Consultants Bureau. Unless sp ec ific written instructions are g iven to the contrary, this system,

and no other, is to be used in a ll Consultants Bureau publications.

RUSSI AN ENGLISH

STANDARD ITALICS TRANSLITERATION

A а а а

Б б б ЬВ в в V

Г г е gд д д d

E е е е

Ж ж ж zh

3 3 3 z

И и и iЙ й й 1

К к к k

л л п 1

м м м mн н н nО О О оп п п Pр р р rс с с sт т т tУ У У uф ф Ф fX X X kh

ц ц Ц tsч ч ч ch

ш ш ш eh

щ щ Щ shch

ъ ъ ъы ы ы Уь ь ь ’

э 9 э 6

ю ю ю у u

я я я Уа

*When the Russian consonant T is fo llow ed by the Russian consonant С please render the trans­

litera tion as " t -s " to distinguish it from the consonant ц .

zNote that the "hard" mute letter is represented by two apostrophes, and the "so ft” one by a

single apostrophe.

3Note that when the Russian letters ы and A occur in this sequence, the " y " has a bar over i t to distinguish this com bination from the le tter я .

4Note that when the Russian letters ы and у com e together, the " y " has a bar over it to dis­

tinguish this com bination from the letter ю .

5Please note that the Russian vow e l Э is transliterated Й. Please mark with an acute accent to

distinguish from the Russian vow e l "E ."

6Note that the letter И is transliterated by I with no d ia cr it ica l mark in a ll journals published

by CB even though such a mark is provided by the British-Am erican Standard System.

7N ote that the letter Ё is transliterated by E with no d ia cr it ica l mark.

18

List of Journals Translated by Consultants Bureau

Transliterated Nam e Code V ol. No. Original Translated Nam e(Underlined part is proper 1977 1978 Frequency

abbreviation )

Akusticheskii Zhurnal SP-AC 23 24 В Soviet Physics — Acoustics

A lgebra i Logika ALG 16 17 В Algebra and Log icAstronomicheskii Vestnik SSR 11 12 О Solar System ResearchAstronomicheskii Zhurnal s - 21 22 В Sov ie t Astronomy

ASTR

Astrofizika ASP 13 14 О AstrophysicsAtomnaya £nergiya JAE 42-43 44-45 м Soviet A tom ic EnergyAvtom atika i Telem ekhanika ARC - - м Autom ation and Remote

ControlBiokhimiya BIO 42 43 м BiochemistryB iologiya Morya BOS 3 4 в Soviet Journal o f Marine

B iologyBioorganisheskaya Kh im iya BOC 3 4 м Soviet Journal o f Bioorganic

ChemistryByulleten' Eksperimental'noi BBM 83-84 85-86 м Bulletin o f Experimental

B iologii i Meditsiny B iology and M edicineDefektoskopiya DEF - - в Soviet Journal o f Non­

destructive TestingD ifferen ts ia l'nye DEQ 13 14 м D ifferen tia l Equations

UravneniyaГ DBC Nos. 1-3 Nos. 4 -6 Biochemistry

DBI 232 238 Jan. Feb. B io log ica l

Sciences

DBO 233 239 Mar. Apr. Botanical

Sciences

DBP 234 240 M ay June BiophysicsDoklady Akadem ii Nauk SSSR i DCH 235 241 July Aug. Chemistry

DCT 236 242 Sept. Oct. Chem ical

Technology

DPC 237 243 Nov. Dec. , Physical

Chemistry

SP- Soviet. DOK Physics-

DokladyEkologiya ECO - В The Sov iet Journal o f

EcologyElektrokhim iya ELE 13 14 M Soviet E lectrochem istryF izika Goreniya i Vzryva CES 13 14 В Combustion, Explosion, and

Shock WavesF izika i Khim iva Stekla GPC 3 4 в The Sov iet Journal o f Glass

Physics and ChemistryF izika i Tekhnika SP- 11 12 м Soviet Physics —

Poluprovodnikov SEMI SemiconductorsF izika N izkykh Temperatur SJ-LTP 3 4 м Sov iet Journal o f Low

Tem perature PhysicsF izika P lazm y SJ-PP 3 4 в Soviet Journal o f Plasma

PhysicsF izika Tverdogo T e la SP-SS 19 20 м Sov iet Physics — Solid StateF iz io log iya Cheloveka HUP 3 4 в Human Physiology

