subject: building construction (17308) · skyscrapers. 8. less difficult to overcome fire hazards....

Third Semester

Second Year Civil Engineering

Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre 1

Subject: Building Construction (17308)

Chapter No. 1: BUILDING STRUCTURE & COMPONENTS

Load bearing , Framed and composite structure

• Sub structure: foundation, Plinth and DPC its function.

• Super structure: Wall, sill, lintel, doors and windows, floor, roof, parapet, slab, columns,

beams, and their functions.

• General design Principles of Earthquake Resistant structures: while planning & during

construction

Que.1 What are the functions of sill, Lintel & weather shed?

Ans: i. Sill: These are provided below the windows.

Functions: - They provide a uniform surface & support to the

window & also protect the top of the wall from wear & tear. These

are usually weathered & throated to throw the rain water off the

wall.

ii. Lintel: These are provided over the opening of doors & windows.

Functions: - Lintels support the load of the wall above the opening

since the frame of the door or window is not strong to bear it.

iii. Functions of Weather shed:

They provide protection against sun, rain, frost etc.

Que.2 Define load bearing & frame structure.

Ans: There are three types of structure as i) Load Bearing structure

ii) Frame structure &

iii) Composite structure.

Load Bearing Structure:

In this type of structure load of structure is transfer to the wall as roof,

floors are directly supported on the wall. Then the load is transfer to

the soil below via wall foundation.

Frame Structure:

In frame structure load of structure is transfer through a frame of slab,

beam, column and footing to soil.

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Que.3 List any four components of superstructure.

Ans: Different components/elements of super structure are as given

below.

1) Wall 2) Pillars and Columns 3) Doors

4) Windows 5) Window sills 6) Lintels and Arches

7) Floors 8) Ceiling 9) Beams

10) Slabs 11) Roof 12) Truss

13) Parapet wall & Coping 14) Steps, Stairs & Lifts

15) Finish for walls 16) Weather shades, chajjas and sun-breakers

Que.4 Differentiate between load bearing & frame structure.

Ans: A comparison between the load bearing walled structure &

framed structure will give clear ideas & reveal many things; as

such it is given as below

No. Load Bearing Structure Framed Structure

1. Load is borne by walls. So

walls are made thicker. They

therefore provide less space

or carpet area.

Load is not carried by walls, but is

carried by slabs, beams columns. So

walls can be made thinner. Therefore

they provide more space or carpet

area.

2. Structure is built uniformly & in

order from bottom to top.

Hence, much time is required

for completion.

Once the frame is built, it is possible to

construct any floor simultaneously.

Hence,

3. Alternation cannot be done

i.e. there is less flexibility or

freedom in planning.

Alternation can be done changing the

position of panels i.e. there is more

flexibility or freedom in planning.

4. Suitable & economical for

residential buildings up to

three storey. They are found to

be suitable in small towns.

Suitable & economical for multistoried

structures or sky scrapers. They are

found to be very useful in metropolitan

cities to over-come the high cost of

land & also to accommodate the

growing population as much as

possible.

5. The structure cannot be built

on reclaimed soil or black

cotton soil.

It can be built on reclaimed soil & black

cotton soil by using pile foundation.

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6. General supervision is

required.

Expert supervision required.

7. Wind problem is practically nil. Wind problem is more in case of

skyscrapers.

8. Less difficult to overcome fire

hazards.

More difficult to overcome fire hazards,

in case of skyscrapers.

9 All walls are load bearing walls

& provided with foundations

None of walls are load bearing & walls

are not below plinth.

10 Load bearing walls are taken

deep below into subsoil for

foundation.

Only column are taken deep into the

subsoil with column footing.

11 In multistory building every

wall in the floor is continuous

with floor below.

There is no such necessity.

12 In case of multistory building

thickness of wall is increases as

we go down floor.

All walls of uniform thickness.

Que.5 State the functions of foundations?

Ans: Functions or purpose:-

a) To transfer the load of the building uniformly to a larger area

of sub soil to reduce the intensity of load.

b) To sustain the load of the building without yielding.

c) To provide a level surface for concreting & masonry work.

d) To provide stability & strength to the building against various

disturbing forces such as wind, rain & safety against sliding,

over- turning & bending. Hence it is most important

component of the building.

