sub program 3.4 rice · project no. project title researcher phone organisation page ... two rice...

RIRDC Completed Projects in 1999 - 2000 and Research in Progress as at June 2000

Sub Program 3.4

RICE

August 2000 RIRDC Publication No 00/90

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© 2000 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 0 642 58121 5 ISSN 1440-6845 "RIRDC Completed Projects in 1999-2000 and Research in Progress as at June 2000 - Rice" Publication No 00/90 The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those of the author and not necessarily those of persons consulted. RIRDC shall not be responsible in any way whatsoever to any person who relies in whole or in part on the contents of this report. This publication is copyright. However, RIRDC encourages wide dissemination of its research, providing the Corporation is clearly acknowledged. For any other enquiries concerning reproduction, contact the Publications Manager on phone 02 6272 3186. RIRDC Rice R&D Program Manager Dr Jeff Davis RIRDC Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6272 4152 Fax: 02 6272 5877 Email: [email protected] RIRDC Publications Manager Cecile Ferguson Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6272 3186 Fax: 02 6272 5877 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.rirdc.gov.au

Published in August 2000 Printed on environmentally friendly paper by Canprint

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Foreword

This year RIRDC has produced Research in Progress, June 2000, which contains short summaries of continuing projects as well as those that were completed during 1999-2000 for all of the Corporation’s 20 program areas. The complete report on all the programs is only available in electronic format on our website at http://www.rirdc.gov.au The following report is a hardcopy extract, covering Sub-program 3.4. It contains all entries from continuing and completed Rice research projects funded by RIRDC. This program aims to improve the profitability and sustainability of the Australian rice industry. This report is the newest addition to our extensive catalogue of almost 400 research reports, videos and CD-Roms of projects supported by RIRDC. Please contact us for the latest publications catalogue or view it on our website: • downloads at www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/Index.htm • purchases at www.rirdc.gov.au/eshop

Peter Core Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation

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CONTENTS

3.4 Rice - Completed Projects Project

No. Project Title Researcher Phone Organisation Page

No. Varietal Improvement and Pure Seeds Maintenance 1

CMB-1A Molecular methods for hybrid rice production Dr Richard Jefferson (02) 6246 4502 Center for the Application of Molecular Biology to International Agriculture (CAMBIA)

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DAN-147A Evaluation of rice grain quality – II Dr Melissa Fitzgerald (02) 6951 2656 NSW Agriculture 3 USC-1A Genetic engineering of Australian rice varieties for

improved cold tolerance and grain quality Prof Robert Henry (02) 6620 3010 Southern Cross University 5

USC-2A Application of molecular markers to rice breeding in Australia

Prof Robert Henry (02) 6620 3010 Southern Cross University 6

Crop Establishment 7

CST-2A Seed treatment and foliar application of glycinebetaine to increase crop establishment and cold tolerance in rice

Dr Naidu Bodapati (07) 3214 2285 CSIRO Tropical Agriculture 7

DAN-146A Sustainable control of aquatic earthworms and bloodworms in rice

Dr Mark Stevens (02) 6951 2611 NSW Agriculture 8

Agronomy/Crop Physiology 10

ANU-29A Investigation of the molecular mechanisms causing cold induced sterility in rice

Prof Barry Rolfe (02) 6249 4054 Australian National University 10

ANU-34A Towards the development of more effective nitrogen-fixing associations between rice cultivars and endophytic bacteria

Prof Barry Rolfe (02) 6249 4054 Australian National University 12

DAN-119A The yield stability of short season rices Mr Russel Reinke (02) 6951 2516 NSW Agriculture 13 Crop Protection 14

DAN-121A Further development of a mycoherbicide for control of Alismataceae weeds in rice

Dr Eric Cother (02) 6391 3886 NSW Agriculture 14

UCS-23A Herbicide resistance development in dirty dora (Cyperus difformis) and starfruit (Damasonium minus)

Mr Peter Baines (02) 6933 2177 Charles Sturt University 15

UCS-7A Biological control of starfruit in rice fields using a mycoherbicide

Dr Eric Cother (02) 6391 3886 NSW Agriculture 16

Technology Transfer and Communications 18

RGA-1A 2nd International Temperate Rice Conference and US study tour

Mr Mike Hedditch (02) 6953 0619 Ricegrowers' Co-operative Ltd 18

Harvesting, Storage, Handling and Transport 19

KDI-18A An evaluation of rice harvesting machinery and systems

Mr Scott Boyle (02) 6921 5825 Kondinin Group 19

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3.4 Rice - Research in Progress Project

No. Project Title Researcher Phone Organisation Page

No.

Varietal Improvement and Pure Seeds Maintenance 21 DAN-167A Rice improvement Mr Russell Reinke (02) 6951 2516 NSW Agriculture 21 DAN-183A Rice grain quality 3 Dr Melissa Fitzgerald (02) 6951 2656 NSW Agriculture 22 UNS-12A

Flavour and texture qualities of new Australian fragrant rice cultivars

A/Prof Michael Wootton (02) 9385 4369 University of New South Wales 23

USC-4A

Development and application of marker assisted selection in the rice improvement program

Prof Robert Henry (02) 6620 3010 Southern Cross University 24

Crop Establishment 25

UQ-91A Agronomic and molecular aspects of osmoprotectant application and cold tolerance in rice

Dr Naidu Bodapati The University of Queensland 25

Agronomy/Crop Physiology 26

DAN-160A Rice physiology: Maximising rice yields beyond 2000

Mr Robert Williams (02) 6951 2679 NSW Agriculture 26

Crop Nutrition 27

DAN-175A Relating minerals in rice shoots and grain to soil tests, yield and grain quality

Dr Graeme Batten (02) 6951 2736 NSW Agriculture 27

DAN-185A NIR for improved fertilizer predictions II Dr Graeme Batten (02) 6951 2736 NSW Agriculture 28

Crop Protection 29 AGR-6A Rotational weed control practices for rice Mr Malcolm Taylor (03) 5872 2892 Agropraisals Pty Ltd 29 DAN-184A Improving bloodworm, snail and earthworm

control in rice Dr Mark Stevens 02 6951 2611 NSW Agriculture 31

UCS-16A Biology of arrowhead (Sagittaria montevidensis) Prof James Pratley (02) 6933 2864 Charles Sturt University 32 UCS-20A Development of integrated weed management

strategies for the rice weed Cyperus difformis and Alisma plantago-aquatica

Prof James Pratley (02) 6933 2864 Charles Sturt University 33

UCS-26A Integrated management of Alismataceae weeds to reduce herbicide resistance

Mr Farzad Jahromi (02) 6933 2285 Charles Sturt University 34

UCS-25A Determining the extent of herbicide resistance in the rice growing regions of southern Australia

Prof James Pratley (02) 6933 2864 Charles Sturt University 35

Sustainable Farming Systems 36

DAN-161A Identification and management of soil acidification in irrigated farming systems of southern NSW

Mr. Geoff Beecher 02 6951 2725 NSW Agriculture, 36

Technology Transfer and Communications 37

DAN-162A Better extension programs for improved rice yields

Mr Warwick Clampett 02 6960 1317 NSW Agriculture

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IRE-3A Technology transfer for a more productive and sustainable rice farming system

Mr Nick Hutchins (02) 6960 1550 CSIRO Irrigation Research & Extension Committee

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IRE-5A Quality rice production in South Eastern Australia Ms Lucy Kealey (02) 6964 5232 CSIRO Irrigation Research & Extension Committee

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3.4 Rice Program Completed Projects

Varietal Improvement and Pure Seeds Maintenance

Project Title

Molecular methods for hybrid rice production

RIRDC Project No:

CMB-1A

Researcher: Dr Richard Jefferson Organisation: CAMBIA

GPO Box 3200 CANBERRA ACT 2601

Phone: (02) 6246 4502 Fax: (02) 6246 4501 Objectives

• To develop a viable two-line hybrid rice system by provision of a method for

facultative, environment-independent nuclear male sterility in transgenic rice.

• To provide a molecular toolkit of inducible rice genes specific to female heterotic effects and achieve new yield ceilings.

Background Self-pollination in rice, posses a barrier to yield ceiling improvements using

hybrid seed technology. While manual methods for hybrid rice production are economically impractical in Australian and also result in non-homogenous progenies, available transgenic technologies are laborious in that a three-line system is required to maintain the male sterile (MS) parents. The rationale of the project is to create facultative MS lines based on transgene activation of pro-gametocides. A long-term goal of this project is to fix the heterotic effects obtained from hybridisation by introducing apomixis into rice. Here we provide some of the tools required to achieve this goal.

Research Most milestones were met, while some activities are still ongoing and will be carried on to fruition. Within the frame of this project, highly reproducible and efficient rice genetic transformation techniques were adopted and further developed for local rice varieties. Versatile vectors for rice transformation, now widely used by the research community, were developed and tested extensively. Hundreds of transgenic rice plants were and are routinely produced to test genetic constructs belonging to this and to other, related projects at CAMBIA. Stable inheritance traits was successfully tested over generations together with phenotypic assessment. Two rice genes with sequence homology to yeast early meiosis regulatory genes were isolated and partially characterised. The promoter regions of one of the genes were used to drive the expression of a marker gene, showing that gene expression was specific to nodal meristems and pollen cells. This and other pollen-specific promoters are now being used to direct the expression of a hydrolase capable of cleaving pro-gametocides in pollen cells. An embryo sac-specific gene regulatory region was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana. The corresponding enhancer region was narrowed down and reintroduced into the original species in both orientation, one of them giving a stronger expression level of the marker gene than the other. Transgenic rice plants containing these constructs have been produced and are being evaluated. In a different approach, rice lines containing enhancer traps that display ovule-specific expression and other interesting expression patterns have been produced. Some of these regulatory regions will provide useful tools to the project.

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A secretable hydrolase (beta-glucuronidase) – a critical tool required to make the two-line hybrid system work – is now in place and working in rice. Gene switches to control the activity of the hydrolase at will need some refinement. Some preliminary experiments were done to test the suitability of toxic compounds (eg, asulam) as candidates to be converted into pro-toxins (pro-gametocides); these were complemented with experiments on uptake and transport of glucuronides in plants. Two avenues of synthesis of pro-gametocides are being followed through collaborations with a partner in India as well as with a reputed organic chemist in Poland.

