G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering , Nagpur.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ENERGY CONVERSION

LABORATORY MANUAL

Subject –Energy Conversion-II

Semester - Seventh

EXPERIMENT NO.-1 TITLE OF EXPERIMENT:

Measure amount of CO and HC in exhaust gases of 2-stroke & 4-stroke engine with help of exhaust gas analyzer.

CONCEPT:

I.C. Engine testing are classified as :

a) Thermodynamics test b) Commercial test c) P.U.C. test

Types of I.C. Engine test

Thermodynamic test Commercial test P.U.C. test

a) Thermodynamic test : The test which are performed on the engine for the purpose of comparing actual result with the theoretical are known as Thermodynamic test.

Thermodynamic test

Power developed Heat supply per Distribution of half unit time supplied

b) Commercial test :

The tests performed on two stroke engine for commercial purpose are known as Commercial test. This test is performed to check the following.

Commercial Test

Output Quantity of Quantity of Oveload Power the lubricant / the coming / capacity of BHPh BHPh

c) P. U. C. test : (to check exhaust gas emission) Due to increase in automobile pollution all over the country. The state has made it mandatory for all vehicles checked & obtain P.U.C. certificates. The P.U.C. certificate will be valid for 6 month. All these measurement are being taken to keep CO, HC, CO2 & pm under control which are highly injurious to the health.

P.U.C.

%CO %CO2 %HC

Emission Euro II standard for controlling PUC in India from 1st April 2000. 2 – Wheeler 3 – Wheeler

Co (g/km) HC (g/km) Co(g/km) HC (g/km) Min 2.0 Min 2.0 Min 4.0 Min 2.0 Max 2.4 Max 2.4 Max 4.8 Max 2.4 Test certificate provided after PUC testing PUC is the process of adjusting air fuel ratio to make the mixture lean or reach or adjust the values of CO & HC emitted by the vehicle in exhaust within times. Is done by only RTO approved center Is compulsory for all vehicles PUC For small Petrol vehicles costs Rs. 50/- Certificate is valid only for 6 months PUC values for Petrol Vehicles are RTO approved

For Carburetor For MPFI

CO 0.5 % to 1.5% < 0.5 %

HC < 1200 ppm < 300 ppm

Note : MPFI – Multi point fuel injection : Fuel is injected directly in the engine

Environment used for checking vehicle emissions.

Sampling

Chassis Constant Voltage Dmanemothe test sampler

Analysis principle Spectroscopic method

NDIR (non-dispasive informed)

Laser Spectres copy with semiconductor diodes

Fowler transformation method

Magnetic method

Electro chemical method LEARNING OBJECTIVE :

1. Discriminating & classifying

Petrol engine contains Tetra – Ethyl Lead (TEL) which is added to increase anti knock quantity at octane number. Because of TEL engine exhaust contains compounds of lead which are poisonous.

2. Equipment used for checking vehicle emissions (HC, CO & CO2) a. Out O emission analyzer b. Diesel smoke tester meter

3. Exhaust Gas Combustion The various contents of exhaust emission are : a. Carbon Monoxide (CO) b. Hydrocarbons (HC) c. Oxide of Nitrogen (NO2)

i) Reset equipment used for analyser

1. Automobile Test Analyser

Measurable gas and range HC – 0 – 1000 ppm (2 ppm/digit) 1000 – 2000 ppm (5 ppm/digit)

Recording method : Printing of gas concentration limit value, time & date etc. by thermal printer (2 sheet) Power Consumption : 100V Outer dimensions : 400 mm (w) x 215 mm (h) x 490 Weight : 22 kg (approx.)

ii) Diesel Smoke Test on Meters

Open Diesel Smoke Tester specification

Model RDT – 101

Detection method Filter paper reflex system

Measuring substance Black smoke exhausted from diesel engine

Accuracy Between ± 3% of fuel scale

Calibration method By standard colour paper

Dimensions 300 (w) x 385 (h) x 225 (d) mm

Weight 14 kg

MOTOR SKILLS:

1. Proper setting of the knob 2. Noting the proper readings 3. Take print out

STEPWISE PROCEDURE :

1. Start the engine and warm it up till 80° Cylinder temperature. 2. Switch ON the PUC machine analyzer. 3. Allow machine to warm up period 15 minutes. Response time 5

minutes. 4. PUC machine consists of plastic pipe, nozzle, printer unit, monitor

with digital number display, knob for manual adjustment, Power ON-OFF switches and gas selector knob.

5. Plastic pipe is connected to the pump of PUC machine through which smoke enters into the machine for analysis.

6. Put in the nozzle of the plastic pipe in the silencer tail pipe. Wait for 5 minutes.

7. Set CO & HC value of zero by using the knob. 8. Switch ON the pump. 9. Operate the gas selection switch and put it to HC & CO. 10. After 5 minute operate the air – screw in carburetor for adjustment

the value. 11. Note the recording of CO & HC. 12. Switch OFF the pump & machine & remove the pipe from the silencer

of the car. 13. Take print out for certification.

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

AIM:

TRIAL ON TWO CYLINDER WATER COOLED C.I. ENGINE UNDER VARIABLE LOAD.