Que.6 State the functions of plinth?

Ans: Function:-

a) To support the super structure & provide stability & strength.

b) To transfer the load from the building to the foundation layer.

c) To provide adequate grip or hold to the structure on the

subsoil.

d) To retain the plinth filling.

e) To provide safety against rats, rodents, flood of the building.

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Que.7 State the functions of door & Floor?

Ans: Function of Door: - They provide horizontal circulation or

movement of the inmates from one room to another of the

building. They provide good ventilation, privacy & protection to

the inmates. Hence they should be located properly.

Functions of Floor: - They divide the building at different levels one

above the other & create roominess or more accommodation in

a limited space

Que.8 State the functions of DPC? Write the material used for the same.

Ans: Function: - It prevents the entry of moisture into the foundation

below & super structure above & vice versa.

Materials: - Stone slabs of impervious, plain cement concrete are

used for damp proof courses.

Que.9 Draw neat sketch of section of load bearing wall from foundation

to parapet. Label its components.

Ans:

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Que.10 Draw neat sketch through the wall of a building?

Ans: Sketch through the wall of a building:

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Chapter No. 2: CONSTRUCTION OF SUB STRUCTURE

• Site Clearance, preparing job layout, layout for load bearing structure and framed

structure by centre line and face line method. Precautions while marking layout on

ground.

• Excavation for foundation, timbering and strutting for foundation trench, dewatering of

foundation, tools and plants used for excavation.

• Foundations: Definition, Function, requirements of good foundation,

Types a) Shallow foundation- wall footing, isolated and combined column footing,

stepped foundation, raft foundation. b) Deep Foundation: Pile foundation, well

foundation and caisson.

Precautions to be taken while constructing foundation in black cotton soil.

Que.1 What precautions need to be taken while making layout on

ground for structure.

Ans: Following are the necessary precautions to be taken while making

layout on the ground:

I. All vertical posts should be firmly fixed into the ground with

concrete and curing should be to the concrete work for the

period of 7 days before fixing the horizontal railing.

II. Horizontal wooden planks called as railing should be straight and

should have standard size.

III. Joints of wooden railing should not overlapped but should be joint

by small wooden plank on either side of joint and nailed properly.

IV. All vertical post should be kept generally at same level.

V. Horizontal wooden railing should be have at same level

throughout.

VI. A diagonal check should be done for everyday work while

locating center of column.

VII. Strict instructions should be given to staff and labors not to sit on

railing such that bending should be avoided for better accuracy.

VIII. Periodical checking should be done by measuring distance of

each rail from the face of marking or origin.

IX. Height of horizontal railing should be minimum to reduce the

chances of error while plotting the center inside the excavated

trenches.

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X. Positions of nail on the horizontal railing should not disturbed till the

completion of plinth work.

XI. All the column numbers marked on the wooden railing should be

visible.

XII. Lime powder should be thoroughly mixed with sand while plotting

the layout on the ground so that lime powder will not fly away with

the wind.

XIII. Marking of lime powder should be clear and distinct so that labor

can excavate the pit or trench properly

Que.2 Explain site clearance.

Ans: Site Clearance: It is very important factor to be considered in the

job layout plan, before commencement of the project work

There should be not any obstruction like trees, plants, shrubs,

bigger size stones etc. Approach road should be wide so as to

allow the vehicles for loading material. If site is uneven, then it

should be made plane, for this contouring is done in advance.

Study the final levels of approach road. Before starting the line

out, site clearing and leveling of plot should be completed.

This helps in obtaining correct measurements without any

obstructions.

In short, site should be cleaned properly by all the way otherwise

no any other construction processes are carried out further.

Que.3 Describe procedure for setting line out for a framed structure.

Ans: Procedure for setting line out :

In the first stage, the corners of building to be constructed are

marked first with respect to the permanent object and the length

of sides of plot is checked by diagonal measurement. It is called

as diagonal check so as to achieve better accuracy.

Center of each column with respect to wooden plank railing are

marked by lime powder thoroughly mixed with sand. (fig 1)

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Then marking of size of the foundation pit to be excavated for the

column is done by lime powder. (fig 2)

Que.4 Explain timbering and strutting for trenches.