Outcomes Most of the required tools that will allow us to generate a two-line hybrid system for rice are now in place: routine rice transformation; pollen, anther and tapetum-specific promoters; proof of principle for the use of a beta-glucuronidase expressed in a tissue-specific manner and the concomitant activation of a pro-compound have been demonstrated elsewhere; a secretable beta- glucuronidase that works in rice. Transgenic tools for expression in the ovule and in the megagametophyte are well advanced.

Implications Although RIRDC funding of this project is completed, work is ongoing and well underway. We expect to be able to produce facultative MS plants using the outlined approach in the course of the next year. Experiments should go as far as greenhouse studies. Field trials should be conducted with the assistance of and in conjunction with the rice industry.

Publications Jefferson RA, Nugroho S (1997) Molecular strategies for hybrid rice: male sterility and apomixis. Proceedings of the 3rd Hybrid Rice Symposium. India. Nguyen TA, Rajagopal S, Badger M, Kilian A, Keese PK, Jefferson RA (1999) A synthetic reporter gene encoding a novel Bacillus ß-glucuronidase: design, construction and expression. Proceedings of the Rockefeller Foundation Meeting in Phuket, Thailand. Nguyen TA, Wenzl P, Rajagopal S, Badger M, Kilian A, Mayer JE, Jefferson RA (1999) Biochemical characterisation and preliminary secretion analysis of a novel Bacillus ß-glucuronidase. Proceedings of the Rockefeller Foundation Meeting in Phuket, Thailand. Nugroho S, Keese PK, Desamero NV, Kilian A, Jefferson RA (1997) Molecular strategies for apomictic rice I: Isolation and analysis of genes controlling the meiotic process. Proceedings of the Rockefeller Foundation Meeting in Malacca, Malaysia. Nugroho S, Keese P, Kilian A, Desamero NV, Cohn PCL, Jefferson RA (1999) Molecular and cellular analysis of a rice gene related to a yeast meiotic regulatory gene; RIM11. Proceedings of the Rockefeller Foundation Meeting in Phuket, Thailand. Ravi KS, Jefferson RA (1997) Development of a glucuronide responsive promoter for field level control of transgene expression. Proceedings of the Rockefeller Foundation Meeting in Malacca, Malaysia. Roberts C, Rajagopal S, Smith LM, Nguyen TA, Yang W, Nugrohu S, Ravi KS, Vijayachandra K, Harcourt RL, Dransfield L, Desamero N, Slamet I, Hadjukiewicz P, Svab Z, Maliga P, Mayer JE, Keese PK, Kilian A and Jefferson RA (2000). pCAMBIA binary vectors: A comprehensive set of modular vectors for advanced manipulations and efficient transformation of plants. Genbank acc nrs AF234290-AF234316 Yang W, Kilian A, Keese PK, Grossniklaus U, Jefferson RA (1997) Molecular strategies for apomictic rice II: Isolation and analysis of megagametophyte-specific regulatory elements and genes. Proceedings of the Rockefeller Foundation Meeting in Malacca, Malaysia. Yang W, Rajagopal S, Kilian A, Badger M, Grossniklaus U, Jefferson RA (1999) Characterisation of a megagametophyte-specific enhancer from Arabidopsis thaliana and its possible applications in rice. Proceedings of the Rockefeller Foundation Meeting in Phuket, Thailand.

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Project Title

Evaluation of Rice Grain Quality 2

RIRDC Project No:

DAN-147A

Researcher: Melissa Fitzgerald, Laurie Lewin, Russell Reinke Organisation: Yanco Agricultural Institute

NSW Agriculture PMB Yanco NSW 2703

Phone: 02 69 512 656 Fax: 02 69 512 719 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.agric.nsw.gov.au Objectives

• Continued evaluation of crossbreds in the rice-breeding program; • Describing and measuring the factors that influence rice grain quality for specific

needs; and • Development of quality criteria and assessment technology such as NIR and NIT, for

incorporation into routine quality evaluation programs.

Background Australia has an international reputation as a supplier of high-quality, uniform rice. Maintenance of quality within specification continues to be a major aim of the breeding program here at Yanco. Ricegrowers Cooperative LTD, who market the rice grown in NSW, actively pursue niche markets as an export strategy. This marketing strategy increases the number of markets we aim to supply, and therefore broadens the range of quality-attributes the breeding and quality evaluation programs must appraise. Methods to evaluate quality require continual examination and redevelopment as the level of discrimination of quality changes within the market. Evaluation of crossbred lines must now incorporate methods for selecting varieties suitable for the Japanese market, Arborio type rices, Thai and Basmati fragrant lines. The search for new varietal types has led us to seek more efficient methods of analysis that are rapid, non-destructive, objective, and require smaller samples so analysis of characteristics can occur in earlier generations. The use of NIR and NIT technology for assessment of amylose and milling quality is under evaluation.

Research • Identifying quality parameters required by different markets and developing method to measure those,

• NIR and NIT for measuring amylose, • SDS PAG Electrophoresis for determining proteins, • Analysis of enzyme activity for starch synthesising enzymes, • Radiation techniques for measuring deposition of starch in chalky and translucent

rice, • HPLC for starch structure • Rapid Visco Analysis for measuring cooking quality.

Outcomes • A different way to measure the texture of basmati rices was identified, • On-Line Milling, a computer program to collect all data from the Quality Evaluation

Program was developed and is now in place; it removes the need for recording data manually, and substantially increases the speed and accuracy of the Program,

• NIR and NIT are not possible methods for measuring amylose, • Different varieties of rice contain slightly different protein contents, • Proteins in rice have a large influence on rice cooking quality, • In different varieties, proteins influence cooking quality differently, • Starch structure differs between chalky and translucent grains, • Starch synthesis and deposition is less in chalky than translucent grains • Chalky areas are characterised by deformed starch granules and incomplete packing

of single granules into compound structures. • The RVA is our most valuable method for evaluating cooking quality, and progress

has been made to understand the results it generates.

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Implications The Quality Evaluation Program is faster, and new procedures are being incorporated to evaluate quality of rices for different markets. Furthermore, we are making progress in understanding rice quality from the perspective of starch and proteins, and we are making progress in understanding chalk. Understanding chalk and identifying the basis of tolerance will allow us to select actively and more accurately for varieties tolerant to forming chalk.

Publications

Lisle, A.J., Martin, M., and Fitzgerald M. A. (in press Cereal Chemistry) Chalky rice grains differ from translucent rice grains in starch content and structure and cooking properties. Fitzgerald, M.A. (1999). How does starch structure affect quality of rice? Invited seminar presented to the Southern Regional Research Centre of USDA, Louisiana, USA. Fitzgerald, M.A. (1999). Varietal/environmental influence on the starch structure of rice. Invited paper presented at Rice Utilisation Workshop, Arkansas. USA. Fitzgerald M. A., (1998). Rice Cereal Chemistry, Unlocking the keys to rice quality. Chemistry in Australia 65: 32-34. Fitzgerald, MA, Martin M, Lisle, AJ. 1999. G, E, and GxE change the cooking properties of rice, HOW? Paper presented at 2nd Temperate Rice Conference, California, June 1999. Lisle, AJ, Martin, M, Fitzgerald, MA. 1999. Is chalkiness linked to starch synthesis? Paper presented at 2nd Temperate Rice Conference, California, June 1999. Fitzgerald, MA, Martin, M. 1999. The chemistry of rice, it flows when stirred. Paper presented at 49th Cereal Chemistry Conference, Melbourne September 1999. Lisle, AJ, Martin M, Fitzgerald MA. 1999. Linking chalkiness to starch synthesis in rice. Paper presented at 49th Cereal Chemistry Conference, Melbourne September 1999. Fitzgerald, M.A. (1999). Varietal/environmental influence on the starch structure of rice. Invited paper presented at Rice Utilisation Workshop, Arkansas. USA. Fitzgerald MA, Martin M, White JM, 1998. High temperatures during grain-filling change the chemical attributes of Australian rice. Presented at 48th Australian Cereal Chemistry Conference. Queensland, AUSTRALIA. Martin M, Fitzgerald MA, 1998. Growing rice hydroponically to manipulate the quality attributes of grains. Presented at 48th Australian Cereal Chemistry Conference. Queensland, AUSTRALIA. Lisle AJ, White JM, Fitzgerald MA, 1998. The effect of temperature on starch synthesis in Australian rice grains. Presented at 48th Australian Cereal Chemistry Conference. Queensland, AUSTRALIA. Fitzgerald MA, Martin M, White JW, Lewin LG. 1998. Effect of high temperatures during grain development on the quality of Australian rice. Presented at 27th Rice Technical Working Group, Nevada USA, and at 6 Institutes in the USA. Lewin, LG, Batten GD, Blakeney AB, Reinke RF, Williams RL, Fitzgerald MA. 1998. Genetic improvement of rice in Australia – aa key factor in sustainable rice production. International Symposium on Rice Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement, Stuttgart, AR .

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Project Title

Genetic engineering of Australian rice varieties for improved cold tolerance and grain quality

RIRDC Project No:

USC 1A

Researcher: Professor Robert Henry Organisation: Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics

Southern Cross University PO Box 157 LISMORE NSW 2480

Phone: 02 66203010 Fax: 02 66222080 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.scu.edu.au/research/cpcg/index.htm Objective

To identify plants with improved cold tolerance and novel grain qualities by generating and screening large populations of rice plants containing genes from wild rice (Zizania)

Background The forerunner to this project (DAQ 157A) developed a range of genetic engineering techniques for use in the NSW cultivar Jarrah. These were further developed in this project both for generating large numbers of lines and for extending the techniques for use with other NSW cultivars. These techniques are now available for other characters. Contact between researchers in this project and those involved in the NSW rice improvement program enabled them to remain current with new technology in this emerging field.

Research The initial focus of the project was to develop an efficient transformation system using the Australian rice variety Jarrah. This was achieved by using selectable marker genes. The result was development of protocols for very efficient transformation of rice based on particle bombardment of mature embryo derived callus and a highly efficient regeneration system, which is currently being used in Australia and overseas. The technique was extended to other Australian varieties in this project.

Outcomes A valuable patent position is being established in relation to the key enabling technology of rice transformation. This position should be maintained.

Implications Significant rice germplasm has been developed and should be further evaluated. The rice industry should attempt to negotiate freedom to operate in the production of commercial transgene rices using the patent position now held as a bargaining chip. Analysis of opportunities to exploit transgene rice in the Australian rice industry should be undertaken.