19

Transliterated N am e

(Underlined part is proper

abbreviation )

Code V o l. No. O riginal

1977 1978 Frequency

Translated Nam e

F iz io lo g iya Rastenii PLP 24

F iziko-kh im icheskaya SMS 13Mekhanika M ateria lov

F iziko-techn ichesk ie MIN -

Problem y Razrabotki

Poleznykh Iskopaemykh

Funktsional'nyi A n a liz i FAA 11

Ego Prilozhen iya

Genetika SGE 13

Gidrotekhnicheskoe HYC -

Stro ite l's tvo

Inzhenerno-fiz ichesk ii JEP 32'

Zhurnal

Izm e r ite l ’ naya Tekhnika MTS -

Izvestiya Akadem ii Nauk SSSR, FDY -

Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza

Izves tiya A kadem ii Nauk SSSR, IOM 13

Neorganicheskie M ateria ly

Izvestiya Akadem ii NaukSSSR, BIB -

Seriya B iologicheskaya

Izves tiya Akadem ii NaukSSSR, BAS -

Seriya Khim iya

Izves tiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh SPJ -

Z aved en ii, F izika

Izves tiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh ROE 20

Z aved en ii, Radiofizika

Khim icheskie Volokna FIB 9

Khim icheskoe i Neftyanoe CPE -

Mashinostroenie

Kh im iko-farm atsevticheskii PCJ 11

ZhurnalKh im iya Geterotsiklicheskikh CHC -

SoedineniiKh im iya i Tekhnologiya CTF -

T o p liv i Masel

K h im iya Prirodnykh CNC -Soedinenii

Kh im iya Vysokikh ^nergii НЕС 11

Kibernetika CYB -

K inetika i K a ta liz KAC 18

K o llo idny i Zhurnal COL 39

Koordinatsionnaya Khim iya COC 3

Kosm icheskie Issledovaniya COS 15Krista llografiya SP- 22

CRY

L ito log iya i Po leznye LMR -Iskopaem ye

25 В Soviet Plant Physiology

14 В Soviet M aterials Science

- в Soviet M in ing Science

12 0 Functional Analysis and Its

Applications

14 м Sov iet Genetics

- . м Hydrotechnical Construction

34-35 м Journal o f Engineering Physics

м Measurement Techniques

- в Fluid Dynamics

14 м Inorganic Materials

- в Biology Bulletin

м Bulletin o f the Academ y o f

o f Sciences o f the USSR,

D ivision o f C hem ica l

Science

- м Sov iet Physics Journal

21 м Radiophysics and Quantum

Electronics

10 в Fibre Chem istry

м C hem ica l and Petroleum

Engineering12 м Pharm aceutical Chem istry

Journal

— м Chemistry o f H eterocyc lic

Compounds

— м Chem istry and Techn ology o f

Fuels and Oils

— в Chemistry o f Natural

Compounds12 в High Energy Chem istry

- в Cybernetics19 в Kinetics and Catalysis

40 в C o llo id Journal

4 м Soviet Journal o f Coordination

Chemistry

16 в Cosm ic Research

23 Soviet Physics -

в Crystallography

- в Lithology and M ineral

Resources

ЯП

Transliterated N am e

(Underlined part is proper

abbreviation )

Code V o l . N o . O rig ina l

1977 1978 FrequencyTranslated N am e

Litovskii M atem atichesk ii M A T 17 18 0 Lithuanian

Sbornik (Lietuvos M athem atica l

Matem atikos Rinkinys) Journal

Magnitnaya G idrodinam ika MAG - - Q Magnetohydrodynamics

M atem aticheskie Zam etk i M AN 21-22 23-24 M- M athem atical Notes

Meditsinskaya Tekhnika BME - - B Biom edica l EngineeringMekhanika Po lim erov POM - - в Polym er Mechanics

M eta lloveden ie i Term icheskaya MSHT - - M M eta l Science and Heat

Obrabotka M eta llo v Treatm ent

M etallu rg MET - - M M etallurgist

M ikrob io logiya MIC 46 47 в M icrob io logy

M ikro£lektronika MIE 6 7 в Sov iet M icroelectron icsMolekulyarnaya B iologiya MOL 11 12 в M olecu lar B iology