Ans: Timbering: The purpose of timbering of foundation trenches is to

up hold sides of excavation so as to avoid collapse of side and to

avoid wasteful labor cost of clearing falling earth from trench

bottom.

Timbering and strutting is a method of giving temporary supports

to the sides of trench, when the depth of trench is large or when

the subsoil is loose or very soft. Timbering is also called as shoring.

It consists of timber boards and struts to give temporary support to

the side of trench.

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Methods of timbering & strutting:

i. Vertical sheeting

ii. Box sheeting

iii. Runner system

iv. Stay bracing

v. Sheet pilling

Que.5 Why timbering and strutting is needed? Explain any one

method of timbering and strutting.

Ans: The purpose of timbering of foundation trenches is to

uphold sides of excavation so as to avoid collapse of side

and to avoid wasteful labor cost of clearing falling earth

from trench bottom.

Sheet pilling:

This method is progressed under following situations i) if depth of

excavation is more. Ii) if subsoil water is there. Iii) if the width of

trench is wide and large and if soil is loose and soft.

In this method, sheet piles are driven in the ground mechanically.

Que.6 Define foundation.

Ans: Foundation is lowermost part of a structure below ground level

which provides a base for building.

Foundation is the part of structure which receive load of the

building and transfer it safely to the lower strata without any

excessive settlements.

Que.11 State the situations where you would recommended the

following types of foundations:

i) Well foundation ii) Stepped foundations iii) Raft foundations iv) Pile

foundations

Ans: i) Well foundation : In sandy soil

ii) Stepped foundations: In load bearing structure

iii) Raft foundations: When allowable soil pressure is low &

structure load is heavy.

iv) Pile foundations : When loose soil is extended to greater

depth.

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Que.7 Write types of foundations?

Ans: Types of Foundations: Foundations are broadly classified in two

types such as Shallow and Deep foundations.

I. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS:

The various types of shallow foundations are as follows.

(i) Wall Footing (Strip)

(ii) Column Footing

(iii) Inverted Arch Footing

(iv) Raft or Mat footing

(v) Grillage Foundation.

II. DEEP FOUNDATIONS:

Types of Deep Foundations: - Important types of deep

foundations are

1) Pile foundation

2) Pier foundation

3) Caisson

Que.8 What is coffer dam? Explain

Ans: Coffer dam is a temporary structure constructed in the river or lake

so as to make the area on downstream side completely free from

water such that it is possible to carry the construction work under

reasonably dry condition.

Cofferdams are temporarily constructed for the

construction of projects like bridge pier and abutments,

dams etc.

Types of cofferdam:

i. Earth fill cofferdam

ii. Rock filled cofferdam

iii. Single wall cofferdam

iv. Double wall cofferdam

v. Cellular cofferdam

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Que.9 Sketch and explain under reamed piles. Draw its sketch.

Ans: Under reamed piles are commonly used in black cotton soil

which swell and shrink to a greater extent when in contact

with water. This is a board in situ pile provided with one or

more bulbs or spreads along its length known as under

reams.

In expansive soil, such piles are one of the satisfactory solutions to

make crack free construction. (fig shows single and double ream

piles)

Sketch and describe a raft foundation.

In case of made up grounds, soft clay or marshy site or in case of

possibility of differential settlement, the usual spread footing, will

not be suitable. Also, if excavations are made for footings, very

little is left to be excavated. In such case, it is wiser on our part to

excavate over the entire area of the building for its foundation.

Generally a R.C.C. slab of suitable thickness is laid over the entire

area of the building in the form of raft or mat & is therefore known

as raft or mat foundation, it is so designed that the allowable

bearing power of the soil is not exceeded. If necessary beams &

columns construction is carried out to improve the strength &

stability of the foundation. The raft is designed as an inverted

R.C.C. roof subjected to the uniform distributed load of soil

pressure & supported by walls, beams & columns.

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The design or raft foundation is to be done carefully. The raft

is so shaped wherever required that the centre of gravity of the

imposed load is at the centre of area. Also if there is any fear of

ground water, suitable holes should be provided in the raft to

release the pressure of water.