Publications

M Abedinia, RJ Henry, AB Blakeney and L Lewin 1997 An Efficient Transformation System for the Australian Rice cultivar, Jarrah. Aust. J. Plant Physiol, 24, 133-141 M Abedinia, RJ Henry and S Cripps Clarke 1998 Distribution and phylogeny of Potamophila parviflora R.Br. a wild relative of rice from eastern Australia. Genetic resources and crop Evolution 45: 399-406 M Abedinia, R Henry, A Blakeney and L Lewin 2000 Accessing Genes in the Tertiary Gene Pool of Rice by Direct Introduction of Total DNA from Zizania palustris (Wild Rice) Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 18: (in press) Provision Patent application Plant Genome Transfer

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Project Title

Application of molecular markers to rice breeding in Australia

RIRDC Project No:

USC-2A

Researcher: Prof Robert Henry Organisation: Southern Cross University

Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics PO Box 157 LISMORE NSW 2480

Phone: (02) 6620 3010 Fax: (02) 6622 2080 Email: [email protected] Objective

The major objectives of the project were to identify, adapt and evaluate molecular markers for routine use in the Australian rice-breeding program. The major component of the work involved the development of markers for the semi-dwarfing gene sd-1 and the major fragrance gene fgr.

Background The semi-dwarfing gene (sd-1) is responsible for producing sturdy and moderately short plants with higher harvest index compared to similar tall plants. sd-1 is the source of semi-dwarfism in the Australian rice varieties. The genetics of fragrance in rice is more complicated and involves the production of basmati or jasmine style aroma. Several chemicals are involved with aroma, however a single constituent (2-acetyl-1-pyrroline) is believed to be a major component and is controlled by a single gene. The application of marker assisted selection for these genes, has potential to greatly improve the efficiency of the Australian rice-breeding program. Markers have the capacity to assist in the selection of traits that are expensive or laborious to assess. Molecular markers can be evaluated from a single seedling leaf or seed samples allowing selection to occur before the trait is expressed. The semi-dwarf character, for example, could be detected before maturity or even if only one copy of the gene is present, thus eliminating the need for progeny testing in a backcrossing program. Grain quality characters such as aroma are very difficult to assess accurately. Markers used in preliminary screening would reduce labour costs and assist in selection.

Research We screened for differences in portions of DNA linked to sd-1 and fgr to develop markers that can be easily produced and identified. In addition, markers already published and near fgr were assessed to provide alternative markers for fragrance.

Outcomes Four useful markers have been produced for sd-1. Three useful markers have also been produced or identified for fgr. The markers for fgr and sd-1 will be useful in the Australian rice-breeding program and in rice breeding programs in general.

Implications This project has demonstrated that molecular markers are suitable for variety identification and marker assisted selection within the Australian Industry. The challenge is to maximise the potential benefits of markers within the breeding program. It may be necessary to restructure the breeding program to obtain maximum benefits.

Publications Garland SH, Lewin L, Abedinia M, Henry R, Blakeney A (1999) The use of microsatellite polymorphisms for the identification of Australian breeding lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Euphytica 108: 53-63. Garland S, Lewin L, Blakeney A, Reinke R, Henry R, (in press) PCR based molecular markers for the fragrance gene in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Theor Appl Genet.

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Crop Establishment

Project Title

Seed treatment and foliar application of glycinebetaine to increase crop establishment and cold tolerance in rice

RIRDC Project No:

CST-2A

Researcher: Dr Bodapati P. Naidu Organisation: CSIRO Tropical Agriculture

Cunningham Laboratory 306 Carmody Road ST LUCIA QLD 4067

Phone: (07) 3214 2285 Fax: (07) 3214 2288 Email: [email protected] Objectives

• To test if seed treatment with glycinebetaine or other osmoprotectants would

increase rice seed germination and vigour at low temperature to enhance seedling establishment under controlled conditions.

• To examine if foliar application of these solutes would increase yield of cold stress affected rice plants under laboratory conditions.

Background Low temperature at rice sowing time contributes to poor crop establishment and

this accounts to about $30 million loss annually. Once in 3-4 years rice crop suffers from cold damage at flowering or panicle initiation stage leading to panicle sterility and this accounts for up to $120 million loss. Breeding to develop cold tolerant rice cultivars is a long-term strategy. Recent research shows that other plant species have a greater capacity to tolerate cold stress and this capacity is due mainly due to the accumulation of organic compounds called Osmoprotectants.

Research & Outcomes

Based on the patented previous research of CSIRO Tropical Agriculture, we have tested 5 osmoprotectants. Seed treatment with spermine increased seedling cold stress tolerance by increasing germination % from 80 to 100% and by increasing shoot weight by up to 62% and by almost doubling root growth. Foliar application of glycinebetaine increased seed set by 94 and 39% in Amaroo and Doongara, respectively. Spermine foliar application increased grain set by 68 and 82 % in Amaroo and Doongara, respectively. The requirement of glycinebetaine or spermine is only about 30g/ha. Glycinebetaine is commercially available and would cost only less than $1/ha.

Implications We recommend field trials be conducted prior to recommending the agronomic use of osmoprotectants. If proven successful, genetic engineering techniques should be used to introduce the biosynthetic pathways of these osmoprotectants.

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Project Title

Sustainable control of aquatic earthworms and bloodworms in rice

RIRDC Project No:

DAN-146A

Researcher: Dr Mark Stevens Organisation: NSW Agriculture

Yanco Agricultural Institute Private Mail Bag YANCO NSW 2703


• Identify chemical treatments that will control the aquatic worm Eukerria

saltensis, and quantify the relationship between worm populations and factors associated with crop establishment failure.

• Evaluate low drainage residue alternatives to chlorpyrifos for bloodworm control in aerially sown rice crops, and investigate the colonisation of rice fields by species other than Chironomus tepperi.

Background Aquatic earthworms and bloodworms are two of the most serious pests affecting

rice crop establishment in NSW. The aquatic earthworm Eukerria saltensis has been known from Australia for almost 100 years, and has colonised the NSW rice area during the last 2 decades. Bloodworms are the larvae of chironomid midges, and attack the newly sown plants, feeding on both the developing roots and the rice seed itself. Whilst Chironomus tepperi is the most important species affecting crop establishment, other species are also implicated in causing crop damage.

Research • Commercial-scale trails were conducted confirming the efficacy of fipronil seed treatments for bloodworm control.

• Small-scale trials of alphacypermethrin for bloodworm control demonstrated good efficacy at rates below 10 grams active/ha, short-term water column persistence and no detectable crop residues.

• Studies on bloodworm colonisation patterns in untreated fields across 2 seasons led to the identification of 18 species in the first 40 days after flooding.

• Laboratory studies were used to determine how Eukerria infestations affect plant growth.

• Field trials of potential Eukerria control compounds were conducted. Carbofuran applied to the soil before flooding provided only partial control at rates of 1 to 2 kilograms active/hectare. No effective treatments were located for use in flooded fields.

• Monitoring of Eukerria populations has shown dryland cropping between rice crops reduces earthworm densities.

Outcomes Fipronil seed treatments are now registered for commercial use against

bloodworms in rice. Commercial scale trials of alphacypermethrin are currently being planned. Recommendations on how to minimise earthworm damage by changing crop management practices have been developed and are being widely promoted. Further work is required on bloodworm colonisation patterns and chemical control of Eukerria, and this is currently being conducted as part of Project DAN184A.

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Implications Growers now have a registered seed treatment for bloodworm control for the first time since 1994, allowing a substantial reduction in aerial spraying during rice crop establishment. Recommendations are now available on how best to minimise Eukerria damage. In the future, commercial development of alphacypermethrin for bloodworm control will provide an alternative to chlorpyrifos for direct spray treatments, whilst further studies on bloodworm colonisation will help to determine which species other than C.tepperi may be contributing to crop damage.

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Agronomy/Crop Physiology Project Title:

Investigation of the molecular mechanisms causing cold induced sterility in rice

RIRDC Project No:

ANU-29A

Researcher: Professor BG Rolfe, Dr JJ Weinman and RL Williams Organisation: Genomic Interactions group, Research School of Biological Sciences,

Australian National University, PO Box 475 Canberra ACT 2601 & NSW Agriculture, Yanco Agricultural Institute, PMB Yanco, NSW 2705

Phone: 02 6249 4054 Fax: 02 6249 0754 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Objective

Developing a clearer understanding of the mechanisms that cause cold-induced sterility will enable rice breeders to target specific physiological traits for selection in their ongoing program to develop varieties with lower yield losses due to cold-induced sterility.

Background Reproductive cold damage is the main environmental limitation to yields in the NSW rice industry, causing an average loss of approximately 2 t/ha over the last 10 years. In extreme years this can cost the rice industry over $60M. The mechanisms by which cold temperatures cause pollen sterility are poorly understood and this lack of knowledge needed to be addressed to accelerate the rate at which resistance to cold-temperature sterility can be introduced into current commercial cultivars. Past research has been unable to identify the causes of the sterility. Recent technological advances offer the ability to discover what causes sterility and provide the breeding program with an understanding of what traits to incorporate for resistance to cold-temperature sterility.

Research Experimental procedure was growth and 1, 2 and 4 day cold-temperature treatment of rice at the cold-sensitive pollen stage, micro-dissecting the anthers, analysing them for their total protein complement, and characterising proteins altered in amount by the cold-treatment. This was done for both the cold-sensitive Australian cultivar Doongara and the relatively cold-tolerant Hungarian cultivar HSC-55. Proteome analysis established the first two-dimensional anther protein maps of rice cultivars Doongara and HSC-55. Over 4,000 anther proteins at the young microspore stage were reproducibly resolved, representing up to 20% of the estimated total genomic output. The most cold-responsive proteins observed after plants were treated with a 12oC cold treatment were selected and analysed to predict their function.

Outcomes At least 50 Doongara anther proteins were responsive to cold stress. Among these, 7 anther proteins have been identified with confidence. They include a lipid transfer protein down regulated after cold treatment and a translation initiation factor eIF-5a which is newly induced after cold treatment. The levels of these proteins did not vary in panicle samples or in the anthers of the relatively cold-tolerant cultivar HSC-55 in response to cold treatment. This implicates these proteins in playing a role in the process of cold induced sterility and suggests mechanisms involved in cold damage.