1. Load Test 2. To determine Brake Power (B.P.) 3. To Determine B.S.F.C. 4. To Determine Brake Thermal Efficiency 5. To draw heat balance sheet

ENGINE SPECIFICATION:

Engine : Kirloskar Twin Cylinder Diesel

Type : Vertical Four Stroke, C.I. Engine

Bore : 87.5 mm

Stroke : 110 mm

Cubic Capacity : 1.323 liters

Normal Comp. ratio : 17.5 : 1

Fuel Tank Capacity : 11 lts.

Governor : centrifugal Mechanical Type

Speed : 1500 rpm

Cooling : water cooling

Mode of starting : By hand cranking

B.M.E.P. at full load and : 6.33 kg/cm2

1500 rpm

AIR AND FUEL MEASUREMENT SET UP:

Air Tank : M. S. 40 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm

Orifice : Sharp edge 16 mm diameter

Manometer : U-tube, 30 cm

Burrette : 50CC, glass

OBSERVATIONS

1. No. of Cylinder k = 2

2. Coeff. of discharge Cdo = 0.82

3. C. V. of Diesel c.v. = 49500 kJ/kg

4. Density of Diesel ρ = 831 kg/m3

5. Gas Constant R = 0.287 kJ/kg

6. Engine Speed N = 1500 rpm

7. Density of Hg = 13600 kg/m3

8. Room Temperature Ta = _______

9. Brake drum diameter = _______

10. Diameter of Rope = _______

PROCEDURE:

Diesel engine are tested for performances characteristics. This testing is carried out at various load starting at no load to the full load condition. The governors will adjust the engine speed nearly equal to the load and takes care of it. At no load, the engine is started by hand cranking. The burette is fitted with fuel and time required for 20 ml. of fuel consumption is recorded. All the temperature are measured with the help of thermometer and thermocouples respectively and also quantity of water through water jacket is measured with the help of water meter and stop watch, speed is also recorded. This above condition is repeated for various load. The B.P., Brake thermal efficiency, B.S.F.C. and Heat balance sheet is prepared.

CALCULATIONS: 1. Area of Orifice

Ao = 2

4od

π m2

2. Density of Air

ρa = a

a

RT

P

Where, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK

Ta = Room Temperature in °K Pa = N/m2

3. Head of air Ha in meter

Ha = a

mmH

ρ

ρ

Where, ρm = 13600 kg/m3 Hm = ___________meter

4. Air mass flow rate ma in kg/min

Va = Cdo.Ao.ν

aoo gHACd 2.

Where ν = Velocity of air passing through (m/s) 5. Brake Power

B.P. = 100060

2

×

NTπ

= 100060

)(2

×

× RWNπ

= ______________ kW 6. Fuel Consumption

Mf = fet

V××

1

106

Where, v = _________ cm3 t = _________ sec

ρf = _________ kg/m3 7. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

B.S.F.C.= ..PB

m f

= __________ kg/kWh 8. Air Fuel Ratio

A:F = f

a

m

m

9. Piston displacement Volume

Vs = KN

Ld ××24

2π

= ____________ m3/min

Ma = aKN

Ld ρπ

××24

2

= ____________ kg/min 10. Brake Thermal Efficiency

ηBth = 100..

..×

× VCm

PB

f

= ___________ 11. Volumetric Efficiency

ηvol = s

a

v

v

=

KN

Ld

gHACd aoo

××

×2604

2

2π

= ______________

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Manometer Load Radius Fuel Test Engine Cooling Temperatures

h1-h2 (w-s)x 9.8 RE Vec t V/t Q T Q/T tw1 tw2 tw3 tw4 S. No.

m N m3 sec. Lit. Sec. m3/sec °C °C °C °C

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

RESULT:

Load Brake Power B.S.F.C. Brake Thermal Efficiency

Volumetric Efficiency

W B.P. ηηηηbth ηηηηvol.

Sr. No.

N kW kg/kWh

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

EXPERIMENT NO - 3

AIM:

TRIAL ON 4 STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE WITH EDDY CURRENT DYNAMOMETER.

To conduct a performance test on the engine to determine the following

1. Brake Power 2. B.S.F.C. 3. Brake Thermal Efficiency 4. Volumetric Efficiency 5. To prepared heat balance sheet.

DESCRIPTION :

The diesel engine and eddy current dynamometer are mounted on a 4” MS Channel frame. Instrumentation panel frame with digital instruments, air and fuel tank are fitted on the frame. The engine is directly coupled to an eddy current dynamometer of suitable capacity. The load on the engine can be varied by operating the torque control knob.

PROCEDURE :

1. Check the lubricating oil level in the engine sump, top up if necessary.

2. Allow the cooling water to the engine jacket and calorimeter. Adjust the flow rate in such a way that water flow rate for engine is more than the calorimeter.

3. Slowly crank the engine with the help of cranking handle by opening the decompression lever to drive out air pockets it any.

4. Ensure the flow of fuel into the engine cylinder through injector with a “Chuck” noise, the noise should be continuous for every two rotations of the crank handle.

5. Crank the engine faster and release the decompression lever and the engine starts.

6. Allow the engine to stabilize at the rated rpm. 7. load the engine in steps of ¼, ½, ¾ and full by operating the torque

control knob. 8. Down load the readings at each step. 9. to stop the engine remove the load on the engine and pull the fuel

pump leaver until the engine comes to rest.