Que.10 Define bearing capacity of soil. State its SI unit.

Ans: Bearing Capacity of Soil: The terms bearing power, bearing

value & bearing capacity are used to denote the ability of the soil

to sustain the total load of the structure without yielding or

showing any settlement. Bearing capacity of the soil depends

upon the physical properties of soil such as shape, size, density,

surface texture, voids, frictional resistance, cohesion & moisture

retaining capacity. Frictional resistance & cohesion are largely

influenced by the size of the particles. Finer the particle, lesser is its

bearing capacity.

1) Ultimate Bearing Capacity:- The term is used to denote the

ultimate load per unit area, which would cause the soil to

displace.

2) Safe Bearing Capacity:- The term is used to denote the

maximum load per unit area that the soil can resist safely

without displacement.

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By dividing the ultimate bearing capacity of soil by a suitable

factor of safety (which may vary from 2 to 3) the safe bearing

capacity is obtained. Hence

Safe Bearing Capacity (S.B.C.) = Ultimate Bearing Capacity

Factor of Safety (F.S.)

Que.11 State the terms: i) Raft Foundation ii) Pile foundation.

Ans: Raft or Mat Foundation

Raft foundation consists of thick reinforced concrete slab

covering entire area of the bottom of the structure on sub

soil. The slab is reinforced with the bars running at right angle

to each other.

Pile Foundation

A pile is defined as a slender column which is capable of

transferring the structural load to the underlying layer.

Write four precautions you will take while construction in

Black Cotton soil.

The black cotton soil has a great affinity for water. It swells

excessively when wet and shrinks excessively when dry. This

creates a lot of problems for foundation and structure.

By adopting following precautions, safe building structure

can be built in black cotton soil.

i. To limit the load on the soil to 5.5 tonnes/m2

ii. To take foundation at such depths where cracks

cease to extend.

iii. To provide reinforced concrete ties or bands all round

the main walls of bldg.

iv. If the depth of black cotton soil is less upto 1.5m, the

entire soil may be removed.

v. To break direct contact between black cotton soil

and masonry.

vi. Construction should be undertaken during dry season.

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Que.12 Differentiate between shallow & deep foundation.

Ans: Difference between Shallow & deep foundation:

Shallow Foundation Deep foundation

Defn: When a foundation is

placed immediately below the

lowest part of structure, it is

called as shallow foundation.

Defn: When depth of foundation

is more than 2m, it is called as

deep foundation.

Depth of foundation <Width of

foundation

Depth of foundation > Width of

foundation

Examples :

i. Stepped foundation

ii. Reinforced concrete

foundation

iii. Column footing

iv. Raft foundation

Examples:

i. Pile foundation

ii. Caisson

iii. Coffer dams

Que.12 Define Deep foundation

Ans: When a stratum of good bearing capacity is not available

at reasonable depth i.e. D ≥4B and where other types of

foundations such as grillage or raft foundation are not

suitable, then deep foundation must be adopted to attain

a bearing stratum which will be suitable in all respect. They

are generally provided when depth of foundation is more

than 5 meters. In addition to the above, there may be many

other condition which may require deep foundation for

scouring stability & durability of the structure. For example, in

bridge construction, the pier must be founded well below

the scouring depth, even though good bearing stratum

may be available at shallow depth.

Types of Deep Foundations: - Important types of deep

foundations are: 1) Pile foundation

2) Pier foundation

3) Caisson

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Que.13 What is the purpose of foundation?

Ans: Foundation is purpose or necessary to perform following

functions.

1. To distribute the load of the super structure to larger area of

the subsoil below so as to prevent overloading, or stressing

beyond its safe bearing capacity.

2. To sustain the load of building without yielding or

settlement.

3. To provide a level surface for concreting and masonry work.

4. To increase the stability of the building so as to prevent the

building from sliding, over turning due to wind etc.

5. To provide good support for the building

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Chapter No. 3: CONSTRUCTION OF SUPER STRUCTURE

A) Masonry Work

• Stone masonry: Terms used in stone masonry- facing, backing, hearting, through stone,

corner stone, cornice etc. Type of stone masonry: Rubble masonry, Ashlar Masonry and

their types. Requirements of good stone

masonry, expansion joints in stone masonry their purpose and procedure.