Implications The cold-responsive Doongara proteins that were identified in this project can be used as molecular markers to identify more cold-tolerant cellular metabolism, and be used to help breed increased cold-tolerance into existing high yield cold-susceptible cultivars.

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Publications Weinman J.J. et al. (1998). 2-Dimensional electrophoresis as a tool for protein differential display in biological research. 3rd International 2D Electrophoresis Meeting. September 1998 (Poster and Abstract). Siena, Italy. Imin N. et al. (1999). Differential protein display as a tool to identify condition-dependant or developmentally regulated proteins in rice anthers, mite infested clover, Melilotus nodules and wallaby brain. 3rd International conference on Functional Proteomics. April 1999 (Poster and Abstract). Boston, USA. Imin N., Weinman J.J., Rolfe B.G., and Williams R.L. (2000). Proteomic approaches to understanding the molecular mechanisms causing cold induced sterility in rice. (Manuscript prepared for publication)

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Project Title:

Towards the development of more effective nitrogen-fixing associations between rice cultures and endophytic bacteria

RIRDC Project No:

ANU-34A

Researcher: Professor BG Rolfe, Dr JJ Weinman Organisation: Genomic Interactions Group, Research School of Biological Sciences

Australian National University PO Box 475 CANBERRA ACT 2601

Phone: 02 6249 4054 Fax: 02 6249 0754 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Objective

Evaluation of endophytic nitrogen-fixing strains for their capacity to colonise and associate with Australian and IRRI rice cultivars and promote growth in these cultivars.

Background Rice is a major food source, and the financial and environmental costs of nitrogen fertilisers mean that alternative ways of increasing rice yield would be a major benefit. In the Philippines research showed a diverse group of nitrogen-fixing bacteria are capable of colonising the roots to enhance yield. In Egypt, Rhizobium bacteria which nodulated berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrium) and colonised the roots of the non-legume rice were found. Rice inoculated with some of these strains stimulated plant growth and contributed to higher grain yields in three separate field trials.

Research We have studied in detail the effects of several chosen bacterial strains on the early growth and development of rice. Rice seedlings inoculated with bacteria showed three sources of variability in growth outcome: these were due to the rice cultivar tested, the performance of different bacterial strains, and the growth medium used. Some bacterial strains stimulated rice growth, others had little effect, while others inhibited rice growth and development. Varying micronutrients could abolish the inhibition. Detailed studies of this inhibition phenomenon and bacterial colonisation were done with rice seedlings of cultivar Pelde inoculated with rhizobia labelled with the green fluorescent protein. The most rice-stimulatory strain associated only with the first anchor root of rice seedlings and exhibited a particular colonisation pattern by forming intercellular long lines inside the lateral roots between the plant cells. In contrast, other strains associated with the lateral root junctions. The addition of the phytohormone indole acetic acid (IAA) at various concentrations mimicked the Rhizobium-induced inhibition of rice growth, suggesting a role for phytohormone modulation in the rice growth effects. The genetic basis of growth inhibition was shown to be associated with the plasmids carried by the Rhizobium trifolii strains. Other studies indicate that these rice-associating bacteria posses genes that enhance their ability to intimately colonise niches on and within rice tissues and thereby affect rice seedling growth.

Outcomes The inoculant Company Bio-Care Technology Pty Ltd has formulated a Rhizobium inoculant for yield trails with rice at the Agriculture NSW station at Yanco. Subsequent discussions with Bio-Care have led to an in-principal agreement to evaluate additional Rhizobium strains that may be generated. Genetic regions that contribute, positively or negatively, to rice seedling growth and micronutrients that modulate rice growth, have now been identified.

Implications Some bacterial strains can significantly alter the growth of rice seedlings. Many of these strains colonise, survive and multiply inside the rice seedling tissues without producing any gross disease effects of plant growth. It is likely that certain soil conditions will enhance the rice growth inhibition or stimulation seen. We are now identifying the genes in these bacteria that are responsible for these characteristics. This should lead to the development and eventual use of specific rice inoculant strains.

Publications Prayitno et al. 1999, Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 26: 521-535. Rolfe et al. 2000, in “The quest for nitrogen fixation in rice”, Eds. Ladha, Reddy, IRRI Publication, pp 291-309, Los Banos, Philippines.

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Project Title

Increasing the yield stability of short-season rices

RIRDC Project No:

DAN-119A

Researcher: Russell Reinke Organisation: NSW Agriculture



To investigate ways of achieving increased vegetative growth for short-season rice cultivars, thereby providing greater carbohydrate reserves for grain filling and higher, more stable yields across growing seasons.

Background There is a need for rice varieties that take less time from sowing to harvest under NSW conditions, however current short-season cultivars generally have lower and less stable yields. Reductions in duration are generally achieved through shortening the vegetative phase, resulting in smaller biomass accumulation at the beginning of the reproductive stage, hence fewer carbohydrate reserves. High yields are still possible provided that optimal growth conditions are maintained throughout the latter stages of growth, but during sub-optimal conditions reserves are necessary to maintain carbohydrate supply to the developing grain. Faster vegetative growth, or sustained growth under low temperatures, should increase biomass and carbohydrate reserves available for grain filling, resulting in greater yield potential and less year-to-year variability in yields.

Research Variation in biomass accumulation during the vegetative stage was noted among 37 rice cultivars from the International Rice Cold Tolerance Nursery, and increased seedling vigour at the three-leaf stage was clearly associated with improved mid-season biomass production. The principal factors affecting seedling vigour were investigated under varying temperature regimes in a smaller sub-set of cultivars in the Canberra phytotron. Of the three factors investigated viz. seed size, speed of emergence and the rate of leaf elongation immediately after emergence, leaf elongation rate (LER) showed most promise as a selection criteria to improve seedling vigour. The inheritance of LER was investigated in three populations varying in LER and seed size. Significant broad-sense heritability for the traits were noted in each population, however narrow-sense heritability was significant in only one population.

Outcomes Seedling vigour has been identified as pivotal in obtaining rapid vegetative growth. Of the factors affecting seedling vigour, LER was identified as a useful trait to improve vigour without changing seed size, an important quality attribute.

Implications This research has established the importance of seedling vigour as a necessary pre-cursor to rapid vegetative growth. Additional germplasm will be introduced and the screening protocols developed in this project used to introgress this trait into future short-season varieties.

Publications

Reinke, R.F., Richards, R.A., Angus, J.F., & Lewin L.G. (1999) Early vigour - an important foundation for rapid biomass accumulation. In proc. 2nd Temperate Rice Conference Sacramento Ca. June 13-17, 1999. Reinke, R.F. (2000) Factors influencing rice seedling vigour under temperate conditions In proc. International Rice Research Conference, IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines March 31-April 3, 2000

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Crop Protection Project Title

Further development of a mycoherbicide for control of Alismataceae weeds in rice

RIRDC Project No:

DAN-121A

Researcher: Dr Eric Cother Organisation: NSW Agriculture

Forest Road ORANGE NSW 2800


To further assess the biology of Rhynchosporium alismatis as a biological control agent.

Background Previous research demonstrated the potential of this fungal pathogen for biocontrol of Alisma lanceolatum and Damasonium minus. For further development, it was necessary to know the host range of the fungus and its nutritional requirements in culture.

Research Twenty eight species of aquatic plants in the Alismataceae and related families and 39 cultivars of 25 species of agriculturally important plants were tested for their reaction to inoculation with conidial suspensions of R. alismatis under glasshouse conditions. Lesions developed on species of Vallisneria, Triglochin and Marsilea but the fungus was re-isolated only from Vallisneria. Scattered infrequent lesions developed on leaves of barley, oats, triticale, lupin, soybean, lettuce and tomato but the pathogen was only re-isolated from lesions on soybean cv Bowyer. Cucurbits and tomato were the most susceptible plants, based on the frequency of re-isolation of the pathogen. There was no progression of disease in any of the infected plants and infection did not appear to influence plant growth and development. The use of this pathogen as a mycoherbistat for Alismataceae weeds is considered to pose a negligible risk to crops grown adjacent to, or in rotation with, rice crops in southern Australia. Nutrient composition of liquid-shake cultures in which an isolate was grown had a significant effect on the virulence of the resulting conidia There was a significant difference between isolates, produced in the same medium, in the subsequent rate of disease development. Isolate DAR 73158 and lima bean broth are considered to be the combination of choice for further studies to explore the fitness of conidia produced in small-scale biofermentors. Rhynchosporium alismatis produces thick-walled resting structures known as chlamydospores. The relative robustness of chlamydospores is an advantage over conidia for the future production of a mycoherbicide.

Outcomes The safety of this fungus for use in rice fields has been established and small-scale inoculum production requirements have been defined.

Implications Two potential development constraints, host range and nutritional requirements, have been removed. Ease of conidial production is assured but a reliable method to produce large quantities of easily harvested chlamydospores in a short period of time must be found. In addition, formulation of the inoculum in a matrix that maximises conidial survival, germination and infection should now be examined.

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Project Title

Herbicide resistance development in dirty dora (Cyperus difformis) and starfruit (Damasonium minus)

RIRDC Project No:

UCS-23A

Researcher: Mr Peter Baines Organisation: Charles Sturt University

PO Box 588 WAGGA WAGGA NSW 2650

Phone: (02) 6933 2177 Fax: (02) 6933 2924 Objectives

The objectives of this preliminary research project were to evaluate specimens of aquatic weeds of rice, namely dirty dora and starfruit, to clarify: • whether resistance to herbicide demonstrated in one generation would be

transferred to the subsequent generation; and • where samples have demonstrated herbicide resistance to be developing,

whether higher rates of the herbicide would provide an effective control of the weed.

Background Herbicide resistance represents a threat to Australian rice crops. Resistance to

bensulfuron has been found in the aquatic weeds dirty dora, arrowhead and starfruit and as such has reduced the flexibility of weed control. Improved understanding of the transfer of resistance between generations and the value, if any, of higher rates of chemical are needed in order to generate advice to farmers on the management of herbicide resistance.

Research Three biotypes of each of dirty dora and starfruit with the “developing resistance” status were further screened to the herbicide bensulfuron under glasshouse conditions across a range of rates including some well in excess of those used commercially. In respect of dirty dora, parent lines exhibited similar levels of resistance with F1 populations showing a minor decline in resistance relative to the parents. The difference, however, was not commercially significant. For starfruit, there were large differences in resistance level between biotypes. Again, slightly lower levels of resistance were found in the F1 generation suggesting incomplete dominance or a lower level of fitness among resistants.