N e iro fiz io lo g iy a NEU 9 10 в NeurophysiologyOgneupory REF - - м Refractories

Ontogenez JDB 8 9 в The Sov ie t Journal o f

D evelopm enta l B iologyOsnovaniya, Fundamenty i SME - - в Soil M echanics and

Mekhanika Gruntov Foundation Engineering

Pis’ ma v Astronom icheskii SAL 3 4 м Sov iet Astronomy Letters

Zhurnal

Pis 'm a v Zhurnal STPL 3 4 S em i­ Soviet Tech n ica l Physics

Tekhnicheskoi F iz ik i m onthly Letters

Poroshkovaya M eta llu rg iya PM T м S ov iet Powder M eta llu rgy

and M eta l Ceram ics

Pribory i Tekhnika IET - - в Instruments and Experimentalliksperimenta Techniques

Prikladnaya B iokhim iya ABM 13 14 в Applied Biochemistry and

i M ikrob io logiya M icrob io logyPrikladnaya Mekhanika SAM 13 14 м Sov iet Applied Mechanics

Problem y Peredachi P IT 13 14 Q Problems o f Information

Informatsii Transmission

Prob lem v Prochnosd SOM - - м Strength o f M aterials

Program m irovanie PTP -- в Programming and Computer

SoftwareRadiokhim iya RAD 19 20 в Soviet Radiochemistry

Sibirskii M atem atichesk ii SMJ 18 19 в Siberian M athem atical

Zhurnal JournalStek lo i Keram ika GAC - - м Glass and Ceram icsTeoreticheskaya i TEC 13 14 в Th eoretica l and Experimental

liksperim ental'naya Kh im iya Chem istryTeoreticheskaya i TM P 30-33 34-37 м Th eoretica l and M athem atical

M atem aticheskaya F izika Physics

Teoretichesk ie Osnovy TFCE 11 12 в Th eoretica l Foundations o fKhim icheskoi Tekhn olog ii C hem ica l Engineering

T e p lo fiz ik a Vysokikh Tem peratur HTP 15 16 в High Tem perature

Ukrainskii M atem atichesk ii UMJ 29 30 в Ukrainian M athem atical

Zhurnal Journal

Vodnye Resursy W A T - - в W ater Resources

Zashchita M e ta llo v PRO 13 14 в Protection o f M etalsZavodskaya Laboratoriya ILA 43 44 м Industrial Laboratory

21

Transliterated Nam e

(U nderlined part is proper

abbreviation )

Zhurnal A naliticheskoi Khim ii

Zhurnal Evolyutsionnoi

B iokhim ii i F iz io log ii

Zhurnal Obshche i Khim ii

Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khim ii

Zhurnal Prik ladnoi Khim ii

Zhurnal Prik ladnoi Mekhaniki i

Tekhnicheskoi F iz ik i

Zhurnal Prik ladnoi

Spektroskop ii

Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khim ii

Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi F izik i

C ode V o l. N o . O rig ina l

1977 1978 Frequency

JAN 32 33 M

EBP 13 14 В

JGC 47 48 M

JOC 13 14 MJAC 50 51 MJAM - - В

JAS 26-27 28-29 M

JSC 18 19 вSP-TP 47 48 M

Translated N am e

Journal o f A naly tica l

Chem istry

Journal o f Evolutionary

Biochemistry and Physiology

Journal o f General Chemistry

Journal o f Organic Chem istry Journal o f Applied Chem istry

Journal o f Applied Mechanics

and Techn ica l Physics

Journal o f Applied

Spectroscopy

Journal o f Structural Chemistry

Soviet Physics — Techn ica l

Physics

List of Preferred Abbreviationsabsolute abs.

acre spell out

adrenocorticotropin ACTH

aerodynam ic center a.c.

a lternating current ac

altitude alt

amagat spell out

Am erican Standards Association ASA

amount amt.

ampere A

am pere-hour A -h

and others (e t a li i ) e t a l.

and so forth (e t ce tera ) etc.

angstrom кAnno Dom ini A.D.

ante m erid iem a.m .

antilogarithm antilog

aperture ratio 16 f/16

approxim ate approx.

aqueous aq.