• Brick masonry: Terms used in brick masonry- bond, joints, lap, frog, line, level and plumb.

Bonds in brick masonry- header bond, stretcher bond, English bond and Flemish bond.

Requirements of good brick masonry, expansion joints in brick masonry their purpose and

procedure.

• Comparison between stone masonry and Brick Masonry.

• Tools and plants required for construction of stone masonry and brick masonry.

• Hollow concrete block masonry and composite masonry.

• Scaffolding: Necessity, component parts and types of Scaffolding , Scaffolding and

platforms used for multi storeyed building

Que.1 What are the requirements of a good building stone?

Ans: Requirements of a good building stone:

i. The structure of the stone should be un stratified.

ii. It should have high crushing strength more than 100

N/mm2

iii. It should have good durability and sufficient coefficient

of hardness more than 14.

iv. It should have equigranular texture.

v. It should have high specific gravity from 2.8 to 2.4

vi. It should be highly resistant to wear & tear.

vii. It should have low water absorption .

viii. It should have better resistant to abrasion.

ix. It should have high impact value.

x. It should be easily carved and dressed.

xi. The good stone should be highly resistant to weathering.

xii. It should be durable.

xiii. It should have better appearance and color.

xiv. It should be polished properly.

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Que.2 Suggests the types of stones for following works:

Ans:

i. Fire resistance structure: compact sand stone

ii. Building situated on sea shore: Granite & fine granite sand

stone

iii. Bridge abutment: Granite gneisses

iv. Railway Ballast: sand stone, compact lime stone, quartize.

Que.3 Write advantages of artificial stone.

Ans: Artificial stones are prepared by mixing lime or cement, sand and

stone under heat & pressure. It has following advantages:

i. Desire shape is given by taking mixture of lime or cement

sand and stone In moulds.

ii. These can be prepared at site or in factory.

iii. These stones have maximum homogeneity.

iv. These can be easily rebated and grooved easily.

v. They are more resistance to weathering and acid attack.

Que.4 What is quarrying of stone? State methods of quarrying.

Ans: Quarrying of Stone

The process of removing the stones from the natural rock beds is

called as quarrying of stone.

There are following methods of quarrying:

i. Digging

ii. Heating

iii. Wedging

iv. Blasting

Que.5 What is dressing of stone? List any four tools and plants used for

dressing

Ans: It is the process of giving the shape to the quarry stone with the

help of tools like chisel, hammer, axes etc. This process is carried out

manually

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Tools and plants used for dressing

i. Spall Hammer ii. Mash Hammer

iii. Scrabbling Hammer iv. Wallers Hammer

v. Mallet vi. Gad

vii. Dummy viii. Hand saw

ix. Drag x. Pitching tool

xi. Boaster xii. Point

xiii. Punch xiv. Tooth chisel

xv. Drafting Chisel

Que.6 State the advantages of dressing of stone.

Ans: Following are the advantages of dressing of stone:

i. It gives required shape to the quarry stones

ii. It improves the appearance of the stone surface

iii. It reduces width of mortar, thus it achieve economy.

iv. It also reduces the weight of stone and handling cost.

Que.7 What is through stone? State its uses.

Ans: Through Stone: In stone masonry work, some stones in one piece or

in two pieces at regular interval are placed right across the walls

as shown in fig. such stones are called as through stones or bond

stones.

Uses: these stones increases bonding capacity in between facing

and backing.

Que.8 Classify the stone masonry.

Ans: Stone masonry can be broadly classified in the following

category:

(A) Rubble Masonry (B) Ashlar Masonry

i. Dry Rubble Masonry i. Ashlar fine

ii. Un coursed rubble Masonry ii. Ashlar Chamfered

iii. Coursed rubble Masonry iii. Ashlar Quarry faced

iv. Squared un coursed R.M. iv. Ashlar facing

v. Squared coursed R.M.

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Que.9 Define i. Hearting ii. Backing iii. Facing.

Ans:

i. Hearting: It is the interior portion of facing & backing

ii. Backing: The material forming the back is known as

backing.

iii. Facing: The exterior of a wall exposed to weather is known

as face. The material used in the face of wall is known

facing.