Outcomes The general conclusions from this preliminary study are: • that no conclusions can be drawn from these data about the number of genes

involved in the resistance; • that high rates of Londax are not the solution for more effective control of

resistant populations of dirty dora; • that the starfruit lines used exhibited lower levels of resistance which may

indicate incomplete dominance; • that low rates of Londax would not appear to be a useful strategy, particularly

since most paddocks under rice would have received Londax treatment on more than one occasion.

This exercise has probably raised more questions than were answered. For complete resolution of these questions the procedures would need to be applied specifically to an individual population and followed through at least two generations.

Implications Farmers should have weeds tested for herbicide resistance status. Where resistance is present alternative weed control strategies should be employed rather than increasing the rates of bensulfuron.

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Project Title

Biological control of starfruit in rice fields using a mycoherbicide

RIRDC Project No:

UCS-7A

Researcher: Dr Eric Cother Organisation: Charles Sturt University

PO Box 588 WAGGA WAGGA NSW 2678


To assess the potential of Rhynchosporium alismatis as a biological control agent for Damasonium minus (starfruit) in rice fields.

Background The pathogen was assessed as a mycoherbicide for integrated management of starfruit by studying growth and sporulation in artificial culture, optimisation of disease development in the plant, microscopy of the infection process, fungal interaction with chemical herbicides, variability of host (starfruit) populations and effect of the disease on starfruit-rice competition.

Research Rhynchosporium alismatis sporulated on a range of media but those based on lima bean were the most successful in producing large numbers of viable and infective conidia. Sporulation, germination and germ-tube elongation were greatest at 25°C and 30°C. Germ-tube growth was inhibited if the conidia were submerged in water. Infection by R. alismatis affected juvenile and adult starfruit plants differently: necrosis and chlorosis developed on aerial parts, mostly leaves, of adult plants, while juvenile plants were stunted. Twelve fungal isolates caused different levels of disease that was apparent only on juvenile plants where the minimum inoculum density necessary to cause significant level of disease was 105 conidia mL-1. Water level during inoculation had no effect on disease development of adult plants. Growth suppression did not occur if the plants were submerged during inoculation. A competition experiment showed that when inoculated, the aboveground biomass of rice did not vary as the weed density increased. However, rice biomass declined with increasing weed density in the absence of the fungus. A dew period was not critical for disease development. Lesion development was enhanced at 25°C and reduced at temperatures equal to, or higher than, 30°C. Appressorium formation was the principal means of infection, starting to form after 4 h and infection hyphae were clearly visible within 24 h of inoculation. The rate of appressorium formation was greater at 25°C than at 30°C. Bensulfuron-methyl (Londax®) and MCPA (MCPA250®) had the least effect on conidial germination whereas propanil (Ronacil®) had the greatest effect. There was a synergistic interaction between the fungus and sublethal doses of Londax®. The use of simple sequence repeat primers (SSRs) for PCR analyses to study genetic variability of different populations of the host revealed little variation between starfruit plants from different regions.

Outcomes R. alismatis has characteristics to be a successful mycoherbicide. It can be produced abundantly in artificial culture, a dew period is not essential for disease development, it reduces the competition with rice by suppressing the weed and it has synergistic effects with at least one chemical herbicide (Londax®)

Implications The fungus has excellent prospects for further development and should be evaluated in field experiments.

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Publications F.G. Jahromi, G.J. Ash and E.J. Cother (1998). Influence of cultural and environmental conditions on conidial production, germination and infectivity of Rhynchosporium alismatis, a candidate mycoherbicide. Australasian Plant Pathology 27: 180-185.

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Technology Transfer and Communications Project Title

2nd International Temperate Rice Conference and US Study Tour

RIRDC Project No:

RGA – 1A

Researcher: Mr Mike Hedditch Organisation: Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia

PO Box 706 LEETON NSW 2705

Phone: (02) 6953 0433 Fax: (02) 6953 4733 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.rga.org.au Objective

To participate in the 2nd International Temperate Rice Conference; to network with R&D personnel from Temperate rice producing countries; to investigate US rice production technology and policy issues

Background The Australian rice industry hosted the inaugural International Temperate Rice conference in 1994 at Yanco. The conference was a very successful forum for exchange of R&D information and networking. The industry saw merit in participating at the second Conference for the same reasons and in particular to develop young Australian rice R&D personnel and members of the RIRDC Rice R&D Committee

Research The Conference was attended by 250 delegates from 20 overseas rice producing countries. The Australian delegation presented papers at the two major symposia (Biotechnology and the Environment) and at the six concurrent sessions (Genetics, Agronomy, Entomology, Grain Quality, Weeds, Diseases). Following the Conference, the Australian delegation of 22 persons participated in a US rice industry study tour, examining rice production technology and policy issues in California, Mississippi, Arkansas and Louisiana.

Outcomes The following conclusions/recommendations were reached by the participating group • The inclusive nature of the Australian Rice R&D Program and its scientific excellence

lead the Temperate rice world. • International germplasm exchange will become restricted due to plant variety protection

laws/biotechnology. • Australia’s plant variety protection laws are inadequate to properly protect public plant

breeding programs. • Environmental guidelines governing pesticide levels in drainage water and rice straw

burning are tightening and will probably flow on to Australia. • Serious rice herbicide resistance in the US requires improved adoption of resistance

management in Australia.

Implications The RIRDC Rice R&D Committee will need to focus on appropriate ways to overcome the challenges facing the US industry, which will flow on to Australia. The committee should also consider supporting an Australian delegation to participate in the 3rd International Temperate Rice Conference to be held in Punte del Este, Uruguay, March 2003.

Publications

Reinke R “Conference opens up possibilities for new research techniques” Farmers Newsletter No 154, March 2000 Woodside D “2nd International Temperate Rice Conference – a growers perspective” - Farmers Newsletter No 154, March 2000 Williams R “Ricegrowing US Style” - Farmers Newsletter No 154, March 2000 Fitzgerald M “Research in Rice Quality – What’s happening is America” Farmers Newsletter No 154, March 2000

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Harvesting, Storage, Handling and Transport Project Title

An evaluation of rice harvesting machinery and systems

RIRDC Project No:

KDI-18A

Researcher: Mr Scott Boyle Organisation: Kondinin Group

26 The Esplanade WAGGA WAGGA NSW 2650


The objective of this project is to equip rice growers with information that will allow them to reduce harvest costs, improve grain quality and so increase overall profitability. The outcome of this project is a comprehensive assessment of the factors contributing to harvest system efficiency, including machinery and labour management. It has brought together all of the work conducted by the Kondinin Group since the first evaluation in 1996. This work has been disseminated to all growers through the release of the Rice Harvesters Reference.

Background Correct timing, duration and operation at harvest is critical to rice quality and farmer returns. Rice, unlike other cereals, is a crop that has its greatest value as a whole grain, and is largely governed by harvest management. Delayed or badly managed harvest and incorrect harvester set-up can lower whole grain millout to a fraction of potential yield. The first stage of this project, conducted in 1996, showed that the harvest can be the most expensive field operation in rice production, with a range in costs from $7 to $70 per tonne depending on field conditions. In 1997 the second stage of this project investigated the conduct of the harvest on rice quality and on growers’ incomes.

Research Harvesting equipment performance was assessed as material-processing performance, derived from field tests. It was also assessed as economic performance, computer as on costs provided by farmers, company and dealer personnel. Comparative harvest costs were then calculated in $/tonne, based on the criterion of throughput at 3% machine loss. Rice sample quality was assessed by the RCL appraisals laboratory. Throughout the three years of projects, more than 30 different combinations of harvester aid fronts were tested on a range of sites over three seasons. Included were John Deere CTS; Case-IH 2166, 2188 and 2388; John Deere 9500 and 9600; Gleaner R62; FNH TX66; Shelboume Reynolds and Harvest Hustler strippers tested against standard fronts; plus the draper front and Vibramat attachments for cutterbars.

Outcomes The major outcome from this project has been the publishing of the “Rice Harvesters Reference” bringing together three years of rice harvesting research by the Kondinin Group. This is the compilation of all current rice harvesting research by the Kondinin Group. This is the compilation of all current rice harvesting machinery information relevant to the Australian rice industry and results of three years of Kondinin Group research into harvester performance. The 1998 harvesting trial results showed total losses for stripper equipped machines were higher than cutterbar machines and that front losses for strippers were also higher than cutterbar machines. This is consistent with the two previous years of research.

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Other findings included that trash levels did not vary with machine type or speed, but did with bays or plots. The average trash level was 0.9%, which compares with 4% for the 1996 harvest and 2.23% for the 1997 harvest. Overall the results show general trends and reinforce the fact that for best performance, regardless of machine type, the harvester should be set up for the crop and weather conditions at that time. Another major component of this project was a study of field efficiency, which was found to have a big impact on the overall profitability of machinery operation. This study showed that a chaser bin (or bins) that can keep a harvester from stopping to unload or wait to unload would increase field efficiency from around 55% to about 85%. Bay shape, corners, machine overlap keeping the front full and breakdowns or stoppages account for as much as 25% of field efficiency. The study also reinforces the importance of keeping the harvester working by keeping the grain away from the machine. The largest harvester is only as good as the worst link in the chaser bin, storage and transport system.

Implications With every rice grower receiving a copy of this manual, they will be armed with the latest harvesting information to improve the quality of the grain delivered. Harvesting is a critical final stage in a successful rice crop. It has a significant effect on grain quality. The results of the project and farmers’ input has suggested that much more research and extension of harvesting machinery information is needed. Some fresh challenges to the industry are presented with the results of this project, along with proposed methods to meet the challenges.

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3.4 Rice Program Research in Progress

Varietal Improvement and Pure Seeds Maintenance

Project Title

Rice improvement

RIRDC Project No:

DAN-167A

Start Date: 1/07/98 Finish Date: 30/06/03 Researcher: Mr. Russell Reinke Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture

Yanco Agricultural Institute PMB YANCO NSW 2703


• To produce improved varieties of rice for the NSW industry that are

productive, reliable and satisfy diverse domestic and export markets. • To test these varieties against standard cultivars to prove their worth and to

provide agronomic information to allow successful cultivation. • To provide pure seed of all released and potential cultivars.