are (100 m2) spell out

atmosphere atm

atom ic mass unit amu

atom ic number at. no.

a tom ic w eight at. wt.

atto (p re fix , 10-18) a

audiofrequency (a d j.) af

average av.

balance bal.

bar spell out

barn b

basal m etab o lic rate BMR

В аи тё Вё

b illio n electron volts BeV, G eV

b ioch em ica l oxygen demand BODbiot Bi

body-centered cubic becbohr spell outbo iling point bp

British therm al units Btucalcu lated ca lc .ca lo r ie ca l

candela cd

candlepower cpcandela per square m eter cd/m 2

Cartesian m apping function CMFCelsius (cen tigrade ) Сcent spell outcenter o f gravity e.g .cen ter o f mass c.m .center o f pressure c.p.center to center c. to c .

centi (p re fix , 10"2)

centigrade, see Celsiusс

centigram cgcen tilite r c l

centim eter cmcentim eter-gram -second (system ) cgs

centi poise cPcentistoke cSt

central nervous system CNS

chapter Chap.

ch em ica lly pure cp

circu lar cir.

co e ffic ien t co e if.co logarithm co log

compare (con fer) c f.com p lem en t o f error function erfc

22

com p lex conjugatecompression ratio

concentrated

concentration

conductivity

constant

contact potential d ifference

continuous wave

corrected (o f m elting points)

cosecant

cosine

cotangent

coulom b

counts per minute

counts per second

cr it ica l

cubic

cubic cen tim eter

cubic foot

cubic fe e t per second

cubic inch

cubic k ilom eter

cubic m eter

cubic m icrom eter

cubic m illim e te r

cubic yard

curie (3.7 X 10 dis/sec)

cyc le

cyc les per second

dalton

day

debye

deci (p re fix , 10"1)

decib el

decim eter

degree (separated from numbers)

degree (w ith numbers and in

”F, °R, "C, and so forth)

degrees В аитё

degrees Celsius (cen tigrade)

degrees Fahrenheit

degrees Kelvin (absolute)

degrees Rankine

deca (p re fix , 10)

deoxyribonuclease (en zym e)

deoxyribonucleic acid

dextrorotatory

diam eter

diphosphopyridine nucleotide

direct current

disintegrations per second

disintegrations per m inute

c .c .

c.r.

conc.

concn.

cond.

const

cpd

cw

cor.

csc

cos

cot

С

counts /min

counts/sec

crit.

cu.

cm 3ft3

ft3/sec

in3

km3

m3(Ш13mm3

yd3

C i

spell out

cps

spell out

spell out

D

d

dB

dm

deg

*Вё

*C“F

•K*R

da

DNase

DNA

D ,d - ,(+ )- ,

dextro-

diam .

DPN

dc

dis/sec

dis/min

dissociation constant, negative

log o f

dollar

dozen

dram

dry weight

dyne

east

ed ito r, ed ition

e f fe c t iv e dose, median e f fic ien c y

e le c tr ic , e le c tr ica l

electrocard iogram

electroencephalogram

electrom agnetic units

e le c trom otive force

electrom yogram

electron param agnetic resonance

electron spin resonance

electron vo lt

electrostatic units

entropy unit

equation (s)

erg

error function

et a li i (and others)

e t cetera (and the rest)

ethy lened iam inetetraacetic acid

exem p li gratia (fo r exam p le )experim ent

experim ental

exponential

external

face-cen tered cubic

farad

fe e t per m inutefeet per second

fe e t per second per second

fem to (p re fix , 10"15)

ferm i (10 -13 cm )Figure(s)

f i l ia l generations (genetics)

fla v in adenine d inucleotide

and its reduced form

flav in m ononucleotide

and its reduced form

foot

foot-can d le

foot-lam bert

foot-pound

pK

spell out or

К with

numerals

doz

dr

dry wt.

dyn

E

ed.

EDS0eff.

e le c .

ECG

EEG

emu

em f

EMG

EPR

ESR

eV

esu

eu

Eq. (Eqs.)