Que.10 State the use of stone masonry.

Ans: Stone masonry construction is used in

i. Building Foundations, dams, monumental structures

ii. Building walls and arches

iii. Domes, lintels and beams

iv. Columns, piers, pillars, light houses and architechral

work.

Que.11 State importance of frog.

Ans: Importance of frog: The portion which is depressed on the top

face of a brick so as to form a key for holding the mortar is called

as frog. Since frog holds mortar; the bond becomes stronger. Also

the name of manufacturer can be engraved in the frog.

Que.12 List any four tools and plants used for stone masonry.

Ans: Tools and plants used for stone masonry:

i. Spade ii. Pick Axe

iii. Spall Hammer iv. Kassi or Phawada

v. Iron pan vi. Rammer

vii. Gad viii. Punch

ix. Line & pins x. Square

xi. Scrabbling Hammer

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Que.13 Draw neat sketch of conventional brick and label it.

Ans: Sketch of conventional brick

Que.14 State the proportion of mortar used in the brick masonry.

Ans: proportion of mortar used in the brick masonry:

Proportion of cement mortar varies from 1:4 to 1:6

depending on framed or load bearing structure

Proportion of gauged mortar is 1:1:8

Proportion of lime mortar varies from 1:3 to 1:4

depending on number of floors

Que.15 State various requirements of good bricks.

Ans: Following points gives the requirements of good bricks:

i. Shape & size

ii. Physical characteristics

iii. Compressive strength

iv. Transverse strength of brick

v. Water absorption tests

vi. Porosity & permeability test

vii. Presence of soluble salts

viii. Resistance to weathering

ix. Fire resistance of bricks

x. Expansion of bricks

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Que.16 Distinguish between English and Flemish bond.

Ans: Difference between English & Flemish bond:

English Bond Flemish Bond

English bond is stronger than

Flemish bond for wall thickness

1 ½ bricks

For thicker walls it is less strong.

It is less attractive appearance It has attractive & pleasant

appearance

The bond is not much

economical

It is slightly economical due to use

of brick bats.

Moderate workmanship is

sufficient

This required good workmanship

and careful supervision.

Que.17 State advantages of cavity wall.

Ans: Advantages of cavity wall

i. Cavity walls gives good insulation against sound,

means that it makes the room soundproof.

ii. As the cavity or gap between the two leaves

contains full of air which is bad conductor of heat,

hence transmission of heat inside the room is

reduced, means that it makes the room heatproof up

to certain extend.

iii. The nuisance of efflorescence is also very much

reduced.

iv. Cavity walls are cheaper and economical.

Que.18 What is meant by composite masonry?

Ans: Composite Masonry: When the masonry work is made up of

two or more different building materials like stones, bricks, hollow

concrete blocks etc., it is called as composite masonry.

There are two types of composite masonry:

i. Brick stone composite masonry

ii. Stone composite masonry.

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Que.19 State the types bricks with their common sizes.

Ans: Bricks can be classified into two types:

i. Modular bricks

ii. Traditional or conventional bricks

The dimensions of traditional bricks very from 21 to 25 cm in length,

10 to 13 cm in width and 7.5 to 10 cm in height in different parts of

country.

The commonly adopted size of brick is 23 X 11.4 X 7.5 cm

Indian Standard Institution has suggested a uniform size known as

modular brick. The nominal size of modular brick 20 X 10 X 10 cm.

and actual size is 19 X 9 X9 cm

Que.20 What are the advantages of hollow block masonry?

Ans: Advantages of hollow block masonry construction are:

i. These hollow blocks permit adoption of thinner wall

which ultimately results in increased floor space.

ii. As the air space in the block is 25% of the total area of

block, it means there is saving of material.

iii. As the weight of block is less it results in rapid execution

of work.

iv. The hollow space in the block enables the masonry to

have good insulating properties against sound, heat and

dampness.

v. As the blocks are precast, surface is smooth and hence

less plastering material is required.

vi. Blocks have water absorption less than 10%.

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Que.21 Compare brick masonry with stone masonry.

Ans: Comparison of brick masonry with stone masonry

Points Stone Masonry Brick Masonry

Material

Stone is a natural material

which is received from quarry

sites is used.