Current Progress

District testing during the 1999/2000 season focused on comparisons within 3 grain classes. The advanced long grain line YRL118 was tested against the current long grain Langi, advanced medium grains YRM63, YRM64 and YRM49 were tested against Amaroo, Namaga and Millin, and the advanced fragrant line YRF207 against Kyeema. Twenty-one mid-duration medium and long grain lines entered district testing for the first time, and a further 10 short-season lines were included in late-sown district trials. The long grain line YRL118 did not show a distinct yield advantage over Langi this season. Approximately 2 ha seed increase of YRL118 was sown, however this area was abandoned due to a high proportion of medium grain and other off-types within the crop. Among the medium grains, the performance of YRM63 appears promising, offering shorter maturity than Amaroo, high yield potential and acceptable grain quality. Similarly the fragrant long grain line YRF207 outyielded Kyeema, however grain quality will determine its future. The rice improvement program was successfully advanced by one generation and pure seed produced for all commercial cultivars.

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Project Title

Rice grain quality 3

RIRDC Project No:

DAN-183A

Start Date: 1/01/00 Finish Date: 31/12/04 Researcher: Dr. Melissa Fitzgerald Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture

Private Mail Bag YANCO NSW 2703


The project has two main goals. • The first is to improve our capacity to evaluate the quality of cross-bred

lines in the breeding program • The second is to understand the processes that operate in the developing

plant that influence the expression of quality attributes. The project will focus on understanding chalk and texture in all classes of rice, and grain extension in basmati style rices.

Current Progress

In the past 6 months, we have completed amylose measurements for over 1000 crossbred lines. Furthermore, we have developed a new, much faster, way to prepare samples for measuring amylose content. This season, for the first time, amylose content of late-generation lines was measured. Plants have been grown and seed harvested for our ongoing research into the problem of chalk. Research will continue to identify the cause of chalk. We have made progress in understanding the way starches, proteins and lipids interact during cooking. In different varieties, the amount of amylose differs that leaches from the starch granules during cooking. This plays a key role in eating quality. We are currently investigating factors that influence leaching: the amount of lipid bound to amylose; structure of amylopectin; action of proteins. A method to measure the texture of cooked rice has been developed. The method is based on measuring the texture of the gel that forms from cooked rice flour. This method is rapid, simple, extremely reproducible, and correlates with other, more difficult methods. The method is suitable for measuring the texture of all late-generation lines, so will be introduced into the Quality Evaluation Program next season.

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Project Title

Flavour and texture qualities of new Australian Basmati rice cultivars

RIRDC Project No:

UNS-12A

Start Date: 1 Feb 1997 Finish Date: 28 Feb 2002 Researcher: A/Prof Michael Wootton Organisation: Department of Food Science and Technology

University of New South Wales Phone: 02 9385 4369 Fax: 02 9385 5931 Email: [email protected] Objectives

• Comparison of the volatile chemical entities in Australian rices with special

emphasis on new Basmati types. • Definition of the effects of storage on the volatile components and textural

properties of Australian Basmati rices. • Optimisation of storage times and conditions for maximum eating quality with

respect to both flavour and texture. • Elucidation of the factors, anticipated as being starch related, involved in

texture changes to Australian Basmati rice during storage. • Definition of the effects of nitrogen fertiliser levels on the volatile compounds

in both structural tissue and grain during growth of the rice plant. • Development of an early screening method for fragrance identification in new

rice cultivars using young rice plants grown in glasshouse conditions using high levels of nitrogen addition.

Current Progress

The project has been taken up by Ms Kirstin Wilkie. She is now thoroughly familiar with the techniques for volatile compound isolation from rice grain and plant tissue and is making excellent progress as indicated below. Sensory data have been collected regarding perception of fragrant rice vs non-fragrant rice flavour have been collected using a consumer sample of about 200 people of differing ages and cultural backgrounds. These data are being analysed

Samples of plant tissue from three fragrant and two non-fragrant rice cultivars at different stages of development grown in field trials at Yanco and Leeton with different nitrogen fertiliser application rates were collected. Grain was also sampled from these. The samples were analysed for volatile components using Likens-Nickerson simultaneous distillation and extraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results are currently being evaluated. Protocols and facilities for glass house trials have been established to enable these to be carried out at the Kensington campus of the University of New South Wales. Research into fertiliser responses of rice plant tissue grown in glass houses will commence as soon as the analysis of the samples from field trials are completed and have been interpreted.

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Project Title

Development and application of marker assisted selection in the rice improvement program

RIRDC Project No:

USC-4A

Start Date: 1/01/00 Finish Date: 31/12/02 Researcher: Prof. Robert Henry Organisation: Southern Cross University

Centre for Plant Conservation Genetics Faculty of Resource Science and Management PO Box 157 LISMORE NSW 2480


Marker techniques will be developed for application in the rice breeding program so that screening of markers can be conducted at Yanco. Priority will be given to markers for markers for traits difficult to screen in conventional breeding. (Gelatinisation temperature and Blast resistance). Analysis of how markers could best be integrated into the breeding program will be conducted. For example, markers may be best used for specific exercises, ie. back crossing. Molecular analysis will help to ensure that released varieties are genetically uniform.

Current Progress

A technique for a simplified sample preparation for application of molecular markers, not involving extraction of DNA, has been devised. This will simplify the application of existing SSR markers for the identification of the major fragrance gene and semi-dwarf gene. A draft report has been produced, through consultation with the rice improvement team at Yanco, which outlines current breeding strategy and objectives, outlines criteria for selection of traits for development of molecular markers, and identifies potential target traits. These traits are: additional markers for fragrance; disease resistance, particularly blast, sheath blight and bacterial blight; grain extension on cooking; predisposition to chalkiness; gelatinisation temperature; minor fragrance components; seedling vigour and early establishment; and thermo- and photo-sensitive male sterility. Some options for method of incorporation of molecular markers into the Australian rice improvement program have been considered. Applications of molecular markers, other than marker assisted selection, have been suggested. A program has been initiated to produce an additional molecular marker for the fragrance gene for previously indistinguishable parent rice lines. This involves the conversion of known RFLP markers to PCR based molecular markers. Desktop research has been initiated to assess the suitability of the identified potential target traits for development and application of markers assisted selection.

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Crop Establishment Project Title

Agronomic and molecular aspects of osmoprotectant application and cold tolerance in rice

RIRDC Project No:

UQ-91A

Start Date: 1/7/99 Finish Date: 30/6/01 Researcher: Dr Naidu Bodapati Organisation: CSIRO Tropical Agriculture

Long Pocket Laboratories 120 Meiers Road INDOOROOPILLY QLD 4068


• To develop a seed treatment method using glycinebetaine or spermine

(osmoprotectants) to increase seedling establishment at low temperature. • To examine if foliar application of these solutes would increase yield of cold

stress affected rice plants under laboratory and field conditions. • To obtain molecular and physiological information on the role of

osmoprotectants to increase cold tolerance and this may form a basis to genetically engineer rice plant to produce osmoprotectants naturally.

Current Progress

Recent research shows that plant species other than rice have a greater capacity to tolerate cold stress mainly due to the accumulation of organic compounds called Osmoprotectants. The levels of osmoprotectants and thus stress tolerance could be increased by breeding if the plants have the capacity to synthesise them, if not these could be introduced by genetic engineering or simply by external application. Based on the patented previous research of CSIRO Tropical Agriculture, we have tested 5 osmoprotectants. Only spermine increased seedling cold stress tolerance by increasing germination % from 80 to 100% and by increasing shoot weight by up to 62% and by almost doubling root growth. Spermine effect is more pronounced in Doongara (susceptible cv.) than in Amaroo (tolerant cv.). Spermine requirement is 20g/ha. Foliar application of glycinebetaine increased seed set by 94 and 39% in Amaroo and Doongara, respectively. On the other hand, spermine foliar application would represent an increased grain set of 68 and 82 % in Amaroo and Doongara, respectively. The requirement of glycinebetaine or spermine is only about 30g/ha. Glycinebetaine is commercially available for only $25/kg. This would cost only less than $1 for the cost of betaine.

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Agronomy/Crop Physiology Project Title

Rice physiology: Maximising rice yields beyond 2000

RIRDC Project No:

DAN 160A

Start Date: 1/7/1997 Finish Date: 30/6/2002 Researcher: Mr. Robert L. Williams Organisation: NSW Agriculture


Phone: 02 69512679 Fax: 02 69 557580 Email: [email protected] Objectives

Improve farmers yields through genetic and management gains based on a knowledge of rice physiology by • Extend the optimal management options, recently developed for Amaroo to a

range of varieties with a special emphasis on nitrogen management. • Develop screening techniques for rapid early growth, high harvest index and

RUE and incorporate these characters from introduced varieties into locally adapted lines.

Current Progress

The project continued to flourish in the last 12 months with no changes in staff, and good moral in the rice physiology team at Yanco Agricultural Institute. Analysis of a range of experiments are being completed with the following highlights Fieldwork in farmer’s paddocks with 4 commercial varieties and a range of N rates has demonstrated the value of appropriate N and water depth management in a cool year. Even in the cool summer (1999/2000) maximum field trial yield was above 13 t/ha. The release of maNage rice (v4.3) in December 1999 provides rice farmers up to date information on management options for a range of varieties. Continued work on the identification and utilisation of potential parents to increase yield in the NSW rice industry is showing good progress. Evaluation of inbred lines (that resulted from crossing Illabong and Millin with HSC55 and Plovdiv 22) have resulted in high growth lines, that have the potential to out-yield the current Australian varieties. This has shown the value of previously identified parents such as HSC55 (Hungary) and Plovdiv 22 (Bulgaria). In this current year, a pilot study of the use of a rapid measure of crop biomass in a regular rice breeding trial is being evaluated. Analysis of this data is ongoing.

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Crop Nutrition Project Title

Relating minerals in rice shoots and grain to soil tests, yield and grain quality

RIRDC Project No:

DAN-175A

Start Date: 1/07/98 Finish Date: 30/06/01 Researcher: Dr. Graeme D Batten Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture



• To determine from soil, shoot and grain samples collected from rice farms

with different soil types and rice histories and by intensive sampling of selected rice farms:

• the influence of soil factors on plant growth, nutrient uptake, grain yield and grain quality;

• variation in plant and grain minerals within a field and the ability to detect this variation by remote images; and

• critical nutrient concentrations in whole rice shoots to provide a basis for diagnosing problem crops.