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factor

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cen ti с i o - 2

m illi m i o - 3

m icro M IO’ 6

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fem to f IO-15

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hecto h 102

k ilo к 10s

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tera T 1012

26

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNALS

Over the years, the format o f the journals we translate and publish for the American Institute of Physics (A IP) has come to differ in certain respects from the Consultants Bureau format. This affects mainly the introductory material and the citation of references in the text. To facili­tate editing and composition, please distinguish between A IP and Consultants Bureau translation assignments and rendering each in the ap­propriate format.

The following journals are produced by Consultants Bureau for the American Institute of Physics (the underlined part is the proper abbre­viation):

Akusticheskii Zhurnal (SP-AC)Astronomicheskii Zhurnal (S-ASTR)Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (SP-DOK)F iz ika Nizkikh Temperatur (SJ-LTP)F iz ika Plazmy (SJ-PP)F iz ika i Tekhnika Poluprovodnikov (SP-SEMI)F iz ika Tverdogo Tela (SP-SS)Kristallografiya (SP-CRY)Pis'm a v Astronomicheskii Zhurnal (SAL)Pis'm a v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi F iz iki (STPL)Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi F iz iki (SP-TP)

INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL

1. Only the initial letter o f the firs t word of the article title and any proper nouns in the title should be capitalized (see the example on p. 29).

2. The line giving the citation of the original journal should take the following form:

Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 9, 1962-1965 (October 1975)

Note that the words "Translated from " are omitted, and there is no comma before the underlined volume number nor between the month and year.

3. The submission date should read:

(Submitted April 17, 1974; resubmitted October 9, 1974)

Do not write "Original article submitted... ."4. Do not use the five-dot convention in the abstract. Do not use refer­

ence numbers in the abstract - give the reference instead, as shown in the example on p. 29).

REFERENCES

1. For reference citations in the text, please use superscript numbers instead of square brackets ([ ]) o r slashes (/ / ), e.g.,

27

Belov5 has shown that...

An earlier paper2 described the...

If the use o f superscripts is not convenient or is inappropriate, as in constructions like "Th is equation was derived in [2]," you may use the abbreviation "re f.” followed by the number, e.g., in this case: "This equation was derived in ref. 2 ."

2. It is not necessary to type the words LITERATURE CITED rightabove the list of references at the end of the article. In this- section, the numbers of the references are also to be typed as superscripts,e . g . ,

1A. B. Lugovoi and V. G. Sologob, Zh. Tekh. F iz. 43, 678 (1973).

2K. P. Belov, Rare-Earth Ferromagnetic Materials [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow (1965).

FOOTNOTES

1. Use superscript numbers followed by a closing parenthesis, e.g.,

The dielectric constant1̂ is calculated....

EXAMPLE OF MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION

OF THE INTRODUCTORY PAGE FROM AN A IP ARTICLE

SP-SEMT-10, pp. 1962-1965 AX

Forming and sw itch in g e f f e c t s in CdTe c r y s t a ls

N. V. A gr in sk a ya , М. V. A lek seen k o , and 0 . A. M atveev

A. F. I o f f e P h y s ie o te c h n ic a l I n s t i t u t e , Academy o f S c ien ces o f the USSR,

Len ingrad

(Subm itted March 24, 1975)

F iz . Tekh. Po luprovodn. 9, 1962-1965 (O c tob er 1975)

A study was made o f the sw itch in g e f f e c t in h e a v i ly doped and

compensated p - ty p e CdTe:C l c r y s t a ls . In c o n tra s t to n -typ e

c r y s t a ls , the sw itch in g e f f e c t was observed o n ly a f t e r a form ing

treatm en t /W. Bernard, W. R in dn er, and H. R oth , J . A p p l. Phys.

35. 1860 (1 9 6 5 )/ . F ilam en ts w ith n -typ e condu ction were observed

in the b u lk o f p - ty p e c r y s t a ls a f t e r the form ing trea tm en t. The

fo rm a tio n o f th ese f ila m en ts was a t t r ib u te d to th e d i f fu s io n o f

cadmium va ca n c ies ou t o f c e r ta in l im ite d re g io n s .

The r e s u lt s o f an in v e s t ig a t io n o f sw itch in g in s in g le - c r y s t a l and l iq u id

samples o f CdTe were rep o r te d in r e f s . 1-3 . There was ev id en ce th a t sw itch ­

in g in th is m a te r ia l cou ld be a s s o c ia te d w ith the d e lo c a l iz a t io n o f donor

c e n te r s .