Brick is an artificial rectangular

block of clay which is moulded

and burnt.

Strength Stone is a stronger and more

durable material.

Comparatively the strength of

brick masonry is much less.

Appearance

Stone being natural material

has more pleasing

appearance.

Bricks if not protected by mortar

are liable to deteriorate due to

weathering effects.

Bonding

The size of stone is not uniform

therefore greater care and

skill is required to get proper

bonding.

Bricks are uniform in size, not

much skill is required for proper

bond.

Lifting &

laying

Generally stones used in the

construction are larger in size,

heavy weight and

inconvenient to handle

without lifting applications

Bricks are handy material which

can be handle with care and

without fatigue.

Mortar

A rich mortar (1:3) is

recommended for stone

work.

The quantity of mortar used is

less and also fixed because of

the uniform size of bricks.

Thickness of

construction

Ordinary walls in stones not

less than 35 cm thick cannot

be constructed.

Walls of any thickness ranging

from 10 cm and its multiple can

be constructed.

Finishing

Plaster does not stick nicely to

stone surface and therefore it

is difficult to apply any

finishing.

Plastering increase the life of

brick masonry and saves from

decay.

Ornamental

work

It is difficult and costly to dress

the stone for ornamental

purpose.

Bricks can be easily cut to the

required shape for ornamental

works and can be finally

finished by plastering.

Fire resistance

Stones are more sensitive to

fire and such buildings are

warmer in summer and cooler

in winter.

Bricks are more fire resisting

than stones. Such buildings are

more comfortable being

warmer in winter and cooler in

summer.

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Que.22 State any eight points observed on construction of brick

masonry.

Ans: Following are the points to be observed in the construction

of brick masonry:

i. The bricks should be well burnt, reddish in color, sound and

hard and should be uniform shape and size.

ii. Bricks should be as per specifications.

iii. Bricks should be soaked in the water before using them in

to masonry work.

iv. Use of brick bats should not be more.

v. The bricks should be neatly & properly laid on mortar.

vi. Frog should be on top of the surface.

vii. The brick masonry should be done in proper bond.

viii. The brick work should be perfectly in level.

ix. Hold fast for the doors should be properly inserted into the

masonry work.

x. The brick work used should be truly in plumb.

xi. Mortar used should be as per specification and fresh.

xii. Construction joint should be provided after 30m to 50m

length of wall.

xiii. After completion of masonry work a proper curing at least

seven days should be done for getting required strength.

Que.23 Define i. Scaffolding ii. Shoring iii. Underpinning

Ans: 1. Scaffolding: When the height of construction is more than

1.5m, workmen need some platform on which he can stand

safely, keep necessary materials of construction and carry

on the construction etc,. These temporary structure or

platform constructed very close to the wall, is in the form of

timber or steel framework, commonly called as scaffolding.

2. Shoring: Shoring is a temporarily stricture to support

temporarily an unsafe structure. Shoring is provided to a

Third Semester



structure when structure become or likely to become unsafe

due to:

a. Differential settlement

b. Bad workmanship

c. Maintenance

d. Demolishing adjacent structure.

3. Underpinning: Underpinning is the process of providing

new foundation below the existing foundation without

damaging the stability of existing structure.

Que.24 Write purpose of Scaffolding.

Ans: Following are the purpose of the providing scaffolding:

i. Provides a platform to stand safely and carry on the

construction.

ii. Provides platform to keep necessary materials of

construction, tools such as bricks, mortar, trowel,

plumb etc.

iii. Scaffolding is also needed for the repairs or even

demolition of the building

Que.25 State various types of scaffolding.

Ans: Scaffolding can be of the following types:

i. Single or Bricklayer’s Scaffolding

ii. Double or mason’s scaffolding

iii. Ladder scaffolding

iv. Cantilever or needle scaffolding

v. Suspended scaffolding

vi. Trestle scaffolding

vii. Steel scaffolding

Department of Civil Engineering

Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre Page 1

For Details contact:

Mr. V.S. kumbhar

HOD

Civil Department,

Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre.

Mob. No.: 7798306363

Ph. No.: 0230 -246312

Email ID: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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