Current Progress

Soil, shoot and grain samples have been collected from over 100 rice farms. These samples represent the commercial rice variety Amaroo grown in all rice growing districts and on the five major soil types. Of the samples analysed to date, soil sodium status has a strong correlation with plant sodium (r>0.7) and a correlation with grain sodium concentration (r=0.5). Soil available P status was correlated with plant P status, but only weakly correlated with grain P. Samples of brown rice of all major commercial varieties have been analysed for minerals and protein. These data are being related to the viscosity of white rice flour from the same samples. The relations between minerals, protein and viscosity differ between years and current investigations are aimed at understanding these seasonal differences. Samples from four farms are being processed to map the variation in soil, plant and grain properties within rice crops. This variation will be related to remote images as a collaborative study with Charles Sturt University.

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Project Title

NIR for improved fertilizer predictions II

RIRDC Project No:

DAN-185A

Start Date: 1/07/99 Finish Date: 30/06/00 Researcher: Dr. Graeme D Batten Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture



The project will continue to improve and backup the current NIR Tissue Testing Service, operated for rice growers by the Ricegrowers' Co-operative Limited. The major initiatives will include: • Extending the capability of the NIR Tissue Test to provide fertilizer

recommendations for crops sampled prior to the panicle initiation (PI) stage; • Implementing a growth stage calibration, based on findings from the

previous project (DAN-148A), to check the growth stages indicated by growers when they submit samples; and

• Increasing the throughput of samples analysed per hour by developing calibrations and an operating procedure based on a diode array NIR spectrometer and further automate data handling options.

Current Progress

This project researches improvements to the efficiency of operation of the NIR Rice Tissue Testing Service, operated for rice growers by Ricegrowers' Co-operative Limited. It also provides essential backup to ensure the efficient operation of service. During 1999 the WINISI software was installed to operate and develop calibrations on the scanning NIR spectrometer. This makes it possible to report more constituents on each sample analysed and has options, which are useful for developing calibrations. During January 2000 about 5000 rice shoot samples were analysed and nitrogen fertilizer recommendations given to producers. Due to cool conditions crop N uptake was about 30% lower at the panicle initiation stage, than in the previous season, and so the average amount of N suggested to growers was almost double.

In Autumn of 2000 the data for all samples submitted to the NIR Tissue Test during the last 10 years were collated into a single database. This massive data set is being interrogated to help determine fertilizer inputs, cropping sequences, and other information. A paper setting out the impact of rice cropping on the soils of the region will be tabled later this year.

Hardware and software options, which may reduce the time needed to analyse each sample, allow electronic storage of data, and automatic calculation of crop fertilizer requirements, are being examined.

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Crop Protection Project Title

Rotational weed control practices for rice

RIRDC Project No:

AGR-6A

Start Date: 1/07/98 Finish Date: 30/06/02 Researcher: Mr. Malcolm Taylor Organisation: Agropraisals Pty Ltd

RMB 1553A COBRAM VIC 3644


• To develop rotational programs of herbicides coupled with the definition

and integration of cultural weed control methods for rice. • Promote adoption of these practices by improving farmer knowledge of

these issues through conduct of grower field days, publishing results in a format suitable to growers and assistance with preparation of annual weed control bulletins.

Current Progress Our objectives for rice weed control research this season have been to develop

data to enable the registration of BASAGRAN in aerial sown rice and MAGISTER in drill sown rice, thus improving the range of weed control options available to growers. AERIAL SOWN RICE In water seeded (aerial-sown) rice we have evaluated BASAGRAN (bentazon) - a foliar herbicide for aquatic weed control. BASAGRAN presents an alternative (group C) mode of action to currently registered herbicides that may be applied in the 20-40 days after seeding application window. In a total of 6 replicated trials this season BASAGRAN has demonstrated effective control of dirty Dora, starfruit, arrowhead, water plantain, spikerush and seedling cumbungi at rates of 2.0-3.0 l/ha. Addition of MCPA sodium at 0.5 l/ha to BASAGRAN markedly improved aquatic weed control. Addition of non-ionic surfactant or crop spraying oil to BASAGRAN failed to improve weed control. DRILL SOWN RICE Drill seeded rice crops may be treated with alternate mode of action herbicides that are not used in water seeded rice (for example paraquat and pendimethalin). A major deterrent to rice growers establishing crops by drill seeding is the risk of catastrophic barnyard grass control escapes. Current barnyard grass control strategies for drill seeded rice tend to be both expensive and unreliable. MAGISTER (clomazone) has previously demonstrated excellent control of barnyard grass in drill sown rice prompting a major program over the past three seasons to develop recommendations for commercial use of MAGISTER in drill seeded rice.

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Combinations of GRAMOXONE (paraquat; a cheap and non-selective knockdown herbicide) with MAGISTER were evaluated at two sites this season. Control of barnyard grass and silvertop grass with mixtures of GRAMOXONE @ 0.8 l/ha and MAGISTER @ 0.5 l/ha provided consistently excellent weed control and rice tolerance when applied post sowing, pre crop emergence (PSPE). Combinations of RONACIL plus MAGISTER were evaluated in six experiments this season as early post emergence (EPE) treatments. RONACIL (propanil) performance was poor during cool weather and/or if advanced weed growth stages were treated. Increasing in the rate of RONACIL to 10 l/ha improved barnyard grass control, however these treatments were less effective and less affordable than combinations of GRAMOXONE plus MAGISTER.

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Project Title

Improving bloodworm, snail and earthworm control in rice

RIRDC Project No:

DAN-184A

Start Date: 01/07/99 Finish Date: 30/06/02 Researcher: Dr Mark Stevens Organisation: NSW Agriculture



New data on the efficacy of bloodworm control chemicals will be generated, allowing alternatives to chlorpyrifos to be developed. The potential of oviposition deterrents for bloodworm management will be investigated. Further chemical control trials will be conducted against aquatic earthworms, whilst ecological studies will determine whether crop rotations influence earthworm populations. Molluscicides that have the potential to replace copper sulphate for the control of aquatic snails will be evaluated. Effective alternatives to copper will be tested for rice phytotoxicity and environmental persistence to determine their suitability for commercial use.

Current Progress

Granular formulations containing clomazone and alphacypermethrin were assessed against bloodworms in the 1999/2000 rice season. Initial bloodworm suppression (by alphacypermethrin) was not as strong as achieved with liquid formulations, however residual efficacy was improved. Barnyard grass control (by clomazone) was excellent. Modifying the formulations to provide faster release of alphacypermethrin into the water column may improve initial bloodworm control. Chlorothalonil has been identified as a potential alternative to copper for snail control. Field trials have supported the results of laboratory bioassays on mature and immature Isidorella newcombi, and indicate the optimum application rate is approximately 1.3 kg ai/ha. No phytotoxicity was observed at rates of up to 5 kg ai/ha in 2 separate field trials. Plant samples are being analysed for residues, and the persistence of the compound in soil and water is being investigated. Bioassays to test the effect of chlorothalonil on snail eggs have been initiated. Several bait pellet formulations of metaldehyde have been evaluated in the laboratory, however they are unpalatable to the snails and are unlikely to be viable options for rice snail management.

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Project Title

The Biology of Arrowhead (Sagittaria montevidensis)

RIRDC Project No:

UCS-16A

Start Date: 1/07/1996 Finish Date: 30/11/2000 Researcher: Professor James Pratley Organisation: Charles Sturt University

Locked Bag 588 WAGGA WAGGA. NSW 2678

Phone: 02.69332864 Fax: 02.69332868 Email: [email protected] Objective

This project aims to improve the knowledge and understanding of the biology of arrowhead. The outcomes are that systems for management of the weed will be better able to be developed to counteract the problem of herbicide resistance, which threatens to undermine rice production in Australia.

Current Progress

Experimental work on this project will soon be complete. Data from surveys undertaken over the last couple of years has been collected, collated and will soon be fully analysed with the help of qualitative statistics experts at CSU. These results will show a picture of the distribution of the major weeds of rice, as well as arrowhead. They will also illustrate grower knowledge of their herbicide resistance problems, which can then be related to results from the herbicide resistance survey currently being undertaken. Other recent results include data that confirms arrowhead is a strong competitor with rice if unchecked. The base temperature required for arrowhead germination has been determined to occur around 120C and trials show that a large amount of stubble can have the simple effect of shading arrowhead seeds, slowing germination. Some smaller experiments into aspects of arrowhead growth are currently under way, or have been completed and not yet analysed, including response to nitrogen, presence and absence of burnt and unburnt stubble, further investigations into the effect of water level, and the floating ability of arrowhead seeds, and the effect of different soils on the germination and growth of arrowhead.

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Project Title

Development of integrated weed management strategies for the rice weeds Cyperus difformis and Alisma plantago-aquatica

RIRDC Project No:

UCS-20A




To reduce the threat of the aquatic weeds, dirty dora and water plantain, by understanding the biology of the weeds in order to develop integrated management strategies.

Current Progress

This project was commenced in July 1998 and includes the rice-growing seasons of 1998-99 and 1999-00.\ Cyperus difformis (dirty dora) germination requirements were investigated in the season 1998-99. Last season, experiments were undertaken to test the parameters such as soil medium, emergence at different sowing depth, tiller reproduction, spikelet diameters. These tests have provided significant results and an insight into the growth and establishment of the species. A morphological and anatomical study is under progress for a clearer key to the species. Molecular templates will be examined for diversity among the various accessions in the coming season. For A. plantago-aquatica, in the 1999/2000 growing season the distribution of seedling plants around a parent corm plant; the fate of A. plantago-aquatica seeds at harvest; and the phasic development of corm and seedling plants were investigated. The data for these are currently being analysed. Plots were also set up for an experiment looking at the effects of an early cultivation on the corms of A. plantago-aquatica. This season a survey is being conducted on the opinions of farmers on the infestation, spread and control of A. plantago-aquatica. Secondly, a study is being conducted on the extent of herbicide resistance of A. plantago-aquatica to Londax, Taipan and MCPA. Finally, germination experiments are also being conducted on the dormancy and the environmental factors affecting the germination of A. plantago-aquatica.

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Project Title

Integrated management of Alismataceae weeds to reduce herbicide resistance

RIRDC Project No:

UCS-26A

Start Date: 1/10/99 Finish Date: 31/12/01 Researcher: Mr. Farzad Jahromi Organisation: Charles Sturt University

School of Agriculture PO Box 588 WAGGA WAGGA NSW 2678


A practical cost-effective integrated strategy that controls major Alismataceae weeds (starfruit, Alisma, water plantain and possibly arrowhead) and assists in avoiding herbicide resistance by reducing herbicide usage.

Current Progress

Recently a PhD project (UCA-7A) on the study of a fungal pathogen as a potential mycoherbicide to control starfruit was completed. This project concluded that the fungus Rhynchosporium alismatis can suppress the growth of starfruit reducing the competitive ability of the weed to below levels that do not affect the rice plants. In addition it was found that the suppressing effect of the fungus can be enhanced if it is combined with doses as low as 1.5% of the recommended doses of Londax. In this project all trials were performed in glasshouses. Currently a project is underway to study field evaluation, and different formulations of the mycoherbicide. For reasons beyond our control we were not able to set up a field trial earlier than January 2000. The trial was set up at Charles Sturt University campus at in Wagga Wagga for the very first time. Although we could not obtain any quantitative data from the experiment due to the lack of growth of rice plants, it was an excellent experience giving us valuable information about the logistics for future trials. Work has also been done on the formulation of the fungus in alginate pellets and there are clear indications that the fungus can survive the drying process. We expect to test the pellets in infecting starfruit in near future glasshouse and field trials.

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Project Title

Determining the extent of herbicide resistance in the rice growing regions of Southern Australia

RIRDC Project No:

UCS-25A




To determine base line data on the extent of herbicide resistance in dirty dora (Cyperus difformis), starfruit (Damasonium minus), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), arrowhead (Sagittaria montevidensis), and water plantain (Alisma plantago aquatica) in the Murrumbidgee (MIA), Coleambally (CIA) and Murray Valley rice growing regions. The herbicides to be evaluated include: bensulfuron (Londax), thiobencard (Saturn), benzofenap (Taipan), molinate (Ordram), propanil (Ronacil), clomazone (Command) and MCPA. The project findings will be used to promote and educate issues on herbicide resistance and provide a benchmark to monitor control strategies.

Current Progress

A benchmark study is in progress to establish the level of herbicide resistance in weeds of rice. Samples of weed seeds have been collected from farms in all rice growing areas, from screenings collected at the Ricegrowers’ Cooperative Mill laboratories and from samples sent in by growers. The species involved are barnyard grass (Echinochloa spp), dirty dora (Cyperus difformis), arrowhead (Sagittaria montevidensis), starfruit (Damasonium minus) and water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica). Resistance to bensulfuron (Londax®) has already been recorded in the aquatic weeds but not to other chemicals. The extent of the resistance, however, needs to be clarified by this project. During the process at least four species of Echinochloa have been identified although the implications are not yet clear.

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Sustainable Farming Systems Project Title

Identification and management of soil acidification in irrigated farming systems of southern NSW

RIRDC Project No:

DAN-161A

Start Date: 1/07/97 Finish Date: 30/6/00 Researcher: Mr Geoff Beecher Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture

Yanco Agricultural Institute YANCO NSW 2703

Phone: 0269512725 Fax: 0269557580 Email: [email protected] Objectives

• To reverse of soil acidification before subsoils become acid which will maintain a

wide choice of crop species. • To have increased knowledge of topsoil and subsoil acidity in irrigated land of

southern NSW • To have improved understanding of the impact of soil management (eg

landforming) and crop management (cropping sequence, irrigation management and fertiliser use) on soil acidification mechanisms under irrigation.

• To have increased farmer awareness of best practices and systems for soil acidity management that are compatible with irrigation cropping systems

Current Progress

Soil acidification is an increasingly recognised problem in irrigated fields of southern NSW. The project has continued to make good progress with Ms Belinda Lake continuing as project Officer. The soil-sampling program has continued in MIA, CIA and Murray Valley rice growing holdings. All sampling sites have been GPS located and cropping sequence information obtained. This information has been entered into a database from where information can easily be transferred into ArcView GIS mapping software. Laboratory soil analysis data from the sampling program has been provided to growers and District Agronomists as well as added to the database to be incorporated in spatial analysis. Results indicate that soil acidity in the 0-10cm interval is at levels that could affect the performance of crops grown in rotation with rice. Digitised soil plans for various irrigation areas/districts (Yanco, Kooba Coleambally, Wakool, Denimein, Deniboota and Berriquin have been accessed. These soil maps have been used in combination with the database to generate derivative maps of soil pH based on soil types, and cropping histories. Significant interaction has occurred with the Environmental Managers of the major Irrigation companies in ricegrowing areas regarding the information developed in this project. Soil acidity awareness raising displays were presented at the Henty Machinery Field Days, and Murrumbidgee Farm Fair.

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Technology, Transfer and Communications Project Title

Better extension programs for improved rice yields

RIRDC Project No:

DAN-162A

Start Date: 1/01/98 Finish Date: 30/6/00 Researcher: Mr. Warwick Clampett Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture

PO Box 1087 GRIFFITH NSW 2680


Improve yields, grain quality, profitability and sustainability of rice production by: • Identifying the needs of ricegrowers and constraints to improvement in the

rice production system • Developing crop management recommendations and best management

practices from existing technology, current practices and new research and development outcomes: and

• Implementing effective extension programs to achieve better technology adoption on farm.

Current Progress

1. Crop Evaluation Program • 1999 harvest data (614 crops) was collected and analysed, and Ricecheck

Crop Evaluation Reports mailed to ricegrowers in September. • Detailed statistical analysis of data from 3825 individual rice fields (6

seasons) is being undertaken with the assistance of Charles Sturt University. • Data analysis assisted in the annual revision of the Ricecheck

Recommendations, the Best Management Practices for ricegrowing. 2. Surveys and Demonstration Program • Five Weed Management Demonstrations comparing alternative weed control

strategies were conducted and presented to growers at Field Days in November and December.

• Preliminary results from a survey of water depth at early pollen microspore in 98 crops showed that some 42% of fields were achieving target depths.

• Fertiliser strips demonstrating phosphorus and zinc responses were established in most rice districts.

• A pilot study using precision agriculture technology was established on a commercial rice crop in the Finley District. A range of data layers covering rice yields, EM31, soil analysis, NIR tissue and infra imagery have been collected.

3. Extension Support Program • Display posters/presentation materials were developed for use at Rice

Discussion Groups, Preseason Meetings and Rice Fields.

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Project Title

Technology transfer for a more productive and sustainable rice farming system

RIRDC Project No:

IRE-3A

Researcher: Mr Nick Hutchins Organisation: Irrigation Research and Extension Committee

C/-CSIRO Land & Water Private Mail Bag 3 GRIFFITH NSW 2680


To provide an integrated technology transfer mechanism for the rice R&D program which will lead to more profitable and sustainable rice and general irrigation farming systems in southern NSW. The project will deliver: • Pre-season rice technology meetings in all rice producing districts. • Rice discussion groups through the production season. • A major rice field day each season. • Four editions of the Farmers' Newsletter each year. • An annual Irrigated Farm Competition to improve water use efficiency. • Regular planning and review meetings to ensure the relevance of irrigation R&D. • Examination of innovative options for technology transfer, eg: the Internet, CD-

rom.

Current Progress The implementation of milestones under Project IRE-3A by the I.R.E.C., continues to deliver on the transfer of quality information and technology to growers in Southern New South Wales. To date there has been a substantial acceptance rate in relation to RICECHECK recommendations developed through N.S.W. agriculture. The quality of these recommendations have in an otherwise difficult year, has had an influence on maintaining high yields despite poor climatic conditions. RICECHECK recommendations will be reviewed in September 2000. The I.R.E.C. Farmers’ Newsletter acts as a major vehicle for the publication of research and extension articles for irrigation farmers in Southern N.S.W. Three editions have been published in Year 2000. The project will employ a new editor for the remaining two editions. The Year 2000 Rice Field Day was held at the McCaughey Memorial Institute, Jerilderie on Wednesday March 2000. The event was attended by over 200 growers and included a “hands-on” look at the performance of new varieties, the performance for cold tolerance characteristics in varieties, herbicide/pesticide efficacy as well as soil fertility and suitability testing. The Year 2000 Irrigated Farm Competition will be conducted for horticultural farms in November 2000. This activity will continue to encourage adoption of best management practices and encourage water use efficiency in the region.

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Two of I.R.E.C.’s five sub-committees, winter crops and summer crops will be merged to form the Cropping Systems Sub-Committee. The new committee will hold a seminar in August 2000. Rice discussion groups are ongoing with pre-season technology meetings to take place in August and September 2000.

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Project Title

Quality rice production in South Eastern Australia

RIRDC Project No:

IRE-5A

Start Date: 1/1/99 Finish Date: 30/4/01 Researcher: Ms Lucy Kealey Organisation: Irrigation Research & Extension Committee

PO Box 1775 GRIFFITH NSW 2680

Phone: 02 6964 5232 Fax: 02 6964 0517 Email: [email protected] Objective

To improve the profitability and sustainability of rice growing and the rice industry in NSW by producing a technical reference publication “Production of Quality Rice in South Eastern Australia” for rice growers and industry service personnel.

Current Progress

The project is in production mode, having assigned authors and chapter leaders to each of the 17 chapters in February last year. Other logistical aspects have been addressed such as seeking and deciding on quotes for design and printing, organising storage and distribution of the document, coordinating some professional photography for chapter covers and revision of the production timetable. To date, the folder, divider tabs and three booklets (Overview, Chapter 1: The rice industry of southeastern Australia and Chapter 13: Grain quality) are complete. Four chapters (Chapter 4: Land for rice growing, Chapter 6: Crop nutrition, Chapter 9: Weed management and Chapter 12: Equipment and machinery are in progress with completion aimed for the August launch of the publication. The launch will coincide with the distribution of the folders and the first group of booklets to all rice growers. Remaining booklets will be mailed in two batches by the end of the project term. Further chapters will begin production in July. The progress of this project and the eventual production of this publication relies on the commitment of the authors to the production process, which is additional to their scheduled work programs. The current process of authorship and grower review is resulting in a high quality product in terms of information and is complemented by the design and presentation of the finished product.

sub program 3.4 rice · project no. project title researcher phone organisation page ... two rice...

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